US20180080147A1 - Polar solvent solution and production method thereof - Google Patents

Polar solvent solution and production method thereof Download PDF

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US20180080147A1
US20180080147A1 US15/564,142 US201615564142A US2018080147A1 US 20180080147 A1 US20180080147 A1 US 20180080147A1 US 201615564142 A US201615564142 A US 201615564142A US 2018080147 A1 US2018080147 A1 US 2018080147A1
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polar solvent
solution
solvent solution
producing
moisture content
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Kana ISHIDA
Hironori Yamamoto
Hiroaki SUZUMURA
Kazuhide Sekiyama
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Spiber Inc
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Kojima Industries Corp
Spiber Inc
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F4/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of proteins; Manufacture thereof
    • D01F4/02—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of proteins; Manufacture thereof from fibroin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/43504—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates
    • C07K14/43513—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates from arachnidae
    • C07K14/43518—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates from arachnidae from spiders
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
    • C08J3/02—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques
    • C08J3/09—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in organic liquids
    • C08J3/091—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in organic liquids characterised by the chemical constitution of the organic liquid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L89/00—Compositions of proteins; Compositions of derivatives thereof
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01C—CHEMICAL OR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF NATURAL FILAMENTARY OR FIBROUS MATERIAL TO OBTAIN FILAMENTS OR FIBRES FOR SPINNING; CARBONISING RAGS TO RECOVER ANIMAL FIBRES
    • D01C3/00—Treatment of animal material, e.g. chemical scouring of wool
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D1/00—Treatment of filament-forming or like material
    • D01D1/02—Preparation of spinning solutions
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F1/00—General methods for the manufacture of artificial filaments or the like
    • D01F1/02—Addition of substances to the spinning solution or to the melt
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
    • D01F6/58—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolycondensation products
    • D01F6/68—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolycondensation products from polyaminoacids or polypeptides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2389/00—Characterised by the use of proteins; Derivatives thereof

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a polar solvent solution that can keep its viscosity high and production methods thereof.
  • Polar solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) can dissolve substances such as polymers easily, so they are used for acrylic fiber polymerization and acrylic fiber spinning solutions, or as solvents for polyimide polymerization, etc.
  • DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
  • the inventors of the present invention have proposed application of the polar solvents as solvents of polypeptides such as spider silk proteins and silk proteins in Patent Documents 1 and 2.
  • Patent Document 1 JP 5427322 B
  • Patent Document 2 JP 5584932 B
  • polar solvent solutions e.g., solutions in which polypeptides such as spider silk proteins and silk proteins are dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)
  • DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
  • the polar solvent solutions still have room for improvement in terms of performing stable spinning and casting when used as dopes for spinning, film, etc.
  • the present invention provides a polar solvent solution that enables stable spinning and casting without lowering its viscosity when used as dopes for spinning, film, etc., and methods for producing the same.
  • the present invention relates to a polar solvent solution in which a solute containing a polyamino acid is dissolved in a polar solvent.
  • the solution has a moisture content (moisture percentage) of less than 5 mass % based on 100 mass % of the solution.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for producing a polar solvent solution in which a solute containing a polyamino acid is dissolved in a polar solvent.
  • the method includes: changing a moisture content of the solution to adjust a viscosity of the solution.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for producing a polar solvent solution in which a solute containing a polyamino acid is dissolved in a polar solvent.
  • the method includes: reducing a moisture content of the solution to increase a viscosity of the solution.
  • the polar solvent solution of the present invention in which a solute containing a polyamino acid is dissolved in a polar solvent has a moisture content of less than 5 mass %. By doing so, it is possible to prevent the viscosity of the solution from lowering significantly, and thus spinning and casting are stabilized when the solution is used as dopes for spinning, film, etc.
  • the production method of the present invention includes changing a moisture content of a polar solvent solution in which a solute containing a polyamino acid is dissolved in a polar solvent, so as to adjust a viscosity of the solution. By doing so, it is possible to obtain a polar solvent solution that enables stable spinning and casting.
