US20170101461A1 - Antiretroviral Drug Targeting Human Endogenous Retrovirus - Google Patents

Antiretroviral Drug Targeting Human Endogenous Retrovirus Download PDF

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US20170101461A1
US20170101461A1 US15/314,017 US201515314017A US2017101461A1 US 20170101461 A1 US20170101461 A1 US 20170101461A1 US 201515314017 A US201515314017 A US 201515314017A US 2017101461 A1 US2017101461 A1 US 2017101461A1
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herv
antibody
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env
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Herve Perron
Francois Curtin
Alois Lang
Raphael Faucard
Julie Medina
Alexandra Madeira
Nadege Gehin
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Geneuro SA
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Geneuro SA
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Assigned to GENEURO SA reassignment GENEURO SA ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MADEIRA, Alexandra, CURTIN, FRANCOIS, FAUCARD, RAPHAEL, GEHIN, NADEGE, LANG, ALOIS, MEDINA, Julie, PERRON, HERVE
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a novel antiretroviral drug targeting human endogenous retrovirus.
  • HERV Human endogenous retroviruses
  • MSRV Multiple Sclerosis associated Retrovirus element
  • HERV-W human endogenous retrovirus family
  • MS multiple sclerosis
  • SZ schizophrenia
  • BP bipolar disorder
  • CIS clinically isolated syndrome
  • CIDP chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
  • epilepsy psoriasis
  • cancer inflammatory pancreatitis
  • diabetes such as type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
  • retroviral genes from HERVs i.e. of gag gene encoding matrix, capsid and nucleocapsid precursor polyprotein, together with pol gene encoding retroviral enzymes including protease, reverse-transcriptase and integrase precursor polyprotein, and together with env gene encoding the envelope precursor protein from the same HERV, no infectious retroviral copy from HERVs could be found to date.
  • HERVs are present in the DNA of all cells from each human individual and, therefore, therapeutic molecules classically used for treating human retroviruses cannot eliminate the corresponding provirus within a sub-population of reservoir cells.
  • Many cellular and genetic constraints on these endogenous elements also make them controlled by non-retroviral molecular mechanisms, thus escaping from classical retroviral pathways.
  • an involvement of gene silencing, of gene control by cellular promoter/enhancer or of genetic recombination between HERV sequences and cellular genes are known. Such features are not expected with classical exogenous retroviruses and therefore are not accessible to presently existing anti-retroviral therapy.
  • the invention relates to an antibody, a fragment or a derivative thereof for use as an antiretroviral drug targeting a virus belonging to a human endogenous retrovirus (HERV), wherein said antibody is directed against HERV-W Envelope protein (HERV-W Env).
  • said antibody, fragment or derivative is for preventing and/or treating an HERV-W associated disease.
  • said antibody is for preventing and/or treating Multiple Sclerosis (MS) or Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP).
  • said antibody is a monoclonal humanized antibody, wherein the heavy chain (HC) has the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 9 and the light chain (LC) has the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID No: 10.
  • the invention in a second aspect, relates to a composition
  • a composition comprising, preferably consisting of, an antibody directed against HERV-W Envelope protein (HERV-W Env), a fragment or a derivative thereof and a retroviral reverse-transcriptase inhibitory drug for use as an antiretroviral drug targeting a virus belonging to human endogenous retroviruses (HERV).
  • the invention relates to an antibody directed against HERV-W Envelope protein (HERV-W Env), a fragment or a derivative thereof and a retroviral reverse-transcriptase inhibitory drug as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in a method for treating an HERV-W associated disease, preferably a disease selected from the group consisting of multiple sclerosis (MS), schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BP), unipolar or psychotic depression, clinically isolated syndrome (CIS, with neurological symptom), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), epilepsy, psoriasis, cancer, inflammatory pancreatitis and diabetes such as type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
  • MS multiple sclerosis
  • SZ schizophrenia
  • BP bipolar disorder
  • CIS clinically isolated syndrome
  • CIS clinically isolated syndrome
  • CIS clinically isolated syndrome
  • CIS with neurological symptom
  • CIDP chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
  • epilepsy psorias
  • the invention relates to a kit comprising at least one oligonucleotide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No: 11 to 28.
  • the invention relates to an antibody directed against HERV-W Envelope protein (HERV-W Env), a fragment or a derivative thereof for use as an antiretroviral drug targeting a virus belonging to human endogenous retroviruses (HERV), preferably to the HERV-W family, more preferably to MSRV, in a patient suffering from an HERV-W associated disease, wherein said patient is identified by a method comprising a step i) of detecting and/or quantifying HERV-W in a biological sample.
  • HERV-W Env HERV-W Envelope protein
  • human endogenous retrovirus and “HERV”, refer to the human endogenous retroviruses that comprise the virus belonging to the type-W endogenous retrovirus family, usually named “HERV-W”.
  • HERV-W is a family of human endogenous retroviruses that was unravelled in human genome from the initial discovery of “Multiple Sclerosis associated Retrovirus”, MSRV, a human retrovirus first isolated from patients with multiple sclerosis. Therefore, when studies mention “LM7” (first isolate described from MS), “MS-retrovirus”, “MSRV”, “Syncytin”, “HERV-W 7q”, “ERVW-E1”, “ERVW-E2”, “HERV-W copies from X chromosome” or “HERV-W”, they all designate HERV-W elements.
  • the term “MSRV” refers to a specific endogenous retrovirus which is a member of the HERV-W family.
  • the expressions “HERV-W” and “MSRV” both designate HERV-W elements.
  • the expressions “HERV-W Env” and “MSRV-Env” both refer to the same envelope proteins.
  • HC heavy chain
  • LC light chain
  • HERV-W associated disease refers to a pathological condition associated with the expression of HERV-W, preferably of the HERV-W Envelope protein. Typically, said HERV-W associated disease is a chronic inflammatory disease.
  • chronic inflammatory disease refers to any disease in which persisting or recurrent inflammation is driven by innate immunity and/or by adaptive immunity involved in tissue lesions and/or can be detected locally or systemically from an overexpression of pro-inflammatory molecules.
