US20150315114A1 - Methods of Synthesizing a Prostacyclin Analog - Google Patents

Methods of Synthesizing a Prostacyclin Analog Download PDF

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US20150315114A1
US20150315114A1 US14/650,234 US201314650234A US2015315114A1 US 20150315114 A1 US20150315114 A1 US 20150315114A1 US 201314650234 A US201314650234 A US 201314650234A US 2015315114 A1 US2015315114 A1 US 2015315114A1
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compound
formula
generate
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organic solvent
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Kirk Willam HERING
Gilles Chambournier
Gregory William Endres
Victor Fedij
II Thomas James KRELL
Hussein Mahmoud MAHMOUD
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Cayman Chemical Co Inc
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Assigned to CAYMAN CHEMICAL COMPANY INCORPORATED reassignment CAYMAN CHEMICAL COMPANY INCORPORATED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MAHMOUD, Hussein Mahmoud, CHAMBOURNIER, GILLES, ENDRES, GREGORY WILLIAM, FEDIJ, VICTOR, HERING, Kirk William, KRELL, Thomas James, II
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
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    • C07C205/00—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton
    • C07C205/49—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by carboxyl groups
    • C07C205/57—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by carboxyl groups having nitro groups and carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton
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    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C41/00—Preparation of ethers; Preparation of compounds having groups, groups or groups
    • C07C41/01—Preparation of ethers
    • C07C41/18—Preparation of ethers by reactions not forming ether-oxygen bonds
    • C07C41/26—Preparation of ethers by reactions not forming ether-oxygen bonds by introduction of hydroxy or O-metal groups
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
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    • C07C41/01—Preparation of ethers
    • C07C41/34—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
    • C07C45/27—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by oxidation
    • C07C45/29—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by oxidation of hydroxy groups
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    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
    • C07C51/347—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reactions not involving formation of carboxyl groups
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
    • C07C51/41—Preparation of salts of carboxylic acids
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D301/00—Preparation of oxiranes
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D301/00—Preparation of oxiranes
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D303/00—Compounds containing three-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D303/02—Compounds containing oxirane rings
    • C07D303/12—Compounds containing oxirane rings with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by singly or doubly bound oxygen atoms
    • C07D303/14—Compounds containing oxirane rings with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by singly or doubly bound oxygen atoms by free hydroxyl radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D303/00—Compounds containing three-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D303/02—Compounds containing oxirane rings
    • C07D303/12—Compounds containing oxirane rings with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by singly or doubly bound oxygen atoms
    • C07D303/16—Compounds containing oxirane rings with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by singly or doubly bound oxygen atoms by esterified hydroxyl radicals
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    • C07D317/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D317/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3
    • C07D317/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings
    • C07D317/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D317/18—Radicals substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms
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    • C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
    • C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
    • C07F7/18—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages as well as one or more C—O—Si linkages
    • C07F7/1804—Compounds having Si-O-C linkages
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    • C07C2603/04—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing three rings
    • C07C2603/06—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing three rings containing at least one ring with less than six ring members
    • C07C2603/10—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing three rings containing at least one ring with less than six ring members containing five-membered rings
    • C07C2603/12—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing three rings containing at least one ring with less than six ring members containing five-membered rings only one five-membered ring
    • C07C2603/14—Benz[f]indenes; Hydrogenated benz[f]indenes

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to processes and intermediates for the preparation of prostacyclin analog that are useful for treating hypertension and other diseases.
  • Prostacyclin derivatives and analogs are useful pharmaceutical compounds possessing activities such as platelet aggregation inhibition, gastric secretion reduction, lesion inhibition, vasodilation, and bronchodilation.
  • Treprostinil is a synthetic prostacyclin derivative currently marketed as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) for its ability to inhibit pulmonary arterial hypertension under the trade name Remodulin®. Treprostinil was first described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,306,075.
  • Prostacyclin derivatives are traditionally synthesized using a variety of methods that are described in J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 1890-1902 , Drug of the Future, 2001, 26(4), 364-374, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,306,075; 6,441,245; 6,528,688; 6,700,025; 6,765,117; 6,809,223 and U.S. patent application publication nos. 2009/0163738, 2011/0319641 A1, as well as Canadian patent application publication no. 2710726 A1. The entire teachings of these documents are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Also disclosed in these publications are processes and intermediates useful for the preparation of Treprostinil.
  • the present invention provides processes for preparing a prostacyclin analogue of Formula IA:
  • R 10 is a linear or branched C 1-6 alkyl.
  • the processes of the present invention comprise steps that generate improved yields and fewer byproducts than traditional methods.
  • the processes of the present invention employ reagents (e.g., the oxidizing reagent) that are less toxic that those used in the traditional methods (e.g., oxalyl chloride).
  • reagents e.g., the oxidizing reagent
  • Many of the processes of the present invention do not require additional chromatography for purification of intermediates and generate intermediates with improved e.e. and chemical purity.
  • the processes of the present invention are scalable to generate commercial quantities of the final compound.
  • One aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl and the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2 or Dess-Martin periodinane; ii) reacting the compound of Formula 10 with a compound of Formula 5 in the presence of a base and an organic solvent to generate a compound of Formula 11, wherein each R 2 is independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl; and
  • the organic solvent of step i) comprises a halogenated organic solvent.
  • the organic solvent of step i) comprises dichloromethane, chloroform, or any combination thereof.
  • the base of step ii) comprises an alkyllithium reagent.
  • the base of step ii) comprises sec-butyllithium.
  • the organic solvent of step ii) comprises pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, diethyl ether, petro ether, methyl-tert-butylether, or any combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent of step ii) comprises methyl-tert-butylether.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: iv) refluxing the compound of Formula 1a in the presence of methanol to generate a compound of Formula 1 having an e.e. of greater than about 98%;
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl, each R 2 is independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl, and the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2 ; and ix) converting the compound of Formula 12 to the compound of Formula I.
  • each of the —OSi(R 2 ) 3 groups in the compounds of Formulae 11 and 12 is independently selected from
  • the organic solvent of step viii) comprises a halogenated organic solvent.
  • the halogenated organic solvent of step viii) comprises dichloromethane, chloroform, or any combination thereof.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: i) reacting a compound of Formula 9 with an oxidizing agent in the presence of an organic solvent to generate a compound of Formula 10
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl and the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2 or Dess-Martin periodinane; and ii) reacting the compound of Formula 10 with a compound of Formula 5
  • the base of step ii) comprises an alkyllithium reagent.
  • the alkyllithium reagent of step ii) comprises sec-butyllithium.
  • the organic solvent of step ii) comprises pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, diethyl ether, petro ether, methyl-tert-butylether, or any combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent of step ii) comprises methyl-tert-butylether.
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • organic solvent comprises THF
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • each R 2 is independently C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl
  • the reducing agent of step x) comprises a chiral borane compound.
  • the chiral borane compound is selected from (R)-1-methyl-3,3-diphenylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole, (R)-3,3-diphenylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole, (R)-1-butyl-3,3-diphenylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole, (R)-tetrahydro-1,3,3-triphenyl-1H,3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxaborole, (4S)-2-methyl-4,5,5-triphenyl-1,3,2-oxazaborolidine, or any combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent of step x) further comprises toluene.
  • Some methods further comprise the step of: viii) reacting a compound of Formula 11 with an oxidizing agent to generate the compound of Formula 12, wherein the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: i) reacting a compound of Formula 9 with an oxidizing agent to generate a compound of Formula 10; and
  • the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2 or Dess-Martin periodinane.
  • the base of step ii) comprises an alkyllithium reagent.
  • the alkyllithium reagent of step ii) comprises sec-butyllithium.
  • the organic solvent of step ii) comprises pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, diethyl ether, petro ether, methyl-tert-butylether, or any combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent of step ii) comprises methyl-tert-butylether.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: iv) refluxing the compound of Formula 1a in the presence of methanol to generate a compound of Formula 1 having an e.e. of greater than about 98%;
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • an organic solvent e.g., an alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, or any combination thereof), an optionally substituted THF (e.g., 2-methyl-THF or THF), EtOAc, or any combination thereof
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl and each R 2 is independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl; and xiii) converting the compound of Formula 16 to the compound of Formula I.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: x) reacting a compound of Formula 12 with a reducing agent in the presence of an organic solvent to generate a compound of Formula 13
  • organic solvent comprises THF; and xiv) converting the compound of Formula 13 to the compound of Formula 15.
  • the reducing agent of step x) comprises a chiral borane compound.
  • the chiral borane compound is selected from (R)-1-methyl-3,3-diphenylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole, (R)-3,3-diphenylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole, (R)-1-butyl-3,3-diphenylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole, (R)-tetrahydro-1,3,3-triphenyl-1H,3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxaborole, (4S)-2-methyl-4,5,5-triphenyl-1,3,2-oxazaborolidine, or any combination thereof.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: viii) reacting a compound of Formula 11 with an oxidizing agent to generate the compound of Formula 12, wherein the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: i) reacting a compound of Formula 9 with an oxidizing agent to generate a compound of Formula 10; and
  • the oxidizing agent of step i) comprises MnO 2 or Dess-Martin periodinane.
