US20180024088A1 - Improved magnesium ion selective membranes - Google Patents

Improved magnesium ion selective membranes Download PDF

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US20180024088A1
US20180024088A1 US15/547,951 US201615547951A US2018024088A1 US 20180024088 A1 US20180024088 A1 US 20180024088A1 US 201615547951 A US201615547951 A US 201615547951A US 2018024088 A1 US2018024088 A1 US 2018024088A1
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magnesium
membrane
plasticizer
sample
sensor
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John Benco
Robert Bergquist
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Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc
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Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
    • G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
    • G01N27/333—Ion-selective electrodes or membranes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
    • G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
    • G01N27/333—Ion-selective electrodes or membranes
    • G01N27/3335—Ion-selective electrodes or membranes the membrane containing at least one organic component
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0002—Organic membrane manufacture
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/26—Polyalkenes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/30—Polyalkenyl halides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/44—Polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, not provided for in a single one of groups B01D71/26-B01D71/42
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/48—Polyesters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/50—Polycarbonates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/56—Polyamides, e.g. polyester-amides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/58—Other polymers having nitrogen in the main chain, with or without oxygen or carbon only
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets

Definitions

  • This disclosure relates generally to the field diagnostic testing, and more particularly to improved magnesium (Mg 2+ ) selective membranes for use in clinical applications.
  • Sensors including the membranes exhibit both excellent selectivity for magnesium and a suitable use life in protein-based matrices such as whole blood.
  • magnesium sensors e.g., potentiometric ionized magnesium (iMg) sensors
  • iMg sensors for clinical use have not been shown to be sufficiently selective for magnesium relative to other cations in protein-based matrices.
  • iMg sensors for clinical use must provide consistent performance over their use life without frequent (e.g., daily) replacement of the sensor panel. Leaching of material from the magnesium sensor, such as the plasticizer, will reduce shelf life, for example.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing whole blood sensitivity of individual and blended membranes for Mg 2+ vs. calculated log P.
  • the present inventors have found that optimum magnesium ion selective membrane performance for clinical use can be better understood and controlled by carefully selecting the plasticizer(s) to offer more of a balance between selectivity, sensitivity of magnesium in protein-based matrices, and use life based on its/their log P values.
  • a magnesium ion selective membrane comprising a mixture of a polymer material, a magnesium-selective material, and a plasticizer having a measured log P value of >5.8 and ⁇ 12.8.
  • a magnesium ion selective sensor including a magnesium ion selective membrane comprising a mixture of a polymer material, a magnesium-selective material, and a plasticizer having a measured log P value of >5.8 and ⁇ 12.8.
  • a process for analyzing a protein-based sample for magnesium comprising providing a sensor comprising a mixture of a polymer, a magnesium-selective material, and a plasticizer, wherein the plasticizer comprises a measured log P value of >5.8 and ⁇ 12.8.
  • the method further includes introducing a protein-containing sample to the sensor.
  • the protein-based sample is whole blood.
  • the term “about” refers to a value that is ⁇ 10% of the stated value.
  • log P refers to a measure of a ratio of concentrations of a compound in a mixture of two immiscible phases (e.g., water and 1-octanol) at equilibrium.
  • subject refers to any human and non-human mammal.
  • the performance of a magnesium ion selective membrane in terms of both its selectivity for Mg 2+ and its use life may be at least partially affected by the matrix to which it is exposed. Accordingly, the properties of the membrane in aqueous environments as reported by literature may be markedly different from the same membrane's performance with protein-containing matrices such as blood.
  • a magnesium ion selective membrane as described herein may be incorporated into any suitable ion selective electrode and/or sensor as are well known in the art in any suitable form.
  • the membrane may be applied as a layer in an assembly for detecting magnesium ions along with a polymer layer, an electrode layer, a conductor layer, and/or a transducer layer on a substrate.
  • Exemplary structures into which the magnesium ion selective membrane may be incorporated are further set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,384,523; 6,767,450; and 5,102,527; U.S. Published Patent Application No. 20140158536; and WO2014092543 A1, for example.
  • the sample to be introduced to the membrane may be any sample suspected of having an amount of magnesium therein.