  • said HERV-W associated disease is selected from the group consisting of multiple sclerosis (MS), schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BP), unipolar or psychotic depression, clinically isolated syndrome (CIS, with neurological symptom), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), epilepsy, psoriasis, cancer, inflammatory pancreatitis and diabetes such as type 1 or type 2 diabetes. More preferably, said HERV-W associated disease is selected from the group consisting of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP), which both are demyelinating diseases.
  • treating means reversing, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, or preventing the disorder or condition to which such term applies, or reversing, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, or preventing one or more symptoms of the disorder or condition to which such term applies.
  • prevention refers to preventing the disease or condition from occurring in a subject which has not yet presented clinical symptoms, typical lesions or physiological dysfunctions that would allow its clinical diagnosis.
  • antibody or “immunoglobulin” have the same meaning, and will be used equally in the present invention.
  • the term “antibody” as used herein refers to immunoglobulin molecules and immunologically active portions of immunoglobulin molecules, i.e., molecules that contain an antigen binding site that specifically binds an antigen. As such, the term “antibody” encompasses not only whole antibody molecules, but also antibody fragments, as well as derivatives of antibodies.
  • fragment of antibody refers to a portion of such an antibody that mimic the hypervariable region, such as a CDR (CDR-L1, CDR-L2, CDR-L3, CDR-H1, CDR-H2, CDR-H3).
  • the fragments of antibody according to the present invention retain the binding affinity and specificity of said antibody.
  • Such fragments are functional equivalents of said antibody and they bind at substantially the same epitope as said antibody.
  • fragments of antibody include but are not limited to heavy chain, light chain, VL, VH, Fv, Fab, Fab′, F(ab)2, and F(ab′)2.
  • the expression “derivative of antibody” refers to a fragment of the antibody of the invention, preferably including at least one CDR of said antibody, preferably at least one CDR3 of said antibody, fused to at least one sequence different from the natural sequence (e.g. a linker sequence of another species . . . ), said derivative having binding affinity and specificity to HERV-W Env comparable to that of the antibody of the invention.
  • the derivatives according to the present invention retain the binding affinity and specificity of said antibody.
  • Such derivatives are functional equivalents of said antibody and they bind at substantially the same epitope as said antibody.
  • Examples of derivatives of antibody include, but are not limited to scFv, (scFv)2 and diabodies.
  • HC heavy chains
  • LC light chain
  • l lambda
  • ⁇ kappa
  • the light chain includes two domains, a variable domain (VL) and a constant domain (CL).
  • the heavy chain includes four domains, a variable domain (VH) and three constant domains (CH1, CH2 and CH3, collectively referred to as CH).
  • the variable regions of both light (VL) and heavy (VH) chains determine the binding site specific to the antigenic epitope.
  • the constant region domains of the light (CL) and heavy (CH) chains confer important biological properties such as antibody chain association, secretion, trans-placental mobility, complement binding, and binding to Fc receptors (FcR).
  • the Fv fragment is the N-terminal part of the Fab fragment of an immunoglobulin and consists of the variable portions of one light chain and one heavy chain.
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • FRs framework regions
  • chimeric antibody refers to an antibody which comprises a VH domain and a VL domain of an antibody from any species, preferably mouse, and a CH domain and a CL domain of a human antibody.
  • humanized antibody refers to an antibody having variable region framework and constant regions from a human antibody but retains the CDRs of an antibody from any species, preferably mouse.
  • Fab denotes an antibody fragment having a molecular weight of about 50,000 and antigen binding activity, in which about a half of the N-terminal side of H chain and the entire L chain, among fragments obtained by treating IgG with a protease, papaine, are bound together through a disulfide bond.
  • F(ab′)2 refers to an antibody fragment having a molecular weight of about 100,000 and antigen binding activity, which is slightly larger than the Fab bound via a disulfide bond of the hinge region, among fragments obtained by treating IgG with a protease, pepsin.
  • Fab′ refers to an antibody fragment having a molecular weight of about 50,000 and antigen binding activity, which is obtained by cutting a disulfide bond of the hinge region of the F(ab′)2.
  • a single chain Fv or “scFv” refer to a polypeptide which is a covalently linked VH::VL heterodimer, and usually expressed from a gene fusion including VH and VL encoding genes linked by a peptide-encoding linker.
  • dsFv is a VH::VL heterodimer stabilised by a disulfide bond.
  • Divalent and multivalent antibody fragments can form either spontaneously by association of monovalent scFvs, or can be generated by coupling monovalent scFvs by a peptide linker, such as divalent sc(Fv)2.
  • diabodies refers to small antibody fragments with two antigen-binding sites, which fragments comprise a heavy-chain variable domain (VH) connected to a light-chain variable domain (VL) in the same polypeptide chain (VH-VL).
  • VH heavy-chain variable domain
  • VL light-chain variable domain
  • linker that is too short to allow pairing between the two domains on the same chain, the domains are forced to pair with the complementary domains of another chain and create two antigen-binding sites.
  • the expression “antibody of the invention” refers to an antibody directed against, i.e. that specifically binds to, HERV-W Envelope protein (HERV-W Env), preferably against HERV-W Envelope protein of the type-W human endogenous retrovirus family (HERV-W), more preferably against the envelope protein of MSRV, more preferably against the extracellular domain the envelope protein of MSRV.
  • the antibody of the invention comprises all the 6 CDRs as depicted in SEQ ID No: 1 to 6.
  • biological sample refers to any biological sample obtained for the purpose of evaluation in vitro.
  • the sample or patient sample may comprise any body fluid or disease-specific tissue and lesions.
  • body fluid include blood, serum, plasma, nipple aspirate fluid, urine, saliva, synovial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  • CSF cerebrospinal fluid
  • diseases-specific tissue and lesions include MS brain plaque, CIDP nerve biopsies or diabetes pancreas biopsies.