  • the base of step ii) comprises an alkyllithium reagent.
  • the alkyllithium reagent of step ii) comprises sec-butyllithium.
  • the organic solvent of step ii) comprises pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, diethyl ether, petro ether, methyl-tert-butylether, or any combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent of step ii) comprises methyl-tert-butylether.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: iv) refluxing the compound of Formula 1a in the presence of methanol to generate a compound of Formula 1 having an e.e. of greater than about 98%;
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl; and xvi) converting the compound of Formula 22 to the compound of Formula I.
  • the transition metal catalyst of step xv) comprises a compound or complex either of which comprises Cu having a +1 oxidation state.
  • the transition metal catalyst of step xv) comprises CuX, wherein X is selected from halogen, acetate, benzoate, cyanide, hydroxide, nitrate, or any combination thereof.
  • the transition metal catalyst of step xv) comprises CuI.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: xvii) reacting a compound of Formula 19 with R 4 -substituted benzenesulfonyl chloride under basic conditions to generate a compound of Formula 20, wherein each R 4 is independently selected from —H or C 1-3 alkyl; and
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: xix) reacting a compound of Formula 16 with a reducing agent to generate a compound of Formula 17;
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: xii) hydrogenating a compound of Formula 15
  • an organic solvent e.g., an alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, or any combination thereof), an optionally substituted THF (e.g., 2-methyl-THF or THF), EtOAc, or any combination thereof) to generate the compound of Formula 16.
  • an organic solvent e.g., an alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, or any combination thereof), an optionally substituted THF (e.g., 2-methyl-THF or THF), EtOAc, or any combination thereof
  • the hydrogenation of the compound of Formula 15 also occurs in the presence of a base (e.g., potassium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate).
  • a base e.g., potassium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: x) reacting a compound of Formula 12 with a reducing agent to generate a compound of Formula 13;
  • the reducing agent of step x) comprises a chiral borane compound.
  • the chiral borane compound is selected from (R)-1-methyl-3,3-diphenylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole, (R)-3,3-diphenylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole, (R)-1-butyl-3,3-diphenylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole, (R)-tetrahydro-1,3,3-triphenyl-1H,3H-pyrrolo[ 1,2-c][1,3,2]oxaborole, (4S)-2-methyl-4,5,5-triphenyl-1,3,2-oxazaborolidine, or any combination thereof.
  • Some methods further comprise the step of: viii) reacting a compound of Formula 11
  • the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2 .
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: i) reacting a compound of Formula 9 with an oxidizing agent to generate a compound of Formula 10; and
  • the oxidizing agent of step i) comprises MnO 2 or Dess-Martin periodinane.
  • the base of step ii) comprises an alkyllithium reagent.
  • the alkyllithium reagent of step ii) comprises sec-butyllithium.
  • the organic solvent of step ii) comprises pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, diethyl ether, petro ether, methyl-tert-butylether, or any combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent of step ii) comprises methyl-tert-butylether.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: iv) refluxing the compound of Formula 1a in the presence of methanol to generate a compound of Formula 1 having greater than about 99% e.e.,
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: xxii) reacting a compound of Formula 7 with a 3-haloprop-1-ene in the presence of a base and an organic solvent to generate a compound of Formula 8; and
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • step xxiv) converting the compound of Formula 9 to the compound of Formula I, wherein the base of step xxii) comprises sec-butyl lithium.
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl and the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2 or Dess-Martin periodinane; ii) reacting the compound of Formula 10 with a compound of Formula 5a in the presence of a base and an organic solvent to generate a compound of Formula 11a; and
  • the organic solvent of step i) comprises a halogenated organic solvent.
  • the organic solvent of step i) comprises dichloromethane, chloroform, or any combination thereof.
  • the base of step ii) comprises an alkyllithium reagent.
  • the base of step ii) comprises sec-butyllithium.
  • the organic solvent of step ii) comprises pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, diethyl ether, petro ether, methyl-tert-butylether, or any combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent of step ii) comprises methyl-tert-butylether.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: iv) refluxing the compound of Formula 1a in the presence of methanol to generate a compound of Formula 1 having an e.e. of greater than about 98%;
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl and the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2 ; and ix) converting the compound of Formula 12a to the compound of Formula I.
  • the organic solvent of step viii) comprises a halogenated organic solvent.
  • the halogenated organic solvent of step viii) comprises dichloromethane, chloroform, or any combination thereof.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: i) reacting a compound of Formula 9 with an oxidizing agent in the presence of an organic solvent to generate a compound of Formula 10
  • the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2 or Dess-Martin periodinane; and ii) reacting the compound of Formula 10 with a compound of Formula 5a
  • the organic solvent of step i) comprises a halogenated organic solvent.
  • the organic solvent of step i) comprises dichloromethane, chloroform, or any combination thereof.
  • the base of step ii) comprises an alkyllithium reagent.
  • the base of step ii) comprises sec-butyllithium.
  • the organic solvent of step ii) comprises pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, diethyl ether, petro ether, methyl-tert-butylether, or any combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent of step ii) comprises methyl-tert-butylether.
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • organic solvent comprises THF
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • each R 2 is independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl
  • the reducing agent of step x) comprises a chiral borane compound.
  • the chiral borane compound is selected from (R)-1-methyl-3,3-diphenylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole, (R)-3,3-diphenylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole, (R)-1-butyl-3,3-diphenylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole, (R)-tetrahydro-1,3,3-triphenyl-1H,3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxaborole, (4S)-2-methyl-4,5,5-triphenyl-1,3,2-oxazaborolidine, or any combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent of step x) comprises THF.
  • the organic solvent of step x) further comprises toluene.
  • Some methods further comprise the step of: viii) reacting a compound of Formula 11a with an oxidizing agent to generate the compound of Formula 12a, wherein the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: i) reacting a compound of Formula 9 with an oxidizing agent to generate a compound of Formula 10; and
  • the oxidizing agent of step i) comprises MnO 2 or Dess-Martin periodinane.
  • the base of step ii) comprises an alkyllithium reagent.
  • the alkyllithium reagent of step ii) comprises sec-butyllithium.
  • the organic solvent of step ii) comprises pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, diethyl ether, petro ether, methyl-tert-butylether, or any combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent of step ii) comprises methyl-tert-butylether.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: iv) refluxing the compound of Formula 1a in the presence of methanol to generate a compound of Formula 1 having an e.e. of greater than about 98%;
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • an organic solvent e.g., an alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, or any combination thereof), an optionally substituted THF (e.g., 2-methyl-THF or THF), EtOAc, or any combination thereof
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl; and xiii) converting the compound of Formula 16a to the compound of Formula I.
  • the hydrogenation of the compound of Formula 15a also occurs in the presence of a base (e.g., potassium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate).
  • a base e.g., potassium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: x) reacting a compound of Formula 12a with a reducing agent in the presence of an organic solvent to generate a compound of Formula 13a
  • organic solvent comprises THF; and xiv) converting the compound of Formula 13a to the compound of Formula 15a.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: viii) reacting a compound of Formula 11a with an oxidizing agent to generate the compound of Formula 12a, wherein the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: i) reacting a compound of Formula 9 with an oxidizing agent to generate a compound of Formula 10; and
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: iv) refluxing the compound of Formula 1a in the presence of methanol to generate a compound of Formula 1 having an e.e. of greater than about 98%;
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl; and xvi) converting the compound of Formula 22a to the compound of Formula I.
  • the transition metal catalyst of step xv) comprises a compound or complex either of which comprises Cu having a +1 oxidation state.
  • the transition metal catalyst of step xv) comprises CuX, wherein X is selected from halogen, acetate, benzoate, cyanide, hydroxide, nitrate, or any combination thereof.
  • the transition metal catalyst of step xv) comprises CuI.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: xvii) reacting a compound of Formula 19a with triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride under basic conditions to generate a compound of Formula 20a; and
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: xix) reacting a compound of Formula 16a with a reducing agent to generate a compound of Formula 17a;
  • Some methods further comprise the step of: xii) hydrogenating a compound of Formula 15a
  • an organic solvent e.g., an alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, or any combination thereof), an optionally substituted THF (e.g., 2-methyl-THF or THF), EtOAc, or any combination thereof) to generate the compound of Formula 16a.
  • an organic solvent e.g., an alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, or any combination thereof), an optionally substituted THF (e.g., 2-methyl-THF or THF), EtOAc, or any combination thereof
  • the organic solvent of step xii) is anhydrous (e.g., anhydrous methanol or anhydrous THF).
  • the hydrogenation of the compound of Formula 15a occurs in the presence of a base (e.g., potassium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate).
  • a base e.g., potassium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: x) reacting a compound of Formula 12a with a reducing agent to generate a compound of Formula 13a;
  • Some methods further comprise the step of: viii) reacting a compound of Formula 11a
  • the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2 .