  • the production method of the present invention includes reducing a moisture content of the solution to increase a viscosity of the solution. By doing so, it is possible to obtain a polar solvent solution that enables stable spinning and casting.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing a viscosity change with a temperature change in several examples and a comparative example of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing a viscosity change when with or without humidity control and the concentration and temperature of protein are changed in other examples of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing a change in moisture percentage when spider silk protein (powder) in an absolute dry state is exposed to an atmosphere.
  • the inventors of the present invention found that polyamino acid (particularly polypeptide) itself, as well as a polar solvent solution in which a solute containing the polyamino acid is dissolved in polar solvent, readily absorbs moisture and lowers its viscosity.
  • the polar solvent solution of the present invention in which a solute containing a polyamino acid is dissolved in a polar solvent has a moisture content of less than 5 mass % (0 mass % or more and less than 5 mass %) based on 100 mass % of the solution.
  • the moisture content of the polar solvent solution is preferably 0 mass % or more and 3 mass % or less, more preferably 0 mass % or more and 1.5 mass % or less.
  • the polyamino acid (particularly polypeptide) in a swollen state is dissolved in the polar solvent, and the viscosity of the polar solvent solution is maintained high.
  • the moisture content is 5 mass % or more
  • the viscosity of the polar solvent solution decreases significantly, and spinnability and casting properties decrease accordingly when the solution is used as dopes for spinning, film, etc.
  • the polar solvent solution is also called a dope.
  • the following mainly describes a case of using polypeptide, which is an exemplary polyamino acid.
  • the polar solvent to be used in the present invention contain at least one aprotic polar solvent selected from the group consisting of (i) dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), (ii) N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), (iii) N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), and (iv) N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP).
  • aprotic polar solvent selected from the group consisting of (i) dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), (ii) N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), (iii) N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), and (iv) N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP).
  • DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
  • DMF N,N-dimethylformamide
  • DMA N,N-dimethylacetamide
  • NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
  • Examples of the polar solvent to be used in the present invention other than the solvents containing the above-described aprotic polar solvents include solvents containing protic polar solvents such as hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), formic acid, and various kinds of alcohols (e.g., lower alcohols having 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol).
  • HFIP hexafluoroisopropanol
  • alcohols e.g., lower alcohols having 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol.
  • the ratio of the total amount of the at least one aprotic polar solvent selected from the group consisting of (i)-(iv) described above is desirably 10 to 100 mass %, based on 100 mass % of the polar solvent as a whole. Within this range, the solubility of the solutes containing polypeptides can be enhanced.
  • the polyamino acid refers to any polyamide compound polymerized through amide linkage between amino groups and carboxyl groups of amino acids.
  • the number of amino acids constituting the polyamide compound is preferably 15 or more, more preferably 20 or more, further preferably 30 or more, still further preferably 100 or more, and particularly preferably 500 or more, and preferably 6000 or less, more preferably 5000 or less, further preferably 3000 or less, and particularly preferably 2000 or less.
  • the solute to be used in the present specification may be composed of, e.g., polyamino acid alone or contain one or more kinds of substances (e.g., carbonhydrate, synthetic resin) other than the polyamino acid in combination with the polypeptide.
  • the solute to be used in the present specification may be composed of, e.g., polypeptide alone or contain one or more kinds of substances (e.g., carbonhydrate, synthetic resin) other than the polypeptide in combination with the polypeptide.
  • the polypeptide is preferably a structural protein, more preferably a structural protein including crystal regions. Such polypeptides can exhibit high strength and high toughness when formed into fibers, films, and the like.
  • the structural protein refers to any protein involved in structures of living organisms, or any protein constituting structures created by living organisms. Examples of the structural protein include fibroin, sericin, collagen, keratin, elastin, and resillin.
  • the polypeptides are preferably fibroin such as spider silk proteins and silk proteins.
  • spider silk proteins are particularly preferred because they have a high affinity for polar solvents and can be dissolved in the polar solvents easily.
  • the concentration of the solute e.g., spider silk protein
  • the concentration of the solute is desirably 2 to 50 mass %, further preferably 3 to 40 mass %, and particularly preferably 5 to 30 mass %.