  • HERV-W expression is occurring in certain individuals when associated with pathological conditions, in particular when expressing Multiple-Sclerosis Associated (MSRV) elements of this HERV-W family. This has been shown to involve the envelope protein as the sole pathogenic player among HERV-W-encoded proteins when exposed to the immune system or to neuroglial cells despite evidence of HERV-W gag-encoded antigens in patients.
  • MSRV Multiple-Sclerosis Associated
  • the therapeutic strategy has consisted in targeting the HERV-W Envelope protein with a neutralizing humanized antibody, in order to prevent and to inhibit its immunoinflammatory and neuropathogenic effects in HERV-W associated human diseases. Consequently, this therapeutic approach is directed upstream of the inflammatory cascade and of targeted cytotoxic effects, in particular, upstream of the inflammatory demyelinating cascade with remyelination blockade at the origin of lesions with impaired healing potential in MS central nervous system (CNS).
  • CNS MS central nervous system
  • GNbAC1 humanized IgG4 antibody which selectively bond to the extracellular domain of the envelope protein of MSRV, herein called “GNbAC1” for its safety and pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers in a Phase I clinical trial.
  • This antibody has also been evaluated in MS patients during one year, with repeated infusions of GNbAC1 antibody every 4 weeks at 6 mg/Kg or 2 mg/kg in two parallel cohorts.
  • env mRNA encoding HERV-W Envelope protein
  • pol mRNA encoding HERV-W enzymes, including reverse-transcriptase
  • HERV-W RNA expression is not expected to be regulated by HERV-W Envelope protein expression, all the more mRNA from the pol gene that encodes totally unrelated antigenic proteins, the inventors conclude that an unknown effect of HERV-W Env (or MSRV-Env) produces a positive effect on HERV-W genetic regulation relating to its disease-associated expression, as seen in patients with MS, and has been antagonized by GNbAC1 in patients from phase IIa clinical trial carried out by the inventors (see Example 1). This effect is not at all related to known HERV-W Env pathophysiological effects on immune and neuroglial systems.
  • the invention relates to an antibody, a fragment or a derivative thereof for use as an antiretroviral drug targeting a virus belonging to human endogenous retroviruses (HERV), wherein said antibody, fragment or derivative is directed against HERV-W Envelope protein (HERV-W Env).
  • HERV human endogenous retroviruses
  • antiretroviral drug targeting a virus belonging to human endogenous retroviruses refers to an antibody, a fragment or a derivative thereof able to inhibit the expression and/or the replication of a virus belonging to human endogenous retroviruses (HERV). More specifically, said expression refers to an antibody able to:
  • said virus belongs to the type-W human endogenous retrovirus family (HERV-W). More preferably, said virus is MSRV.
  • the antibody of the invention is directed against the Envelope protein of MSRV.
  • the antiretroviral drug according the invention suppresses or inhibits totally or partially the expression of the env- and/or pol-encoded proteins of a virus belonging to HERV, preferably a virus belonging to HERV-W.
  • MSRV is implicated in the onset and in the development of several diseases. Consequently, the antibody of the invention is highly promising for use for treating an HERV-W associated disease, preferably a pathology associated with expression of HERV-W Envelope protein (HERV-W Env).
  • said HERV-W associated disease is selected from the group consisting of multiple sclerosis (MS), schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BP), unipolar or psychotic depression, clinically isolated syndrome (CIS, with neurological symptom), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), epilepsy, psoriasis, cancer, inflammatory pancreatitis and diabetes such as type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
  • said HERV-W associated disease is selected from the group consisting of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP).
  • MS Multiple Sclerosis
  • CIDP Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
  • the invention also pertains in an agent for use for preventing and/or treating a disease selected from the group consisting of multiple sclerosis (MS), schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BP), unipolar or psychotic depression, clinically isolated syndrome (CIS, with neurological symptom), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), epilepsy, psoriasis, cancer, inflammatory pancreatitis and diabetes such as type 1 or type 2 diabetes, wherein said agent consists of an antibody directed against HERV-W Envelope protein (HERV-W Env) or a fragment or derivative thereof. In this specific embodiment, the antibody prevents the HERV-W expression.
  • a disease selected from the group consisting of multiple sclerosis (MS), schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BP), unipolar or psychotic depression, clinically isolated syndrome (CIS, with neurological symptom), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), epilepsy, psoriasis, cancer, inflammatory pancreatitis and
  • the antibody, fragment or derivative of the invention comprises each of the 6 CDRs as depicted in SEQ ID No: 1, SEQ ID No: 2, SEQ ID No: 3, SEQ ID No: 4, SEQ ID No: 5, and SEQ ID No: 6.
  • the antibody, fragment or derivative of the invention comprises:
  • the antibody, fragment or derivative of the invention is selected from the group consisting of a Fv, Fab, F(ab′)2, Fab′, dsFv, scFv, sc(Fv)2, a diabody, and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.
  • the antibody of the invention is a monoclonal antibody.
  • Monoclonal antibodies of the invention are monovalent, bivalent, multivalent, monospecific, bispecific, or multispecific.
  • the antibody directed against HERV-W Env is a binding fragment or a conjugate.
  • antibodies of the invention may be conjugated to a growth inhibitory agent, cytotoxic agent, or a prodrug-activating enzyme.
  • ADCC antigen-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
  • CDC complement dependent cytotoxicity
  • This may be achieved by introducing one or more amino acid substitutions in an Fc region of the antibody.
  • cysteine residue(s) may be introduced in the Fc region, thereby allowing inter-chain disulfide bond formation in this region.
  • the homodimeric antibody thus generated may have improved internalization capability and/or increased complement-mediated cell killing and/or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) (Caron P C. et al. 1992; and Shopes B. 1992).
  • Another type of amino acid modification of the antibody of the invention may be useful for altering the original glycosylation pattern of the antibody.
  • altering is meant deleting one or more carbohydrate moieties found in the antibody, and/or adding one or more glycosylation sites that are not present in the antibody.
  • Glycosylation of antibodies is typically N-linked. “N-linked” refers to the attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the side chain of an asparagine residue.
