US20160089421A1 - Stem cells for transplantation and manufacturing method therefor - Google Patents

Stem cells for transplantation and manufacturing method therefor Download PDF

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US20160089421A1
US20160089421A1 US14/892,474 US201414892474A US2016089421A1 US 20160089421 A1 US20160089421 A1 US 20160089421A1 US 201414892474 A US201414892474 A US 201414892474A US 2016089421 A1 US2016089421 A1 US 2016089421A1
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mscs
transplantation
stem cell
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gene
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Takashi Okada
Yuko Kasahara
Shinichi Takeda
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National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a mesenchymal stem cell for transplantation having a high survival rate and engraftment rate in cell transplantation, a method for producing the mesenchymal stem cells for transplantation, and an agent enhancing post-transplantation mesenchymal stem cell engraftment.
  • MSCs Mesenchymal stem cells
  • MSCs Mesenchymal stem cells
  • regenerative medicine such as the regeneration of mesenchymal connective tissue (e.g., bones, blood vessels, and cardiac muscle) or the central nervous system.
  • MSCs also have the advantages that the cells are applicable to inflammation control therapy for inflammatory diseases and are highly effective for autologous transplantation therapy, which introduces a therapeutic gene to patient's own MSCs (Non Patent Literature 1). Since MSCs further have the property of accumulating at a site having inflammation or tissue damage, or immunosuppressing ability, the transplantation of bone marrow-derived MSCs is carried out at the same time with bone marrow transplantation for the purpose of promoting the engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells (Non Patent Literature 2). The immunosuppressive effect of MSCs is presumed to be limited to a local area at which MSCs have accumulated, so as not to cause strong systemic immunosuppression. MSCs are therefore considered to have higher safety than that of immunosuppressants. Thus, their clinical effects are expected.
  • MSCs present major problems: the cells have an unstable post-transplantation survival rate or engraftment rate and therefore tend to result in graft failure; and their original properties are difficult to maintain over a long period. Hence, the previous autologous transplantation therapy using MSCs has failed to stably express a therapeutic gene.
  • an object of the present invention is to develop and provide MSCs that have an improved post-transplantation cell survival rate and engraftment rate and are highly safe with fewer adverse reactions, and to provide a method for conveniently producing a stem cell for transplantation having a high cell survival rate and engraftment rate.
  • the present inventor has carried out various treatments to MSCs and consequently found that when an anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (hereinafter, also abbreviated to “IL-10” in the present specification) is overexpressed in MSCs, the post-transplantation survival rate and engraftment rate of the MSCs are drastically improved.
  • IL-10 cytokine interleukin-10
  • acquired immunological tolerance can be induced by treating a recipient individual that undergoes cell transplantation or tissue transplantation, with MSCs together with an immunogen at least once before the transplantation.
  • the present invention is based on these findings and provides the following:
  • a stem cell for transplantation comprising an MSC capable of overexpressing IL-10.
  • stem cell for transplantation according to any of (1) to (3), wherein the stem cell is intended for the regeneration of mesenchymal connective tissue, the central nervous system, or the liver.
  • a method for producing a stem cell for transplantation comprising the step of introducing an IL-10 expression system capable of overexpressing IL-10 to an MSC.
  • An agent for enhancing engraftment of mesenchymal stem cell comprising an IL-10 expression system capable of overexpressing IL-10 as an active ingredient.
  • a method for inducing acquired immunological tolerance comprising: a first step of administering, within a period from 2 to 14 days before introduction of an immunogen, an MSC and an immunogen having the same immunogenicity as that of said immunogen or a part thereof to a recipient individual at least once; and a second step of administering MSCs to the recipient individual on the day before or the very day of the introduction of the immunogen.
  • MSCs that have a high post-transplantation cell survival rate and engraftment rate and are highly safe can be provided.
  • a stem cell for transplantation having a high post-transplantation engraftment rate can be conveniently produced.
  • the post-transplantation cell survival rate and engraftment rate of MSCs can be enhanced.
  • the post-transplantation rejection of cells can be suppressed. Also, the post-transplantation cell survival rate and engraftment rate can thereby be further enhanced.
  • FIG. 1 shows the survival rate of MSCs after recombinant IL-10 was administered by local injection together with MSCs to the lower leg of each NOD/Scid mouse.
  • FIG. 1A shows the in vivo images of the mouse taken 2 and 4 days after the administration. MSCs and recombinant IL-10 (indicated by (+)) were administered to the left lower leg of the mouse, and only MSCs (indicated by ( ⁇ )) were administered to the right lower leg of the mouse.
  • FIGS. 1B and 1C show quantitative values 2 days and 4 days post-administration, respectively, calculated on the basis of the images of FIG. 1A .
  • FIG. 2 shows the survival rate of MSCs after an IL-10 expression AAV vector and LacZ expression AAV vector as a control were each administered by local injection together with MSCs to the lower leg of each NOD/Scid mouse.
  • FIG. 2A shows the in vivo image taken 9 days after the administration.
  • the IL-10 expression AAV vector (IL-10) was administered to the left lower leg of the mouse, and the LacZ expression AAV vector (LacZ) was administered to the right lower leg of the mouse.
  • FIG. 2B shows a quantitative value calculated on the basis of the image of FIG. 2A .
  • FIG. 3 shows the survival rate of MSCs after MSCs introducing an IL-10 expression plasmid DNA or a control GFP expression plasmid DNA were administered by local injection to the lower leg of each NOD/Scid mouse.
  • the MSCs transfected with IL-10 expression plasmid DNA (IL-10(+)) was administered to the left lower leg of the mouse, and the MSCs transfected with GFP expression plasmid DNA (IL-10( ⁇ )) was administered to the right lower leg of the mouse.
  • FIG. 3A shows the in vivo images of the mouse taken 3 days, 7 days, and 10 days after the administration (0 day).
  • FIG. 3B shows an IL-10 expression level in MSCs after culture for 12 days from the transfection of the IL-10 expression plasmid DNA or the GFP expression plasmid DNA.
  • FIG. 3C shows quantitative values 3 days, 7 days, 10 days, and 12 days post-administration calculated on the basis of the images of FIG. 3A .
  • FIG. 4 shows an IL-10 concentration in the serum of each MSC-transplanted mouse.
  • Cont represents a control mouse in which only MSCs were transplanted.
  • pIL-10(+)MSCs represents two mice (No. 1 and No. 2) in which IL-10(+)MSCs, which are the MSCs introducing a mouse IL-10 expression plasmid DNA described in FIG. 3A , were transplanted.
  • AAV1-IL-10 represents a mouse in which a mouse IL-10 expression AAV vector AAV1-IL-10 was administered together with MSCs to transplantation site.
  • FIG. 5 shows the gene transfection of MSCs with an AAV vector and the expression of IL-10.
  • FIG. 5A shows results about MSCs 7 days after the gene transfection with a GFP expression AAV vector (AAV1-GFP). The arrows represent MSCs expressing GFP by the transduction of the GFP expression AAV vector.
  • FIG. 5B shows results about the expression of IL-10 in MSCs 7 days after the transduction of AAV1-GFP or a mouse IL-10 expression AAV vector (AAV1-IL-10).
  • FIG. 6 shows the survival rate of MSCs after the stem cell for transplantation of the present invention was administered by local injection to each NOD/Scid mouse.
  • FIG. 6A shows the in vivo images of the mouse the indicated numbers of days after the administration of MSCs.
  • vIL-10(+)MSCs which are MSCs transducing AAV1-IL-10
  • IL-10( ⁇ )MSCs which are MSCs transducing control AAV1-GFP
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the engraftment of transplanted MSCs in mouse muscular tissue.
  • FIG. 7A shows the image of the engraftment of vIL-10( ⁇ ) MSCs in the muscular tissue.