  • the decrease or excessive increase of the viscosity of the polar solvent solution can be avoided effectively.
  • the polar solvent solution of the present invention desirably in a state where undesired substances such as dust and bubbles have been removed, has a viscosity of preferably 10 to 100000 mPa ⁇ s, further preferably 15 to 20000 mPa ⁇ s, and particularly preferably 100 to 10000 mPa ⁇ s.
  • the polar solvent solution within this viscosity range enables favorable wet spinning and film casting when used as dopes.
  • the viscosity of the polar solvent solution is adjusted by changing the moisture content of the polar solvent solution. Moreover, in the production method of the present invention, the viscosity of the polar solvent solution is increased by reducing the moisture content of the polar solvent solution.
  • the moisture content of the polar solvent solution is adjusted to be preferably less than 5 mass %, more preferably 0 to 3 mass %, and further preferably 0 to 1.5 mass % based on 100 mass % of the solution. By doing so, it is possible to obtain a polar solvent solution that enables stable spinning and casting when used as dopes for spinning, film, etc.
  • the adjustment for reducing the moisture content of the solution is achieved by, e.g., subjecting the solute or the solvent to heat drying or vacuum drying in advance, or adjusting the relative humidity of the atmosphere in at least one of the production and the storage of the solution, or vaporizing moisture of the produced solution by heating, or absorbing moisture using various kinds of moisture absorbents (moisture absorbent materials) such as zeolite, or combining these operations appropriately.
  • the adjustment methods for reducing the moisture content of the solution described above the method of drying the solute before dissolution in the solvent is favorably adopted. By doing so, the moisture content of the solution can be reduced more reliably and more efficiently.
  • the relative humidity of the atmosphere in at least one of the production and the storage of the solution is kept at 1.3% RH or less.
  • processes such as the production and storage of the solution be carried out inside a dry room.
  • DMSO which is suitably used as a polar solvent for dissolving a solute containing a polypeptide
  • DMSO has a melting point of 18.4° C. and a boiling point of 189° C.
  • DMSO has a much higher boiling point than hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) and hexafluroacetone (HFAc) having boiling points of 59° C. and ⁇ 26.5° C., respectively, which have been used in conventional methods.
  • HFIP hexafluoroisopropanol
  • HFAc hexafluroacetone
  • the spider silk proteins which are exemplified as polypeptides to be contained in the solute of the present invention, are not limited particularly as long as they are natural spider silk proteins or proteins derived from or analogous to (hereinafter, simply referred to as “derived from”) natural spider silk proteins.
  • the proteins derived from natural spider silk proteins described herein are proteins having an amino acid sequence similar to or analogous to any of repetitive sequences of amino acids of natural spider silk proteins, examples of which includes variants, analogs, and derivatives of recombinant spider silk proteins and natural spider silk proteins.
  • the spider silk proteins are preferably major dragline silk proteins produced in major ampullate glands of spiders or spider silk proteins derived therefrom, in terms of excellent tenacity.
  • Examples of the major dragline silk proteins include major ampullate spidroins MaSp1 and MaSp2 derived from Nephila clavipes , and ADF3 and ADF4 derived from Araneus diadematus , etc.
  • the spider silk proteins may be minor dragline silk proteins produced in minor ampullate glands of spiders or spider silk proteins derived therefrom.
  • minor dragline silk proteins examples include minor ampullate spidroins MiSp1 and MiSp2 derived from Nephila clavipes.
  • the spider silk proteins may be flagelliform silk proteins produced in flagelliform glands of spiders or spider silk proteins derived therefrom.
  • flagelliform silk proteins include flagelliform silk proteins derived from Nephila clavipes , etc.
  • spider silk proteins polypeptides derived from major dragline silk proteins
  • spider silk proteins include recombinant spider silk proteins containing two or more units of an amino acid sequence represented by the formula 1: REP1-REP2 (1), preferably recombinant spider silk proteins containing four or more units thereof, and more preferably recombinant spider silk proteins containing six or more units thereof.
  • units of the amino acid sequence represented by the formula (1): REP1-REP2 (1) may be the same or different from each other.