  • the tripeptide sequences asparagine-X-serine and asparagine-X-threonine, where X is any amino acid except proline, are the recognition sequences for enzymatic attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the asparagine side chain.
  • glycosylation sites are conveniently accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence such that it contains one or more of the above-described tripeptide sequences (for N-linked glycosylation sites).
  • the antibody of the invention is a monoclonal humanized antibody, more preferably an IgG4 humanized monoclonal antibody.
  • Said humanized antibody may be produced by obtaining nucleic acid sequences encoding for CDRs domain by inserting them into an expression vector for animal cell having genes encoding a heavy chain constant region identical to that of a human antibody; and a light chain constant region identical to that of a human antibody, and expressing the expression vector by introducing it into an animal cell.
  • the humanized antibody expression vector may be either of a type in which a gene encoding an antibody heavy chain and a gene encoding an antibody light chain exist on separate vectors or of a type in which both genes exist on the same vector (tandem type).
  • a tandem type of the humanized antibody expression vector is more preferable.
  • the tandem type humanized antibody expression vector include pKANTEX93, pEE18 and the like.
  • Methods for producing humanized antibodies based on conventional recombinant DNA and gene transfection techniques are well known in the art.
  • Antibodies can be humanized using a variety of techniques known in the art including, for example, CDR-grafting, veneering or resurfacing, and chain shuffling. The general recombinant DNA technology for preparation of such antibodies is also known.
  • an embodiment of the invention relates to a monoclonal humanized antibody comprising:
  • the heavy chain (HC) of said humanized antibody has the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 9 and the light chain (LC) of said antibody has the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID No: 10.
  • This specific antibody is referred to herein as “GNbAC1”.
  • the inventors further investigated the newly unveiled antiretroviral effect of the antibody of the invention. For this purpose, they evaluated its effect in vitro on cell cultures expressing HERV-W gag, pol and env-encoded proteins, as detected by specific antibodies in Western-Blot analysis.
  • RT reverse-transcriptase
  • the invention relates to a composition
  • a composition comprising
  • said retroviral reverse-transcriptase inhibitory drug is selected from the group consisting of azidothymidine, entecavir, lamivudine, adefovir, sofosbuvir, didanosine, tenofovir, abacavir, lamivudine, stavudine, emtricitabine, zalcitabine, telbivudine, and didanosine. More preferably, said retroviral reverse-transcriptase inhibitory drug is azidothymidine (AZT). All the previously disclosed technical data are applicable here.
  • composition of the invention provides unexpected and novel perspective for therapeutic intervention on HERV-W pathogenic expression.
  • the treatment with a combination of:
  • composition comprising:
  • the invention also relates to a composition
  • a composition comprising:
  • the invention relates to an antibody directed against HERV-W Envelope protein (HERV-W Env) or a fragment or derivative thereof, and a retroviral reverse-transcriptase inhibitory drug, preferably azidothymidine as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in a method for treating an HERV-W associated disease, preferably, a disease selected from the group consisting of multiple sclerosis (MS), schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BP), unipolar or psychotic depression, clinically isolated syndrome (CIS, with neurological symptom), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), epilepsy, psoriasis, cancer, inflammatory pancreatitis and diabetes such as type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
  • MS multiple sclerosis
  • SZ schizophrenia
  • BP bipolar disorder
  • CIS clinically isolated syndrome
  • CIS clinically isolated syndrome
  • CIS clinically isolated syndrome
  • CIDP chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
  • epilepsy ps
  • HERV-W elements in patients with disease and/or their detection in disease-specific tissue and lesions identifies and defines the general category of HERV-W associated diseases or syndromes. It also reflects the biological activity of HERV-W during the time-course of the disease evolution and during its treatments.
  • the detection of HERV-W with improved sensitivity, with particular disease specificity or with particular association with clinical features in patients with HERV-W associated diseases or syndromes constitutes an important value for the diagnostic identification and stratification, as well as for the follow-up and the therapeutic monitoring of the patients.
  • the inventors From a panel of primers, probes and PCR protocols, the inventors have thus selected and developed a kit of primers and probes, which revealed useful for detecting the presence and/or measuring the level of expression of HERV in patients.
  • the invention relates to a kit comprising at least one, preferably at least two, preferably at least three, preferably at least four, preferably at least five, preferably at least six, preferably at least seven, preferably at least eight, preferably at least nine, preferably at least ten oligonucleotide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No: 11 to 28.
  • said kit comprises at least SEQ ID No: 17 and/or 18 or SEQ ID No: 19, and 20.
  • said kit comprises:
  • the kit of the invention comprises all the oligonucleotides as depicted in SEQ ID No: 11 to 28.
  • said kit is intended to be used for performing a PCR or, more particularly, a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay. Therefore, the kit preferably also comprises primers and/or probes from reference cellular genes most appropriate for RNA or DNA relative quantification and for various indications.
  • Said kit preferably further comprises:
  • kits are useful for monitoring the detection and/or the quantification of a virus and belonging to the type W human endogenous retrovirus family (HERV-W), comprising MSRV but also other HERV-W subtype(s). More specifically, the kit of the invention is useful for detecting and/or quantifying the sequences coding for HERV-W Env as those coding for HERV-W pol polyprotein, including RT. Typically, the detection and/or the quantification of HERV-W in a patient encompasses:
  • the invention relates to an antibody directed against HERV-W Envelope protein (HERV-W Env), a fragment or derivative thereof for use as an antiretroviral drug targeting a virus belonging to HERV, preferably to HERV-W, more preferably to MSRV, in a patient suffering from an HERV-W associated disease, wherein said patient is identified by a method comprising a step i) of detecting and/or quantifying HERV-W in a biological sample.
  • HERV-W Env HERV-W Envelope protein
  • the physician would thereby be able to adapt and optimize appropriate medical care of a patient suffering from an HERV-W associated disease.
  • the monitoring of the presence and/or of the level of expression of HERV-W is highly appropriate for follow-up care and clinical decision making. Indeed, the physician can define the appropriate therapy with optimal strategy for each patient.