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: i) reacting a compound of Formula 9 with an oxidizing agent to generate a compound of Formula 10; and
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: iv) refluxing the compound of Formula 1a in the presence of methanol to generate a compound of Formula 1 having an e.e. of greater than about 98%;
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: xxii) reacting a compound of Formula 7a with a 3-haloprop-1-ene in the presence of a base and an organic solvent to generate a compound of Formula 8a; and
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • xii) hydrogenating a compound of Formula in the presence of an organic solvent (e.g., an alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, or any combination thereof), an optionally substituted THF (e.g., 2-methyl-THF or THF), EtOAc, or any combination thereof) to generate the compound of Formula 16a;
  • an organic solvent e.g., an alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, or any combination thereof), an optionally substituted THF (e.g., 2-methyl-THF or THF), EtOAc, or any combination thereof
  • Some methods further comprise the step of: xxiv) reacting the compound of Formula I with diethanolamine in the presence of an organic solvent to generate the diethanolamine salt of the compound of Formula I.
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a compound of Formula 21
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl and each R 3 is independently C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl.
  • R 1 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, or tert-butyl.
  • the —OSi(R 3 ) 3 group is selected from
  • R 1 is methyl and the —OSi(R 3 ) 3 group is
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a compound of Formula 1a
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of purifying a compound of Formula 1
  • xxx comprising the steps of xxx) reacting a compound of Formula 1 with a derivatizing reagent to generate a precipitate that is substantially insoluble in dichloromethane or mixtures thereof (e.g., a mixture of dichloromethane and an alkane (e.g., heptane)); xxxi) collecting the precipitate and refluxing the precipitate in a solvent comprising an alcohol to generate the compound of Formula 1 having a chemical purity of about 98% or greater and an e.e. of about 98% or greater; wherein the method excludes the use of any column chromatography.
  • a derivatizing reagent to generate a precipitate that is substantially insoluble in dichloromethane or mixtures thereof (e.g., a mixture of dichloromethane and an alkane (e.g., heptane)
  • xxxi) collecting the precipitate and refluxing the precipitate in a solvent comprising an alcohol to generate the compound of Formula 1 having a chemical
  • the derivitizing reagent comprises 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride and the alcohol comprises methanol.
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of purifying a compound of Formula 9
  • Some methods further comprise the step of: xlii) recrystallizing the precipitate of step xli).
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula 5
  • each of R 2 is independently selected from a C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl, comprising the steps of: iv) refluxing the compound of Formula 1a in the presence of methanol to generate a compound of Formula 1 having an e.e. of greater than about 98%;
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula 13
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl and each R 2 is independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl, comprising the step of: x) reacting a compound of Formula 12 with (R)-1-methyl-3,3-diphenylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole in the presence of an organic solvent comprising THF and toluene to generate a compound of Formula 13
  • the compound of Formula 13 has a chemical purity of about 97% or greater and a d.e. of about 97% or greater.
  • the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • the present invention also provides novel intermediates that are useful for the synthesis of the compound of Formula I.
  • Treprostinil refers to (1R,2R,3aS,9aS)-[[2,3,3a,4,9,9a-hexahydro-2-hydroxy-1-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]-1H-benz[f]inden-5-yl]oxy]acetic acid having the chemical structure, illustrated below, of the compound of Formula I
  • Treprostinil is a synthetic analog of prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) that is indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension and other diseases in patients.
  • Treprostinil is formulated into a variety of dosage forms including forms suited for i.v. infusion and inhalation.
  • compounds of the invention may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents, such as are illustrated generally above, or as exemplified by particular classes, subclasses, and species of the invention.
  • hydroxyl or “hydroxy” refers to an —OH moiety.
  • aliphatic encompasses the terms alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, each of which being optionally substituted as set forth below.
  • an “alkyl” group refers to a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing 1-12 (e.g., 1-8, 1-6, or 1-4) carbon atoms.
  • An alkyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-heptyl, or 2-ethylhexyl.
  • An alkyl group can be substituted (i.e., optionally substituted) with one or more substituents such as halo, phospho, cycloaliphatic [e.g., cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl], heterocycloaliphatic [e.g., heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl], aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, acyl [e.g., (aliphatic)carbonyl, (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl, or (heterocycloaliphatic)carbonyl], nitro, cyano, amido [e.g., (cycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, (heterocycloalkyl)carbonylamino, (heterocycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaral
  • substituted alkyls include carboxyalkyl (such as HOOC-alkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, and alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl), cyanoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, acylalkyl, aralkyl, (alkoxyaryl)alkyl, (sulfonylamino)alkyl (such as (alkyl-SO 2 -amino)alkyl), aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, (cycloaliphatic)alkyl, or haloalkyl.
  • carboxyalkyl such as HOOC-alkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, and alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl
  • cyanoalkyl hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, acylalkyl, aralkyl, (alkoxyaryl)alkyl, (sulfonylamino)alkyl (such as (alky
  • an “alkenyl” group refers to an aliphatic carbon group that contains 2-8 (e.g., 2-12, 2-6, or 2-4) carbon atoms and at least one double bond. Like an alkyl group, an alkenyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of an alkenyl group include, but are not limited to allyl, 1- or 2-isopropenyl, 2-butenyl, and 2-hexenyl.
  • An alkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as halo, phospho, cycloaliphatic [e.g., cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl], heterocycloaliphatic [e.g., heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl], aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, acyl [e.g., (aliphatic)carbonyl, (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl, or (heterocycloaliphatic)carbonyl], nitro, cyano, amido [e.g., (cycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, (heterocycloalkyl)carbonylamino, (heterocycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino al
  • substituted alkenyls include cyanoalkenyl, alkoxyalkenyl, acylalkenyl, hydroxyalkenyl, aralkenyl, (alkoxyaryl)alkenyl, (sulfonylamino)alkenyl (such as (alkyl-SO 2 -amino)alkenyl), aminoalkenyl, amidoalkenyl, (cycloaliphatic)alkenyl, or haloalkenyl.
  • an “alkynyl” group refers to an aliphatic carbon group that contains 2-8 (e.g., 2-12, 2-6, or 2-4) carbon atoms and has at least one triple bond.
  • An alkynyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of an alkynyl group include, but are not limited to, propargyl and butynyl.
  • An alkynyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as aroyl, heteroaroyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, halo, hydroxy, sulfo, mercapto, sulfanyl [e.g., aliphaticsulfanyl or cycloaliphaticsulfanyl], sulfinyl [e.g., aliphaticsulfinyl or cycloaliphaticsulfinyl], sulfonyl [e.g., aliphatic-SO 2 —, aliphaticamino-SO 2 —, or cycloaliphatic-SO 2 -], amido [e.g., aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylaminocarbonyl
  • an “amido” encompasses both “aminocarbonyl” and “carbonylamino”. These terms when used alone or in connection with another group refer to an amido group such as —N(R X )—C(O)—R Y or —C(O)—N(R X ) 2 , when used terminally, and —C(O)—N(R X )— or —N(R X )—C(O)— when used internally, wherein R X and R Y can be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aryl, araliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, heteroaryl or heteroaraliphatic.
  • amido groups include alkylamido (such as alkylcarbonylamino or alkylaminocarbonyl), (heterocycloaliphatic)amido, (heteroaralkyl)amido, (heteroaryl)amido, (heterocycloalkyl)alkylamido, arylamido, aralkylamido, (cycloalkyl)alkylamido, or cycloalkylamido.
  • alkylamido such as alkylcarbonylamino or alkylaminocarbonyl
  • heterocycloaliphatic such as alkylcarbonylamino or alkylaminocarbonyl
  • heteroaryl heteroaryl
  • an “amino” group refers to —NR X R Y wherein each of R X and R Y is independently hydrogen, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, (cycloaliphatic)aliphatic, aryl, araliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, (heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic, heteroaryl, carboxy, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, (aliphatic)carbonyl, (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl, ((cycloaliphatic)aliphatic)carbonyl, arylcarbonyl, (araliphatic)carbonyl, (heterocycloaliphatic)carbonyl, ((heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic)carbonyl, (heteroaryl)carbonyl, or (heteroaraliphatic)carbonyl, each of which being defined herein and being optionally substituted.
  • amino groups examples include alkylamino, dialkylamino, or arylamino.
  • amino is not the terminal group (e.g., alkylcarbonylamino), it is represented by —NR X —, where R X has the same meaning as defined above.
  • an “aryl” group used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “aralkyl”, “aralkoxy”, or “aryloxyalkyl” refers to monocyclic (e.g., phenyl); bicyclic (e.g., indenyl, naphthalenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, tetrahydroindenyl); and tricyclic (e.g., fluorenyl tetrahydrofluorenyl, or tetrahydroanthracenyl, anthracenyl) ring systems in which the monocyclic ring system is aromatic or at least one of the rings in a bicyclic or tricyclic ring system is aromatic.
  • the bicyclic and tricyclic groups include benzofused 2-3 membered carbocyclic rings.
  • a benzofused group includes phenyl fused with two or more C 4-8 carbocyclic moieties.
