US20140363487A1 - Transdermal delivery system comprising buprenorphine - Google Patents

Transdermal delivery system comprising buprenorphine Download PDF

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US20140363487A1
US20140363487A1 US14/364,192 US201214364192A US2014363487A1 US 20140363487 A1 US20140363487 A1 US 20140363487A1 US 201214364192 A US201214364192 A US 201214364192A US 2014363487 A1 US2014363487 A1 US 2014363487A1
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Prior art keywords
buprenorphine
transdermal therapeutic
therapeutic system
adhesive layer
sensitive adhesive
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Thomas Hille
Gabriel Wauer
Kevin John Smith
Helen Elizabeth Johnson
Gillian Elizabeth Mundin
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LTS Lohmann Therapie Systeme AG
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Purdue Pharma LP
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Assigned to LTS LOHMANN THERAPIE-SYSTEME AG reassignment LTS LOHMANN THERAPIE-SYSTEME AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HILLE, THOMAS, WAUER, Gabriel
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Assigned to MUNDIPHARMA INTERNATIONAL LIMITED reassignment MUNDIPHARMA INTERNATIONAL LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MUNDIPHARMA RESEARCH LIMITED
Assigned to PURDUE PHARMA L.P. reassignment PURDUE PHARMA L.P. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MUNDIPHARMA RESEARCH LIMITED
Assigned to LTS LOHMANN THERAPIE-SYSTEME AG reassignment LTS LOHMANN THERAPIE-SYSTEME AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: PURDUE PHARMA L.P.
Assigned to LTS LOHMANN THERAPIE-SYSTEME AG reassignment LTS LOHMANN THERAPIE-SYSTEME AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MUNDIPHARMA INTERNATIONAL LIMITED
Publication of US20140363487A1 publication Critical patent/US20140363487A1/en
Assigned to LTS LOHMANN THERAPIE-SYSTEME AG reassignment LTS LOHMANN THERAPIE-SYSTEME AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: PURDUE PHARMA L.P.
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/4748—Quinolines; Isoquinolines forming part of bridged ring systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/485—Morphinan derivatives, e.g. morphine, codeine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
    • A61K47/12—Carboxylic acids; Salts or anhydrides thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0014—Skin, i.e. galenical aspects of topical compositions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/70—Web, sheet or filament bases ; Films; Fibres of the matrix type containing drug
    • A61K9/7023—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms
    • A61K9/703—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms characterised by shape or structure; Details concerning release liner or backing; Refillable patches; User-activated patches
    • A61K9/7038—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer
    • A61K9/7046—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer the adhesive comprising macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/7053—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer the adhesive comprising macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl, polyisobutylene, polystyrene
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/70—Web, sheet or filament bases ; Films; Fibres of the matrix type containing drug
    • A61K9/7023—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms
    • A61K9/703—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms characterised by shape or structure; Details concerning release liner or backing; Refillable patches; User-activated patches
    • A61K9/7038—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer
    • A61K9/7046—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer the adhesive comprising macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/7069—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer the adhesive comprising macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polysiloxane, polyesters, polyurethane, polyethylene oxide
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/70—Web, sheet or filament bases ; Films; Fibres of the matrix type containing drug
    • A61K9/7023—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms
    • A61K9/703—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms characterised by shape or structure; Details concerning release liner or backing; Refillable patches; User-activated patches
    • A61K9/7084—Transdermal patches having a drug layer or reservoir, and one or more separate drug-free skin-adhesive layers, e.g. between drug reservoir and skin, or surrounding the drug reservoir; Liquid-filled reservoir patches
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) for the transdermal administration of buprenorphine, and processes of manufacture, uses thereof, and corresponding methods of treatment therewith.
  • TTS transdermal therapeutic system
  • buprenorphine (5R,6R,7R,9R,13S,14S)-17-Cyclopropylmethyl-7-[(S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-hydroxybutan-2-yl]-6-methoxy-4,5-epoxy-6,14-ethanomorphinan-3-ol) is a partially synthetic opiate with high potency. Cancer patients may be treated with daily doses of around 1 mg. Despite its rather high molecular weight of 467.64 daltons, it is currently used for transdermal administration.
  • the commercial TTS product Norspan® also known as BuTrans@, delivers buprenorphine to the skin sufficiently to treat patients in pain for a time period of 7 days (about 168 hours) and allows therefore a use of the TTS over a time period of 7 days and allows in a fixed dosing regimen a once-weekly TITS exchange.
  • This is specifically beneficial in terms of convenience and patient compliance.
  • the overall efficacy of the pain medicament is enhanced.
  • the long administration periods may cause problems with skin irritation, which in combination with the considerable size (i.e., area of release) of the TTS may be problematic.