  • step i) of detection and/or quantification may be performed according to the routine techniques, well known of the person skilled in the art.
  • said step i) comprises contacting a biological sample of the patient with selective reagents such as probes, primers, ligands or antibodies, and thereby detecting the presence of nucleic acids or proteins of interest originally in the sample.
  • said step i) of detecting the presence and/or quantifying HERV-W is performed with the kit according to the invention.
  • a further object of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective dose of an antibody directed against HERV-W Envelope protein (HERV-W Env) and optionally comprising a retroviral reverse-transcriptase inhibitory drug.
  • Any therapeutic agent of the invention as above described may be combined with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and optionally sustained-release matrices, such as biodegradable polymers, to form therapeutic compositions.
  • “Pharmaceutically” or “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to molecular entities and compositions that do not produce an adverse, allergic or other untoward reaction when administered to a mammal, especially a human, as appropriate.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient refers to a non-toxic solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type.
  • compositions for example, the route of administration, the dosage and the regimen naturally depend upon the condition to be treated, the severity of the illness, the age, weight, and sex of the patient, etc.
  • compositions of the invention can be formulated for a topical, oral, intranasal, intraocular, intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous administration and the like.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions contain vehicles which are pharmaceutically acceptable for a formulation capable of being injected.
  • vehicles which are pharmaceutically acceptable for a formulation capable of being injected.
  • These may be in particular isotonic, sterile, saline solutions (monosodium or disodium phosphate, sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium chloride and the like or mixtures of such salts), or dry, especially freeze-dried compositions which upon addition, depending on the case, of sterilized water or physiological saline, permit the constitution of injectable solutions.
  • the doses used for the administration can be adapted as a function of various parameters, and in particular as a function of the mode of administration used, of the relevant pathology, or alternatively of the desired duration of treatment.
  • an effective amount of the antibody directed against HERV-W Envelope protein may be dissolved or dispersed in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or aqueous medium.
  • the pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions; formulations including sesame oil, peanut oil or aqueous propylene glycol; and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
  • the form must be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi.
  • Solutions of the active compounds as free base or pharmacologically acceptable salts can be prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant, such as hydroxypropylcellulose. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, mixtures thereof and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
  • solutions Upon formulation, solutions will be administered in a manner compatible with the dosage formulation and in such amount as is therapeutically effective.
  • the formulations are easily administered in a variety of dosage forms, such as the type of injectable solutions described above, but drug release capsules and the like can also be employed.
  • the antibody directed against HERV-W Envelope protein (HERV-W Env) of the invention or the fragment and the derivative thereof can be formulated into a buffer in which it was solubilized, stored and injected to patients.
  • said buffer comprises 20 mM histidine, 5% sucrose, and 0.01% polysorbate 20 and present a pH of 6.0.
  • a formulation used for intravenous administration of GNbAC1 is presented in Example 3.
  • the solution may be suitably buffered and the liquid diluent first rendered isotonic with sufficient saline or glucose.
  • aqueous solutions are especially suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal administration.
  • sterile aqueous media which can be employed will be known to those of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure.
  • one dosage could be dissolved in 1 ml of isotonic NaCl solution and either added to 1000 ml of hypodermoclysis fluid or injected at the proposed site of infusion, (see for example, “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” 15th Edition, pages 1035-1038 and 1570-1580).
  • Some variation in dosage will necessarily occur depending on the condition of the patient being treated. The person responsible for administration will, in any event, determine the appropriate dose for the individual patient.
  • other pharmaceutically acceptable forms include, e.g. tablets or other solids for oral administration; time release capsules; and any other form currently used.
  • the invention also relates to a method for inhibiting the expression and/or the replication of a virus belonging to human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) in a patient by administering to said patient an antibody directed against HERV-W Envelope protein (HERV-W Env).
  • HERV human endogenous retroviruses
  • the invention relates to a method for preventing and/or treating a patient suffering from a disease selected from the group consisting of multiple sclerosis (MS), schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BP), unipolar or psychotic depression, clinically isolated syndrome (CIS, with neurological symptom), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), epilepsy, psoriasis, cancer, inflammatory pancreatitis and diabetes such as type 1 or type 2 diabetes, by administering to said patient an antibody directed against HERV-W Envelope protein (HERV-W Env), a fragment or a derivative thereof, wherein said antibody acts as an antiretroviral drug targeting HERV, preferably targeting HERV-W, more preferably targeting MSRV.
  • a disease selected from the group consisting of multiple sclerosis (MS), schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BP), unipolar or psychotic depression, clinically isolated syndrome (CIS, with neurological symptom), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), epi
  • the invention also relates to a method of treatment of a patient suffering from a HERV-W associated disease comprising the steps of:
  • HERV human endogenous retroviruses
  • the method of the invention comprises a step 3) of providing the antibody, fragment or derivative of the invention to said patient.
  • step 1) shows the expression of a human endogenous retrovirus (HERV)
  • step 3) of providing the antibody, fragment or derivative of the invention to said patient.
  • the invention also relates to a method for monitoring the response to a treatment of a patient suffering from an HERV-W associated disease, said method comprising the following steps:
  • the invention in another embodiment, relates to a method for monitoring the response to a treatment of a patient suffering from an HERV-W associated disease, said method comprising a step of detecting and/or quantifying HERV-W in a biological sample of said patient.
  • said patient comprises an antibody, a fragment or a derivative according to the invention.
  • patient comprising an antibody refers to a patient who was treated with an antibody and presents a detectable amount of said antibody in his blood, tissues, or organs.
  • said antibody, fragment or derivative was provided or administered to the patient previously to the step of detecting and/or quantifying HERV-W.
  • a biological sample in case of monitoring the response to a treatment of a patient suffering from an HERV-W associated disease, may be a sample of body fluids such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine or in a disease-specific tissue and lesions such as MS brain plaques, CIDP nerve biopsies, or diabetes pancreas biopsies.
  • step b. of detection and/or quantification may be performed according to the routine techniques, well known of the person skilled in the art.