  • FIG. 7B shows the image of the engraftment of vIL-10(+)MSCs in the muscular tissue.
  • FIG. 7C shows the engraftment rates of vIL-10( ⁇ )MSCs and vIL-10(+)MSCs calculated from the images of histological staining.
  • FIG. 8 is a conceptual diagram showing the flow of the transplantation of vIL-10(+)MSCs to a dog.
  • FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the engraftment of vIL-10(+)MSCs in dog muscular tissue 30 days after transplantation.
  • the dark spots encircled by broken lines or indicated by arrows represent vIL-10(+)MSCs engrafted in the endomysium and the perimysium.
  • FIG. 10A shows the positions of 4 sites in MSC-transplanted right and left tibialis anterior muscle tissues.
  • TA-2 is the transplantation site of MSCs.
  • FIG. 10B shows the survival rate of MSCs at each site in the right and left tibialis anterior muscle tissues and an IL-10 concentration in the tissues 30 days after the transplantation.
  • the survival rates of MSCs in the left tibialis anterior muscle (vIL-10( ⁇ )MSCs were transplanted) and the right tibialis anterior muscle (vIL-10(+)MSCs were transplanted) are shown in (a) and (b), respectively.
  • the IL-10 concentration in the muscular tissue of each site in the left tibialis anterior muscle and the right tibialis anterior muscle is shown in (c) and (d), respectively.
  • FIG. 11 shows the engraftment and myofiber formation of non-differentiation-induced MSCs.
  • FIG. 11A is the pathologic image of MSCs in muscular tissue.
  • the sites indicated by arrows encircled by broken lines represent the engraftment of transplanted vIL-10(+)MSCs at inflammation sites.
  • the sites indicated by arrowheads represent myofibers newly formed from the engrafted MSCs.
  • FIG. 11B the bright cells encircled by a broken line represent that MSCs were fused with myoblasts in vitro.
  • FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the effect of inducing immunological tolerance by the method for inducing acquired immunological tolerance of the present invention.
  • FIG. 12A shows a control dog (Cont ⁇ AAV) in which only an immunogen AAV9-Luc was locally administered to the tibialis anterior muscle tissue of a normal dog without the immunological tolerance induction treatment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 12B shows an immunological tolerance-induced dog (MSCs+AAV) in which MSCs were locally administered together with the immunogen AAV9-Luc to the same site of a normal dog as above on the basis of the method for inducing acquired immunological tolerance of the present invention.
  • FIG. 12A shows a control dog (Cont ⁇ AAV) in which only an immunogen AAV9-Luc was locally administered to the tibialis anterior muscle tissue of a normal dog without the immunological tolerance induction treatment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 12B shows an immunological tolerance-induced dog (MSCs+AAV) in which MSCs were locally administered together
  • FIGS. 12C shows a control dog (Cont ⁇ MSCs) in which only MSCs were locally administered to the same site of a normal dog as above without the administration of the immunogen AAV9-Luc.
  • the left diagrams of FIGS. 12A to 12C show a timetable for the experiment for each dog. i.v. denotes intravenous administration, and i.m. denotes intramuscular administration (local administration).
  • the right diagrams thereof show that the tibialis anterior muscle tissue was biopsied, and the expression of a marker gene of luciferase derived from the immunogen AAV9 was detected using an anti-luciferase antibody.
  • the luciferase-expressing cells are indicated as bright cells.
  • the scale bar is 100 ⁇ m.
  • FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the effect of inducing immunological tolerance by the method for inducing acquired immunological tolerance of the present invention using intravenous administration.
  • FIG. 13A shows a control dog (Cont ⁇ AAV) in which only an immunogen AAV9-Luc was intravenously injected to a normal dog without the immunological tolerance induction treatment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 13B shows an immunological tolerance-induced dog (MSCs+AAV) in which MSCs were intravenously injected together with the immunogen AAV9-Luc to a normal dog on the basis of the method for inducing acquired immunological tolerance of the present invention.
  • FIG. 13A shows a control dog (Cont ⁇ AAV) in which only an immunogen AAV9-Luc was intravenously injected to a normal dog without the immunological tolerance induction treatment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 13B shows an immunological tolerance-induced dog (MSCs+AAV) in which MSCs were intravenously injected together with the immunogen AAV9-Luc
  • FIG. 13C shows an immunological tolerance-induced dog (DMD/MSCs+AAV) in which MSCs were intravenously injected together with an immunogen AAV9- ⁇ Dys to a muscular dystrophy-affected dog (DMD) on the basis of the method for inducing acquired immunological tolerance of the present invention.
  • the left diagrams of FIGS. 13A to 13C show the timetable for the experiment for each dog. i.v. denotes intravenous administration.
  • the right diagrams thereof show that the temporal muscle was biopsied, and the expression of luciferase was detected using an anti-luciferase antibody ( FIGS. 13A and 13B ) or the expression of microdystrophin was detected using an anti-dystrophin antibody ( FIG.
  • FIGS. 13A and 13B The white spots seen in each diagram are nuclei.
  • the luciferase- or microdystrophin-expressing cells are indicated as bright cells.
  • the scale bar is 100 ⁇ m ( FIGS. 13A and 13B ) and 50 ⁇ m ( FIG. 13C ).
  • FIG. 14 is a diagram showing results about the running times of various dogs in a 15-meter running test.
  • “pre” in the lower tier of the abscissa represents the point in time when a muscular dystrophy-affected dog (DMD) was pretreated by the method for inducing acquired immunological tolerance of the present invention.
  • Other numeric values represent the length of time (week) that passed from the reference date at which AAV9- ⁇ Dys was introduced.
  • the numeric values within the parentheses in the upper tier of the abscissa represent the weekly age of the muscular dystrophy-affected dog (DMD).
  • FIG. 15 is a diagram showing the pathological evaluation of each muscular dystrophy-affected dog.
  • the ordinate shows a score of the Grading Score, and the abscissa shows the age (months old) of the affected dog.
  • the first aspect of the present invention provides a stem cell for transplantation.
  • the “stem cell for transplantation” refers to a stem cell intended for cell transplantation and is aimed at being transplanted to a particular tissue of a recipient individual (or a recipient) and engrafted at the transplantation site and/or neighboring sites thereof so that the cell is allowed to differentiate properly in response to the ambient environment.
  • the stem cell for transplantation of this aspect can be preferably used, particularly, in tissue regeneration such as the replacement or regeneration of mesenchymal connective tissue (e.g., bones, blood vessels, and cardiac muscle), the central nervous system, or liver tissue.
  • the “recipient individual” is a vertebrate, preferably a bird or a mammal (including a human, a dog, a cat, a rabbit, a pig, cattle, sheep, a goat, a horse, a monkey, and a rodent), more preferably a human.
  • the “engraftment” generally means that a transplanted cell, tissue, or organ becomes capable of exerting its original functions at the transplantation site.
  • an object to be transplanted is a stem cell.
  • the engraftment means that, particularly, a transplanted stem cell has the functions of timely expressing a predetermined gene at the transplantation site or neighboring sites thereof, etc., and differentiating properly in response to the ambient environment.
  • the “engraftment rate” described in the present specification refers to the ratio of engrafted stem cells to transplanted stem cells.
  • the “survival rate” described in the present specification refers to the ratio of stem cells surviving after transplantation to transplanted stem cells.
  • the engraftment rate or the survival rate may be calculated from an absolute value such as the number of cells or may be calculated from a relative value such as cell-derived label intensity.
  • the stem cell for transplantation of the present invention comprises a mesenchymal stem cell capable of intracellularly overexpressing interleukin-10.
  • the “mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)” are, as mentioned above, cells having the ability to differentiate into cells belonging to the mesenchyme, such as osteoblasts, adipocytes, myocytes, and chondrocytes. MSCs are also known to have the ability to differentiate plastically into nerve cells (ectoderm-derived) or hepatic cells (endoderm-derived), across germ layers. The stem cell for transplantation of this aspect is based on an MSC.