  • the large amount of excess drug in the TI'S necessary to sustain enough driving force for sustaining the appropriate drug delivery over the long period of time is costly and has the potential to be subject to illicit use.
  • buprenorphine e.g., buprenorphine base
  • buprenorphine base e.g., buprenorphine base
  • buprenorphine e.g., buprenorphine base
  • buprenorphine e.g., buprenorphine base
  • a transdermal therapeutic system for the transdermal administration of buprenorphine e.g., buprenorphine base
  • buprenorphine e.g., buprenorphine base
  • a buprenorphine e.g., buprenorphine base
  • self-adhesive layer structure comprising
  • the invention relates to a method of treating pain in a patient by applying a transdermal therapeutic system in accordance with the invention to the skin of a patient, in particular to a method of treating pain in a patient by applying a transdermal therapeutic system in accordance with the invention to the skin of said patient for more than about 96 hours (or for more than 4 days), or for about 120 hours (or for 5 days), or for about 144 hours (or for 6 days) or for about 168 hours (or for 7 days or for one week).
  • the invention relates to a method of treating pain in a patient by applying to the skin of said patient for about 168 hours (or for 7 days or for one week) a transdermal therapeutic system, comprising a buprenorphine (e.g., buprenorphine base) containing self-adhesive layer structure comprising
  • a buprenorphine e.g., buprenorphine base
  • self-adhesive layer structure comprising
  • the invention relates to a transdermal therapeutic system for the transdermal administration of buprenorphine base, comprising a buprenorphine base-containing self-adhesive layer structure comprising
  • the invention relates to a method of treating pain in a patient by applying to the skin of said patient for about 168 hours (or for 7 days or for one week) a transdermal therapeutic system, comprising a buprenorphine base-containing self-adhesive layer structure comprising
  • the invention relates to a transdermal therapeutic system for the transdermal administration of buprenorphine, comprising a buprenorphine-containing self-adhesive layer structure comprising
  • the invention relates to a method of treating pain in a patient by applying to the skin of said patient for about 168 hours a transdermal therapeutic system for the transdermal administration of buprenorphine, comprising a buprenorphine-containing self-adhesive layer structure comprising
  • the invention relates to a transdermal therapeutic system for the transdermal administration of buprenorphine base, comprising a buprenorphine base-containing self-adhesive layer structure comprising
  • the invention relates to a method of treating pain in a patient by applying to the skin of said patient for about 168 hours (or for 7 days or for one week) a transdermal therapeutic system comprising a buprenorphine base-containing self-adhesive layer structure comprising
  • the invention relates to a set of two to five different transdermal therapeutic systems for the transdermal administration of buprenorphine base selected from five different transdermal therapeutic systems, a first, a second, a third, a forth and a fifth transdermal therapeutic system, each of the five different transdermal therapeutic systems comprising a buprenorphine-containing self-adhesive layer structure comprising
  • the invention relates to a transdermal therapeutic system comprising buprenorphine for the transdermal administration of buprenorphine selected from:
  • a first transdermal therapeutic system providing a size of the area of release ranging from about 1 cm 2 to about 4.8 cm 2 and containing an amount of said buprenorphine from 1 mg to about 4 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and providing a mean AUCt of more than 8,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml over about 168 hours of administration after a single-dose administration to a subject population
  • a second transdermal therapeutic system providing a size of the area of release ranging from about 3 cm 2 to about 9.5 cm 2 and containing an amount of said buprenorphine from about 3.5 mg to about 8 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and providing a mean AUCt of more than 16,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml over about 168 hours of administration after a single-dose administration to a subject population
  • a third transdermal therapeutic system providing a size of the area of release ranging from
  • the invention relates to a transdermal therapeutic system comprising buprenorphine for the transdermal administration of buprenorphine selected from:
  • a first transdermal therapeutic system providing a size of the area of release ranging from about 1 cm 2 to about 4.8 cm 2 and containing an amount of said buprenorphine from 1 mg to about 4 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and providing a nominal mean release rate of about 5 ⁇ g/hr over about 168 hours of administration;
  • a second transdermal therapeutic system providing a size of the area of release ranging from about 3 cm 2 to about 9.5 cm 2 and containing an amount of said buprenorphine from about 3.5 mg to about 8 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and providing a nominal mean release rate of about 10 ⁇ g/hr over about 168 hours of administration;
  • a third transdermal therapeutic system providing a size of the area of release ranging from about 6 cm 2 to about 19 cm 2 and containing an amount of said buprenorphine from about 6.5 mg to about 16 mg bu
  • the invention relates to a set of transdermal therapeutic systems including at least two transdermal therapeutic systems selected from the first, second, third, fourth and fifth transdermal therapeutic systems as described in the previous paragraphs.
  • the invention relates to a method of treating pain in a patient by selecting for said patient the appropriate transdermal therapeutic system from the first, second, third, fourth and fifth transdermal therapeutic system as described in the previous paragraphs and subsequently applying said selected transdermal therapeutic system on the skin of said patient for about 168 hours.