  • said step b. comprises contacting a biological sample of the patient with selective reagents such as probes, primers, ligands or antibodies, and thereby detecting the presence of nucleic acids or proteins of interest originally in the sample.
  • said step b. of detecting the presence and/or measuring the level of expression of HERV-W is performed with the kit according to the invention.
  • FIG. 1 A first figure.
  • FIG. 2 Difference in HERV-W env and pol transcript levels between different clinical forms of MS at inclusion, as detected by different primer pairs and probes for qPCR
  • A “env” protocol
  • B “UNO” protocol
  • C “UNO2” protocol
  • D “syn” protocol
  • E “pol” protocol.
  • FIG. 3 Correlation between HERV-W env and pol transcript levels and clinical parameters of MS patients at inclusion, as detected by particular primer pairs and probes for qPCR
  • abscisses represent the relative expression (ratio to GUS B) of the targeted RNA for each patient.
  • FIG. 4 Variation of HERV-W related transcripts levels during the first 6 months of GNC002.
  • Data represent the mean targeted RNA relative expression to GUS B for each HERV-W related transcripts in the 2 mg/kg cohort (A), in the 6 mg/kg cohort (B), and all patients included in GNC002 (C).
  • Dashed lines represent the level of corresponding transcripts at inclusion.
  • Ordinates represent the average relative expression (ratio to GUS B) of the targeted RNA for each qPCR protocol in the group of patient.
  • Abscises represent the number of injections of GNbAC1 to the patients.
  • FIG. 5 Variation of HERV-W related transcripts levels during the first 6 months of GNC002. Data represent the mean targeted RNA relative expression to GUS B for each HERV-W transcript in all patients included in GNC002. The variation in HERV-W env and pol transcript levels along with treatment in MS from inclusion to the date of the sixth injection is illustrated, as Whiskers plots (10-90 percentiles) of data from each patient as measured with different primer pairs and probes for qPCR (A) “env” protocol (B) “UNO” protocol (C) “UNO2” protocol (D) “syn” protocol (E) “pol” protocol.
  • A “env” protocol
  • B “UNO” protocol
  • C “UNO2” protocol
  • D “syn” protocol
  • E “pol” protocol.
  • Abscises represent the number of injections of GNbAC1 to the patients, before which blood samples were collected (therefore “1” correspond to the status before any injection, “3”, the status 4 weeks after the second injection and “6”, the status 4 weeks after the fifth injection.
  • FIG. 6 CH2 cells spontaneously express gag, pol and env-encoded HERV-W proteins, as detected with specific antibody by western blotting.
  • the apparent molecular weight for bands detected with each specific antibody against HERV-W gag, pol and env-encoded antigens is indicated in the right side of the lane corresponding to the cellular extract for each antigen.
  • the left lane in A, B and C represent the molecular weight markers used for the estimation of KDa.
  • FIG. 7 HERV-W pol-encoded Reverse-Transcriptase protein in CH2 cultures with or without treatment by GNbAC1 and/or AZT.
  • the apparent molecular weight for detected bands with the specific antibody against HERV-W pol-encoded antigens is indicated in the right side of the Western Blot.
  • the number of the western-blot lanes (1 to 6) are indicated below the picture.
  • Example 1 Inhibition of Human Endogenous Retrovirus Type W mRNA Expression in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Treated with GNbAC1
  • GNbAc1 is an IgG4 monoclonal antibody directed toward the multiple sclerosis associated retrovirus envelope protein (MSRV-Env), a member of the HERV-W family of endogenous retroviral elements, therefore also referred to as HERV-W Env.
  • MSRV-Env multiple sclerosis associated retrovirus envelope protein
  • GNbAC1 has shown a favorable safety profile and linear pharmacokinetics in a Phase I clinical trial conducted in healthy volunteers.
  • the present GNC002 Phase IIa clinical trial was performed to assess the safety profile and the pharmacokinetics of GNbAC1 at 2 and 6 mg/kg in 10 MS patients.
  • GNC002 consisted in a 12 months longitudinal study, in which GNbAC1 is administered on a monthly basis.
  • HERV-W related transcripts levels were assessed by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of enrolled patients.
  • RT-qPCR real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
  • PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • HERV-W transcripts are assessed by different primers/probe sets as follows: MSRV-env, HERV-W-UNO, HERV-W-UNO2,
  • Frozen PBMC from 10 MS patients were provided by the 2 recruiting centers involved in the GNC002 study.
  • the first step consisted in the extraction of total RNA from PBMC samples.
  • Samples were PBMC isolated from blood collected on CPT tubes and frozen in 0.5 ml of DMSO 10% in Foetal Calf Serum. After thawing, PBMC samples were washed with ice-cold PBS and total RNAs were extracted with QIAamp RNeasy Mini Kit. Then, cDNAs were prepared by retro-transcribing all mRNA contained in previously extracted total RNAs. Quantitative PCRs were conducted on these cDNAs, with addition of an internal standard used as an inter-plate calibrator (allowing the standardization of the values throughout an experiment with multiple plates). Results were expressed as the relative expression of the targeted RNA (MSRV/HERV-W), by a ratio to the expression of GUS B RNA, a reference housekeeping gene with a stable expression level in MS population.
  • MSRV/HERV-W targeted RNA
  • the commercial detection primers/probe set for the control housekeeping gene, GUS B is the Taqman Gene Expression Assay GusB (Applied biosystem 4448485).
  • VIC® is the fluorescent dye label detected at the 5′end of the GusB probe.
  • MSRV-env primers and probe are designed to specifically detect the sequence coding for MSRV-Env protein and not Syncytin.
  • Syncytin primers allow the specific amplification of sequence coding for Syncytin, but not MSRV-env.
  • the fluorescence of FAMTM dye label is measured on MSRV-env and Syncytin probe.
  • UNO2 primers are designed by Geneuro to recognize the sequence of MSRV-Env supposed to have potential immuno-suppressive function, by analogy with corresponding region in other endogenous retrovirus sequences; nonetheless this terminology (“immunosuppressive peptide/sequence”) is used here to locate a defined domain in retroviral envelope proteins, which may not be immunosuppressive at all in many retroviruses.