  • the sample comprises a biological fluid collected by any suitable method or device known in the art from a subject.
  • the biological sample may comprise or may derived from any one of urine, whole blood, blood serum, blood plasma, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, nasopharyngeal swabs, vaginal swabs, tears, tissues, and the like.
  • the sample may further include any suitable buffers, diluents, or the like as are needed or desired for the particular type of sample.
  • the sample comprises a blood sample, which may be a whole blood sample comprising plasma and whole blood cells; a plasma sample; or a serum sample.
  • the whole blood sample may comprise white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, and the like.
  • the blood sample comprises a plasma sample which has been treated to remove a plurality of the whole blood cells using known methods and devices such as centrifugation or commercially available porous membranes.
  • an electrode or electrode layer may comprise any suitable material known in the art.
  • the electrode or electrode layer may comprise silver, silver/silver chloride, copper, titanium, chromium, gold, platinum, palladium, palladium/Silver, platinum black, platinum black/palladium, platinum oxide, iridium, iridium dioxide, and combinations thereof.
  • the magnesium ion selective membrane comprises a polymer, one or more plasticizers (hereinafter “plasticizer”), and a magnesium selective material.
  • the polymer may comprise any suitable inert and relatively stable material.
  • Exemplary polymer materials for use in the membrane include a polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene, polyacrylate, polycarbonate, polyester, polyamide, polyurethane, or polyvinyl material, or co-polymers of the above.
  • the polymer and the plasticizer are mixed with the magnesium-selective material to provide the membrane with a selectivity for magnesium.
  • the magnesium-selective material may comprise an ionophore, an ion exchange material, or a combination thereof.
  • the plasticizer is mixed with a polymer and an ionophore with functional groups for the selective binding with ionized magnesium in the sample.
  • the magnesium-selective layer comprises mixture of the polymer, the plasticizer, and an ion exchanger added to the polymer and/or plasticizer to provide the necessary selectivity for magnesium.
  • the ion exchanger may be dissolved within or otherwise mixed with the plasticizer.
  • the ionophore(s) for use with the membrane may comprise any suitable material.
  • the ionophore comprises a triamide compound such as those set forth below and in Philippe Bühlmann and Li D. Chen, Supramolecular Chemistry: From Molecules to Nanomaterials. Ion-Selective Electrodes With Ionophore-Doped Sensing Membranes, 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the ionophore may comprise the following compound as is set forth in Bühlmann, et al.:
  • the ion exchange material may comprise any suitable material.
  • the ion exchange material comprises a lipophilic ion exchange salt as is known in the art.
  • the ion exchange material comprises potassium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate.
  • the present inventors have surprisingly found that the log P of the plasticizer(s) used in the formulation of the magnesium ion selective membrane described have a much greater and different effect on use life and sensitivity for Mg 2+ in protein-based matrices than previously appreciated in the art.
  • conventional wisdom would have led the skilled artisan to select plasticizers having higher log P values for both selectivity and use life in a magnesium sensor.
  • the present inventors have found that the lipophilicity of the plasticizer used is actually inversely proportional to the sensitivity of the membranes described herein for protein-based samples.
  • the inventors have also confirmed that the lipophilicity of the plasticizer is directly proportional to the use life of a sensor incorporating the membranes described herein.
  • use life in on embodiment, it is meant the ability of a sensor to provide reproducible results over a time period such as 28 days. In certain embodiments, the “use life” may be governed at least in part by the extent to which the plasticizer leaches from the sensor.
  • the plasticizer comprises a measured log P value of from about 5.8 to about 12.8, and in particular embodiments from about 7.0 to about 9.0, and in a specific embodiment about 8.0.
  • a plasticizer having a measured log P value of greater than 12.8 will provide a sensor 10 with a magnesium sensitivity generally insufficient for clinical use.
  • the plasticizer has a measured log P below 5.8, the sensitivity of the layer 16 for magnesium in a blood sample (e.g., whole blood) may be sufficient for clinical use, but use life is compromised and may be unsuitable for multi-day use of the sensor.
  • the plasticizer may comprise any one or more commercially available or synthesized plasticizers in an amount effective to provide a membrane having the desired log P (measured log P of about 5.8 to about 12.8).
