US20170088897A1 - Pulmonary hypertension biomarker - Google Patents

Pulmonary hypertension biomarker Download PDF

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US20170088897A1
US20170088897A1 US15/315,908 US201515315908A US2017088897A1 US 20170088897 A1 US20170088897 A1 US 20170088897A1 US 201515315908 A US201515315908 A US 201515315908A US 2017088897 A1 US2017088897 A1 US 2017088897A1
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ccl21
pulmonary hypertension
protein
expression
biological sample
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Marianna ROWLANDS
Clemence Anne Jeanne Marie TESSIER
Paul Andrew Whittaker
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Novartis AG
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
    • C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G01N33/6863—Cytokines, i.e. immune system proteins modifying a biological response such as cell growth proliferation or differentiation, e.g. TNF, CNF, GM-CSF, lymphotoxin, MIF or their receptors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G01N33/6884—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids from lung
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/106—Pharmacogenomics, i.e. genetic variability in individual responses to drugs and drug metabolism
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/158—Expression markers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
    • G01N2333/52—Assays involving cytokines
    • G01N2333/521—Chemokines
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/12—Pulmonary diseases
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/32—Cardiovascular disorders
    • G01N2800/321—Arterial hypertension
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/52—Predicting or monitoring the response to treatment, e.g. for selection of therapy based on assay results in personalised medicine; Prognosis

Definitions

  • the invention is in the field of biomarkers in respiratory disease.
  • it relates to the use of CCL21 expression as a biomarker for pulmonary hypertension.
  • Pulmonary hypertension is a progressive disease of various origins that is associated with a poor prognosis and results in right heart dysfunction. In all its variant presentations, this disease is estimated to affect up to 100 million people worldwide 1 . According to the current classification of pulmonary hypertension, which was agreed upon at the 4th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension in 2008, five categories of chronic pulmonary hypertension exist.
  • Pulmonary hypertension is defined as a mean rise in pulmonary arterial pressure >25 mmHg at rest (>30 mmHg following exercise).
  • Group 1 PH can be further subdivided into diseases where increased pulmonary vascular resistance is due to pre-capillary micro-angiopathy (diagnosed as a pre-capillary wedge pressure ⁇ 15 mmHg).
  • idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension IPAH
  • familial pulmonary arterial hypertension associated pulmonary arterial hypertension
  • pulmonary arterial hypertension with venous/capillary involvement & persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.
  • Group 2 includes pulmonary hypertension due to left heart diseases whereas Group 3 includes pulmonary hypertension associated with lung disease/hypoxemia (e.g. COPD) and Group 4 pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic thromboembolic disorders 2 .
  • pulmonary hypertension differ in their underlying causes. However, they all are characterized by excessive pulmonary vasoconstriction and abnormal vascular remodelling unique plexiform lesions. Endothelial dysfunction associated with inflammation and oxidative stress and vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation are prominent features of pulmonary arterial hypertension 3-5 . These structural changes suggest a switch from a quiescent state to a proliferative, apoptosis-resistant cellular phenotype 6,7 . Vascular remodelling leads to a chronic elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance, right heart failure and death.
  • SMC smooth muscle cell
  • tLTs tertiary lymphoid tissues
  • the role of tLTs in chronic pulmonary diseases is gaining in importance, especially in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 16 , in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 17 , and in obliterative bronchiolitis 18 and more recently pulmonary arterial hypertension 19 .
  • Ectopic formation of secondary lymphoid tissue is initiated by the local attraction of naive T and B cells.
  • CCL21 homeostatic chemokines, and lymphocyte survival factors such as CCL21, attracting CCR7-expressing cells, such as mature DCs, naive T cells, and B cells 20 , may be a critical event in the formation of ectopic lymphoid tissue.
  • CCL21 expression in particular, has been recently detected in tLTs in explanted lungs from patients with IPAH 19 .
  • BNP brain natriuretic peptide
  • NT-proBNP N-terminal fragment of pro-BNP
  • Current guidelines recommend the use of either brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) or the N-terminal fragment of pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) as biomarkers for mortality risk stratification.
  • Natriuretic peptides were the first blood-derived markers of pulmonary hypertension. Nagaya et al were the first to show that plasma levels of BNP have a prognostic significance in pulmonary hypertension 21 .
  • BNP levels predicted mortality in adult patients with symptomatic congenital heart disease 22 , and BNP was also an independent predictor of therapy response.
  • serial measurements of NT-proBNP (a by-product of BNP synthesis) were associated with survival 23 .
  • Log-transformation of NT-proBNP values identified patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension who were at risk of adverse events with a specificity of 98% and a sensitivity of 60% 24 .