  • These primers can hybridize the sequence coding for Syncytin too.
  • UNO designed by Geneuro bind sequences coding for MSRV-Env and Syncytin. No probe is designed for the sequences amplified by UNO and UNO2 primers, thus SYBR green fluorescence allows the quantification of the amplification of these sequences.
  • MSRV-pol primers and probe were designed by Geneuro and recognize the sequence coding for the MSRV reverse transcriptase. The detection of MSRV-pol probe hybridization is quantified with FAMTM fluorescent reporter.
  • the fluorophore detected by CFX thermocycler is in 5′ of the probe.
  • the detection is performed with intercalating SYBR green dye.
  • RNA concentration for each sample is determined with a Nanodrop® apparatus. All samples with total RNA concentration below 10 ng/ ⁇ l were excluded.
  • total RNA underwent a DNase treatment to eliminate contaminating genomic DNA eventually remaining in the total RNA preparation. After this DNase step, the absence of contaminating genomic DNA for each sample was controlled by a PCR without retrotranscription (NoRT Ctrl n° 1). If genomic DNA is detected during this step, corresponding samples underwent a second DNase step, and a second RNA quantification, as well as a second NoRT control (NoRT Ctrl n° 2). Samples were finally excluded if genomic DNA was still present in the preparation, or if total RNA was below 10 ng/ ⁇ l after this additional DNase treatment.
  • PBMCs were isolated from the blood of all subjects before the first administration of GNbAC1 or placebo.
  • results presented in Table 5 and in FIG. 1 correspond to the basal level of HERV-W related transcripts of interest for each patient at the time of inclusion in the study.
  • Relative Relative expression expression Pro- Time- Dose MSRV- expression expression Syncytin/ MSRV- Diag- Disease EDSS at gression Sample point (mg/kg) env/GusB UNO/GusB UNO2/GusB GusB pol/GusB Age nostic Duration inclusion Index 01-0001 12 1 2 01-0003 12 1 2 0.058 0.151 0.044 0.010 49 spms 22 6 0.27 01-0004 12 1 2 02-0002 12 1 2 0.042 0.099 0.029 0.004 52 spms 14 4.5 0.32 02-0005 12 1 2 0.115 0.418 0.102 0.021 0.013 59 ppms 6 6 1 01-0006 12 1 6 0.104 0.237 0.009 57 rrms 5 2.5 0.5 01-0008 12 1 6
  • the quantification of HERV-W transcriptional level in MS patients can have a diagnostic value and can, e.g., be used for the purpose of supporting a differential diagnosis between SPMS and PPMS cases. This can also be useful for stratifying qPCR thresholds for prognosis or therapeutic monitoring in PPMS, SPMS and, eventually also, in RRMS.
  • PBMCs were isolated from blood sample at Day 1 (inclusion), Day 2, Day 8, Day 15, and Day 29. Afterwards, patients have received 5 additional monthly GNbAC1 administrations and PBMCs were isolated from blood sample before each infusion of antibody. Thus, the following results represent the variation of each HERV-W related transcript over the first 6 months of GNC002 study.
  • the second GNbAC1 administration occurred at different time points from Day 1, depending on patients.
  • the mean variation of HERV-W related transcripts was assessed with blood samples collected before each GNbAC1 administration only.
  • the decrease is also marked for pol mRNA.
  • This effect is not what an antibody specifically binding to HERV-W Env protein is expected to produce after being injected once a month over six months in patients with a disease-associated HERV-W expression.
  • This effect on mRNAs encoding reverse-transcriptase, protease and integrase enzymes therefore appears unique and novel for an anti-Env antibody such as GNbAC1. It therefore evidences an effect on the global HERV-W expression itself and, through its pol encoded products, on its replicative retroviral activity. Therefore it shows an anti-retroviral effect, in particular an anti-endogenous retrovirus effect targeting the HERV-W family.
  • HERV-W related transcripts levels in MS patients included in GNC002 study were assessed by real time quantitative PCR, using different sets of primers amplifying different HERV-W env gene representative sequences and one set of primers amplifying the HERV-W pol sequences (within Reverse-transcriptase coding region).
  • HERV-W transcripts investigated here are denominated MSRV-env, HERV-W-UNO, HERV-W-UNO2, HERV-W-Syn and MSRV-pol.
  • HERV-W related transcripts levels seem to be higher in PPMS than in SPMS patients, which confirms the value of the present quantitative PCR tests with the different sets of primers for bioclinical evaluation of patients and, beyond, for differential diagnosis purposes between MS progressive forms (SPMS and PPMS).
  • Example 2 Inhibition of Human Endogenous Retrovirus Type W Pol-Gene Encoded Protein (Reverse-Transcriptase) is Synergistically Enhanced by a Combined Treatment with GNbAC1 Antibody and AZT
  • Human CH2 cells were maintained in IMDM medium (Ser. No. 12/440,053; Lifetech) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Ser. No. 10/270,106; Invitrogen), 1% penicillin/streptomycin (P4333; Sigma) at 37° C. with 5% CO2. Protein extraction
  • CH2 cells were resuspended in 500 ⁇ l of RIPA buffer (R0278, SIGMA) containing cOmplete® anti-phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (04 693 132001; Roche) and 0.05% LPG (326495-22-1; Avanti Polar) at 4° C., incubated for 2 hours at 26° C. on a rotating platform and centrifuged at 10000 g for 20 minutes at 26° C. Supernatant were collected and stored at ⁇ 20° C.
  • RIPA buffer R0278, SIGMA
  • cOmplete® anti-phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 04 693 132001; Roche
  • LPG 326495-22-1
  • Avanti Polar Avanti Polar
  • Protein extracts were diluted in 2 ⁇ Laemmli buffer (Biorad) and heated for 5 minutes at 100° C. before loading. Proteins were separated by 7.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (TGX, Biorad). Gels were run for a time period of 15 min at 120 mA in running buffer (Life Technologies). After the protein transfer onto a 0.2 ⁇ m nitrocellulose membrane (Biorad), the membrane was washed twice with 1 ⁇ PBS (Biomérieux) containing 0.05% Tween20 buffer (Sigma) and was blocked for 1 hour with Starting Block (Thermo) on a rotating platform at room temperature. Primary antibodies were used according to Table 1 in 1 ⁇ PBS for 1 hour.