  • An aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents including aliphatic [e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl]; cycloaliphatic; (cycloaliphatic)aliphatic; heterocycloaliphatic; (heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic; aryl; heteroaryl; alkoxy; (cycloaliphatic)oxy; (heterocycloaliphatic)oxy; aryloxy; heteroaryloxy; (araliphatic)oxy; (heteroaraliphatic)oxy; aroyl; heteroaroyl; amino; oxo (on a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring of a benzofused bicyclic or tricyclic aryl); nitro; carb
  • Non-limiting examples of substituted aryls include haloaryl [e.g., mono-, di (such as p,m-dihaloaryl), and (trihalo)aryl]; (carboxy)aryl [e.g., (alkoxycarbonyl)aryl, ((aralkyl)carbonyloxy)aryl, and (alkoxycarbonyl)aryl]; (amido)aryl [e.g., (aminocarbonyl)aryl, (((alkylamino)alkyl)aminocarbonyl)aryl, (alkylcarbonyl)aminoaryl, (arylaminocarbonyl)aryl, and (((heteroaryl)amino)carbonyl)aryl]; aminoaryl [e.g., ((alkylsulfonyl)amino)aryl or ((dialkyl)amino)aryl]; (cyanoalkyl)aryl; (alk
  • an “araliphatic” such as an “aralkyl” group refers to an aliphatic group (e.g., a C 1-4 alkyl group) that is substituted with an aryl group. “Aliphatic,” “alkyl,” and “aryl” are defined herein. An example of an araliphatic such as an aralkyl group is benzyl.
  • an “aralkyl” group refers to an alkyl group (e.g., a C 1-4 alkyl group) that is substituted with an aryl group. Both “alkyl” and “aryl” have been defined above. An example of an aralkyl group is benzyl.
  • An aralkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as aliphatic [e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, including carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or haloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl], cycloaliphatic [e.g., cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl], (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, amido [e.g., aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, (cycloal
  • a “bicyclic ring system” includes 6-12 (e.g., 8-12 or 9, 10, or 11) membered structures that form two rings, wherein the two rings have at least one atom in common (e.g., 2 atoms in common).
  • Bicyclic ring systems include bicycloaliphatics (e.g., bicycloalkyl or bicycloalkenyl), bicycloheteroaliphatics, bicyclic aryls, and bicyclic heteroaryls.
  • cycloaliphatic encompasses a “cycloalkyl” group and a “cycloalkenyl” group, each of which being optionally substituted as set forth below.
  • a “cycloalkyl” group refers to a saturated carbocyclic mono- or bicyclic (fused or bridged) ring of 3-10 (e.g., 5-10) carbon atoms.
  • Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyl, norbornyl, cubyl, octahydro-indenyl, decahydro-naphthyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl, bicyclo[3.3.2.]decyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, adamantyl, or ((aminocarbonyl)cycloalkyl)cycloalkyl.
  • a “cycloalkenyl” group refers to a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring of 3-10 (e.g., 4-8) carbon atoms having one or more double bonds.
  • Examples of cycloalkenyl groups include cyclopentenyl, 1,4-cyclohexa-di-enyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, hexahydro-indenyl, octahydro-naphthyl, cyclohexenyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octenyl, or bicyclo[3.3.1]nonenyl.
  • a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as phospho, aliphatic [e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl], cycloaliphatic, (cycloaliphatic) aliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, (heterocycloaliphatic) aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, (cycloaliphatic)oxy, (heterocycloaliphatic)oxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, (araliphatic)oxy, (heteroaraliphatic)oxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, amino, amido [e.g., (aliphatic)carbonylamino, (cycloaliphatic)carbonylamino, ((cycloaliphatic)aliphatic)carbonylamino, (aryl)carbonylamino, (araliphatic)carbonylamino, (heterocycloalipha
  • heterocycloaliphatic encompasses heterocycloalkyl groups and heterocycloalkenyl groups, each of which being optionally substituted as set forth below.
  • heterocycloalkyl refers to a 3-10 membered mono- or bicylic (fused or bridged) (e.g., 5- to 10-membered mono- or bicyclic) saturated ring structure, in which one or more of the ring atoms is a heteroatom (e.g., N, O, S, or combinations thereof).
  • heterocycloalkyl group examples include piperidyl, piperazyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrofuryl, 1,4-dioxolanyl, 1,4-dithianyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, oxazolidyl, isoxazolidyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholyl, octahydrobenzofuryl, octahydrochromenyl, octahydrothiochromenyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydropyrindinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, octahydrobenzo[b]thiopheneyl, 2-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, 1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, 3-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, and 2,6-dioxa
  • heterocycloalkenyl group refers to a mono- or bicylic (e.g., 5- to 10-membered mono- or bicyclic) non-aromatic ring structure having one or more double bonds, and wherein one or more of the ring atoms is a heteroatom (e.g., N, O, or S).
  • monocyclic and bicyclic heterocycloaliphatics are numbered according to standard chemical nomenclature.
  • a heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as phospho, aliphatic [e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl], cycloaliphatic, (cycloaliphatic)aliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, (heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, (cycloaliphatic)oxy, (heterocycloaliphatic)oxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, (araliphatic)oxy, (heteroaraliphatic)oxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, amino, amido [e.g., (aliphatic)carbonylamino, (cycloaliphatic)carbonylamino, ((cycloaliphatic) aliphatic)carbonylamino, (aryl)carbonylamino, (araliphatic)carbonylamino, (heterocycloaliphatic
  • heteroaryl group refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic ring system having 4 to 15 ring atoms wherein one or more of the ring atoms is a heteroatom (e.g., N, O, S, or combinations thereof) and in which the monocyclic ring system is aromatic or at least one of the rings in the bicyclic or tricyclic ring systems is aromatic.
  • a heteroaryl group includes a benzofused ring system having 2 to 3 rings.
  • a benzofused group includes benzo fused with one or two 4 to 8 membered heterocycloaliphatic moieties (e.g., indolizyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl, benzo[b]furyl, benzo[b]thiophene-yl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl).
  • heterocycloaliphatic moieties e.g., indolizyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl, benzo[b]furyl, benzo[b]thiophene-yl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl.
  • heteroaryl examples include azetidinyl, pyridyl, 1H-indazolyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzofuryl, isoquinolinyl, benzthiazolyl, xanthene, thioxanthene, phenothiazine, dihydroindole, benzo[1,3]dioxole, benzo[b]furyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, puryl, cinnolyl, quinolyl, quinazolyl, cinnolyl, phthalazyl, quinazolyl, quinoxalyl, isoquinolyl, 4H-quinolizyl, benzo-1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, or
  • monocyclic heteroaryls include furyl, thiophene-yl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4-H-pranyl, pyridyl, pyridazyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazyl, or 1,3,5-triazyl.
  • Monocyclic heteroaryls are numbered according to standard chemical nomenclature.
  • bicyclic heteroaryls include indolizyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl, benzo[b]furyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolizyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, benzo[b]furyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, indazolyl, benzimidazyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinolizyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolyl, phthalazyl, quinazolyl, quinoxalyl, 1,8-naphthyridyl, or pteridyl.
  • Bicyclic heteroaryls are numbered according to standard chemical nomenclature.
  • a heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as aliphatic [e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl]; cycloaliphatic; (cycloaliphatic)aliphatic; heterocycloaliphatic; (heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic; aryl; heteroaryl; alkoxy; (cycloaliphatic)oxy; (heterocycloaliphatic)oxy; aryloxy; heteroaryloxy; (araliphatic)oxy; (heteroaraliphatic)oxy; aroyl; heteroaroyl; amino; oxo (on a non-aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring of a bicyclic or tricyclic heteroaryl); carboxy; amido; acyl [e.g., aliphaticcarbonyl; (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl; ((cycloaliphatic)aliphatic)carbonyl; (araliphatic)carbonyl;
  • Non-limiting examples of substituted heteroaryls include (halo)heteroaryl [e.g., mono- and di-(halo)heteroaryl]; (carboxy)heteroaryl [e.g., (alkoxycarbonyl)heteroaryl]; cyanoheteroaryl; aminoheteroaryl [e.g., ((alkylsulfonyl)amino)heteroaryl and ((dialkyl)amino)heteroaryl]; (amido)heteroaryl [e.g., aminocarbonylheteroaryl, ((alkylcarbonyl)amino)heteroaryl, ((((alkyl)amino)alkyl)aminocarbonyl)heteroaryl, (((heteroaryl)amino)carbonyl)heteroaryl, ((heteroaryl)amino)carbonyl)heteroaryl, (
  • heteroaralkyl refers to an aliphatic group (e.g., a C 1-4 alkyl group) that is substituted with a heteroaryl group.
  • aliphatic group e.g., a C 1-4 alkyl group
  • heteroaryl e.g., a C 1-4 alkyl group
  • heteroaryl group refers to an alkyl group (e.g., a C 1-4 alkyl group) that is substituted with a heteroaryl group. Both “alkyl” and “heteroaryl” have been defined above.
  • a heteroaralkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as alkyl (including carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and haloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, (cycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, (heterocycloal
  • cyclic moiety and “cyclic group” refer to mono-, bi-, and tri-cyclic ring systems including cycloaliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which has been previously defined.
  • bridged bicyclic ring system refers to a bicyclic heterocyclicalipahtic ring system or bicyclic cycloaliphatic ring system in which the rings are bridged.