  • the plasticizer comprises one or more commercially available plasticizers.
  • Exemplary commercially available plasticizers include but are not limited to nitro-phenyl octyl ether (NPOE) or any suitable compound referred to by an ETH number as is known in the art, such as ETH 217 (1-dodecyloxy-2-nitrobenzene).
  • exemplary ETH compounds include but are not limited to ETH 220, 264, 2041, 2480, 2481, 2485, 3832, 4190, 4302, 4305, 4306, 4314, 4315, 4332, 4354, 4358, 5367, 5372, 5373, 5382, 5389, 5392, 5401, 5406, 5504, 5506, 7025, 7132, 8028, 8030, 8031, 8032, 8033, 8034, 8035, 8036, 8037, 8045, 8050, 8053, 8055, 8057, 8059, 8063, 8064, 8065, and combinations thereof.
  • the selected plasticizer may be synthesized to have the desired log P value for use in the magnesium ion selective membrane.
  • the plasticizer may comprise or further comprise (blended with a commercially available plasticizer) a synthesized plasticizer, which may not be commercially available.
  • the synthesized platicizer comprises a nitrophenyl group and a hydrophobic chain extending therefrom such as an alkyl ether or phenyl ether.
  • the plasticizer comprises a compound as follows:
  • the plasticizer may be synthesized according to one or methods set forth in Eugster, R., Analytica Chimica Acta 289 (1994) 1-13 and Zhang, W., Am. J. Biomed. Sci. 2011, 3(4), 301-312.
  • the measurement of the log P values for any plasticizer may take place according to known methods in the art such as by thin layer chromatography (TLC).
  • TLC thin layer chromatography
  • An exemplary measurement process in set forth in each of U. Oesch, and W. Simon, Anal. Chem., 52 (1980) 692 and O. Dinten, U. E., et al. Anal. Chem., 63 (1991) 596, the entirety of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
  • the log P for any individual plasticizer or blend of plasticizers may be calculated by known methods in the art such as software available from Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc. (ACD) for this purpose.
  • the log P of the plasticizer(s) may be calculated from known literature sources to provide a projected performance profile for the associated membrane and sensor.
  • the one or more plasticizers comprise a calculated log P value of from about 5.0 to about 13.0, and in particular embodiments from about 5.0 to about 10.0; from about 7.0 to about 9.0; or about 8.0.
  • the log P value for a blend of plasticizers may be determined from a summation of fractional log P data according to the following formula (I):
  • the values utilized in the formula may be a measured log P value or one obtained or calculated from literature or from suitable software as described herein.
  • the plasticizer may comprise a blend of ETH 8045 and NPOE in a ratio of 50:50 to 66:34.
  • ETH 8045 has a calculated log P value of 10 while NPOE has a calculated log P value of 5.5. As shown below in formulas (II) and (III) below, this provides a fractional (blended) sum log P value of:
  • blends may provide log P values between those obtainable by various plasticizers individually. Blends may also provide log P values which effectively provide a balance between use life and sensitivity of the membrane for magnesium. It is appreciated that actual measured log P values may differ from those calculated from literature due to measurement and calculation methods.
  • a magnesium selective sensor comprising a magnesium ion selective membrane as described herein may be incorporated within a cartridge employing a plurality of additional sensors for the detection of one or more additional analytes as is known in the art.
  • the additional sensors may be suitable for the detection of one or more of pH, carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO 2 ), oxygen partial pressure (pO 2 ), sodium (Na + ), potassium (K + ), calcium (Ca 2+ ), chloride (Cl ⁇ ), hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), glucose, lactate, bilirubin, CO-oximeter fractions (fO 2 Hb, fCO 2 Hb, fMetHb, fHHb), and the like, for example.
  • sensors described herein may be incorporated within such cartridges and utilized within a point of care instrument as is known in the art.
  • exemplary point of care instruments e.g., blood gas analyzers, are available from Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Inc. and are currently sold under the trademarks: RAPIDLab 1200, RapidLab 348EX, RAPIDPoint 500, RAPIDLab 248/348, RAPIDPoint 400/405, and RAPIDPoint 340/350 Systems.
  • the sensors described herein are beneficial in the clinical determination of magnesium ion concentration in protein-based matrices such as whole blood.