  • BNP or NT-proBNP are markers of myocardial strain, excessive stretching of the heart, and increased heart rate and do not directly reflect changes in distal pulmonary arteries in the lung, which are responsible for driving pulmonary hypertension pathophysiology. Remodelling changes in the heart and right ventricle specifically, are thought to follow pulmonary arteries remodelling. Thus, it is of crucial interest to assess and monitor pulmonary artery remodelling using surrogate non-invasive circulating biomarkers before the effect can be visualised in the right heart as a result of disease progression.
  • Biomarkers that specifically indicate the pathologic mechanism, the severity of the disease or the treatment response would be ideal tools for the management of pulmonary hypertension and would also facilitate the successful execution of future clinical trials.
  • CCL21 is a highly specific and sensitive biomarker for discriminating pulmonary hypertension patients from matched controls.
  • the invention therefore provides for a method for determining if a subject has pulmonary hypertension, comprising
  • the invention also provides for a method of treating a patient having pulmonary hypertension, comprising
  • the invention also provides for a method of predicting the likelihood that a patient having pulmonary hypertension will respond to treatment with a pulmonary hypertension antagonist, comprising, assaying a biological sample obtained from the patient for the level of CCL21 expression and/or CCL21 protein; and wherein an increased level of CCL21 expression and/or CCL21 protein relative to a baseline value is indicative of an increased likelihood that the patient will respond to treatment with the pulmonary hypertension antagonist.
  • the step of assaying comprises assaying the biological sample for a nucleic acid sequence of CCL21 expression, such as a nucleic acid is selected from CCL21 ribonucleic acid (RNA) or a fragment thereof and complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) or a fragment thereof.
  • RNA CCL21 ribonucleic acid
  • cDNA complementary deoxyribonucleic acid
  • t step of assaying comprises assaying the biological sample for a CCL21 protein or fragment thereof.
  • the biological sample is selected from blood, serum, plasma, urine, saliva, faeces and a tissue sample.
  • the step of assaying comprises a technique selected from Northern blot analysis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), TaqMan-based assays, direct sequencing, dynamic allele-specific hybridization, primer extension assays, oligonucleotide ligase assays, temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE), denaturing high performance liquid chromatography, high-resolution melting analysis, DNA mismatch-binding protein assays, capillary electrophoresis, Southern Blot, immunoassays, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, flow cytometry, Western blot, HPLC, and mass spectrometry.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • RT-PCR reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
  • TaqMan-based assays direct sequencing
  • dynamic allele-specific hybridization primer extension assays
  • oligonucleotide ligase assays oligonucleotide ligase assays
  • the invention also provides a kit for use in determining if a subject has pulmonary hypertension predicting or for use in predicting the likelihood that a patient having pulmonary hypertension will respond to treatment with a pulmonary hypertension antagonist, the kit comprising,
  • the probe is selected from an oligonucleotide that specifically hybridizes to a region of a nucleic acid sequence of CCL21 expression or binding molecule capable of binding a CCL21 protein or a fragment thereof.
  • the binding molecule is an antibody or a fragment thereof.
  • FIG. 1 Candidate biomarker from lung mRNA expression profiles in the hypoxia/sugen rat model of PH following treatment with Imatinib.
  • FIG. 2 Human CCL21 protein levels in serum and plasma samples from PH patients and matched controls (age, ethnicity, gender ratio-matched).
  • FIG. 3 CCL21 protein expression and localisation by immunohistochemistry in human lung sections from PH patients undergoing lung transplantation.
  • CCL21 refers to human CCL21, unless it is specified otherwise, having amino acid sequence for example as defined in ENST00000259607 (Ensembl).
  • CCL21 refers to the human CCL21 gene, unless it is specified otherwise, having nucleotide sequence for example as defined in ENSP00000259607 (Ensembl).
  • CCL21 is synonym to SCYA21; ECL; SLC; CKb9; TCA4; 6Ckine; 6Ckine; exodus-2; “chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 [ Homo sapiens (human)]”; “C-C motif chemokine 21”; “beta chemokine exodus-2”; “Efficient Chemoattractant for Lymphocytes”; exodus-2; “secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine”; “small inducible cytokine subfamily A (Cys-Cys), member 21”
  • gene means the gene and all currently known variants thereof.
  • the term “level” refers to RNA and/or DNA and/or protein copy number of a biomarker according to the present invention.
  • the level of a biomarker in a biological sample obtained from a patient under therapy is different (i.e. increased or decreased) from the level of the same biomarker in a similar sample obtained from a healthy subject.
  • test refers to identifying the presence or absence of one or more biomarker(s).
  • measurement refers to identify the presence, the absence or amount of one or more biomarker(s).