  • the REP1 represents a polyalanine region mainly constituted by alanine and expressed as (X1)p, and preferably the REP1 represents polyalanine.
  • p is not particularly limited, but preferably an integer of 2 to 20, more preferably an integer of 4 to 12.
  • X1 represents alanine (Ala), serine (Ser), or glycine (Gly).
  • the total number of alanine residues in the polyalanine region expressed as (X1)p is preferably 80% or more, more preferably 85% or more with respect to the total number of amino acid residues in the region.
  • the number of alanine residues arranged in succession is preferably 2 or more, more preferably 3 or more, further preferably 4 or more, and particularly preferably 5 or more. Further, in the REP1, the number of alanine residues arranged in succession is preferably 20 or less, more preferably 16 or less, further preferably 12 or less, and particularly preferably 10 or less.
  • the REP2 is an amino acid sequence composed of 10 to 200 amino acid residues. The total number of glycine, serine, glutamine, proline and alanine residues contained in the amino acid sequence is 40% or more, preferably 50% or more, and more preferably 60% or more with respect to the total number of amino acid residues contained therein.
  • the REP1 corresponds to a crystal region in a fiber where a crystal 13 sheet is formed
  • the REP2 corresponds to an amorphous region in a fiber where flexibility is high and most of the parts lack regular configurations.
  • the [REP1-REP2] corresponds to a repeating region (repetitive sequence) composed of the crystal region and the amorphous region, which is a characteristic sequence of dragline silk proteins.
  • Examples of the recombinant spider silk proteins containing two or more units of the amino acid sequence represented by the formula 1: REP1-REP2 (1) are recombinant spider silk proteins derived from ADF3 having an amino acid sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 is an amino acid sequence obtained by the following mutation: in an amino acid sequence of ADF3 to the N-terminal of which has been added an amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 4) composed of a start codon, His 10-tag and HRV3C Protease (Human rhinovirus 3C Protease) recognition site, 1 st to 13 th repetitive regions are about doubled and the translation ends at the 1154 th amino acid residue.
  • the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 is an amino acid sequence obtained by adding the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 4) composed of a start codon, His 10-tag and HRV3C Protease (Human rhinovirus 3C Protease) recognition site, to the N-terminal of a partial amino acid sequence of ADF3 (NCBI Genebank Accession No.: AAC47010, GI: 1263287) obtained from the NCBI database.
  • the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 3 is an amino acid sequence obtained by the following mutation: in an amino acid sequence of ADF3 to the N-terminal of which has been added the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 4) composed of a start codon, His 10-tag and HRV3C Protease (Human rhinovirus 3C Protease) recognition site, 1 st to 13 th repetitive regions are about doubled.
  • the recombinant spider silk proteins containing two or more units of the amino acid sequence represented by the formula 1: REP1-REP2 (1) may be spider silk proteins that are composed of an amino acid sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 3 in which one or more amino acids have been substituted, deleted, inserted and/or added and that have repeating regions composed of the crystal region and the amorphous region.
  • spider silk proteins polypeptides derived from minor dragline silk proteins
  • the REP 3 indicates an amino acid sequence represented by (Gly-Gly-Z)m
  • the REP4 indicates an amino acid sequence represented by (Gly-Ala)l
  • the REP5 indicates an amino acid sequence represented by (Ala)r.
  • Z indicates any one of amino acids, particularly, it is preferably an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Ala, Tyr and Gin.
  • m is preferably 1 to 4.
  • REP4 l is preferably 0 to 4.
  • r is preferably 1 to 6.
  • the minor dragline silk is wound spirally from the center of a spider net, and used as a reinforcement of the net and a yarn to wrap a captured prey.
  • the minor dragline silk is inferior to the major dragline silk in tensile strength, but is known to have high stretchability.
  • the reason for this is considered to be as follows: in the minor dragline silk, since many crystal regions are composed of regions where glycine and alanine are arranged alternately in succession, the hydrogen bonds of the crystal regions weaken easily as compared with the major dragline silk whose crystal regions are composed only of alanine.
  • Examples of the recombinant spider silk proteins (polypeptides) derived from flagelliform silk proteins include recombinant spider silk proteins containing an amino acid sequence represented by the formula 3: REP6 (3).