  • Abnormal magnesium concentrations have been associated with renal disease, hypertension, preeclampsia, diabetes mellitus, amongst other conditions. See Zhang, W., Am. J. Biomed. Sci. 2011, 3(4), 301-312.
  • the devices, systems, and processes herein may advantageously improve the identification and treatment of these conditions.
  • the method comprises contacting a protein-containing sample with a magnesium-selective membrane as described herein.
  • the magnesium ion selective membrane comprises a mixture of a polymer, a magnesium-selective material, and a plasticizer comprising a measured log P value of >5.8 and ⁇ 12.8.
  • the method may further comprise determining a presence of magnesium in the sample after the contacting.
  • the determining may be done qualitatively, semi-quantitatively, or quantitatively through the use of known standards and controls as would be well understood by persons skilled in the art. For example, results may be compared to values of a calibration curve created from a plurality of standard samples having predetermined concentrations as is well-known in the art. The determined values may be compared to predetermined threshold values such as medical decision levels as described above.
  • the sensors may be part of a system and the system may comprise a computing unit comprising one or more modules configured to receive data from the sensor incorporating the membrane (and additional sensors if provided) and determine at least one result from the data.
  • the computing unit may comprise, for example, a special purpose computer comprising a microprocessor, a microcomputer, an industrial controller, a programmable logic controller, a discrete logic circuit or other suitable controlling device.
  • the computing unit may further comprise one or more input channels, a memory, and output channel(s).
  • the memory may include a computer-readable medium or a storage device, e.g., floppy disk, a compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM), or the like.
  • the computing unit may comprise computer readable instructions for performing any aspect of the methods or for controlling any aspect of the components described herein.
  • a plurality of sensors having the blended plasticizers were made as follows:
  • Membrane formulations were prepared by using a range of plasticizers, polyvinylchloride, magnesium ionophores, and lipophilic ion exchange salts. The materials were dissolved in a suitable organic solvent at a solids ratio of 10%. The solutions were deposited on the sensor substrates and the solvent allowed to evaporate yielding the formed membranes. The formulations were optimized to yield membranes with the best obtainable magnesium selectivity over calcium and were generally at least greater than 1:1. Formulations either had a single plasticizer or a blend of two plasticizers to yield membranes with intermediate calculated log P.
  • Table 1 presents the plasticsizers tested, literature selectivity (log K), calculated log P and their corresponding magnesium blood sensistivity slopes (mV/dec). This data is plotted in FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing whole blood slope (mV/dec) for Mg 2+ for the plurality of sensors formulated with single plasticizers and blended plasticizers vs. log P or the fractional sum log P of the blend, respectively.
  • the results surprisingly show that as the log P increases, there is a corresponding decrease in the sensitivity to magnesium even though in a contradictory fashion the selectivity increases with log P.
  • Membrane formulations were prepared by using NPOE or ETH 217 plasticizers with polyvinylchloride, magnesium ionophore and lipohilic ion exchange salt. The materials were dissolved in a suitable organic solvent at a solids ratio of 10%. The solutions were deposited on the sensor substrates and the solvent allowed to evaporate yielding the formed membranes. The formulations were optimized to yield membranes with the best obtainable magnesium selectivity over calcium and were generally at least greater than 1:1.
  • Sensors were incorporated into RAPIDPoint systems (available from Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc.) and tested over at least 25 days. During this time, sensors were calibrated with magnesium containing reagents and exposed to whole blood samples at approximately 10 per business day. In addition, magnesium containing quality control solutions were also run across least 25 days at least once every day. After testing the membranes were removed from the sensor substrate and the amount of remaining plasticizer was determined by UPLC and so the amount of plasticizer lost over time was calculated. Table 2 presents the amount of plasticizer lost over time and shows that membranes formulated with NPOE lose greater than 50% of its content.
  • a magnesium ion selective membrane comprising: a polymer material; a magnesium-selective material; and a plasticizer comprising a measured log P value of >about 5.8 and ⁇ about 12.8. It should be understood that the symbol “>” refers to the concept of “greater than” and the symbol “ ⁇ ” refers to the concept of “less than.”