  • a “baseline value” generally refers to the level (amount) of CCL21 expression (e.g. mRNA) or CCL21 polypeptide (or protein) in a comparable sample (e.g., from the same type of tissue as the tested tissue), from a “normal” healthy subject that does not exhibit pulmonary hypertension. If desired, a pool or population of the same tissues from normal subjects can be used, and the baseline value can be an average or mean of the measurements. Suitable baseline values can be determined by those of skill in the art without undue experimentation.
  • Suitable baseline values may be available in a database compiled from the values and/or may be determined based on published data or on retrospective studies of patients' tissues, and other information as would be apparent to a person of ordinary skill implementing a method of the invention. Suitable baseline values may be selected using statistical tools that provide an appropriate confidence interval so that measured levels that fall outside the standard value can be accepted as being aberrant from a diagnostic perspective, and predictive of pulmonary hypertension.
  • a “significant” increase in a value can refer to a difference which is reproducible or statistically significant, as determined using statistical methods that are appropriate and well-known in the art, generally with a probability value of less than five percent chance of the change being due to random variation.
  • a statistically significant value is at least two standard deviations from the value in a “normal” healthy control subject. Suitable statistical tests will be evident to a skilled worker. For example, a significant increase in the amount of a protein compared to a baseline value can be about 50%, 2-fold, or higher.
  • homolog or “homologous” refers to a polynucleotide or polypeptide variant sharing common evolutionary ancestor or having at least 50% sequence identity with the wild type.
  • binding molecule means any protein or peptide that binds specifically to CCL21 polypeptide.
  • Binding molecule includes, but it is not limited to, antibodies and fragments thereof, such as immunologically functional fragments.
  • immunologically functional fragment of an antibody or immunoglobulin chain as used herein is a species of binding protein comprising a portion, regardless of how that portion is obtained or synthesized of an antibody (an antigen-binding portion) that lacks at least some of the amino acids present in a full-length chain but which is still capable of specifically binding CCL21.
  • antibody refers to an intact immunoglobulin or a functional fragment thereof.
  • the term “antibody” means a polypeptide comprising a framework region from an immunoglobulin gene or fragments thereof that specifically binds and recognizes an epitope, e.g. an epitope found on human CCL21.
  • the term “antibody” includes whole antibodies (such as monoclonal, chimeric, humanised and human antibodies), including single-chain whole antibodies, and antigen-binding fragments thereof.
  • antibody includes antigen-binding antibody fragments, single-chain antibodies, which can comprise the variable regions alone, or in combination, with all or part of the following polypeptide elements: hinge region, CH1, CH2, and CH3 domains of an antibody molecule.
  • a binding molecule “capable of binding CCL21” is intended to refer to a binding molecule that binds to CCL21 with a K D of a 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 M or less, or 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 M or less, or 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 M or less, or 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 M or less, 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 M or less.
  • the term “subject” includes any human or non-human animal.
  • non-human animal includes all vertebrates, e.g., mammals and non-mammals, such as non-human primates, sheep, dogs, cats, horses, cows, chickens, amphibians, reptiles, etc.
  • patient includes any human or non-human animal.
  • pulmonary hypertension antagonist means any molecule which inhibits treat, prevent, cure pulmonary hypertension.
  • treat includes therapeutic treatments, prophylactic treatments and applications in which one reduces the risk that a subject will develop a disorder or other risk factor. Treatment and/or prevention do not require the complete curing of a disorder and encompasses the reduction of the symptoms or underlying risk factors or at least a slowing down of the progression of the disease.
  • composition “comprising” means “including” as well as “consisting” e.g., a composition “comprising” X may consist exclusively of X or may include something additional e.g., X+Y.
  • references to a percentage sequence identity between two amino acid sequences means that, when aligned, that percentage of amino acids are the same in comparing the two sequences.
  • This alignment and the percent homology or sequence identity can be determined using software programs known in the art, for example those described in section 7.7.18 of Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (F. M. Ausubel et al., eds., 1987) Supplement 30.
  • a preferred alignment is determined by the Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm using an affine gap search with a gap open penalty of 12 and a gap extension penalty of 2, BLOSUM matrix of 62.
  • the Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm is disclosed in Smith & Waterman (1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482-489
  • Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family.
  • CCL21 is one of several CC cytokine genes involved in immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes.
  • the CC cytokines are proteins characterized by two adjacent cysteines. Similar to other chemokines the protein encoded by this gene inhibits hemopoiesis and stimulates chemotaxis. This protein is chemotactic in vitro for thymocytes and T cells and particularly naive T-cells, but not for B cells, macrophages, or neutrophils. It is a high affinity functional ligand for chemokine receptor 7 that is expressed on T and B lymphocytes 25 .
  • CCL21 is thought to play a role in mediating homing of lymphocytes to secondary lymphoid organs. More recently, CCL21 expression has been detected in ectopic formation of secondary lymphoid tissue in tLTs in explanted lungs from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension 19 . In this study, CCL21 was studied in both human and rat samples. The rat and human CCL21 protein sequences are 67% identical which indicates a high degree of homology between the two species.