  • bridged bicyclic ring systems include, but are not limited to, adamantanyl, norbornanyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl, bicyclo[3.3.2]decyl, 2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, and 2,6-dioxa-tricyclo[3.3.1.0 3,7 ]nonyl.
  • a bridged bicyclic ring system can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as alkyl (including carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and haloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, (cycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, (heter
  • an “acyl” group refers to a formyl group or R X —C(O)— (such as alkyl-C(O)—, also referred to as “alkylcarbonyl”) where R X and “alkyl” have been defined previously.
  • Acetyl and pivaloyl are examples of acyl groups.
  • an “aroyl” or “heteroaroyl” refers to an aryl-C(O)— or a heteroaryl-C(O)—.
  • the aryl and heteroaryl portion of the aroyl or heteroaroyl is optionally substituted as previously defined.
  • alkoxy refers to an alkyl-O— group where “alkyl” has been defined previously.
  • a “carbamoyl” group refers to a group having the structure —O—CO—NR X R Y or —NR X —CO—O—R Z , wherein R X and R Y have been defined above and R Z can be aliphatic, aryl, araliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, heteroaryl, or heteroaraliphatic.
  • a “carboxy” group refers to —COOH, —COOR X , —OC(O)H, —OC(O)R X , when used as a terminal group; or —OC(O)— or —C(O)O— when used as an internal group.
  • haloaliphatic refers to an aliphatic group substituted with 1-3 halogen.
  • haloalkyl includes the group —CF 3 .
  • mercapto refers to —SH.
  • a “sulfo” group refers to —SO 3 H or —SO 3 R X when used terminally or —S(O) 3 — when used internally.
  • a “sulfamide” group refers to the structure —NR X —S(O) 2 —NR Y R Z when used terminally and —NR X —S(O) 2 —NR Y — when used internally, wherein R X , R Y , and R Z have been defined above.
  • a “sulfamoyl” group refers to the structure —O—S(O) 2 —NR Y R Z wherein R Y and R Z have been defined above.
  • a “sulfonamide” group refers to the structure —S(O) 2 —NR X R Y or —NR X —S(O) 2 —R Z when used terminally; or —S(O) 2 —NR X - or —NR X —S(O) 2 — when used internally, wherein R X , R Y , and R Z are defined above.
  • sulfanyl group refers to —S—R X when used terminally and —S— when used internally, wherein R X has been defined above.
  • sulfanyls include aliphatic-S—, cycloaliphatic-S—, aryl-S—, or the like.
  • sulfinyl refers to —S(O)—R X when used terminally and —S(O)— when used internally, wherein R X has been defined above.
  • exemplary sulfinyl groups include aliphatic-S(O)—, aryl-S(O)—, (cycloaliphatic(aliphatic))—S(O)—, cycloalkyl-S(O)—, heterocycloaliphatic-S(O)—, heteroaryl-S(O)—, or the like.
  • a “sulfonyl” group refers to —S(O) 2 —R X when used terminally and —S(O) 2 — when used internally, wherein R X has been defined above.
  • Exemplary sulfonyl groups include aliphatic-S(O) 2 —, aryl-S(O) 2 —, (cycloaliphatic(aliphatic))—S(O) 2 —, cycloaliphatic-S(O) 2 —, heterocycloaliphatic-S(O) 2 —, heteroaryl-S(O) 2 —, (cycloaliphatic(amido(aliphatic)))—S(O) 2 — or the like.
  • a “sulfoxy” group refers to —O—S(O)—R X or —S(O)—O—R X , when used terminally and —O—S(O)— or —S(O)—O— when used internally, where R X has been defined above.
  • halogen or “halo” group refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
  • alkoxycarbonyl which is encompassed by the term carboxy, used alone or in connection with another group refers to a group such as alkyl-O—C(O)—.
  • alkoxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group such as alkyl-O-alkyl-, wherein alkyl has been defined above.
  • carbonyl refers to —C(O)—.
  • an “oxo” refers to ⁇ O.
  • phospho refers to phosphinates and phosphonates.
  • phosphinates and phosphonates include —P(O)(R P ) 2 , wherein R P is aliphatic, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, (cycloaliphatic)oxy, (heterocycloaliphatic)oxy aryl, heteroaryl, cycloaliphatic or amino.
  • aminoalkyl refers to the structure (R X ) 2 N-alkyl-.
  • cyanoalkyl refers to the structure (NC)-alkyl-.
  • urea refers to the structure —NR X —CO—NR Y R Z and a “thiourea” group refers to the structure —NR X —CS—NR Y R Z when used terminally and —NR X —CO—NR Y - or —NR X —CS—NR Y — when used internally, wherein R X , R Y , and R Z have been defined above.
  • guanidine refers to the structure —N ⁇ C(N(R X R Y ))N(R X R Y ) or —NR X —C( ⁇ NR X )NR X R Y wherein R X and R Y have been defined above.
  • amino refers to the structure —C ⁇ (NR X )N(R X R Y ) wherein R X and R Y have been defined above.
  • the term “vicinal” refers to the placement of substituents on a group that includes two or more carbon atoms, wherein the substituents are attached to adjacent carbon atoms.
  • the term “geminal” refers to the placement of substituents on a group that includes two or more carbon atoms, wherein the substituents are attached to the same carbon atom.
  • terminal and “internally” refer to the location of a group within a substituent.
  • a group is terminal when the group is present at the end of the substituent not further bonded to the rest of the chemical structure.
  • Carboxyalkyl i.e., R X O(O)C-alkyl is an example of a carboxy group used terminally.
  • a group is internal when the group is present in the middle of a substituent of the chemical structure.
  • Alkylcarboxy e.g., alkyl-C(O)O— or alkyl-OC(O)—
  • alkylcarboxyaryl e.g., alkyl-C(O)O-aryl- or alkyl-O(CO)-aryl-
  • an “aliphatic chain” refers to a branched or straight aliphatic group (e.g., alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, or alkynyl groups).
  • a straight aliphatic chain has the structure —[CH 2 ] v -, where v is 1-12.
  • a branched aliphatic chain is a straight aliphatic chain that is substituted with one or more aliphatic groups.
  • a branched aliphatic chain has the structure —[CQQ] v - where Q is independently a hydrogen or an aliphatic group; however, Q shall be an aliphatic group in at least one instance.
  • the term aliphatic chain includes alkyl chains, alkenyl chains, and alkynyl chains, where alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl are defined above.
  • DMP Dess-Martin periodinane and its abbreviation “DMP” are used interchangeably. DMP refers to 1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one having the structure
  • Each substituent of a specific group is further optionally substituted with one to three of halo, cyano, oxo, alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, nitro, aryl, cycloaliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, heteroaryl, haloalkyl, and alkyl.
  • an alkyl group can be substituted with alkylsulfanyl and the alkylsulfanyl can be optionally substituted with one to three of halo, cyano, oxo, alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, nitro, aryl, haloalkyl, and alkyl.
  • the cycloalkyl portion of a (cycloalkyl)carbonylamino can be optionally substituted with one to three of halo, cyano, alkoxy, hydroxy, nitro, haloalkyl, and alkyl.
  • the two alkxoy groups can form a ring together with the atom(s) to which they are bound.
  • substituted refers to the replacement of hydrogen atoms in a given structure with the radical of a specified substituent.
  • substituents are described above in the definitions and below in the description of compounds and examples thereof.
  • an optionally substituted group can have a substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure can be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent can be either the same or different at every position.
  • a ring substituent such as a heterocycloalkyl
  • substituents envisioned by this invention are those combinations that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasible compounds.
  • stable or chemically feasible refers to compounds that are not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for their production, detection, and preferably their recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed herein.
  • a stable compound or chemically feasible compound is one that is not substantially altered when kept at a temperature of 40° C. or less, in the absence of moisture or other chemically reactive conditions, for at least a week.
  • chemical purity refers to the degree to which a substance, i.e., the desired product or intermediate, is undiluted or unmixed with extraneous material such as chemical byproducts.
  • structures depicted herein are also meant to include all isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, (Z) and (E) double bond isomers, and (Z) and (E) conformational isomers. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational) mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise stated, all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the invention are within the scope of the invention.
  • structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms.
  • compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a 13 C- or 14 C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.
  • Such compounds are useful, for example, as analytical tools or probes in biological assays, or as therapeutic agents.
  • One aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl and the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2 or Dess-Martin periodinane; ii) reacting the compound of Formula 10 with a compound of Formula 5 in the presence of a base and an organic solvent to generate a compound of Formula 11, wherein each R 2 is independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl; and
  • Step i) comprises reacting a compound of Formula 9 with an oxidizing agent in the presence of an organic solvent to generate a compound of Formula 10
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 1 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, or tert-butyl.
  • R 1 is methyl.
  • the oxidizing agent of step i) comprises manganese(IV)oxide, i.e., MnO 2 , DMP, or IBX.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2 or DMP.
  • the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2 .
  • the organic solvent of step i) is any suitable solvent that is capable of substantially dissolving the compound of Formula 9 and is substantially inert when combined with the oxidizing agent and the compound of Formula 9.
  • the organic solvent of step i) comprises a halogenated organic solvent.