  • the “interleukin-10 (IL-10)” is an anti-inflammatory cytokine.
  • IL-10 is produced in many cells including type 2 helper T cells (Th2 cells) as well as monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, activated B cells, and keratinocytes, and is known to suppressively control the functions of macrophages in addition to suppressing inflammatory symptoms by suppressively controlling inflammatory cytokine production or the like through its action on monocyte lineage cells.
  • the IL-10 encompasses wild-type IL-10 as well as variant-type IL-10 and IL-10 fragments that maintain biological activity equivalent to or higher than that of wild-type IL-10.
  • wild-type IL-10 refers to the IL-10 protein of each organism species that is encoded by the most abundant allele among naturally occurring allele groups and has the original functions of IL-10.
  • the wild-type IL-10 corresponds to, for example, human IL-10 shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, mouse IL-10 shown in SEQ ID NO: 3, rat IL-10 shown in SEQ ID NO: 5, dog IL-10 shown in SEQ ID NO: 7, chimpanzee IL-10 shown in SEQ ID NO: 9, and bovine IL-10 shown in SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • the “variant-type IL-10” refers to an IL-10 protein having a variation in the wild-type IL-10.
  • the variant-type IL-10 means a variant containing the deletion, substitution, or addition of one or several amino acids in the amino acid sequence of wild-type IL-10, or a variant having 85% or more or 90% or more, preferably 95% or more, 97% or more, 98% or more, or 99% or more amino acid identity to the amino acid sequence.
  • the term “several” refers to 2 to 10, 2 to 7, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, or 2 or 3.
  • the % “identity” refers to the ratio of identical amino acids of an amino acid sequence of interest to the total number of amino acids of wild-type IL-10 when the amino acid sequence of wild-type IL-10 and the amino acid sequence of interest are aligned such that the maximum degree of identity is achieved with or without optionally introduced gaps using a protein search system based on BLAST or FASTA.
  • the “IL-10 fragment” refers to a polypeptide fragment of the wild-type IL-10 or the variant-type IL-10.
  • the length and region of amino acids of the IL-10 fragment are not particularly limited as long as the length and region allow the biological activity of the wild-type IL-10 to be maintained.
  • a polypeptide fragment containing the functional domain of IL-10 without disruption is preferably used.
  • the functional domain refers to a region that is responsible for suppressive activity and functions specific for IL-10 or is essential for exerting the functions.
  • MSCs have an endogenous IL-10 gene encoding IL-10 and are capable of expressing IL-10 attributed to the gene.
  • a feature of the stem cell for transplantation of this aspect is that the stem cell overexpresses IL-10 more than normal MSCs.
  • the phrase “overexpressing IL-10” refers to an expression level 2 times or more, preferably 5 times or more, more preferably 10 times or more, further preferably 20 times or more the expression level of IL-10 in normal MSCs.
  • the mechanism under which the stem cell for transplantation of this aspect overexpresses IL-10 is not particularly limited.
  • the overexpression may be based on the enhanced expression of endogenous IL-10 or may be based on an exogenous IL-10 expression system.
  • the “enhanced expression of endogenous IL-10” is not particularly limited by its mechanism as long as the expression level of the IL-10 gene on the genomes of MSCs is eventually enhanced.
  • MSCs having such enhanced expression of endogenous IL-10 include variant-type MSCs allowed to overexpress IL-10 due to a variation in an enhancer or a promoter controlling the expression of the IL-10 gene, and variant-type MSCs having, on their genomes, multicopy IL-10 genes resulting from duplication.
  • exogenous IL-10 expression system refers to a foreign IL-10 expression system introduced in MSCs.
  • the “IL-10 expression system” refers to one expression unit containing the IL-10 gene in an expressible state in MSCs. An expression unit that permits persistent expression of the IL-10 gene is preferred.
  • the “IL-10 gene” refers to a gene encoding the IL-10, or a fragment thereof.
  • the IL-10 gene corresponds to, for example, a human IL-10 gene shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 encoding the human IL-10 shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, a mouse IL-10 gene shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 encoding the mouse IL-10 shown in SEQ ID NO: 3, a rat IL-10 gene shown in SEQ ID NO: 6 encoding the rat IL-10 shown in SEQ ID NO: 5, a dog IL-10 gene shown in SEQ ID NO: 8 encoding the dog IL-10 shown in SEQ ID NO: 7, a chimpanzee IL-10 gene shown in SEQ ID NO: 10 encoding the chimpanzee IL-10 shown in SEQ ID NO: 9, and a bovine IL-10 gene shown in SEQ ID NO: 12 encoding the bovine IL-10 shown in SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • the IL-10 expression system has the IL-10 gene as well as constituents necessary for expressing the IL-10 gene in MSCs. Such constituents include, for example, a promoter and a terminator.
  • the IL-10 gene is located in an expressible state under the control of the promoter and the terminator in a nucleic acid expression system.
  • the IL-10 expression system may additionally contain an enhancer, a poly-A addition signal, a 5′-UTR (untranslated region) sequence, a tag or selective marker gene, a multicloning site, a replication origin, and the like.
  • the promoter is not particularly limited as long as the promoter is operable in MSCs.
  • a promoter of a virus e.g., human cytomegalovirus, retrovirus, polyomavirus, adenovirus, and simian virus 40 (SV40)
  • SV40 simian virus 40
  • EF1 ⁇ elongation factor 1 ⁇
  • Promoters are known to be classified according to their expression control properties into an overexpression-type promoter, a constitutive promoter, a site-specific promoter, a stage-specific promoter, or an inducible promoter, etc.
  • the promoter for use in the IL-10 expression system is preferably an overexpression-type promoter or a constitutive promoter. It is desirable that, even if the expression of the endogenous IL-10 gene in transplanted stem cells is positionally or quantitatively controlled at the transplantation site, the IL-10 expression system should be capable of constantly expressing the IL-10 gene independently from the control.
  • the promoter is positioned upstream from the start codon of the IL-10 gene.
  • the terminator is not particularly limited as long as its sequence can terminate the transcription of the IL-10 gene transcribed by the promoter in MSCs.
  • the terminator is positioned downstream from the stop codon of the IL-10 gene.
  • the IL-10 expression system includes an expression system prepared by isolating one expression unit necessary for expressing the IL-10 gene, as it is from the genome and incorporating the expression unit therein, and an expression system artificially constructed by combining a recombinant IL-10 gene with each constituent.
  • any nucleic acid expression system can be used.
  • the IL-10 expression system may be a monocistronic system containing one IL-10 gene in one system or may be a polycistronic system containing two or more IL-10 genes in one system.
  • Examples of the IL-10 expression system include an IL-10 expression-type plasmid vector, an IL-10 expression-type virus vector, and an IL-10 expression-type artificial chromosome vector.
  • a virus vector is preferred.
  • the “plasmid vector” refers to a gene vector modified from a plasmid.
  • the plasmid moiety for use in the IL-10 expression-type plasmid vector is not particularly limited as long as the IL-10 gene can be expressed in MSCs.
  • the plasmid vector lacks the ability to self-renew in MSCs. In the case of using the plasmid vector, the expression of the IL-10 gene is therefore usually transient unless the plasmid vector is inserted into the genomes of MSCs.
  • a commercially available expression plasmid for example, an expression plasmid for mammal cells, may be used as the plasmid moiety serving as the backbone of the IL-10 expression system.
  • the “virus vector” refers to a gene vector that exploits the infectious ability or the ability to replicate of a virus.
  • the virus vector is constituted by a virus particle containing a virus nucleic acid (including DNA or RNA) in which a foreign gene (here, the IL-10 gene) is incorporated after removal of genes related to pathogenicity from the virus genome.