  • the membrane was then washed three times and incubated for 30 minutes with the HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit (G21234; lifetech, 1/1000 in 1 ⁇ PBS) or mouse (115-035-146; jackson, 1/1000 in 1 ⁇ PBS) IgG antibody). Protein of interest was detected with a colometric reaction (Opti 4-CN, Biorad), according to the provided protocol.
  • Antibodies with Targeted antigen and Antibody dilution 1) Rabbit polyclonal pAb1 (SQ09AK001, Squarix), MSRV-Env, 0.5 ⁇ g/ml; 2) Rabbit polyclonal 330110 J77 Serum (330110 J77, InCellArt), MSRV-Pol polyprotein, 1/500; Murine monoclonal 38E12 (250510, Squarix); MSRV-Gag polyprotein, 1 ⁇ g/ml.
  • these cells express all HERV-W structural proteins, as detected by specific antibodies directed against gag, pol and env-encoded proteins.
  • anti-gag antibody detects the HERV-W gag-encoded polyprotein and different cleaved proteins, including a stronger detection of the capsid P30-like protein band.
  • the pattern detected by anti-Env antibody appears more complex with detection of HERV-W env-encoded glycosylated and non-glycosylated monomers, dimers and trimers, as well as cleaved SU or TM unit around 45 and 35KDa.
  • the anti-pol antibody mainly detects the cleaved reverse-transcriptase enzyme, though a high molecular weight band can be seen in the upper part of the gel (not labelled with KDa estimation), which would correspond to the uncleaved HERV-W pol-encoded polyprotein.
  • CH1 and CH2 cells (1:1) cells were co-cultured for optimizing the growth of CH2 cells and maintained in 6-well plates (CC7672-7506; CytoOne) at a density of 1 ⁇ 10 6 cell/well in IMDM medium (Ser. No. 12/440,053; Lifetech) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Ser. No. 10/270,106; Invitrogen), 1% penicillin/streptomycin (P4333; Sigma) at 37° C. with 5% CO 2 .
  • AZT 1 ⁇ g/ml, A21-69; Sigma
  • GNbAC1 300 ⁇ g/ml, T950111-A; Polymun
  • AZT+GNbAC1 corresponding controls with GNbAC1 buffer [20 mM His, 5% Sucrose (w/v), 0,01% Tween 20 (w/v)].
  • CH1 and CH2 cells were resuspended in 200 ⁇ l of RIPA buffer (R0278, SIGMA) containing cOmplete® anti-phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (04 693 132001; Roche) and 0.05% LPG (326495-22-1; Avanti Polar) at 4° C., incubated for 2 hours at 26° C. on a rotating platform and centrifuged at 10000 g for 20 minutes at 26° C. Supernatant were collected and stored at ⁇ 20° C.
  • Protein extracts were diluted (2:1) in 2 ⁇ Laemmli buffer (Biorad) and heated for 5 minutes at 100° C. before loading. Proteins were separated by 7.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (TGX, Biorad). Gels were run for a time period of 15 min at 120 mA in running buffer (Life Technologies). After the protein transfer onto a 0.2 ⁇ m nitrocellulose membrane (Biorad), the membrane was washed twice with 1 ⁇ PBS (Biomérieux) containing 0.05% Tween20 buffer (Sigma) and was blocked for 1 hour with Starting Block (Thermo) on a rotating platform at room temperature. Primary antibodies were used according to Table 1 in 1 ⁇ PBS for 1 hour.
  • the membrane was then washed three times and incubated for 30 minutes with the HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit (G21234; lifetech, 1/400 in 1 ⁇ PBS) or mouse (115-035-146; jackson, 1/1000 in 1 ⁇ PBS) IgG antibody). Protein of interest was detected with a colometric reaction (Opti 4-CN, Biorad), according to the provided protocol.
  • Antibody Rabbit polyclonal 330110 J77 Serum (330110 J77, InCellArt), raised against MSRV-Pol polyprotein and diluted 1/500.
  • the expression of the HERV-W RT protein from cells exposed to the GNbAC1 diluent only (dilution buffer) as a Mock-treatment show the normal presence of this RT band expressed in these cells in lane n° 4.
  • therapeutic molecules are not expected to synergize effects on RT expression of an endogenous retrovirus such as HERV-W, all the more because (i) they specifically target completely different molecules and protein structures, (ii) they have completely different modes of action (Env neutralization by specific epitope targeting and inhibition of RT enzyme activity) and (iii) one is an antibody while the other is a small chemical molecule.
  • Example 3 Formulation of a Buffer Solution for GNbAC1 Antibody Preparation Suitable for Intravenous Injection in Human Individuals
  • GNbAc1 is an IgG4 monoclonal antibody directed toward the multiple sclerosis associated retrovirus envelope protein (MSRV-Env), a member of the HERV-W family of endogenous retroviral elements, therefore also referred to as HERV-W Env.
  • MSRV-Env multiple sclerosis associated retrovirus envelope protein
  • HERV-W Env HERV-W Env.
  • GNbAC1 has shown a favourable safety profile and linear pharmacokinetics in a Phase I clinical trial conducted in healthy volunteers.
  • the GNC002 Phase IIa clinical trial was performed to assess the safety profile and the pharmacokinetics of GNbAC1 at 2 and 6 mg/kg in 10 MS patients.
  • GNC002 consisted in a 12 months longitudinal study, in which GNbAC1 is administered on a monthly basis.
  • a specifically suitable formulation of the buffer in which it was solubilized, stored and injected to patients is the following: 20 mM histidine, 5% sucrose, 0.01% polysorbate 20, pH 6.0.

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