  • the present invention provides for a method for determining if a subject has pulmonary hypertension, comprising
  • the present invention also provides for a method of predicting the likelihood that a patient having pulmonary hypertension will respond to treatment with a pulmonary hypertension antagonist, comprising, assaying a biological sample obtained from the patient for the level of CCL21 expression and/or CCL21 protein; and wherein an increased level of CCL21 expression and/or CCL21 protein relative to a baseline value is indicative of an increased likelihood that the patient will respond to treatment with the pulmonary hypertension antagonist.
  • the present invention provides for a method of treating a patient having pulmonary hypertension, comprising
  • the step of assaying comprises assaying the biological sample for a nucleic acid of CCL21 expression
  • the result of CCL21 gene expression may be a polynucleotide (or nucleic acid).
  • a polynucleotide or nucleic acid is a molecule comprising a chain of at least two nucleic acid monomers which can be deoxyribonucleoside, ribonucleosides and any modified nucleoside thereof.
  • DNA molecules as well as genomic and cDNA sequences, RNA molecules such as mRNA and unspliced or partly spliced transcripts and splicing products.
  • the method for determining if a subject has pulmonary hypertension comprises
  • the method of predicting the likelihood that a patient having pulmonary arterial hypertension will respond to treatment with a pulmonary arterial hypertension antagonist comprising, assaying a biological sample obtained from the patient for the level of CCL21 expression and/or CCL21 protein; and wherein an increased level of CCL21 expression and/or CCL21 protein relative to a baseline value is indicative of an increased likelihood that the patient will respond to treatment with the pulmonary hypertension antagonist; wherein the step of assaying comprises assaying the biological sample for a nucleic acid sequence of CCL21 expression and wherein the nucleic acid is selected from ribonucleic acid (RNA) or a fragment thereof and complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) or a fragment thereof.
  • RNA ribonucleic acid
  • cDNA complementary deoxyribonucleic acid
  • the nucleic acid is cDNA amplified from CCL21 mRNA.
  • the method of treating a patient having pulmonary hypertension comprising
  • the step of assaying comprises assaying the biological sample for a CCL21 protein or fragment thereof.
  • CCL21 protein (or polypeptide) according to the present invention comprise the polypeptide obtained by (complete or incomplete) transcription and translation of the human CCL21 gene.
  • a variant polypeptide includes a molecule containing one or more deletions, insertions and/or substitutions compared to the wild type polypeptides obtained by transcription and translation of the wild type human CCL21 gene or by translation of the wild type polyribonucleotide transcripts of that gene.
  • the biomarker according to the present invention may be a fragment or a degradation product of CCL21 polypeptide (or protein).
  • the method for determining if a subject has pulmonary hypertension comprises
  • the method for determining if a subject has pulmonary hypertension comprises
  • the method of predicting the likelihood that a patient having pulmonary hypertension will respond to treatment with a pulmonary hypertension antagonist comprising, assaying a biological sample obtained from the patient for the level of CCL21 expression and/or CCL21 protein; and wherein an increased level of CCL21 expression and/or CCL21 protein relative to a baseline value is indicative of an increased likelihood that the patient will respond to treatment with the pulmonary hypertension antagonist; and wherein the step of assaying comprises assaying the biological sample for a CCL21 protein or fragment thereof.
  • the method of predicting the likelihood that a patient having pulmonary hypertension will respond to treatment with a pulmonary hypertension antagonist comprising, assaying a biological sample obtained from the patient for the level of CCL21 expression and/or CCL21 protein; and wherein an increased level of CCL21 expression and/or CCL21 protein relative to a baseline value is indicative of an increased likelihood that the patient will respond to treatment with the pulmonary hypertension antagonist; wherein the step of assaying comprises assaying the biological sample for a CCL21 protein or fragment thereof; and wherein the pulmonary hypertension is idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.
  • the method of treating a patient having pulmonary hypertension comprising
  • the method of treating a patient having pulmonary hypertension comprising
  • the step of assaying comprises assaying the biological sample for a modified nucleic acid sequence of CCL21 expression or for a modified CCL21 protein or fragment thereof.
  • Modifications of polynucleotides or polypeptides are well-known in the art. The modifications may be performed on one or more nucleosides or amino acid residues of the polynucleotides or polypeptides, respectively. Alternatively, or in combination with the afore-mentioned chemical modifications, the link between monomers may be modified. Further known modifications include the conjugation of tags or labels to the polynucleotide or polypeptide biomarker.