  • the halogenated organic solvent comprises dichloromethane, i.e., methylene chloride, chloroform, or any combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent e.g., dichloromethane
  • the reaction of step i) is performed at a temperature from about 10° C. to about 40° C.
  • the reaction of step i) is performed at room temperature.
  • reaction of step i) is performed under agitation, e.g., stirring.
  • the reaction of step i) is performed under an inert gas (e.g., nitrogen gas).
  • an inert gas e.g., nitrogen gas
  • the reaction of step i) is about 99% complete (e.g., from about 95% to about 99.9% complete after about 15 hrs (e.g. from about 14 to about 18 hrs).
  • step i) generates the compound of Formula 10, having a yield of greater than about 95% (e.g., from about 95% to about 99.9% or about 99%).
  • Step ii) comprises reacting the compound of Formula 10 with a compound of Formula 5 in the presence of a base and an organic solvent to generate a compound of Formula 11, wherein each R 2 is independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl.
  • the base comprises an alkyllithium reagent.
  • alkyllithium reagents include butyllithium, hexyllithium, sec-butyllithium, and methyllithium.
  • the base comprises sec-butyllithium.
  • Organic solvents that are useful in the reaction of step ii) comprise alkanes, cyclic alkanes, heterocycles (e.g., THF, 1,4-dioxane, or any combination thereof), ethers, or any combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent of step ii) comprises pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, THF, 1,4-dioxane, diethyl ether, petro ether, MTBE, or any combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent of step ii) comprises MTBE.
  • the organic solvent of step ii) is anhydrous (e.g., anhydrous MTBE).
  • the base of step ii) comprises sec-butyllithium
  • the organic solvent of step ii) comprises MTBE.
  • the compound of Formula 5 has an e.e. of about 98% or greater (e.g., from about 98.0% to about 99.9%). In other implementations, the compound of Formula 5 has a chemical purity of about 95% or greater (e.g., from about 97% to about 99.9%).
  • the reaction of step ii) is performed at a temperature from about ⁇ 80° C. to about 30° C. (e.g., from about ⁇ 78° C. to about room temperature).
  • reaction of step ii) is performed under agitation, e.g., stirring.
  • step ii) is performed under an inert gas (e.g., nitrogen gas).
  • an inert gas e.g., nitrogen gas
  • Steps iv)-vii) may optionally be performed with other steps described herein to generate the compound of Formula I.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: iv) refluxing the compound of Formula 1a in the presence of methanol to generate a compound of Formula 1 having an e.e. of greater than about 98%;
  • Step iv) is an efficient stereoselective method for generating the compound of Formula 1 having an e.e. of greater than 98% that does not require additional chromatography. Moreover, in some implementations, step iv) generates the compound of Formula 1 with a yield of at least about 90% (e.g., at least about 91%, or about 92%).
  • the refluxing of the compound of Formula 1a occurs in the presence of an alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, or any combination thereof).
  • an alcohol e.g., methanol, ethanol, or any combination thereof.
  • the compound of Formula 1a undergoes reflux in the presence of methanol (e.g., anhydrous methanol).
  • the compound of Formula 1a is heated to reflux under an inert gas (e.g., nitrogen).
  • an inert gas e.g., nitrogen
  • the compound of Formula 1a is heated to reflux for a period of about 1 to about 3 hrs (e.g., about 2 hrs).
  • Step v) comprises the protection of the hydroxy functional group of the compound of Formula 1 under basic conditions to generate the alkylsilyl ether compound of Formula 2.
  • the base of step v) comprises a nitrogen base.
  • the nitrogen base comprises Et 3 N, imidazole, piperidine, piperazine, any combination thereof, or the like.
  • the base of step v) comprises imidazole.
  • the SiCl(R 2 ) 3 reagent of step v) comprises chloro-tert-butyldimethylsilane (TBS-Cl), tert-butylchlorodiphenyl silane (TBDPS-Cl), chlorotrimethylsilane (TMS-Cl), triisopropylsilyloxymethyl chloride (TOM-Cl), or chlorotriisopropylsilane (TIPS-Cl).
  • the 1-TMS-1-propyne of step vi) is first reacted with an alkyllithium reagent followed by the reaction with the compound of Formula 2.
  • the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula 5
  • each R 2 is independently selected from a C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl, comprising the steps of: iv) refluxing the compound of Formula 1a in the presence of methanol to generate a compound of Formula 1 having an e.e. of greater than about 98% (e.g., greater than about 98.5%, greater than about 99% or from about 98.5% to about 99.9%);
  • the compound of Formula 5 has a chemical purity of about 95% or greater (e.g., from about 97% to about 99.9% or about 99% or greater) and an e.e. of about 98% or greater (e.g., about 99% or greater). In some implementations, the compound of Formula 5 has an e.e. of ⁇ 100%, e.g., about 98% or greater, about 99% or greater, or greater than 99%.
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl, each R 2 is independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl, and the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2 ; and ix) converting the compound of Formula 12 to the compound of Formula I.
  • step viii) accomplishes the oxidation of the compound of Formula 11 to generate the compound of Formula 12 using an oxidizing agent that possesses a reduced toxicity than traditional chromium based oxidation agents (e.g., PCC).
  • an oxidizing agent that possesses a reduced toxicity than traditional chromium based oxidation agents (e.g., PCC).
  • each of the —OSi(R 2 ) 3 groups in the compounds of Formulae 11 and 12 is independently selected from
  • the organic solvent of step viii) comprises a halogenated organic solvent.
  • the halogenated organic solvent of step viii) comprises dichloromethane, chloroform, or any combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent of step viii) e.g., dichloromethane
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: i) reacting a compound of Formula 9 with an oxidizing agent in the presence of an organic solvent to generate a compound of Formula 10
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl and the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2 or Dess-Martin periodinane; and ii) reacting the compound of Formula 10 with a compound of Formula 5
  • Steps i) and ii) are described, in detail, above.
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • organic solvent comprises THF
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 2 is independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl
  • the reducing agent of step x) comprises a chiral borane compound.
  • the chiral borane compound of step x) reacts with the compound of Formula 12 to generate the compound of Formula 13 with a d.e. of about 97% or greater (e.g., about 97.5% of greater).
  • the chiral borane reducing agent is formed in situ or ex situ.
  • the chiral borane compound is selected from (R)-1-methyl-3,3-diphenylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole, (R)-3,3-diphenylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole, (R)-1-butyl-3,3-diphenylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole, (R)-tetrahydro-1,3,3-triphenyl-1H,3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxaborole, (4S)-2-methyl-4,5,5-triphenyl-1,3,2-oxazaborolidine, or any combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent of step x) further comprises toluene.
  • the organic solvent of step x) is anhydrous.
  • Some methods further comprise the step of: viii) reacting a compound of Formula 11 with an oxidizing agent to generate the compound of Formula 12, wherein the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: i) reacting a compound of Formula 9 with an oxidizing agent to generate a compound of Formula 10; and
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: iv) refluxing the compound of Formula 1a in the presence of methanol to generate a compound of Formula 1 having an e.e. of greater than about 98%;
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • an organic solvent e.g., an alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, or any combination thereof), an optionally substituted THF (e.g., 2-methyl-THF or THF), EtOAc, or any combination thereof
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl and each R 2 is independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl; and xiii) converting the compound of Formula 16 to the compound of Formula I.
  • Step xii) comprises the improved hydrogenation of the compound of Formula 15 to generate the compound of Formula 16.
  • Some implementations comprise the hydrogenation of the compound of Formula 15 in the presence of an alcohol (e.g., methanol or ethanol), optionally substituted THF (e.g., THF or 2-Me-THF), or any combination thereof to generate the compound of Formula 16.
  • the hydrogenation of the compound of Formula 15 occurs in the presence of an alcohol (e.g., methanol or ethanol), optionally substituted THF (e.g., THF or 2-Me-THF), or any combination thereof and a base (e.g., potassium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate).
  • step xii The substitution of methanol for the traditional ethanol in step xii) produces an improved yield (e.g., at least about 88%) and improved chemical purity for the compound of Formula 16.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: x) reacting a compound of Formula 12 with a reducing agent in the presence of an organic solvent to generate a compound of Formula 13
  • organic solvent comprises THF; and xiv) converting the compound of Formula 13 to the compound of Formula 15.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: viii) reacting a compound of Formula 11 with an oxidizing agent to generate the compound of Formula 12, wherein the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: i) reacting a compound of Formula 9 with an oxidizing agent to generate a compound of Formula 10; and
  • the oxidizing agent of step i) comprises MnO 2 or Dess-Martin periodinane.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: iv) refluxing the compound of Formula 1a in the presence of methanol to generate a compound of Formula 1 having an e.e. of greater than about 98%;
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl; and xvi) converting the compound of Formula 22 to the compound of Formula I.
  • Step xv) generates a yield of at least about 70% (e.g., at least about 75%, at least about 80%, or about 82%) for the compound of Formula 22.
  • the reaction of step xv) is conducted at a temperature of from about ⁇ 80° C. to about ⁇ 20° C. (e.g., from about ⁇ 78° C. to about ⁇ 30° C.).