  • the invention relates to a transdermal therapeutic system comprising buprenorphine for the transdermal administration of buprenorphine, wherein buprenorphine is present in the form of buprenorphine base and providing a non-cumulative release of buprenorphine base as measured in a Franz diffusion cell with dermatomed human skin of
  • the invention relates to a transdermal therapeutic system comprising buprenorphine for the transdermal administration of buprenorphine, wherein buprenorphine is present in the form of buprenorphine base and providing a non-cumulative release of buprenorphine base as measured in a Franz diffusion cell with dermatomed human skin of
  • the term “transdermal therapeutic system” refers to the entire individual unit that is applied to the skin of a patient, and which comprises the buprenorphine-containing self-adhesive layer structure and optionally an additional larger active-free self-adhesive layer structure on top of the buprenorphine-containing self-adhesive layer structure, which TTS provides the percutaneous delivery of the active buprenorphine to the patient.
  • TTS transdermal therapeutic system”
  • TTS refers to the entire individual unit that is applied to the skin of a patient, and which comprises the buprenorphine-containing self-adhesive layer structure and optionally an additional larger active-free self-adhesive layer structure on top of the buprenorphine-containing self-adhesive layer structure, which TTS provides the percutaneous delivery of the active buprenorphine to the patient.
  • TTS is normally located on a redetachable protective layer from which it is removed immediately before application to the surface of the patient
  • buprenorphine-containing self-adhesive layer structure refers to the active agent-containing structure providing the area of release of the active agent.
  • polymer-based pressure-sensitive adhesive refers to a pressure-sensitive adhesive containing from 75% to 100% of said polymer based on the dry weight of the pressure-sensitive adhesive, e.g., 75% to 100% of polysiloxane.
  • the pressure-sensitive adhesive contains from 80% to 100%, or from 85% to 100%, or from 90% to 100%, or from 95% to 100% of the polymer (e.g., polysiloxane) based on the dry weight of the pressure sensitive adhesive.
  • a pressure-sensitive adhesive is in particular a material that adheres with finger pressure, is permanently tacky, exerts a strong holding force and should be removable from smooth surface without leaving a residue.
  • Examples of useful pressure-sensitive adhesives based on polysiloxane which are commercially available include the standard Bio-PSA series (7-4400, 7-4500 and 7-4600 series), the amine compatible (endcapped) Bio-PSA series (7-4100, 7-4200 and 7-4300 series) and the Soft Skin Adhesives series (7-9800) manufactured by Dow Corning.
  • Preferred pressure-sensitive adhesives based on polysiloxane are heptane-solvated pressure-sensitive adhesives including BIO-PSA 7-4201, BIO-PSA 7-4301, BIO-PSA 7-4501.
  • additional larger active agent-free self-adhesive layer structure refers to a self-adhesive layer structure that is free of active agent and larger than the active agent-containing structure and providing additional area adhering to the skin, but no area of release of the active agent, and enhancing thereby the overall adhesive properties of the TS.
  • buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer and “matrix layer” have the same meaning and refer to the layer containing the active in a matrix-type structure of active in-adhesive.
  • skin contact layer refers to the part of the TTS which is in direct contact with the skin of the patient during administration and is located in/co-extensive with the buprenorphine-containing self-adhesive layer structure.
  • the sizes of the “skin contact layer” and the buprenorphine-containing self-adhesive layer structure are co-extensive and correspond to the area of release.
  • deposit refers to distinguishable, e.g., visually distinguishable, areas within the pressure-sensitive adhesive. Such deposits are e.g., droplets. Deposits that are visually distinguishable may be identified by use of a microscope.
  • the parameter “mean cumulative skin permeation rate” is provided in ⁇ g/cm 2 -hr and is calculated from the cumulative release as measured by in vitro experiments carried out with the Franz diffusion cell over the total time period of release, e.g., 168 hours, in ⁇ g/cm 2 divided by the hours corresponding to said total time period of release, e.g., 168 hours.
  • the parameter “mean non-cumulative skin permeation rate” is provided in ⁇ g/cm 2 -hr and is calculated from the non-cumulative release of a certain sample interval as measured in a Franz diffusion cell in ⁇ g/cm 2 divided by the hours of said sample interval.
  • the parameter “cumulative release” is provided in g/cm 2 and relates to the total amount released over the total time period of release, e.g., 168 hours, as measured in a Franz diffusion cell.
  • the value is a mean value of at least 3 experiments.
  • the parameter “non-cumulative release” is provided in ⁇ g/cm 2 and relates to the amount released in a sample interval at certain elapsed time within the total time period of release, e.g., hour 16 of release corresponding to a sample interval of 8 hours from hour 8 to hour 16 of release within 168 hours of total time period of release, as measured in a Franz diffusion cell.