  • a vector derived from any virus known in the art can be used. Examples thereof include retrovirus (including lentivirus and mouse Moloney leukemia virus), adenovirus, adeno-associated virus (hereinafter, referred to as “AAV”), and Sendai virus.
  • AAV which is a nonpathogenic virus belonging to the parvovirus, cannot grow autonomously due to deficiency in the ability to self-renew and is low infective because its growth requires the coinfection of adenovirus or Herpes virus.
  • This virus is also low immunogenic in hosts.
  • the virus has the advantage that it is highly safe as a gene vector.
  • AAV has a wide host range and is capable of infecting various cells such as myocytes, nerve cells, and hepatic cells.
  • AAV is also preferred as a virus vector for the IL-10 expression system according to this aspect.
  • the virus vector can be prepared as a virus particle that is contained in a coat protein composed of a capsid or a coated particle and has the ability to infect cells.
  • the “artificial chromosome” includes human artificial chromosome (HAC).
  • the stem cell for transplantation of this aspect can contain a plurality of identical or different IL-10 expression systems in one MSC. This increases the number of IL-10 expression systems per cell, thereby increasing an IL-10 expression level per MSC to attain an overexpression state, even if the expression level of IL-10 from each individual system is low.
  • stem cells having a high post-transplantation cell survival rate and engraftment rate and fewer adverse reactions can be provided. Accordingly, the stem cell for transplantation of this aspect is transplanted in mesenchymal connective tissue (e.g., bones, blood vessels, and cardiac muscle), the central nervous system, or the liver so that this transplanted cell is engrafted in the transplantation tissue and induced to differentiate appropriately in response to the ambient environment.
  • mesenchymal connective tissue e.g., bones, blood vessels, and cardiac muscle
  • the stem cell for transplantation of this aspect can therefore be applied to regenerative medicine such as tissue regeneration.
  • the second aspect of the present invention provides a method for producing a stem cell for transplantation.
  • a feature of the production method of this aspect is that an IL-10 expression system is introduced to MSCs to produce MSCs capable of overexpressing IL-10.
  • the production method of this aspect comprises an IL-10 expression system introduction step.
  • the IL-10 expression system introduction step refers to the step of introducing at least one IL-10 expression system capable of overexpressing IL-10 to an MSC.
  • the constitution of the IL-10 expression system used in the IL-10 expression system introduction step may be the same as that of the IL-10 expression system described in the first aspect.
  • the IL-10 expression system can be prepared according to a method known in the art, for example, a method described in Green & Sambrook, Molecular Cloning, 2012, Fourth Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
  • the preparation of a plasmid vector or a virus vector as the IL-10 expression system will be described with reference to specific examples.
  • the preparation of the IL-10 expression system is not limited to the following.
  • IL-10 gene cloning is carried out.
  • the species from which the IL-10 gene used is derived is not particularly limited as long as activity as IL-10 is possessed in MSCs to which the IL-10 expression system is introduced.
  • An IL-10 gene derived from the same organism species as that of MSCs for introduction is preferred.
  • the IL-10 gene is preferably the human IL-10 gene shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the IL-10 gene cloning can be carried out according to a method known in the art, for example, a method described in Green & Sambrook (2012) (idem).
  • the human IL-10 gene is isolated from a human cDNA library with the oligonucleotide as a probe on the basis of a method known in the art, for example, a plaque hybridization method.
  • a plaque hybridization method For the detailed gene isolation method, see, for example, Green & Sambrook (2012) (idem).
  • the human cDNA library is commercially available from each life science manufacture, and such a commercially available product may therefore be used.
  • oligonucleotides serving as a primer pair may be chemically synthesized on the basis of the nucleotide sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2, and the human IL-10 gene of interest can be amplified by a nucleic acid amplification method such as PCR using the primer pair and a human genomic DNA or cDNA library as a template.
  • a nucleic acid amplification method such as PCR using the primer pair and a human genomic DNA or cDNA library as a template.
  • DNA polymerase such as pfu polymerase, which has 3′-5′ exonuclease activity and has high fidelity, is preferably used.
  • the detailed conditions for the nucleic acid amplification see, for example, a method described in Innis M. et al.
  • the isolated human IL-10 gene is inserted, if necessary, to an appropriate plasmid and cloned in a microbe such as E. coli . Then, the full-length nucleotide sequence is confirmed on the basis of a known technique.
  • a human IL-10 cDNA clone is commercially available and may therefore be purchased for use.
  • the cloned human IL-10 gene is integrated into a predetermined site of a plasmid vector for expression.
  • These series of gene manipulation techniques are techniques well known in the art. For the detailed method, see, for example, Green & Sambrook (2012) (idem).
  • the basic operation can follow the method for the plasmid vector mentioned above.
  • the virus genome is prepared by a method known in the art and then inserted to an appropriate cloning vector (e.g., E. coli -derived pBI series, pPZP series, pSMA series, pUC series, pBR series, and pBluescript series) to obtain a recombinant.
  • an appropriate cloning vector e.g., E. coli -derived pBI series, pPZP series, pSMA series, pUC series, pBR series, and pBluescript series
  • the virus genome region which is the IL-10 expression system, can be excised from the recombinant with restriction enzymes. In this way, the virus vector of interest can be obtained.
  • the method for introducing the IL-10 expression system into MSCs i.e., the method for transforming MSCs, can employ any appropriate method known in the art.
  • the IL-10 expression system is a plasmid vector
  • a well-known method can be used, such as an electroporation method, a calcium phosphate method, a liposome method, a DEAE dextran method, microinjection, lipofection, or binding with a cell membrane-permeable peptide.
  • electroporation method e.g., electroporation method, calcium phosphate method, a liposome method, a DEAE dextran method, microinjection, lipofection, or binding with a cell membrane-permeable peptide.
  • the plasmid vector may be introduced to MSCs using a commercially available nucleic acid-introducing agent such as Lipofectamine 2000 (Life Technologies Corporation).
  • the virus vector can be allowed to virally infect MSCs so that the virus vector is transduced into the MSCs.
  • infection method see a method well known in the art, for example, a method described in Green & Sambrook (2012) (idem), depending on the type of the virus used in the vector.
  • the IL-10 expression system may be inserted into the genomes of MSCs via homologous recombination.
  • stem cells for transplantation based on MSCs can be produced conveniently and relatively inexpensively. This method achieves easy obtainment of MSCs having a high post-transplantation engraftment rate.
  • the third aspect of the present invention provides an agent for enhancing engraftment of mesenchymal stem cell (agent enhancing MSC engraftment).
  • agent enhancing MSC engraftment of this aspect is an agent for converting MSCs to stem cells for transplantation having a high cell survival rate and engraftment rate.
  • a feature thereof is to drastically enhance the post-transplantation survival rate and engraftment rate of MSCs.
  • the agent enhancing MSC engraftment of this aspect comprises an IL-10 expression system capable of overexpressing IL-10 as an active ingredient.
  • This IL-10 expression system has the same constitution as that of the IL-10 expression system described in the first aspect, so that the description thereof is omitted here.
  • the agent enhancing MSC engraftment of this aspect may be in a dried solid state or may be in a liquid state in which the agent has been dissolved in an appropriate buffer.
  • the IL-10 expression system serving as an active ingredient is constituted by a nucleic acid
  • the IL-10 expression system should be stored under conditions free from nuclease and where the IL-10 expression system is stably retained without being degraded by the agent enhancing MSC engraftment, for example, at a subzero temperature.
  • the agent enhancing MSC engraftment of this aspect can attain its purpose by introducing the IL-10 expression system serving as an active ingredient into MSCs, which are cells to be transplanted.
  • the method for introducing the IL-10 expression system into MSCs differs depending on the type of the IL-10 expression system and can be basically carried out according to the method for introducing the IL-10 expression system into MSCs (Method for transforming MSCs) described in the paragraph “2. Method for producing stem cell for transplantation”.