  • the transition metal catalyst of step xv) comprises copper having a +1 oxidation state.
  • the transition metal catalyst comprises a copper compound or a copper complex wherein the Cu has a +1 oxidation state.
  • the transition metal catalyst of step xv) comprises CuX, wherein X is selected from halogen, acetate, benzoate, cyanide, hydroxide, nitrate, or any combination thereof.
  • the transition metal catalyst of step xv) comprises CuI.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: xvii) reacting a compound of Formula 19 with R 4 -substituted benzenesulfonyl chloride under basic conditions to generate a compound of Formula 20, wherein each R 4 is independently selected from —H or C 1-3 alkyl; and
  • the R 4 -substituted benzenesulfonyl chloride of step xvii) is 2-mesitylenesulfonyl chloride (2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonyl chloride) or tosyl chloride (TsCl).
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: xix) reacting a compound of Formula 16 with a reducing agent to generate a compound of Formula 17;
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: xii) hydrogenating a compound of Formula 15
  • an organic solvent e.g., an alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, or any combination thereof), an optionally substituted THF (e.g., 2-methyl-THF or THF), EtOAc, or any combination thereof) to generate the compound of Formula 16.
  • an organic solvent e.g., an alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, or any combination thereof), an optionally substituted THF (e.g., 2-methyl-THF or THF), EtOAc, or any combination thereof
  • the hydrogenation of the compound of Formula 15 occurs in the presence of a base (e.g., potassium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate).
  • a base e.g., potassium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: x) reacting a compound of Formula 12 with a reducing agent to generate a compound of Formula 13;
  • Some methods further comprise the step of: viii) reacting a compound of Formula 11
  • the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2 .
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: i) reacting a compound of Formula 9 with an oxidizing agent to generate a compound of Formula 10; and
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: iv) refluxing the compound of Formula 1a in the presence of methanol to generate a compound of Formula 1 having greater than about 99% e.e.;
  • Steps i), ii), iv)-viii), x), xii), and xiv) are discussed above.
  • the present invention also provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • step xxiv) converting the compound of Formula 9 to the compound of Formula I, wherein the base of step xxii) comprises sec-butyl lithium.
  • step xxii) generates the compound of Formula 8 with improved chemical purity without additional chromatography steps.
  • the reaction of step xxii) is conducted at room temperature (e.g., from about 20° C. to about 30° C.) for a period of about 2 hrs (e.g., from about 1.5 to about 2.5 hrs) then cooled to a temperature of about 0° C. (e.g., from about ⁇ 5° C. to about 5° C.) under stirring.
  • room temperature e.g., from about 20° C. to about 30° C.
  • 2 hrs e.g., from about 1.5 to about 2.5 hrs
  • a temperature of about 0° C. e.g., from about ⁇ 5° C. to about 5° C.
  • the organic solvent of step xxii) comprises one or more alkanes.
  • the organic solvent of step xxii) comprises heptanes, cyclohexane, or any combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent of step xxii) comprises MTBE.
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl and the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2 or Dess-Martin periodinane; ii) reacting the compound of Formula 10 with a compound of Formula 5a in the presence of a base and an organic solvent to generate a compound of Formula 11a; and
  • Steps i) and ii) are discussed in detail above.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: iv) refluxing the compound of Formula 1a in the presence of methanol to generate a compound of Formula 1 having an e.e. of greater than about 98%;
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl and the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2 ; and ix) converting the compound of Formula 12a to the compound of Formula I.
  • Step viii) is discussed above.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: i) reacting a compound of Formula 9 with an oxidizing agent in the presence of an organic solvent to generate a compound of Formula 10
  • the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2 or Dess-Martin periodinane; and ii) reacting the compound of Formula 10 with a compound of Formula 5a
  • Steps i) and ii) are discussed in detail above.
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • organic solvent comprises THF
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • each R 2 is independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl
  • Steps x) and xi) are discusses in detail above.
  • Some methods further comprise the step of: viii) reacting a compound of Formula 11a with an oxidizing agent to generate the compound of Formula 12a, wherein the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: i) reacting a compound of Formula 9 with an oxidizing agent to generate a compound of Formula 10; and
  • the oxidizing agent of step i) comprises MnO 2 or Dess-Martin periodinane.
  • the base of step ii) comprises an alkyllithium reagent.
  • the alkyllithium reagent of step ii) comprises sec-butyllithium.
  • the organic solvent of step ii) comprises pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, diethyl ether, petro ether, methyl-tert-butylether, or any combination thereof.
  • the organic solvent of step ii) comprises methyl-tert-butylether.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: iv) refluxing the compound of Formula 1a in the presence of methanol to generate a compound of Formula 1 having an e.e. of greater than about 98%;
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • an organic solvent e.g., an alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, or any combination thereof), an optionally substituted THF (e.g., 2-methyl-THF or THF), EtOAc, or any combination thereof
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl; and xiii) converting the compound of Formula 16a to the compound of Formula I.
  • the hydrogenation of the compound of Formula 15a occurs in the presence of a base (e.g., potassium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate).
  • a base e.g., potassium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: x) reacting a compound of Formula 12a with a reducing agent in the presence of an organic solvent to generate a compound of Formula 13a
  • organic solvent comprises THF; and xiv) converting the compound of Formula 13a to the compound of Formula 15a.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: viii) reacting a compound of Formula 11a with an oxidizing agent to generate the compound of Formula 12a, wherein the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: i) reacting a compound of Formula 9 with an oxidizing agent to generate a compound of Formula 10; and
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: iv) refluxing the compound of Formula 1a in the presence of methanol to generate a compound of Formula 1 having an e.e. of greater than about 98%;
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl; and xvi) converting the compound of Formula 22a to the compound of Formula I.
  • the transition metal catalyst of step xv) comprises a compound or complex either of which comprises Cu having a +1 oxidation state.
  • the transition metal catalyst of step xv) comprises CuX, wherein X is selected from halogen, acetate, benzoate, cyanide, hydroxide, nitrate, or any combination thereof.
  • the transition metal catalyst of step xv) comprises CuI.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: xvii) reacting a compound of Formula 19a with triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride under basic conditions to generate a compound of Formula 20a; and
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: xix) reacting a compound of Formula 16a with a reducing agent to generate a compound of Formula 17a;
  • Some methods further comprise the step of: xii) hydrogenating a compound of Formula 15a
  • an organic solvent e.g., an alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, or any combination thereof), an optionally substituted THF (e.g., 2-methyl-THF or THF), EtOAc, or any combination thereof) to generate the compound of Formula 16a.
  • an organic solvent e.g., an alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, or any combination thereof), an optionally substituted THF (e.g., 2-methyl-THF or THF), EtOAc, or any combination thereof
  • the hydrogenation of the compound of Formula 15a occurs in the presence of a base (e.g., potassium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate).
  • a base e.g., potassium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate.
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: x) reacting a compound of Formula 12a with a reducing agent to generate a compound of Formula 13a;
  • Some methods further comprise the step of: viii) reacting a compound of Formula 11a
  • the oxidizing agent comprises MnO 2 .
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: i) reacting a compound of Formula 9 with an oxidizing agent to generate a compound of Formula 10; and
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: iv) refluxing the compound of Formula 1a in the presence of methanol to generate a compound of Formula 1 having an e.e. of greater than about 98%;
  • Some methods further comprise the steps of: xxii) reacting a compound of Formula 7a with a 3-haloprop-1-ene in the presence of a base and an organic solvent to generate a compound of Formula 8a; and
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula I
  • xii) hydrogenating a compound of Formula 15a in the presence of an organic solvent (e.g., an alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, or any combination thereof), an optionally substituted THF (e.g., 2-methyl-THF or THF), EtOAc, or any combination thereof) to generate the compound of Formula 16a;
  • an organic solvent e.g., an alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, or any combination thereof), an optionally substituted THF (e.g., 2-methyl-THF or THF), EtOAc, or any combination thereof
  • the hydrogenation of the compound of Formula 15a occurs in the presence of a base (e.g., potassium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate).
  • a base e.g., potassium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate.
  • Some methods further comprise the step of: xxiv) reacting the compound of Formula I with diethanolamine in the presence of an organic solvent to generate the diethanolamine salt of the compound of Formula I.
  • Some methods further comprise the step of: xxva) treating the compound of Formula I with an alkali metal hydroxide (e.g., NaOH, KOH, or like, or any combination thereof) in the presence of an alcohol (e.g., ethanol, methanol, iso-propanol, or any combination thereof) to generate the alkali metal salt (e.g., Na salt) of the compound of Formula I.
  • an alkali metal hydroxide e.g., NaOH, KOH, or like, or any combination thereof
  • an alcohol e.g., ethanol, methanol, iso-propanol, or any combination thereof
  • the alkali metal hydroxide comprises NaOH.
  • the alcohol comprises ethanol.
  • some methods further comprise the step of: xxvi) treating the compound of Formula 25
  • R 2 is defined above, with an alkali metal hydroxide (e.g., NaOH, KOH, or like, or any combination thereof), in the presence of an alcohol and water to generate the alkali metal salt (e.g., Na salt) of the compound of Formula I.