  • the value is a mean value of at least 3 experiments.
  • the parameter “mean release rate” refers to the mean release rate in ⁇ g/hr over the period of administration (e.g., 7 days) by which the active agent permeates through the human skin into the blood system and is based on the AUC obtained over said period of administration in a clinical study.
  • the parameter “nominal mean release rate” refers to an assigned mean release rate determined by comparison with the commercial reference product BuTrans® which is applied for 7 days to the skin of the subjects and of which mean release rates are publicly available from the package insert.
  • the corresponding known nominal mean release rate of the 25 cm 2 area of release BuTrans® reference TTS containing 20 mg buprenorphine is 20 ⁇ g/hr.
  • the mean release rate is proportional to the size of the area of release of a TS and may be used to distinguish TTSs by the dosage strength.
  • the BuTrans® TTS with half the size (i.e. 12.5 cm 2 area of release) and containing 10 mg of buprenorphine provides the known nominal mean release rate of 10 ⁇ g/hr.
  • the BuTrans® TTS with a size of 6.25 cm 2 area of release and containing 5 mg of buprenorphine provides the known nominal mean release rate of 5 ⁇ g/hr. Accordingly, it can be assumed that a corresponding TTS with a size of 50 cm 2 area of release and containing 40 mg of buprenorphine provides a nominal mean release rate of 40 ⁇ g/hr, and a corresponding TTS with a size of 37.5 cm area of release and containing 30 mg of buprenorphine provides a nominal mean release rate of 30 ⁇ g/hr.
  • the nominal mean release rates are assigned to the TTSs in accordance with the invention based on bioequivalence considerations by at least comparing the mean AUCt of the reference TTS BuTrans® with the mean AUCt of the TTSs in accordance with the invention obtained in the same clinical study.
  • the meaning of “by applying to the skin of said patient for about 168 hours” corresponds to “by applying to the skin of said patient for about 7 days or for one week” and refers to a once a week exchange mode or dosing regimen.
  • about 96 hours correspond to 4 days
  • about 120 hours correspond to 5 days
  • about 144 hours correspond to 6 days.
  • applying to the skin of a patient for a certain period of time has the same meaning as “administration for a certain period of time”.
  • the term “patient” refers to a subject who has presented a clinical manifestation of a particular symptom or symptoms suggesting the need for treatment, who is treated preventatively or prophylactically for a condition, or who has been diagnosted with a condition to be treated.
  • the term “active”, “active agent”, and the like, as well as the term “buprenorphine” refers to buprenorphine base or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Unless otherwise indicated the amounts of buprenorphine in the TTS relate to the amount of buprenorphine before administration of the TTS. The amounts of buprenorphine in the TTS after administration are referred to as residual amounts.
  • values and ranges specifying the size of the area of release and the amount of buprenorphine contained in the transdermal therapeutic system are mean values of at least 3 measurements.
  • pharmacokinetic parameters refers to parameters describing the blood plasma curve, e.g. Cmax, AUCt and AUCINF obtained in a clinical study, e.g. by single-dose administration of the active agent TTS, e.g. the buprenorphine base TTS to healthy human subjects.
  • the pharmacokinetic parameters of the individual subjects are summarized using arithmetic and geometric means, e.g. a mean Cmax, a mean AUCt and a mean AUCINF, and additional statistics such as the respective standard deviations and standard errors, the minimum value, the maximum value, and the middle value when the list of values is ranked (Median).
  • pharmacokinetic parameters e.g.
  • the mean Cmax, the mean AUCt and the mean AUCINF refer to geometric mean values if not indicated otherwise. It cannot be precluded that the absolute mean values obtained for a certain TTS in a clinical study vary to a certain extend from study to study.
  • a reference formulation e.g. the commercial reference product BuTrans® or in the future any product based on the invention, may be used as internal standard.
  • a comparison of the AUC per area of release e.g. the mean AUCt per area of release of the respective reference product in the earlier and later study can be used to obtain a correction factor to take into account differences from study to study.
  • Clinical studies according to the present invention refer to studies performed in full compliance with the International Conference for Harmonization of Clinical Trials (ICH) and all applicable local Good Clinical Practices (GCP) and regulations.
  • ICH International Conference for Harmonization of Clinical Trials
  • GCP global Good Clinical Practices
  • the term “healthy human subject” refers to a male or female subject with a body weight ranging from 55 kg to 100 kg and a body mass index (BMI) ranging from 18 to 29 and normal physiological parameters, such as blood pressure, etc. Healthy human subjects for the purposes of the present invention are selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria which are based on and in accordance with recommendations of the ICH.
  • BMI body mass index
  • subject population refers to at least ten individual healthy human subjects.