  • Chemical modifications of polynucleotides include, but are not limited to, replacement of hydrogen by an alkyl, acyl or amino group, alteration of sugar moieties or inter-sugar linkages (i.e. phosphorothioate), labeling of nucleotides with radio-nucleotides (i.e. 32 P), conjugation with tags or labeling molecules such as fluorescent tags (i.e. rhodamine, fluorescein, Cy3 and/or Cy5, chemiluminescent tags, chromogenic tags or other labels (i.e. digoxigenin or biotin and magnetic particles).
  • fluorescent tags i.e. rhodamine, fluorescein, Cy3 and/or Cy5
  • chemiluminescent tags i.e. digoxigenin or biotin and magnetic particles.
  • sugar moieties, purine and pyrimidine heterocycles as well as heterocyclic analogues and tautomers thereof are also included herein.
  • Illustrative examples are diaminopurine 8-oxo-N 6 -methyladenine, 7-deazaxanthine, 7-deazaguanine, N 4 ,N 4 -ethanocytosin, N 6 ,N 6 -ethano-2,6-diaminopurine, 5-methylcytosine, 5-(C 3 -C 6 )-alkynylcytosine, 5-fluorouracil, 5bromouracil, 2-hydroxy-5methyl-4-triazolopyridin, isocytosin, isoguanin, inosine and the examples described in U.S.
  • Polynucleotides or nucleic acids labeling can be achieved for example by oligo-labeling, nick translation, end-labeling or PCR amplification using a labeled primer.
  • the chemical modifications of a polynucleotide biomarker according to the present invention preferably comprise radioisotope labeling and/or fluorescent agent labeling. More preferably, the polynucleotide biomarker(s) according to the present invention, especially when amplified in number copies by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), comprises a fluorescent tag (e.g. TaqMan® Gene Expression Assays consist of a pair of unlabeled PCR primers and a TaqMan® probe with a FAMTM or VIC® dye label on the 5′ end, and minor groove binder (MGB) nonfluorescent quencher (NFQ) on the 3′ end.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • the biological sample is selected from blood, serum, plasma, urine, saliva, feces and a tissue sample.
  • a sample which is “provided” can be obtained by the person (or machine) conducting the assay, or it can have been obtained by another, and transferred to the person (or machine) carrying out the assay.
  • the sample is a blood sample, such as whole blood, plasma, or serum (plasma from which clotting factors have been removed).
  • a blood sample such as whole blood, plasma, or serum (plasma from which clotting factors have been removed).
  • peripheral or venous plasma or serum can be used.
  • the sample is urine, sweat, or another body fluid into which proteins are sometimes removed from the blood stream.
  • the protein is likely to be broken down, so diagnostic fragments of the proteins of the invention can be screened for.
  • the sample is pulmonary tissue, which is harvested, e.g., after a biopsys. Methods for obtaining samples and preparing them for analysis are conventional and well-known in the art.
  • the method for determining if a subject has pulmonary hypertension comprises
  • the method of predicting the likelihood that a patient having pulmonary hypertension will respond to treatment with a pulmonary hypertension antagonist comprising, assaying a biological sample obtained from the patient for the level of CCL21 expression and/or CCL21 protein; and wherein an increased level of CCL21 expression and/or CCL21 protein relative to a baseline value is indicative of an increased likelihood that the patient will respond to treatment with the pulmonary hypertension antagonist; wherein the step of assaying comprises assaying the biological sample for a nucleic acid sequence of CCL21 expression; wherein the nucleic acid is selected from ribonucleic acid (RNA) or a fragment thereof and complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) or a fragment thereof and wherein the biological sample is selected from blood or plasma or serum.
  • the nucleic acid is cDNA amplified from CCL21 mRNA.
  • the method of treating a patient having pulmonary hypertension comprising
  • the method for determining if a subject has pulmonary hypertension comprises
  • the method of predicting the likelihood that a patient having pulmonary hypertension will respond to treatment with a pulmonary hypertension antagonist comprising, assaying a biological sample obtained from the patient for the level of CCL21 expression and/or CCL21 protein; and wherein an increased level of CCL21 expression and/or CCL21 protein relative to a baseline value is indicative of an increased likelihood that the patient will respond to treatment with the pulmonary hypertension antagonist; wherein the step of assaying comprises assaying the biological sample for a CCL21 protein or fragment thereof and wherein the biological sample is selected from blood or plasma or serum.
  • the method of treating a patient having pulmonary hypertension comprising
  • a method of treating a patient having pulmonary hypertension comprising
  • the step of assaying comprises a technique selected from Northern blot analysis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), TaqMan-based assays, direct sequencing, dynamic allele-specific hybridization, primer extension assays, oligonucleotide ligase assays, temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE), denaturing high performance liquid chromatography, high-resolution melting analysis, DNA mismatch-binding protein assays, capillary electrophoresis, Southern Blot, immunoassays, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, flow cytometry, Western blot, HPLC, and mass spectrometry.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • RT-PCR reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
  • TaqMan-based assays direct sequencing
  • dynamic allele-specific hybridization primer extension assays
  • oligonucleotide ligase assays oligonucleotide ligase assays
  • methods of gene expression profiling can be divided into two large groups: methods based on hybridization analysis of polynucleotides, and other methods based on biochemical detection or sequencing of polynucleotides.