  • the MSCs, which are cells to be transplanted may not only be wild-type MSCs isolated from an organism and cultured, but may also be variant-type MSCs in which a marker gene such as a luciferase expression vector has been introduced in advance.
  • MSCs for transplantation having a high cell survival rate and engraftment rate can be easily prepared from normal MSCs.
  • the fourth aspect of the present invention provides a method for inducing acquired immunological tolerance.
  • a feature of the method of this aspect is to induce the immunological tolerance of a recipient individual in an acquired manner so that immune response to an immunogen, such as a cell or a tissue, which is introduced into the organism, is suppressed.
  • the method of this aspect comprises a first step and a second step as essential steps.
  • the “first step” is the step of administering, within a period of the predetermined number of days before introduction of an immunogen, an MSC and the immunogen or a part thereof to a recipient individual.
  • the “immunogen” in this aspect refers to a substance having immunogenicity with the aim of being introduced into an organism and is mainly a protein. Examples thereof include viruses, cells, tissues, and organs.
  • the immunogen used in this step and the immunogen used in the subsequent second step need only to have immunogenicity different from that of the recipient individual and are not necessarily required to be the same types of immunogens.
  • the phrase “having different immunogenicity” refers to differing in immunogenicity or antigenicity.
  • the phrase “having different immunogenicity” refers to, for example, differing in human leucocyte antigen (HLA) type or virus serotype. In the case of transplanting a tissue derived from a human different from a recipient individual to a human as the recipient individual (recipient person), the transplanted tissue and the recipient person differ in HLA type, which is immunogenicity, from each other.
  • HLA human leucocyte antigen
  • a part thereof in this aspect means a moiety of the immunogen having a size that permits local administration or intravascular administration to the recipient individual, when the immunogen to be transplanted has too large a size to be locally administered or intravascularly administered via injection or the like.
  • the term “a part thereof” refers to one cell or a mass of several cells constituting the tissue.
  • the MSC used in this aspect may be a normal MSC or may be the MSC as the stem cell for transplantation capable of overexpressing IL-10 described in the first aspect. In the case of using the stem cell for transplantation as the MSC, only this MSC can be administered in this step.
  • the transplantation date of the immunogen to the recipient individual is defined as a reference date (day 0), and the MSC and the immunogen or a part thereof are administered into the recipient individual within a period (13 days) from 2 to 14 days before the reference date, preferably within a period (9 days) from 2 to 10 days before the reference date, more preferably within a period (7 days) from 2 to 8 days before the reference date.
  • the MSC and the immunogen or a part thereof may be administered to the recipient individual at the same time, either after being mixed with each other and infecting the MSC with the immunogen (in the case of a virus) or individually, or may be administered sequentially. In this case, the order of administration is not limited.
  • the immunogen or a part thereof may be administered to the recipient individual after administration of MSCs, or vice versa.
  • the interval of administration between them is within 30 minutes, preferably within 10 minutes.
  • the number of doses within the aforementioned period can be at least one. Usually, one to several doses suffice. However, the administration is carried out once per day as a rule.
  • the administration timing within the period is not limited. For example, when the number of doses within the period is one, this administration is preferably carried out within a period from 6 to 8 days before the reference date.
  • the method for administration to the recipient individual is not limited, and a local administration method which involves directly administering the immunogen to an intended transplantation site or the neighborhood thereof, or a systemic administration method mediated by the circulatory system can be preferably used.
  • the local administration method include subcutaneous administration, intramuscular administration, intraarticular administration, intramedullary administration, administration into tissues (including administration into organs), and intraperitoneal administration.
  • the systemic administration method mediated by the circulatory system include intravenous administration, intraarterial administration, and intra-lymphatic administration. Any of these administration methods are preferably based on the administration of a liquid formulation by injection.
  • the administration method based on intravenous injection is an administration method suitable for this aspect.
  • the number of MSCs and the amount of the immunogen per dose in this step are not limited.
  • the number of MSCs can fall within the range of, for example, 5 ⁇ 10 5 cells/kg B.W. (Body Weight) to 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells/kg B.W.
  • the amount of the immunogen differs depending on the type thereof and can fall within the range of 1 ⁇ 10 5 v.g./cell to 1 ⁇ 10 6 v.g./cell for a virus or the range of 1 ⁇ 10 2 to 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells/kg B.W.
  • the “second step” refers to the step of administering an MSC to the recipient individual on the day before or the very day of the introduction of the immunogen.
  • the MSC to be administered in this step may be an MSC different from that administered in the first step.
  • a normal MSC can be administered in the first step, and the stem cell for transplantation capable of overexpressing IL-10 described in the first aspect can be administered in this step.
  • the MSC may be administered on any of the day before and the very day of the immunogen introduction date, i.e., the reference date, and is preferably administered on the day before.
  • the MSC may be administered separately from the immunogen to be introduced, or may be administered at the same time with the introduction of the immunogen.
  • the immunogen may be introduced as a mixture with the MSC, provided that the immunogen to be introduced can be locally administered or systemically administered via the circulatory system, as with a virus.
  • immunological tolerance is induced against the immunogen used in the pretreatment. Accordingly, the immunogen can then be introduced to the recipient individual by a method known in the art, thereby suppressing immune response to the introduced immunogen in the recipient individual.
  • the immunogen is a cell, a tissue, or an organ
  • rejection caused by immune response in the recipient individual resulting from the transplantation thereof can be suppressed or circumvented.
  • the post-transplantation survival rate of the cell or the like can be enhanced, and the engraftment rate thereof in the recipient individual can be enhanced.
  • the objective is to verify the effect of improving the survival rate of transplanted cells after recombinant mouse IL-10 was introduced together with MSCs into muscular tissue.
  • a luciferase expression vector pLuc was introduced to rat bone marrow-derived MSCs (SD-rat MSCs) to establish a cell line SD-rat MSCs-Luc stably expressing luciferase.
  • SD-rat MSCs-Luc was inoculated to a dish containing a DMED/F-12 (1:1) (GIBCO) medium containing 10% FBS (Nichirei Corp.) and cultured at 37° C. in the presence of 5% CO 2 .
  • the “MSCs” described in Comparative Examples 1 and 2 and Examples 1 and 2 in the present specification mean the “SD-rat MSCs-Luc” used in the experiment.
  • the MSCs thus cultured were recovered by trypsin treatment, and the number of cells was adjusted with PBS into 5 ⁇ 10 6 cells/100 ⁇ L to prepare an MSC solution.
  • Recombinant mouse IL-10 (PeproTech, Inc.) was adjusted to 0.3 ⁇ g/10 ⁇ L saline (hereinafter, abbreviated to “0.3 ⁇ g of IL-10”) and 1.0 ⁇ g/10 ⁇ L saline (hereinafter, abbreviated to “1.0 ⁇ g of IL-10”), and each solution was mixed with the MSC solution.
  • the resulting mixture was administered by local injection to the left lower leg of each NOD/Scid mouse (3 months old, male) to transplant the MSCs.
  • an MSC solution free from recombinant IL-10 (IL-10( ⁇ )MSCs) was administered by local injection to the right lower leg. 1 and 4 days after the administration, the same amount of recombinant mouse IL-10 as above was additionally administered to the left lower leg.
  • FIG. 1B shows quantitative values calculated on the basis of the images of FIG. 1A .
  • IL-10( ⁇ )MSCs When 0.3 ⁇ g of IL-10 was administered together with MSCs, no large difference in survival rate was confirmed as compared with IL-10( ⁇ )MSCs, as to both the results 2 days and 4 days post-administration.
  • 1.0 ⁇ g of IL-10 was administered together with MSCs, the survival rate was 3.2 times and 1.7 times 2 days and 4 days, respectively, after the administration.