  • geometric mean refers to the mean of the log transformed data backtransformed to the original scale.
  • the term “arithmetic mean” refers to the sum of all values of observation divided by the total number of observations.
  • the parameter “AUC” corresponds to the area under the plasma concentration-time curve.
  • the AUC value is proportional to the amount of active agent absorbed into the blood circulation in total and is hence a measure for the bioavailability.
  • the parameter “AUCt” is provided in pg ⁇ hr/ml and relates to the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from hour 0 to the last measurable plasma concentration and is calculated by the linear trapezoidal method.
  • the parameter “mean AUCt per area of release” is provided in pg ⁇ hr/ml-cm 2 and is calculated from the geometric mean AUCt as determined for a certain TTS in pg ⁇ hr/ml divided by the area of release of said TTS.
  • AUCINF AUCINF
  • the parameter “Cmax” is provided in pg/ml and and relates to the maximum observed blood plasma concentration of the active agent.
  • tmax is provided in hr and relates to the time point at which the Cmax value is reached.
  • tmax is the time point of the maximum observed plasma concentration.
  • the parameter “LambdaZ” is provided in 1/hr and relates to the apparent terminal phase rate constant, where LambdaZ is the magnitude of the slope of the linear regression of the log concentration versus time profile during the terminal phase.
  • mean plasma concentration is provided in pg/ml and is a mean of the individual plasma concentrations of active agent, e.g. buprenorphine base, at each point in time.
  • bioequivalent is defined to refer to a TTS that provides geometric mean values of Cmax, AUCt, and AUCINF for buprenorphine, wherein the 90% confidence intervals estimated for the ratio 10 test/reference fall within the range of 80.00% to 125.00%.
  • FIG. 1 depicts the mean non-cumulative skin permeation rate for Examples 1 to 4 and Norspan®.
  • FIG. 2 depicts the mean non-cumulative skin permeation rate of the transdermal therapeutic systems.
  • the area of release of the transdermal therapeutic systems according to Examples 1 to 4 being 10 cm 2 and the area of release for Norspan® being 25 cm 2 .
  • the amount of buprenorphine base for Examples 1 to 4 being 12 mg and the amount of buprenorphine base for Norspan® being 20 mg.
  • FIG. 3 depicts the mean non-cumulative skin permeation rate for Comparative Example 5 and Norspan®.
  • FIG. 4 depicts the mean non-cumulative skin permeation rate of the of the transdermal therapeutic systems.
  • the area of release of the transdermal therapeutic system according to Comparative Example 5 being 15 cm 2 and the area of release for Norspan® being 25 cm 2 .
  • the amount of buprenorphine base for Comparative Example 5 being 6.75 mg and the amount of buprenorphine base for Norspan® being 20 mg.
  • FIG. 5 depicts the mean plasma concentration for Examples 1 and 2, Comparative Example 5 and BuTrans®.
  • the area of release of the transdermal therapeutic systems according to Examples 1 and 2 being 10 cm 2
  • the area of release of the transdermal therapeutic systems according to Comparative Example 5 being 15 cm 2
  • the area of release for BuTrans® being 25 cm 2 .
  • the amount of buprenorphine base for Examples 1 and 2 being 12 mg
  • the amount of buprenorphine base for Comparative Example 5 being 6.75 mg
  • the amount of buprenorphine base for BuTrans® being 20 mg.
  • the TTS for the transdermal administration of buprenorphine comprises a buprenorphine-containing self-adhesive layer structure comprising
  • the TTS for the transdermal administration of buprenorphine base comprises a buprenorphine base-containing self-adhesive layer structure comprising
  • the invention relates to a TTS with a buprenorphine-containing self-adhesive layer structure consisting essentially of:
  • the TTS comprises in addition to the buprenorphine-containing self-adhesive layer structure attached thereto a larger active agent-free self-adhesive layer structure, e.g., a peripheral adhesive or overlying adhesive, for enhancing the adhesive properties of the overall transdermal therapeutic system.
  • Said active agent-free self-adhesive layer structure comprises also a backing layer, e.g., beige colored, and in this case an active agent free pressure-sensitive adhesive layer of polymer-based pressure-sensitive adhesive, e.g., based on polyacrylates or polysiloxane.
  • the area of said second active agent agent-free self-adhesive layer structure adds to the overall size of the TTS but does not add to the area of release.
  • the pressure-sensitive adhesive in the active agent containing and the active agent-free self-adhesive layer structures may be the same or different.
  • pressure-sensitive adhesives selected from the group of poly acrylate based or poly isobutylene based pressure-sensitive adhesives can be used, and poly acrylate based pressure-sensitive adhesives are preferred, in particular pressure-sensitive adhesives based on an acrylate-vinylacetate polymer, e.g., such as those available from Henkel under the tradename Duro Tak®, e.g., Duro Tak® 387 2051.