  • the REP 6 indicates an amino acid sequence represented by (U1)n or (U2)n.
  • U1 indicates an amino acid sequence represented by Gly-Pro-Gly-X-X (SEQ ID NO: 12)
  • U2 indicates an amino acid sequence represented by Gly-Pro-Gly-Gly-X (SEQ ID NO: 13).
  • X indicates any one of amino acids, particularly, it is preferably an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Ala, Ser, Tyr, Gin, Val, Leu, and Ile, more preferably an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Ala, Ser, Tyr, Gin, and Val.
  • a plurality of X may be the same or different from each other.
  • n indicates a number of 4 or larger, preferably 10 or larger, and more preferably 20 or larger.
  • the flagelliform silk does not have crystal regions but has repeating regions composed of the amorphous region, which is a major characteristic of the flagelliform silk. It is considered that since the major dragline silk and the like have repeating regions composed of the crystal region and the amorphous region, they have both high stress and stretchability. Meanwhile, regarding the flagelliform silk, the stress is inferior to that of the major dragline silk but the stretchability is high. The reason for this is considered to be that the flagelliform silk is composed mostly of the amorphous region.
  • the recombinant spider silk proteins can be produced using a host that has been transformed by an expression vector containing a gene encoding a natural spider silk protein subjected to recombination.
  • a method for producing a gene is not limited particularly, and it may be produced by amplifying a gene encoding a natural spider silk protein from a cell derived from spiders by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or the like, and cloning it, or may be synthesized chemically.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • a method for chemically synthesizing a gene also is not limited particularly, and it can be synthesized as follows, for example: based on information of amino acid sequences of natural spider silk proteins obtained from the NCBI web database or the like, oligonucleotides that have been synthesized automatically with AKTA oligopilot plus 10/100 (GE Healthcare Japan Corporation) are linked by PCR or the like.
  • a gene may be synthesized that encodes a protein having the above-described amino acid sequence to the N-terminal of which has been added an amino acid sequence composed of a start codon and His 10-tag.
  • the expression vector examples include a plasmid, a phage, a virus and the like that can express protein based on a DNA sequence.
  • the plasmid-type expression vector is not limited particularly as long as it allows a target gene to be expressed in a host cell and it can amplify itself.
  • a pET22b(+) plasmid vector, a pCold plasmid vector and the like can be used.
  • productivity of protein it is preferable to use the pET22b(+) plasmid vector.
  • the host include animal cells, plant cells, microbes, etc.
  • Viscosity The viscosities of polar solvent solutions (dopes) were measured using an EMS viscometer (EMS-01S) manufactured by Kyoto Electronics Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
  • Moisture percentage of dope The moisture percentages of dopes were measured using a Hybrid Karl Fischer Moisture Titrator (MKH-700) manufactured by Kyoto Electronics Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
  • a partial amino acid sequence of ADF3 (GI: 1263287), which is one of two principal dragline silk proteins of Araneus diadematus , was obtained from the NCBI web database, and synthesis of a gene encoding an amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) was outsourced to GenScript, Inc.
  • the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) is an amino acid sequence obtained by adding an amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 4) composed of a start codon, His 10-tag and HRV3C Protease (Human rhinovirus 3C Protease) recognition site, to the N-terminal of said partial amino acid sequence of ADF3.
  • a pUC57 vector to which a gene of ADF3Kai having a base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 5 had been introduced was obtained (having an Nde I site immediately upstream of 5′ terminal of the gene and an Xba I site immediately downstream of 5′ terminal thereof). Thereafter, the gene was subjected to a restriction enzyme treatment with Nde I and EcoR I, and recombined into a pET22b(+) expression vector.
  • sequence A The half of the gene sequence of ADF3Kai on the 5′ side (hereinafter, referred to as a sequence A) was amplified by the PCR reaction using ADF3Kai as a template, and a T7 promoter primer (SEQ ID NO: 8) and a Rep Xba I primer (SEQ ID NO: 9).