  • an alkali metal hydroxide e.g., NaOH, KOH, or like, or any combination thereof
  • the alcohol comprises methanol.
  • Some methods further comprise the step of: xxvii) recrystallizing the diethanolamine salt of the compound of Formula I to generate a first pure form of the diethanolamine salt of the compound of Formula I. (e.g., about 90% or greater chemical purity, about 95% or greater chemical purity, or about 97.5% or greater chemical purity). Some methods further comprise the step of: xxviii) reacting the first pure form of the diethanolamine salt of the compound of Formula I with an acid to generate a second pure form of the compound of Formula I (e.g., about 98% or greater chemical purity, about 98.5% or greater chemical purity, or about 99% or greater chemical purity). And, some methods further comprise the step of: xxvb) converting the second pure form of the compound of Formula I to an alkali metal salt.
  • a first pure form of the diethanolamine salt of the compound of Formula I e.g., about 90% or greater chemical purity, about 95% or greater chemical purity, or about 97.5% or greater chemical purity.
  • Some methods further comprise the step of
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a compound of Formula 21
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl and each R 3 is independently C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl.
  • R 1 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, or tert-butyl.
  • the —OSi(R 3 ) 3 group is selected from
  • R 1 is methyl and the —OSi(R 3 ) 3 group is
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a compound of Formula 1a
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a compound of Formula 5
  • each of R 2 is independently selected from a C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl.
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a compound of Formula 9a
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a compound of Formula 13
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl and each R 2 is independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl.
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of purifying a compound of Formula 1
  • xxx comprising the steps of xxx) reacting a compound of Formula 1 with a derivatizing reagent to generate a precipitate that is substantially insoluble in dichloromethane or mixture thereof (e.g., a mixture comprising dichloromethane and an alkane (e.g., heptane) (e.g., a mixture comprising dichloromethane and about 50% or more by volume heptane)); xxxi) collecting the precipitate and refluxing the precipitate in a solvent comprising an alcohol to generate the compound of Formula 1 having a chemical purity of about 98% or greater (e.g., about 98.5% or greater, about 99% or greater, or about 99.5% or greater) and an e.e. of about 98% or greater (e.g., about 98.5% or greater, about 99% or greater, or about 99.5% or greater); wherein the method excludes the use of any column chromatography (e.g., HPLC).
  • the derivitizing reagent comprises 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride and the alcohol comprises methanol.
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of purifying a compound of Formula 9
  • Some methods further comprise the step of: xlii) recrystallizing the precipitate of step xli).
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula 5
  • each of R 2 is independently selected from a C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl, comprising the steps of: iv) refluxing the compound of Formula 1a in the presence of methanol to generate a compound of Formula 1 having an e.e. of greater than about 98%;
  • the compound of Formula 5 has a chemical purity of about 98% or greater (e.g., about 98.5% or greater, about 99% or greater, or about 99.5% or greater) and an e.e. of about 98% or greater (e.g., about 98.5% or greater, about 99% or greater, or about 99.5% or greater).
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating a compound of Formula 13
  • R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl and each R 2 is independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl or phenyl, comprising the step of: x) reacting a compound of Formula 12 with (R)-1-methyl-3,3-diphenylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole in the presence of an organic solvent comprising THF and toluene to generate a compound of Formula 13
  • the compound of Formula 13 has a chemical purity of greater than about 97% (e.g., about 97.5% or greater, about 98% or greater) and a d.e. of greater than about 97% (e.g., about 97.5% or greater, about 98% or greater, or about 98.5% or greater).
  • Step x) is described in detail above.
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are as defined above.
  • Some methods of the present invention comprise one or more of the following reaction conditions:
  • the present invention also provides the following synthetic steps, wherein one or more of the following steps may be optionally substituted for one or more steps described above.
  • Triethylamine (8.52 g mL, 84.2 mmol, 1.25 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (100 mg, 0.818 mmol, 0.01 equiv) were added to a solution of (S)-( ⁇ )-glycidol 1 (5.00 g, 67.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv, 99.5% ee) in anhydrous methylene chloride (100 mL) while stirring under nitrogen. The reaction was then warmed to 30° C. and 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride (16.3 g, 70.9 mmol, 1.05 equiv) added drop-wise over 20 minutes as a solution in anhydrous methylene chloride (50 mL).
  • thermocouple and addition funnel To a 3-neck flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer, a thermocouple and addition funnel was charged 1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne (120.0 g, 1.07 mol, 2.2 equiv) followed by tert-butyl methyl ether (600 mL) while being kept under nitrogen. The solution was cooled to 0 ⁇ 5° C. while stirring and sec-butyllithium (696 mL, mmol, 2.0 equiv, 2 M in cyclohexane) was added slowly while maintaining the reaction temperature below 5° C. After complete addition, the resulting mixture was stirred at 0 ⁇ 5° C. under nitrogen for three hours.
  • thermocouple and addition funnel To a 3-neck flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer, a thermocouple and addition funnel was charged tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (59.0 g, 391 mmol, 1.05 equiv) and imidazole (40.5 g, 595 mmol, 1.6 equiv) in dimethylformamide (1100 mL). The solution was cooled to 0 ⁇ 5° C. while stirring.
  • Manganese(IV) oxide (85.00 g, 977.6 mmol, 10.0 equiv) was added to a solution of alcohol 9b (17.424 g, 97.761 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous methylene chloride (5 mL) and the mixture stirred under nitrogen for 16 hours. The reaction was then filtered through celite, the solids washed with heptane and the filtrate concentrated to give 534 (99%) of the title compound as a pale oil.
  • alkyne 5a (1.070 g, 3.121 mmol, 1.1 equiv) in anhydrous MTBE (11 mL) that had been cooled to ⁇ 78° C. was treated drop-wise with sec-butyllithium (2.20 mL, 3.12 mmol, 1.1 equiv, 1.4 M solution in cyclohexane) and the resulting mixture stirred at that temperature under nitrogen for 30 minutes. Then, aldehyde 10b (500 mg, 2.83 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was added drop-wise as a solution in MTBE (4 mL) and the reaction allowed to slowly warm to room temperature.
  • Manganese(IV) oxide (869 mg, 10.0 mmol, 10.0 equiv) was added to a solution of alcohol 11c (540 mg, 1.04 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous methylene chloride (5 mL) and the mixture stirred under nitrogen for 16 hours. The reaction was then filtered through celite, the solids washed with heptane and the filtrate concentrated to give 534 (99%) of the title compound as a pale oil.
  • Aryl ketone 12b (95.7 g, 185 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was dissolved in THF (1900 mL) under nitrogen.
  • (R)-(+)-2-methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine (222 mL, 222 mmol, 1.2 equiv, 1 M solution in toluene) was added and the resulting mixture cooled to ⁇ 50° C. ⁇ 5° C.
  • Borane-methyl sulfide complex (370 mL, 370 mmol, 4.0 equiv, 2.0 M solution in THF) was then added drop-wise over 20 minutes. After stirring at ⁇ 50° C.
  • Cobalt carbonyl (7.197 g, 21.05 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was added to a solution of compound 14c (13.326 g, 21.05 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous methylene chloride and the reaction stirred at room temperature under nitrogen for 2 hours to allow for formation of the cobalt-alkyne complex.
  • the reaction was then concentrated by rotary evaporation, the residue dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile and the mixture heated to reflux with stirring for 18 hours.
  • the reaction was then cooled to room temperature, filtered through celite, and the precipitate washed with several portions of acetone. The filtrate was concentrated to give 14.9 g of an amber oil.
  • PTSA.H 2 O 15 mg, 0.082 mmol, 0.05 equiv was added to a solution of 17d (500 mg, 1.53 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and 2,2-dimethoxypropane (0.40 mL, 3.2 mmol, 2.0 equiv) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL), under nitrogen, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 22 hours. The reaction was then quenched with addition of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (5 mL), diluted with water (5 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 ⁇ 10 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with brine, dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated to give 997 mg of a light brown oil.
  • Aqueous 3N hydrochloric acid (10 mL) was added to a solution of TBDMS ether 18d (4.411 g, 5.704 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (30 mL) and MeOH (10 mL) and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 27 hours. The reaction was then concentrated to remove the organic solvents, diluted with water (50 mL), and extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 100 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, brine, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated to give a foamy oil.
  • Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (2.75 mL, 2.75 mmol, 2.0 equiv, 1.0 M solution in THF) was added to an ice-cold solution of TBDMS ether 18d (1.053 g, 1.362 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (10 mL) and the reaction stirred at 0° C. for 3 hours. The reaction was then quenched with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (10 mL), diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 ⁇ 20 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated to give 1.03 g of a yellow oil.
  • Aqueous hydrochloric acid (10 mL, 1 N solution) was added to a solution of acetonide 18f (1.015 g, 1.735 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (10 mL) and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 46 hours. It was then diluted with 14% aqueous sodium chloride (20 mL) and extracted with isopropyl acetate (3 ⁇ 20 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (40 mL), 14% aqueous sodium chloride (40 mL), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated to give 1.066 g of a colorless oil.

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