  • Such pressure-sensitive adhesives are provided in an organic solution of ethyl acetate and heptane.
  • Such pressure-sensitive adhesives provide a 180° Peel at 20 minutes of at least about 20 N/25 mm, and at 24 minutes of at least about 25 N/25 cm, and at one week of at least about 30 N/25 mm and a Loop tack of at least 15 N/25 mm 2 , or of at least 20 N/25 mm 2 , or of at least 22 N/25 mm 2 .
  • the TTS according to the invention comprises an analgesically effective amount of buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be selected from those known in the art, such as the hydrochloride, sulphate, phosphate, tartrate, maleinate, oxalate, acetate and lactate salts.
  • the active agent is buprenorphine base.
  • An analgesically effective amount may vary from about 1 mg to about 50 mg, in particular from about 2 mg to about 30 mg of buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or from about 2 mg to about 25 mg of buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the TTS contains according to five different dosages from about 1 mg to about 4 mg, or from about 3.5 mg to about 8 mg, or from about 6.5 mg to about 16 mg, or from about 11.5 mg to about 24 mg, or from about 15 mg to about 32 mg of buprenorphine base or a an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the TTS contains according to five different dosages from about 1 mg to about 4.5 mg, or about 3 mg, or from about 4 mg to about 9 mg, or about 6 mg, or from about 8 mg to about 14 mg, or about 12 mg, or from about 15 mg to about 20 mg, or about 18 mg or from about 20 mg to about 28 mg, or about 24 mg of buprenorphine base or a an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the Pressure-sensitive adhesives used for the present invention are polymer-based pressure-sensitive adhesives.
  • Such polymer-based pressure-sensitive adhesives may e.g., be based on polysiloxanes or polyisobutylenes.
  • polysiloxane based pressure-sensitive adhesives are preferred.
  • Such polysiloxanes adhesives need, unlike other organic pressures-sensitive adhesives, no additives like antioxidants, stabilizers, plasticizers, catalysts or other potentially extractable ingredients.
  • pressure-sensitive adhesives provide for suitable tack for quick bonding to various skin types, including wet skin, suitable adhesive and cohesive qualities, long lasting adhesion to the skin of up to 7 days, a high degree of flexibility, a permeability to moisture, and compatibility to many actives and film-substrates. It is possible to provide them with sufficient amine resistance and therefore enhanced stability in the presence of amines.
  • Such pressure-sensitive adhesives are based on a resin-in-polymer concept wherein, by condensation reaction of silanol end blocked polydimethylsiloxane with a silica resin, a polysiloxane is prepared which for amine stability the residual silanol functionality is additionally capped with trimethylsiloxy groups.
  • the dimethiconol content contributes to the viscous component of the visco-elastic behavior, and impacts the wetting and the spreadability properties of the adhesive.
  • the resin acts as a tackifying and reinforcing agent, and participates in the elastic component. The correct balance between dimethiconol and resin provides for the correct adhesive properties.
  • the adhesive strength of the polysiloxanes may be sufficient for the desired skin contact.
  • a plasticizer or a tackifying agent is incorporated into the formulation to improve the adhesive characteristics of the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer. It may be advantageous in an individual case to improve the tack by adding small amounts of tackifiers such as polyterpenes, rosin derivatives, or silicone oils.
  • the tackifying agent is a silicone oil (e.g., 360 Medical Fluid, available from Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Mich.).
  • the pressure-sensitive adhesives are supplied and used in solvents like heptane, ethyl acetate or other volatile silicone fluids.
  • solvents like heptane, ethyl acetate or other volatile silicone fluids.
  • heptane is preferred.
  • the solids content is usually between 60 and 80%.
  • the preferred pressure-sensitive adhesives based on polysiloxanes in accordance with the invention are characterized by a solution viscosity at 25° C. and 60% solids content in heptane of more than about 150 mPa s, or from about 200 mPa s to about 700 mPa s, in particular from about 350 mPa s to about 600 mPa s, more preferred from about 480 mPa s to about 550 mPa s, or most preferred of about 500 mPa s or alternatively from about 400 mPa s to about 480 mPa s, or most preferred of about 450 mPa s.
  • Theses may also be characterized by a complex viscosity at 0.01 rad/s at 30° C. of less than about 1 ⁇ 10 9 Poise or from about 1 ⁇ 10 5 to about 9 ⁇ 10 8 Poise, or more preferred from about 1 ⁇ 10 to about 1 ⁇ 10 7 Poise, or most preferred about 5 ⁇ 10 6 Poise or alternatively more preferred from about 2 ⁇ 10 7 to about 9 ⁇ 10 8 Poise, or most preferred about 1 ⁇ 10 8 Poise.
  • BIO-PSA 7 4301 has a solution viscosity at 25° C. and about 60% solids content in heptane of 450 mPa s and a complex viscosity at 0.01 rad/s at 30° C. of 1 ⁇ 10° Poise.