  • the most commonly used methods known in the art for the quantification of mRNA expression in a sample include northern blotting and in situ hybridization (Parker & Barnes, Methods in Molecular Biology 106:247-283 (1999)); RNAse protection assays (Hod, Biotechniques 13:852-854 (1992)); and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (Weis et al., Trends in Genetics 8:263-264 (1992)).
  • RNA duplexes may be employed that can recognize specific duplexes, including DNA duplexes, RNA duplexes, and DNA-RNA hybrid duplexes or DNA-protein duplexes.
  • Various methods for determining expression of mRNA or protein include, but are not limited to, gene expression profiling, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) including quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR), microarray analysis that can be performed by commercially available equipment, following manufacturers protocols, such as by using the Affymetrix GenChip technology, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) (Velculescu et al., Science 270:484-487 (1995); and Velculescu et al., Cell 88:243-51 (1997)), MassARRAY, Gene Expression Analysis by Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing (MPSS) (Brenner et al., Nature Biotechnology 18:630-634 (2000)), proteomics, immunohistochemistry (IHC), etc.
  • mRNA is quantified.
  • Such mRNA analysis is
  • Immunohistochemistry methods are also suitable for detecting the expression levels of the biomarker of the present invention.
  • antibodies or antisera preferably polyclonal antisera, and most preferably monoclonal antibodies specific for each marker are used to detect expression.
  • the antibodies can be detected by direct labeling of the antibodies themselves, for example, with radioactive labels, fluorescent labels, hapten labels such as, biotin, or an enzyme such as horse radish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase.
  • unlabeled primary antibody is used in conjunction with a labeled secondary antibody, comprising antisera, polyclonal antisera or a monoclonal antibody specific for the primary antibody.
  • Immunohistochemistry protocols and kits are well known in the art and are commercially available.
  • Expression levels can also be determined at the protein level, for example, using various types of immunoassays or proteomics techniques.
  • the target diagnostic protein marker is detected by using an antibody specifically binding to the markers.
  • the antibody typically will be labeled with a detectable moiety.
  • Numerous labels are available which can be generally grouped into the following categories: Radioisotopes, such as 35S, 14C, 1251, 3H, and 1311.
  • the antibody can be labeled with the radioisotope using the techniques described in Current Protocols in Immunology, Volumes 1 and 2, Coligen et al. (1991) Ed. Wiley-Interscience, New York, N.Y., Pubs for example and radioactivity can be measured using scintillation counting.
  • Fluorescent labels such as rare earth chelates (europium chelates) or fluorescein and its derivatives, rhodamine and its derivatives, dansyl, Lissamine, phycoerythrin and Texas Red are available.
  • the fluorescent labels can be conjugated to the antibody using the techniques disclosed in “Current Protocols in Immunology”, supra, for example. Fluorescence can be quantified using a fluorimeter.
  • the enzyme generally catalyzes a chemical alteration of the chromogenic substrate which can be measured using various techniques. For example, the enzyme may catalyze a color change in a substrate, which can be measured spectrophotometrically. Alternatively, the enzyme may alter the fluorescence or chemiluminescence of the substrate. Techniques for quantifying a change in fluorescence are described above.
  • the chemiluminescent substrate becomes electronically excited by a chemical reaction and may then emit light which can be measured (using a chemiluminometer, for example) or donates energy to a fluorescent acceptor.
  • enzymatic labels include luciferases (e.g., firefly luciferase and bacterial luciferase; U.S. Pat. No. 4,737,456), luciferin, 2,3-dihydrophthalazinediones, malate dehydrogenase, urease, peroxidase such as horseradish peroxidase (HRPO), alkaline phosphatase, ⁇ -galactosidase, glucoamylase, lysozyme, saccharide oxidases (e.g., glucose oxidase, galactose oxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase), heterocyclic oxidases (such as uricase and xanthine oxidase), lactoperoxidase, microperoxidase, and the like.
  • luciferases e.g., firefly luciferase and bacterial lucifera
  • enzyme-substrate combinations include, for example: horseradish peroxidase (HRPO) with hydrogen peroxidase as a substrate, wherein the hydrogen peroxidase oxidizes a dye precursor (e.g., orthophenylene diamine (OPD) or 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl benzidine hydrochloride (TMB)); alkaline phosphatase (AP) with para-Nitrophenyl phosphate as chromogenic substrate; and ⁇ -D-galactosidase ( ⁇ -D-Gal) with a chromogenic substrate (e.g., p-nitrophenyl- ⁇ -D-galactosidase) or fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl- ⁇ -D-galactosidase.