  • the obtained DNA fragment of the sequence A was recombined into a pUC118 vector that had been subjected to the restriction enzyme treatment with Nde I and Xba I in advance using a Mighty Cloning Kit (manufactured by TAKARA BIO INC.).
  • sequence B the half of the gene sequence of ADF3Kai on the 3′ side (hereinafter, referred to as a sequence B) was amplified by the PCR reaction using ADF3Kai as a template, and an Xba I Rep primer (SEQ ID NO: 10) and a T7 terminator primer (SEQ ID NO: 11).
  • the obtained DNA fragment of the sequence B was recombined into a pUC118 vector that had been subjected to the restriction enzyme treatment with Xba I and EcoR I in advance using the Mighty Cloning Kit (manufactured by TAKARA BIO INC.).
  • the pUC118 vector to which the sequence A had been introduced and the pUC118 vector to which the sequence B had been introduced were subjected to the restriction enzyme treatment with Nde I, Xba I and Xba I, EcoR I, respectively, and target DNA fragments of the sequences A and B were purified by gel cut.
  • the DNA fragments A, B and the pET22b(+) that had been subjected to the restriction enzyme treatment with Nde I and EcoR I in advance were subjected to a ligation reaction and transformed into Escherichia coli DH5a.
  • plasmid was extracted from a colony where a target band size (3.6 kbp) was obtained, and the entire base sequence was checked by a sequence reaction using a 3130 ⁇ 1 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Consequently, the construction of a gene of ADF3Kai-Large represented by SEQ ID NO: 6 was confirmed.
  • the amino acid sequence of ADF3Kai-Large is as represented by SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a codon GGC corresponding to the 1155 th amino acid residue, i.e., glycine (Gly), in the amino acid sequence of ADF3Kai-Large (SEQ ID NO: 3) was mutated into a stop codon TAA, and a gene of ADF3Kai-Large-NRSH1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 7 was constructed on the pET22b(+).
  • the accuracy of the introduction of the mutation was checked by the sequence reaction using the 3130 ⁇ 1 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems).
  • the amino acid sequence of ADF3Kai-Large-NHSH1 is as represented by SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the pET22b(+) expression vector containing the gene sequence of ADF3Kai-Large-NHSH1 was transformed into Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3).
  • the obtained single colony was incubated for 15 hours in 2 ml of an LB culture medium containing ampicillin. Thereafter, 1.4 ml of the culture solution was added to 140 ml of an LB culture medium containing ampicillin, and incubated to an OD 600 of 3.5 under the conditions of 37° C. and 200 rpm. Next, the culture solution with the OD 600 of 3.5 was added to 7 L of a 2 ⁇ YT culture medium containing ampicillin, together with 140 ml of 50% glucose, and incubated further to the OD 600 of 4.0.
  • IPTG isopropyl-6-thiogalactopyranoside
  • the SDS washing granules were suspended in a DMSO solution containing LM lithium chloride so that the concentration would be 100 mg/ml, and heat-treated for 1 hour at 80° C. Thereafter, the heated suspension was centrifuged (11,000 g, 30 minutes, room temperature) with the centrifuge manufactured by Kubota Corporation, and the supernatant was collected.
  • Ethanol in an amount three times greater than that of the collected supernatant was prepared.
  • the collected supernatant was added to the ethanol, and left to stand still for 1 hour at room temperature. Thereafter, the resultant was centrifuged (11,000 g, 30 minutes, room temperature) with the centrifuge manufactured by Kubota Corporation to collect aggregated protein.
  • a process of washing aggregated protein using pure water and a process of collecting aggregated protein by centrifugation were repeated three times, and then moisture was removed by a freeze dryer to collect freeze-dried powder.
  • the purification degree of the target protein ADF3Kai-Large-NRSH1 (about 56.1 kDa) in the obtained freeze-dried powder was checked by analyzing images of the results of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (CBB staining) of said protein powder using Totallab (nonlinear dynamics Ltd.). As a result, the purification degree of ADF3Kai-Large-NRSH1 was about 85%.
  • the spider silk protein (powder) obtained above was subjected to vacuum drying (bone dry), and the spider silk protein in the absolute dry state was added to five DMSO solvents of a predetermined amount prepared beforehand so that the concentration of the protein of the respective solvents would be 15 mass %.