  • the polymer material comprises a member selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyacrylate, polycarbonate, polyester, polyamide, polyurethane, polyvinyl material, vinyl acetates, and co-polymers of any of the above.
  • the membrane of illustrative embodiment 3, wherein the blend of plasticizers comprises a blend of ETH 8045 and nitro-phenyl octyl ether (NPOE).
  • magnesium-selective material comprises a member from the group consisting of one or ionophores, one or more ion exchange materials, and a combination thereof.
  • a magnesium ion selective electrode comprising the membrane in any one of illustrative embodiments 1 to 14.
  • a magnesium ion selective sensor comprising a membrane in any one of illustrative embodiments 1 to 14.
  • An array of sensors comprising: the sensor of any one of claim 15 or 16 for determining an amount of magnesium in a protein-containing sample; and at least one additional sensor for determining an amount of additional target analyte in the protein-containing sample.
  • the at least one additional sensor is configured for analysis of a member selected from the group consisting of pH, carbon dioxide partial pressure, oxygen partial pressure, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, hematocrit, hemoglobin, glucose, lactate, bilirubin, and CO-oximeter fractions.
  • a point of care analyzer comprising the sensor of illustrative embodiment 16.
  • a point of care analyzer comprising the array of illustrative embodiment 17.
  • a magnesium ion selective membrane comprising: a polymer material; a magnesium-selective material; and a plasticizer comprising a log P value greater than that of NPOE but less than that of ETH 8045.
  • the polymer material comprises a member selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyacrylate, polycarbonate, polyester, polyamide, polyurethane, polyvinyl material, vinyl acetates, and co-polymers of any of the above.
  • the membrane of illustrative embodiment 21, wherein the blend of plasticizers comprises a blend of ETH 8045 and nitro-phenyl octyl ether (NPOE).
  • the membrane of illustrative embodiment 31, wherein the ion exchange material comprises potassium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate.
  • a magnesium ion selective electrode comprising a membrane in any one of illustrative embodiments 21 to 36.
  • a magnesium ion selective sensor comprising a membrane in any one of illustrative embodiments 21 to 36.
  • An array of sensors comprising: the sensor of illustrative embodiment 38 for determining an amount of magnesium in a protein-containing sample; and at least one additional sensor for determining an amount of additional target analyte in the protein-containing sample.
  • the at least one additional sensor is configured for analysis of a member selected from the group consisting of pH, carbon dioxide partial pressure, oxygen partial pressure, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, hematocrit, hemoglobin, glucose, lactate, bilirubin, and CO-oximeter fractions.
  • a point of care analyzer comprising the sensor of illustrative embodiment 38.
  • a point of care analyzer comprising the array of illustrative embodiment 39.
  • a process for analyzing a protein-based sample for magnesium comprising: to a sensor including a magnesium ion selective membrane that comprises: a polymer material; a magnesium-selective material; and a plasticizer comprising a measured log P value of >5.8 and ⁇ 12.8, introducing a protein-containing sample with the sensor; and determining a presence of magnesium in the sample after the contacting.
  • polymer material comprises a member selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyacrylate, polycarbonate, polyester, polyamide, polyurethane, polyvinyl material, vinyl acetates, and co-polymers of any of the above.
  • the blend of plasticizers comprises a blend of ETH 8045 and nitro-phenyl octyl ether (NPOE).
  • a process for analyzing a protein-based sample for magnesium comprising: contacting a protein-containing sample with a sensor comprising a membrane as set forth in any one of illustrative embodiments 1-14 and 21-36; and determining a presence of magnesium in the sample after the contacting.
  • any one of illustrative embodiments 50 to 51 further comprising: providing one or more additional sensors for detection of a presence of an additional analyte or property in the sample selected from the group consisting of pH, carbon dioxide partial pressure, oxygen partial pressure, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, hematocrit, hemoglobin, glucose, lactate, bilirubin, and CO-oximeter fractions; and detecting the presence of the additional analyte or property in the sample.
  • an additional analyte or property in the sample selected from the group consisting of pH, carbon dioxide partial pressure, oxygen partial pressure, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, hematocrit, hemoglobin, glucose, lactate, bilirubin, and CO-oximeter fractions

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