  • HRPO horseradish peroxidase
  • OPD orthophenylene diamine
  • TMB 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl benzidine hydrochloride
  • AP alka
  • the antibody need not be labeled, and the presence thereof can be detected using a labeled antibody which binds to the antibody.
  • a labeled antibody which binds to the antibody.
  • MSD Mesoscale Discovery®
  • SULFO-TAGTM labels which emit light upon electrochemical stimulation initiated at the electrode surfaces of MULTI-ARRAY and MULTI-SPOT® microplates.
  • the diagnostic immunoassays herein may be in any assay format, including, for example, competitive binding assays, direct and indirect sandwich assays such ELISA, and immunoprecipitation assays.
  • the method for determining if a subject has pulmonary hypertension comprises
  • the method of predicting the likelihood that a patient having pulmonary hypertension will respond to treatment with a pulmonary hypertension antagonist comprising, assaying a biological sample obtained from the patient for the level of CCL21 expression and/or CCL21 protein; and wherein an increased level of CCL21 expression and/or CCL21 protein relative to a baseline value is indicative of an increased likelihood that the patient will respond to treatment with the pulmonary hypertension antagonist; wherein the step of assaying comprises assaying the biological sample for a nucleic acid sequence of CCL21 expression by PCR or RT-PCR; wherein the nucleic acid is selected from ribonucleic acid (RNA) or a fragment thereof and complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) or a fragment thereof; and wherein the biological sample is selected from blood or plasma or serum.
  • the nucleic acid is cDNA amplified from CCL21 mRNA.
  • the method of treating a patient having pulmonary hypertension comprising
  • the method for determining if a subject has pulmonary hypertension comprises
  • the method of predicting the likelihood that a patient having pulmonary hypertension will respond to treatment with a pulmonary hypertension antagonist comprising, assaying a biological sample obtained from the patient for the level of CCL21 expression and/or CCL21 protein by immunoassays or ELISA; and wherein an increased level of CCL21 expression and/or CCL21 protein relative to a baseline value is indicative of an increased likelihood that the patient will respond to treatment with the pulmonary hypertension antagonist; wherein the step of assaying comprises assaying the biological sample for a CCL21 protein or fragment thereof and wherein the biological sample is selected from blood or plasma or serum.
  • the method of treating a patient having pulmonary hypertension comprising
  • the invention provides for a kit for use in determining if a subject has pulmonary hypertension predicting or for use in predicting the likelihood that a patient having pulmonary hypertension will respond to treatment with a pulmonary hypertension antagonist the kit comprising,
  • the probe is selected from an oligonucleotide that specifically hybridizes to a region of a nucleic acid sequence of CCL21 expression such as gene-specific or gene-selective probes and/or primers, for quantitating the expression of CCL21.
  • the kit may optionally further comprise reagents for the extraction of RNA from samples, in particular fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples and/or reagents for RNA amplification.
  • the kit may comprise containers (including microtiter plates suitable for use in an automated implementation of the method), each with one or more of the various reagents (typically in concentrated form), for example, pre-fabricated microarrays, buffers, the appropriate nucleotide triphosphates (e.g., dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP; or rATP, rCTP, rGTP and UTP), reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase.
  • containers including microtiter plates suitable for use in an automated implementation of the method
  • the various reagents typically in concentrated form
  • the appropriate nucleotide triphosphates e.g., dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP; or rATP, rCTP,
  • the probe is a binding molecule capable of binding a CCL21 protein or a fragment thereof.
  • the binding molecule is an antibody or a fragment thereof.
  • binding molecules may be molecules having a scaffold based on fibronectin type III domain (e.g., the tenth module of the fibronectin type III (10 Fn3 domain)), adnectin (Adnectins®), molecules comprising ankyrin derived repeat modules, Affibody® molecules, Anticalins® molecules, Affilin® molecules and protein epitope mimetics.
  • fibronectin type III domain e.g., the tenth module of the fibronectin type III (10 Fn3 domain)
  • Adnectins® adnectin
  • molecules comprising ankyrin derived repeat modules e.g., Affibody® molecules, Anticalins® molecules, Affilin® molecules and protein epitope mimetics.
  • the rat Hypoxia/Sugen model of PH was used to carry out a comparative transcriptome profiling between rat lung samples with experimental PH and na ⁇ ve rat lungs.
  • Sugen 250 mg; SU5416; Sigma-Aldrich® was dissolved in vehicle (12.5 ml; 0.5% (wt/vol) carboxyl methylcellulose sodium, 0.9% (wt/vol) NaCl, 0.4% (vol/vol) polysorbate, 0.9% (vol/vol) benzyl alcohol in deionized water), sonicated for 15 min and then vortexed.