  • the objective is to verify the effect of improving the survival rate of MSCs after an IL-10 expression AAV vector was administered at the same time with the MSCs into muscular tissue.
  • recombinant AAV1 (rAAV1) was used.
  • the rAAV1 was prepared according to the method of Okada et al. (Okada, T., et al., 2009, Hum. Gene Ther., 20: 1013-1021; and Okada, T., et al., 2005, Hum. Gene Ther., 16: 1212-1218).
  • AAV1-IL-10 AAV1-CAG-mIL-10-WPRE(EW); hereinafter, referred to as “AAV1-IL-10”
  • RNA was collected from mouse peripheral blood lymphocytes and then reverse-transcribed into cDNA by RT-PCR.
  • mouse IL-10 The coding region of mouse IL-10 was amplified as a recombinant mouse IL-10 gene by PCR using the cDNA as a template and a primer set consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13 (Fw: 5′-CGCGGATCCATGCCTGGCTCAGCACTGCTATGCT-3′) and 14 (Rv: 5′-GAGGATCCTCTTAGCTTTTCATTTTGATCAT-3′) having a 5′-BamHI tag. Subsequently, the amplification product was cleaved with BamHI and then integrated into the BamHI site of a pW-CAG-WPRE vector (Okada, T., et al., 2005, Hum. Gene Ther., 16: 1212-1218) to prepare AAV1-IL-10.
  • the AAV1-IL-10 is capable of persistently expressing IL-10 in a tissue that has received it.
  • AAV-LacZ a LacZ expression AAV vector (pAAV-LacZ; hereinafter, referred to as AAV1-LacZ) (Agilent Technologies, Inc.) containing LacZ instead of IL-10 was used as a control.
  • FIG. 2 The results are shown in FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 2A shows the image of the mouse taken 9 days after the administration.
  • AAV1-IL-10 was administered by local injection, the effect of improving the survival rate of the transplanted MSCs was not confirmed, irrespective of the dose.
  • the objective is to verify the effect of improving the survival rate of MSCs after the intracellular expression level of IL-10 in MSCs was increased by use of an IL-10 expression plasmid, and an IL-10 concentration in serum.
  • pW-CAG-mIL-10-WPRE mouse IL-10 expression plasmid DNA
  • pW-CAG-EGFP-WPRE control GFP expression plasmid DNA
  • a Nucleofection solution Human MSC Nucleofector kit, Lonza Group Ltd.
  • each mixture was used in gene transfection using an Amaxa Nucleofector system (C-17 mode).
  • the pW-CAG-mIL-10-WPRE was prepared by introducing the recombinant mouse IL-10 gene prepared in Comparative Example 2 to the BamHI site of pW-CAG-WPRE.
  • the pW-CAG-EGFP-WPRE was prepared by introducing an EGFP gene to the BamHI site of pW-CAG-WPRE (Okada, T., et al., 2005, Hum. Gene Ther., 16: 1212-1218). The detailed procedures followed the protocol attached to this product.
  • the MSCs transfected with the mouse IL-10 expression plasmid DNA are referred to as pIL-10(+)MSCs
  • the MSCs introducing the control GFP expression plasmid DNA are referred to as pIL-10( ⁇ )MSCs.
  • FIG. 3 shows the images of the mouse taken the indicated numbers of days after the administration of MSCs.
  • FIG. 3C shows the expression level of IL-10 derived from MSCs.
  • pIL-10(+)MSCs exhibited values as high as 69 times and 3.4 times 7 days and 10 days, respectively, after the administration as compared with pIL-10( ⁇ )MSCs.
  • the signal intensity of luciferase was unable to be confirmed 12 days after the administration.
  • FIG. 4 shows the IL-10 concentration in the serum of the MSC-transplanted mouse.
  • two mice (No. 1 and No. 2) of this Example in which pIL-10(+)MSCs intracellularly expressing IL-10 were transplanted had only a slight rise in IL-10 concentration in serum.
  • an elevated IL-10 concentration in serum causes adverse effects such as hematopoietic injury or reduction in immunity.
  • the transplantation of MSCs intracellularly overexpressing IL-10 causes fewer adverse reactions resulting from an IL-10 concentration in serum and has high safety.
  • the objective is to verify the effect of improving the survival rate and engraftment rate of MSCs after the intracellular expression level of IL-10 in the MSCs was increased by use of an IL-10 expression AAV vector.
  • the recombinant AAV was prepared according to the method described in Comparative Example 2.
  • SD-rat MSCs-Luc was inoculated at 1 ⁇ 10 5 cells/well to a 24 well-plate (IWAKI/AGC Techno Glass Co., Ltd.) containing a DMED/F-12 (1:1) medium containing 10% FBS.
  • an unpurified culture supernatant containing the mouse IL-10 expression AAV vector AAV1-IL-10 or a GFP expression AAV vector AAV1-CAG-EGFP-WPRE(EW) (hereinafter, referred to as “AAV1-GFP”) at 5.0 ⁇ 10 10 g.c. was added thereto for the gene transfection of the SD-rat MSCs.
  • the medium was replaced with a fresh one every 2 days, and the culture solution was recovered for 2 days from 5 to 7 days after the gene transduction. 7 days after the gene transfection, GFP-expressing cells were observed under a fluorescence microscope (Olympus Corp., IX71) to determine gene transduction efficiency.
  • the IL-10 expression level in the recovered culture supernatant was quantified by ELISA (Mouse IL-10 ELISA Kit, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.).
  • the AAV1-GFP was prepared by inserting the EGFP gene prepared in Example 1 to the BamHI site of AAV1-CAG-WPRE(EW).
  • each AAV vector was added again at 1.1 ⁇ 10 13 g.c./flask, and the culture was continued for 2 days for gene transduction.
  • vIL-10(+)MSCs the MSCs transducing the AAV1-IL-10, which correspond to the stem cell for transplantation of the present invention, are referred to as “vIL-10(+)MSCs”, and the MSCs transducing the control AAV1-GFP are referred to as “vIL-10( ⁇ )MSCs”.
  • the MSCs (1.0 ⁇ 10 7 cells) were administered by local injection to the left lower leg (vIL-10(+)MSCs) and the right lower leg (vIL-10( ⁇ )MSCs) of each NOD/Scid mouse (3 months old, 5 females and 1 male). 3, 7, 18, 27, 31, 34, 42, 49, 54, and 67 days after the administration, the survival rate of MSCs was quantitatively analyzed by in vivo bioimaging analysis.
  • the mouse was dissected 74 days after the administration, and a frozen block of the MSC-transplanted muscular tissue was prepared and immunohistologically stained.
  • MSCs engrafted in the muscular tissue were detected by DAB staining (VECTASTAIN Elite ABC, Vector Laboratories, Inc.) using an antibody against luciferase introduced in the MSCs (rabbit anti-firefly Luciferase antibody, 1/100 diluted, Abcam Plc.) and subsequent H & E staining. The number of MSCs per unit area was counted to calculate an engraftment rate.
  • FIG. 5 shows the results about the gene transduction of vIL-10( ⁇ )MSCs.
  • FIG. 5B shows the results about the expression of IL-10 in vIL-10(+)MSCs.
  • the gene transduction was confirmed on the basis of the number of GFP-positive cells. As shown in FIG. 5A , many MSCs after the gene transduction were GFP-positive cells, demonstrating that the gene transduction of MSCs using the AAV vector is efficiency carried out. As shown in FIG. 5B , IL-10 was able to be detected in the culture supernatant of vIL-10(+)MSCs, showing that IL-10 can be highly expressed in vIL-10(+)MSCs.
  • FIG. 6 shows the images of the mouse and the survival rate of MSCs.
  • FIG. 6A shows the images of the mouse taken the indicated numbers of days after the administration of MSCs.