  • Different amounts of pure water were added and mixed into four of the five DMSO solvents containing the spider silk protein to prepare five kinds of dopes having different moisture contents (moisture percentages) as indicated in Table 1 below.
  • the dopes with a moisture content of 0 mass %, 0.75 mass %, 1.5 mass %, and 3 mass % are dopes of Examples 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively.
  • the dope with a moisture content of 5 mass % is a dope of Comparative Example 1.
  • the dopes of Examples 1-4 with a moisture content of less than 5 mass % had high viscosities regardless of the temperature, and the viscosity rise in accordance with the temperature drop was significant, as compared with the dope of Comparative Example 1 with a moisture content of 5 mass %. Further, as to the dopes of Examples 1-4, the viscosity was high as the moisture content was low, i.e., the dope of Example 1 with a moisture content of 0 mass % had the highest viscosity.
  • the viscosities of the dopes of Examples 1-4 were much higher than the viscosity of the dope of Comparative Example 1, specifically, they were 2.8 to 4.7 times the viscosity of the dope of Comparative Example 1. These results clearly indicate that the viscosities of the dopes can be increased by adjusting the moisture content of the dopes to be less than 5 mass %. It was also confirmed that spinning and casting can be stabilized with the dopes of Examples 1-4.
  • Example 9 the spider silk protein (powder) in the absolute dry state was dissolved in a DMSO solvent at a concentration of 22.0 mass % in a general laboratory (in the atmosphere) without humidity control to produce a dope of Example 9.
  • the dope of Example 9 was stored in a general laboratory without humidity control for 24 hours.
  • the respective conditions of the experiment are shown in Table 2 below. A relationship between the temperature and the viscosity of the dopes of Examples 5-9 was examined. FIG. 2 shows the results.
  • the relationship between the temperature and the viscosity of the dope of Example 9 was substantially the same as that of the dope of Example 7 (produced and stored in the dry room and having a protein concentration of 20.5 mass %).
  • the reason for this is considered to be that the moisture in the atmosphere was mixed into the dope of Example 9 during the production and storage.
  • the spider silk protein (powder) obtained above was subjected to vacuum drying (bone dry), and the spider silk protein (powder) in the absolute dry state was exposed to an atmosphere at a temperature of 25° C. and a relative humidity of 72% RH to examine a change in moisture percentage.
  • FIG. 3 shows the results. As is clear from FIG. 3 , the moisture percentage of the spider silk protein (powder) in the absolute dry state reached about 13 mass % (equilibrium moisture regain) in about 20 minutes. This test result indicates that it is important for the spider silk protein (powder) to be subjected to vacuum drying to prepare dopes. Without the vacuum drying, the moisture adsorbed to the spider silk protein (powder) during the storage under the room temperature or an environment with high relative humidity is mixed into dopes directly.
  • the following test was performed to confirm that the lowering of the viscosity of the dope due to the mixing of moisture into the dope was not simply attributed to the dilution of the dope with moisture.
  • a dishwashing detergent having almost the same viscosity as that of the dope of Example 1 at 50° C. was prepared.
  • moisture was added to the dishwashing detergent so that the moisture content would be 3 mass % based on 100 mass % of the dishwashing detergent.
  • the viscosity of the dishwashing detergent at 50° C. was measured to determine a rate of change of viscosity before and after addition of moisture.
  • the viscosity of the dishwashing detergent at 50° C. before addition of moisture was 143 mPa ⁇ s
  • the viscosity of the dishwashing detergent at 50° C. after addition of moisture was 133 mPa ⁇ s.
  • a lowering rate of the viscosity of the dishwashing detergent at 50° C. due to addition of moisture was 7%.
  • the viscosity of the dope of Example 1 at 50° C. was 153 mPa ⁇ s
  • the viscosity of the dope of Example 4 at 50° C. with a moisture content of 3 mass % by addition of moisture was 89 mPa ⁇ s.
  • the polar solvent solution of the present invention is useful for wet spinning, film casting, gels, particles, mesh materials, and various types of moldings.

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