  • BIO-PSA 4301 has a solution viscosity at 25° C. and about 60% solids content in heptane of 500 mPa s and a complex viscosity at 0.01 rad/s at 30° C. of 1 ⁇ 10 6 Poise.
  • the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer of the TTS of the invention may further comprise in addition to the above mentioned ingredients a), b) and c), namely a polymer-based pressure-sensitive adhesive, the buprenorphine and the carboxylic acid selected from the group of oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and levulinic acid as described herein, other various excipients or additives, for example from the group of solubilizers, fillers, tackifiers, substances which influence the barrier properties of the stratum corneum in the sense of increasing the active agent permeability, pH regulators, and preservatives.
  • a polymer-based pressure-sensitive adhesive namely a polymer-based pressure-sensitive adhesive, the buprenorphine and the carboxylic acid selected from the group of oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and levulinic acid as described herein, other various excipients or additives, for example from the group of so
  • Substances which influence the barrier properties of the stratum corneum in the sense of increasing the active agent permeability are known to the skilled worker and the substance appropriate for the respective active agents must—if necessary—be found by means of permeation studies.
  • Some examples are polyhydric alcohols such as dipropylene glycol, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol; oils such as olive oil, squalene, and lanolin; fatty ethers such as cetyl ether and oleyl ether, fatty acid esters such as isopropyl myristate; urea and urea derivatives such as allantoin; polar solvents such as dimethyldecylphosphoxide, methyloctylsulfoxide, dimethyllaurylamine, dodecylpyrrolidone, isosorbitol, dimethylacetonide, dimethylsulfoxide, decylmethylsulfoxide, and dimethylformamide; salicylic acid; amino acids; benzyl nic
  • agents include oleic and linoleic acids, ascorbic acid, panthenol, butylated hydroxytoluene, tocopherol, tocopheryl acetate, tocopheryl linoleate, propyl oleate, and isopropyl palmitate.
  • the TTS of the invention may additionally comprise according to certain embodiments in which the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer comprises a) the polymer-based pressure-sensitive adhesive, b) the buprenorphine and c) levulinic acid or linolenic acid or mixtures of both as the carboxylic acid as described herein, oleic and linoleic acids as substances influencing the barrier properties of the stratum corneum in the sense of increasing the active agent permeability.
  • the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer comprises a) the polymer-based pressure-sensitive adhesive, b) the buprenorphine and c) levulinic acid or linolenic acid or mixtures of both as the carboxylic acid as described herein, oleic and linoleic acids as substances influencing the barrier properties of the stratum corneum in the sense of increasing the active agent permeability.
  • Such substances as described in the previous paragraph may be included in a TITS and may be present in an amount of about 1% to about 10% by weight. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention such additional substances are however not necessary. According to an embodiment of the invention the TTS does not comprise such additional substances as mentioned in the previous paragraph.
  • the solubility of the drug can be further altered by the optional addition of an agent that increases the solubility of drug or inhibits drug crystallization in the transdermal composition, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, vinyl acetate/vinylpyrrolidone copolymer and cellulose derivatives.
  • an agent that increases the solubility of drug or inhibits drug crystallization in the transdermal composition such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, vinyl acetate/vinylpyrrolidone copolymer and cellulose derivatives.
  • Viscosity-increasing substances are preferably used in conjunction with an active agent solution.
  • Suitable substances for increasing the viscosity of the active agent solution are, for example, cellulose derivatives such as ethylcellulose, hydroxylpropylcellulose and high molecular mass polyacrylic acids and/or their salts and/or their derivatives such as esters.
  • Fillers such as silica gels, titanium dioxide and zinc oxide may be used in conjunction with the polymer in order to influence certain physical parameters, such as cohesion and bond strength, in the desired way.
  • the buprenorphine-containing self-adhesive layer structure comprises a buprenorphine-impermeable backing layer, and a buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer coated thereon.
  • the buprenorphine-containing self-adhesive layer structure consists of these two elements.
  • the buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer may be coated at any dry weight, but is preferably coated at a dry weight of more than about 6 mg/cm 2 (about 60 g/m 2 ), or of more than about 8 mg/cm 2 (about 80 g/m 2 ), or ranging from about 6 mg/cm 2 (about 60 g/m 2 ) to about 14 mg/cm 2 (about 140 g/m 2 ), or from about 8 mg/cm 2 (about 80 g/m 2 ) to about 14 mg/cm 2 (about 140 g/m 2 ).
  • the dry weight is more than about 10 mg/cm 2 (about 100 g/m 2 ), or ranges from about 10 mg/cm 2 (about 100 g/m 2 ) to about 13 mg/cm 2 (about 130 g/m 2 ), or ranges from about 11.5 mg/cm 2 (about 115 g/m 2 ) to about 12.5 mg/cm 2 (about 125 g/m 2 ), or is specifically about 12 mg/cm 2 (about 120 g/m 2 ).