  • the signal intensity of luciferase in vIL-10(+)MSCs 31 days after the administration exhibited a value 9.7 times higher than that of vIL-10( ⁇ )MSCs.
  • vIL-10(+)MSCs maintained the high signal of luciferase even 67 days after the administration.
  • significant improvement in the survival rate of MSCs was able to be confirmed.
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the engraftment of MSCs in muscular tissue, which was the transplantation site.
  • FIGS. 7A and 7B show the images of the engraftment of vIL-10( ⁇ )MSCs and vIL-10(+)MSCs, respectively, in the muscular tissue.
  • FIG. 7C shows the engraftment rates of vIL-10( ⁇ )MSCs and vIL-10(+)MSCs calculated by measuring the number of MSCs per unit area from the images of histological staining.
  • vIL-10(+)MSCs are indicated by dark spots encircled by broken lines in FIG. 7B by the DAB staining, demonstrating their engraftment in the endomysium and the perimysium.
  • the results of FIG. 7C also demonstrated that the vIL-10(+)MSCs, which correspond to the stem cell for transplantation of the present invention, have engraftment efficiency improved by two or more times as compared with the control vIL-10( ⁇ )MSCs with a significant difference (p ⁇ 0.005).
  • the objective is to verify, in dogs, the effect of improving the survival and engraftment rates of AAV1-IL-10-introduced MSCs, which was demonstrated in mice.
  • Donor and recipient dogs were selected from DLA (dog leukocyte antigen)-matched male and female pairs of beagles. As illustrated in FIG. 8 , 2 mL of a bone marrow fluid was collected from the fore-leg right and left upper arms of the donor normal dog. The bone marrow fluid was cultured in 2 mL of RPMI-1640 (Life Technologies Corporation) containing 20 U/mL heparin. Monocytes were isolated (1.3 ⁇ 10 8 cells) under a density gradient using Histopaque-1077 (Sigma-Aldrich Corp.).
  • the recovered cells were seeded to a 6-well plate (IWAKI/AGC Techno Glass Co., Ltd.) and cultured in nonhaematopoietic (NH) Expansion Medium (Miltenyi Biotec) supplemented with 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich Corp.). The medium was replaced with a fresh one every 3 days, and the cells were allowed to grow into a level corresponding to ten T225 flasks through 4 passages. The detailed preparation followed Kasahara, Y., et al., 2012, Mol Ther., 20 (1): 168-77.
  • CD271 + MSCs were infected with a luciferase expression lentivirus vector (200 ⁇ L) in the presence of Polybrene (8 ⁇ g/mL) and cultured at 32° C. for 2 days in NH Expansion Medium (T225 flask) for gene transfection. Subsequently, AAV1-GFP or AAV1-IL-10 (8.0 ⁇ 10 12 g.c. each) was cultured twice at 37° C. for 3 days in the NH Expansion Medium (T225 flask).
  • the luciferase expression in MSCs was confirmed by luciferase activity assay (Bright-Glo Luciferase Assay System, Promega K.K.), and the IL-10 expression was confirmed by ELISA analysis (canine IL-10 ELISA Kit, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). Appliskan (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) (luminescence, 450 nm, shake) was used in both of the measurements.
  • An affected dog was prepared as a recipient of the transplanted cells.
  • 1.0 mL of 50 ⁇ M cardiotoxin was administered by local injection to each of the right and left tibialis anterior muscles 5 days before transplantation of MSCs to prepare an affected dog.
  • the MSCs introducing each gene in the preceding paragraph “1.
  • Preparation of dog bone marrow-derived MSCs were recovered by trypsin treatment and then adjusted to 2.4 ⁇ 10 7 to 2.7 ⁇ 10 7 cells/2 mL PBS.
  • vIL-10( ⁇ ) MSCs were locally transplanted to the left tibialis anterior muscle of the affected dog, and vIL-10(+)MSCs were locally transplanted to the right tibialis anterior muscle thereof.
  • no immunosuppressant was used.
  • the MSC-transplanted right and left tibialis anterior muscle tissues were biopsied and each sectioned into 4 sites as shown in FIG. 10A .
  • muscle extracts were obtained using a POLYTRON homogenizer (150 to 180 min ⁇ 1 ).
  • the engraftment of MSCs was analyzed on the basis of the luciferase activity (Bright-Glo Luciferase Assay System) of the muscle extracts.
  • the measurement values were corrected with the amount of tissue protein (Pierce® BCA Protein Assay Kit, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.).
  • the amount of IL-10 in the tissue was calculated by ELISA analysis (canine IL-10 ELISA Kit) using the muscle extracts.
  • MSCs engrafted in the muscular tissue were detected by DAB staining (VECTASTAIN Elite ABC, Vector Laboratories, Inc.) using an antibody against the marker luciferase introduced in the MSCs (rabbit anti-firefly Luciferase antibody, 1/100 diluted, Abcam Plc.) and subsequent H & E staining in the same way as in Example 2.
  • DAB staining VECTASTAIN Elite ABC, Vector Laboratories, Inc.
  • an antibody against the marker luciferase introduced in the MSCs rabbit anti-firefly Luciferase antibody, 1/100 diluted, Abcam Plc.
  • H & E staining in the same way as in Example 2.
  • the localization of the transplanted cells was further observed under a microscope (Leica, DMR).
  • the tissue was immunohistologically stained using rabbit anti-firefly Luciferase antibody (1/50 diluted, Abcam Plc.) and mouse anti-dystrophin antibody (1/100 diluted, NCL-DYS3, Leica), and Alexa 594-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibodies (1/250 diluted, Life Technologies Corporation) as a secondary antibody, and enclosed in a mounting agent Vectashield Mounting Medium with DAPI (Vector Laboratories, Inc.) also serving as nucleic staining. The localization of the transplanted cells was observed under a fluorescence microscope (Olympus Corp., IX71).
  • FIG. 9 shows the image of the engraftment of vIL-10(+)MSCs in the right tibialis anterior muscle tissue, which was the transplantation site, 30 days after the transplantation.
  • the DAB-stained dark spots encircled by broken lines and indicated by arrows represent vIL-10(+)MSCs engrafted in the endomysium and the perimysium.
  • FIG. 10A is a diagram showing the positions of the 4 sites in the MSC-transplanted right and left tibialis anterior muscle tissues.
  • FIG. 10B shows the survival rate of MSCs at each site in the right and left tibialis anterior muscle tissues and an IL-10 concentration in the tissues 30 days after the transplantation.
  • the survival rates of vIL-10( ⁇ )MSCs (left tibialis anterior muscle tissue) and vIL-10(+)MSCs (right tibialis anterior muscle tissue) based on luciferase activity are shown in (a) and (b), respectively.
  • vIL-10( ⁇ )MSCs left tibialis anterior muscle tissue
  • vIL-10(+)MSCs right tibialis anterior muscle tissue
  • TA-2 MSC transplantation site
  • vIL-10(+)MSCs were shown to have a survival rate two or more times that of vIL-10( ⁇ )MSCs.
  • the transplantation of vIL-10( ⁇ )MSCs also increased the IL-10 concentration in the muscular tissue, whereas as a result of transplanting vIL-10(+)MSCs, a high concentration of IL-10 was able to be confirmed not only at the transplantation site but at neighboring sites thereof.
  • FIG. 11 shows the engraftment and myofiber formation of non-differentiation-induced MSCs.
  • FIG. 11A shows the pathologic image of MSCs in the muscular tissue.
  • FIG. 11B shows the ability of MSCs to be fused with myotube cells in vitro.
  • the transplanted vIL-10(+)MSCs as shown in FIG. 11A , were shown to be engrafted at the inflammation site (arrows encircled by broken lines).
  • the arrowheads represent newly formed myofibers.