  • vehicle 12.5 ml; 0.5% (wt/vol) carboxyl methylcellulose sodium, 0.9% (wt/vol) NaCl, 0.4% (vol/vol) polysorbate, 0.9% (vol/vol) benzyl alcohol in deionized water
  • Sugen 20 mg/kg by sub-cutaneous injection. Animals were placed in the hypoxia chamber and the O2 level was slowly decreased to 10%. Control animals remained in room air (21% O2) to serve as normoxic controls for the study. After 2 weeks, all animals were removed from the hypoxia chamber.
  • RNA from the crushed lung samples was extracted by RNeasy Mini kit according to the manufacturer's protocol (QiagenTM). Genomic DNA was removed by treatment with DNase I (Turbo DNase kit, Invitrogen). The exact quantification of RNA was determined with a NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer. RNA quality was assessed by analyzing 18S and 28S rRNAs by microfluidics-based electrophoresis on a 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Calif.).
  • the Affymetrix One-Round In Vitro Transcription RNA Amplification Kit was used to amplify 1 ⁇ g of total RNA.
  • the complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesised with a primer containing oligo (dT) and T7 RNA polymerase promoter sequences. Double-stranded cDNA was then purified and used as a template to generate biotinylated cRNA. The quantity and quality of the amplified cRNA was assessed using a NanoDrop ND-1000 Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific) and an Agilent Bioanalyzer.
  • the biotinylated cRNA was fragmented and hybridised to Affymetrix Rat GeneChip arrays 230_2. After hybridisation, the GeneChip arrays were washed, stained and scanned using a GeneChip Scanner 3000 7G. Affymetrix GeneChip Operating Software was used for image acquisition. Analysis was performed using GeneSpring GX 11.5.1 software (Agilent Technologies Inc., USA). Data normalisation was achieved using the Robust Multichip Analysis (RMA) algorithm and baseline transformation to the median of all samples.
  • RMA Robust Multichip Analysis
  • rats were administered 100 mg/kg of Imatinib or vehicle control daily for a further two weeks.
  • cDNA was synthesised using the High Capacity RNA-to-cDNA Kit (Invitrogen) according to the kit manufacturer's protocol.
  • QPCR was performed on an ABI Prism 7900HT sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems, USA), using TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems).
  • Taqman assays were purchased from Applied Biosystems®. Relative expression was normalised to a combination of 10 different housekeeping genes. Data were analyzed using the SDS RQ Manager, software (Applied Biosystems, version 2.4). Normalised gene expression values for each gene (2 ⁇ ct ) were plotted and analysed using a two-way ANOVA in Graph Pad Prism 6.02.
  • transcript levels of the above genes are down-regulated in response to an anti-remodelling agent in the lungs of animals with pulmonary hypertension as a result of the therapeutic drug administration.
  • CCL21 detection and capture antibodies (Human CCL21/6Ckine DuoSet ELISA development system, R&D Systems®, cat# DY366, Parts 841707 and 841708, supplied with MSD Coated Custom Plate) were reconstituted according to the R&D system DuoSet protocol, at a final concentration of 1 ⁇ g/ml. Detection antibody solution was added to the washed plate. The plate was sealed and incubated for 2 hours with shaking at room temperature. After a final wash step reverse pipetting was used to add 150 ⁇ l of 2 ⁇ Read Buffer T (diluted with an equal volume of H 2 O) and the plate was read using an MSD instrument SECTOR Imager 6000.
  • Formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections from PH were sourced from the University of Cambridge from patients undergoing lung transplantation under an approved informed consent and institutional agreement.
  • CCL21 was detected by immunohistochemistry on a Ventana Discovery XT using the following protocol. Briefly, sections were dewaxed using EZprep solution, and high pH8 antigen retrieval was performed using the Ventana cc1 reagent. CCL21 was detected using goat anti-human CCL21 antibody (R&D System® AF366, 3.33 ug/ml)—the antibody was incubated for 12 hours at room temperature. Secondary antibody was biotinylated rabbit anti-goat (DAKO E0466) diluted to 1/200, 20 minute incubation at 37° C. Biotinylated secondary antibody was detected using the DABMap kit. (Ventana 650-010). Sections were counterstained using Harris' haematoxylin and coverslipped. Images were scanned using the Aperio XT slide scanner and analysed using Definiens Tissue Studio.
  • CCL21 protein was detected in PAH lesions ( FIG. 3 (A-D)) from advanced PH patients in areas with subepithelial/epithelial and alveolar macrophages as well as lymphatic vessels. We therefore concluded that CCL21 is expressed at the site of the disease pathology.

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