  • the objective is to verify, in dogs, that immunological tolerance against immunogen to be introduced to recipient individual is induced by pretreatment using MSCs.
  • the immunological tolerance was induced by the following procedures: first, AAV9 was introduced as an immunogen to each recipient, and this administration date was defined as a reference date (day 0). Next, 8 days before the reference date, MSCs and the immunogen AAV9 were intravenously administered as the first step of the method for inducing immunological tolerance. For a control, only AAV9 or only MSCs were intravenously administered. Subsequently, on the day before the reference date, MSCs were intravenously administered as the second step of the method for inducing immunological tolerance. This administration was not carried out for the control. On the reference date, the immunogen AAV9 was introduced by local administration. The introduced AAV9 causes luciferase gene expression. Only an AAV9-free PBS buffer was introduced to the control. 4 weeks after the introduction, biopsy was conducted.
  • AAV9-CAG-Luc in the present specification, also referred to as “AAV9-Luc”
  • AAV9-Luc The luciferase expression AAV vector introduced and administered as an immunogen in this Example was prepared on the basis of the method described in the paragraph “1. Preparation of recombinant AAV” of Comparative Example 2.
  • the AAV9-Luc was prepared according to the method described in Ohshima S., et al., 2009, Mol Ther, 17 (1): 73-80 or Shin J. H., et al., 2011, Gene Ther, 18: 910-919.
  • the AAV9-Luc is capable of persistently expressing luciferase in a tissue that has received it.
  • introduction to the tibialis anterior muscle was carried out using a syringe such that AAV9-Luc was locally administered at 1 ⁇ 10 12 v.g. (solution volume: 2 mL) per site to two sites in the individual MSCs+AAV or Cont ⁇ AAV, and 2 mL of a PBS buffer alone was locally administered to each of two sites in the individual Cont ⁇ MSCs. 4 weeks after the reference date, the tibialis anterior muscle was biopsied at the introduction sites.
  • the tissue was immunohistologically stained using an antibody against luciferase (rabbit anti-firefly Luciferase antibody, 1:2000 diluted, Abcam Plc.) and Alexa 594-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibodies (1:1000 diluted, Life Technologies Corporation) as a secondary antibody.
  • luciferase rabbit anti-firefly Luciferase antibody, 1:2000 diluted, Abcam Plc.
  • Alexa 594-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibodies (1:1000 diluted, Life Technologies Corporation
  • FIG. 12A shows the results about Cont ⁇ AAV.
  • FIG. 12B shows the results about MSCs+AAV.
  • FIG. 12C shows the results about Cont ⁇ MSCs.
  • the expression of the marker gene of luciferase derived from the immunogen AAV9 was observed ( FIG. 12B ).
  • the Cont ⁇ AAV pretreated with only AAV9 without the immunological tolerance induction treatment with MSCs the expression of luciferase was not seen ( FIG. 12A ).
  • the Cont ⁇ MSCs that underwent neither administration nor introduction of AAV9-Luc the expression of luciferase was not seen ( FIG. 12C ).
  • the objective is to verify that in the introduction of an immunogen according to the method for inducing acquired immunological tolerance of the present invention, even intravenous introduction produces effects similar to those of local introduction.
  • Example 4 The basic procedures followed the procedures of Example 4. In this Example, AAV9-Luc or AAV- ⁇ Dys was introduced as an immunogen.
  • Human-derived bone marrow-derived cells (JCR Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.) were purchased and then expanded by culture for use.
  • the AAV9- ⁇ Dys to be introduced and administered was prepared on the basis of the method described in the paragraph “1. Preparation of recombinant AAV” of Comparative Example 2.
  • microdystrophin expression AAV vector (AAV9-CMV- ⁇ Dys; in the present specification, also referred to as “AAV9- ⁇ Dys”) was prepared according to the AAV9-Luc preparation method described in the paragraph 3 of Example 4.
  • Microdystrophin is a truncated form of the dystrophin gene developed so as to permit integration into an AAV vector, and has the same functions as those of the dystrophin gene.
  • the AAV9- ⁇ Dys is capable of persistently expressing microdystrophin in a tissue that has received it.
  • the CXMD J is a hybrid that has been bred and maintained by crossing the sperm of a golden retriever spontaneous Duchenne dystrophy-affected dog (GRMD) imported from abroad with a beagle in the National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (Japan) (Shimatsu Y. et al., 2005, Acta Myol vol. 24 (2): 145-54; Yugeta N. et al., 2006, BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 6: 47; and Kobayashi M et al., 2009, Muscle Nerve, 40 (5): 815-26).
  • GRMD golden retriever spontaneous Duchenne dystrophy-affected dog
  • the tissue was immunohistologically stained using an antibody against luciferase (rabbit anti-firefly Luciferase antibody, 1:2000 diluted, Abcam Plc.) and an antibody against dystrophin (mouse anti-dystrophin antibody, 1:50 diluted, NCL-DYS3, Leica), and Alexa 594-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibodies (1:1000 diluted, Life Technologies Corporation) as a secondary antibody, and enclosed in a mounting agent Vectashield Mounting Medium with DAPI (Vector Laboratories, Inc.) also serving as nucleic staining.
  • luciferase or microdystrophin was observed under a fluorescence microscope (Olympus Corp., IX71).
  • FIG. 13 The results are shown in FIG. 13 .
  • FIG. 13A shows the results about Cont ⁇ AAV.
  • FIG. 13B shows the results about MSCs+AAV-Luc.
  • FIG. 13C shows the results about DMD/MSCs+AAV- ⁇ Dys.
  • the expression of luciferase was observed ( FIG. 13B ), as in Example 4.
  • the Cont ⁇ AAV pretreated with only AAV9 without the immunological tolerance induction treatment with MSCs the expression of luciferase was not seen ( FIG. 13A ).
  • the objective is to verify the effect of gene therapy on an AAV9- ⁇ Dys-introduced individual using the method for inducing acquired immunological tolerance of the present invention.
  • a 15-meter running test was conducted using each dog, and its running time was measured.
  • DMD only one measurement was carried out for 5 individuals at each weekly age.
  • Normal and DMD/MSCs+AAV- ⁇ Dys 4 measurements were carried out per individual, and an average time thereof was calculated.
  • the pathological evaluation of muscular dystrophy followed the Grading Score (ver. 10) used in the National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (Japan).
  • this Grading Score regarding muscular dystrophy-related pathological conditions of 14 items [eating/swallowing, drinking, salivation, dysphagia, abnormal phonation, test of getting up from a lying position, playfulness, gait, hindlimb gaiting test, seated posture, temporal muscle atrophy, sublingual swelling, macroglossia, and thigh muscle], appropriate statuses were selected from those specified in each item, and scores assigned in advance to the statuses were summed up for scoring. A larger score means more severe symptoms.
  • the pathological evaluation was conducted once a month.
  • the gene therapy-untreated muscular dystrophy-affected dogs had a slower running time than that of the normal individuals (Normal) at every weekly age, showing motor dysfunction.
  • the muscular dystrophy-treated affected dogs subjected to the immunological tolerance induction treatment and given AAV9- ⁇ Dys using the method for inducing acquired immunological tolerance of the present invention had a running time closer to that of the normal individuals, as compared with the running time of DMD. This effect was also maintained even 17 weeks after the introduction of AAV9- ⁇ Dys.
  • FIG. 15 The results of the pathological evaluation of muscular dystrophy are shown in FIG. 15 .
  • the symptoms of the gene therapy-untreated muscular dystrophy-affected dogs (DMD1 and DMD2) progressed and became more severe with increases in monthly age.
  • the symptoms of the muscular dystrophy-treated affected dogs (DMD/MSCs+AAV- ⁇ Dys) given AAV9- ⁇ Dys using the method for inducing acquired immunological tolerance of the present invention progressed very slowly even with increases in monthly age, as compared with DMD.

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