  • the dry buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer preferably contains buprenorphine base, but may contain equimolar amounts of pharmaceutically acceptable salts. According to the invention preferably more than 5%, or more than about 6%, or more than about 7%, or more than about 8%, or more than about 9%, or from about 6% to about 20%, or from about 7% to about 20%, or from about 8% to about 20%, or from about 9% to about 20%, or from about 6% to about 15%, or from about 7% to about 15%, or from about 8 to about 15% or from about 9 to about 15% buprenorphine base or equimolar amounts of pharmaceutically acceptable salts based on the total dry weight of the dry buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer are contained in the dry buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer. In a specific embodiment, about 10% buprenorphine base is contained in the dry buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer.
  • the TTS contains in the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer more than about 0.55 mg/cm 2 , or more than about 0.6 mg/cm 2 , or more than about 0.7 mg/cm 2 , or more than about 0.8 mg/cm 2 , or more than about 0.9 mg/cm 2 , or more than about 1 mg/cm 2 , or more than about 1.1 mg/cm 2 , buprenorphine base, or from about 0.55 mg/cm 2 to about 2 mg/cm 2 , or from about 0.6 mg/cm 2 to about 2 mg/cm 2 , or from about 0.7 mg/cm 2 to about 2 mg/cm 2 , or from about 0.8 mg/cm 2 to about 2 mg/cm 2 , or from about 0.9 mg/cm 2 to about 2 mg/cm 2 , or from about 1 mg/cm 2 to about 2 mg/cm 2 , or from about 1.1 mg/cm 2 to about 2 mg/cm 2 buprenorphine base, or
  • a carboxyclic acid is present.
  • the carboxylic acid may be selected from the group consisting of oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, levulinic acid and mixtures thereof, wherein levulinic acid is preferred.
  • the buprenorphine is in mixture with, e.g., dissolved in, the carboxylic acid, e.g., the levulinic acid, and this mixture, e.g., solution, is dispersed in the form of small deposits, e.g., droplets, in the matrix layer.
  • Buprenorphine with its known physicochemical properties, namely its poor solubility, its comparatively high melting point of 216° C., and its high molecular weight, tends readily towards crystallization. For this reason, a solubilizer with at least one acidic group is used in order to prevent the buprenorphine from crystallizing during the storage of the pharmaceutical form. Buprenorphine and levulinic acid have an extremely low solubility in polysiloxanes. As a consequence of this, it is possible to solubilize buprenorphine in levulinic acid and to disperse this mixture in the form of small deposits in a matrix layer prepared on the basis of polysiloxanes as described herein.
  • Levulinic acid is sparingly soluble in the organic solvents of the adhesives. Consequently, the liquid mixture of buprenorphine and levulinic acid can be dispersed in the solution of the adhesive, with the dispersion being retained following removal of the solvent. In a matrix layer of this kind, the solubility of the buprenorphine is dependent virtually only on the amount of the levulinic acid.
  • the amount of the dispersed mixture of buprenorphine, e.g., buprenorphine base, and the carboxylic acid, e.g., levulinic acid can be up to about 40% by weight, it being preferred not to exceed about 25% or about 20% by weight and ranges from about 15% to about 25%, or from about 15% to about 20%, or from about 17% to about 20%.
  • the preferred size is dependent, furthermore, on the thickness of the matrix layer.
  • the carboxylic acid e.g., the levulinic acid
  • the amount in the TTS becomes less as the time of application elapses, and leads to a reduction of the solubility of buprenorphine.
  • the decrease in the thermodynamic activity of buprenorphine due to depletion is compensated by the reduced drug solubility in the buprenorphine/levulinic acid deposits.
  • the dry buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer contains more than about 50%, or more than about 6%, or more than about 7%, or more than about 8%, or more than about 9%, or from about 6% to about 20%, or from about 7% to about 20%, or from about 8 to about 20%, or from about 9 to about 20%, or from about 5% to about 15%, or from about 6% to about 15%, or from about 6% to about 9%, or from about 9% to about 15% carboxylic acid, e.g., levulinic acid based on the total dry weight of the dry buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer.
  • carboxylic acid e.g., levulinic acid
  • the dry buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer contains from about 6% to about 11% levulinic acid, or from about 6% to about 9% or from about 9% to about 15% levulinic acid, or about 7% levulinic acid or about 10% levulinic acid.
  • the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer contains the same %-amount of levulinic acid and buprenorphine base or equimolar amounts of pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer contains less %-amount of levulinic acid than it contains %-amount of buprenorphine base or equimolar amounts of pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer contains from more than 9% to about 15% buprenorphine base and from about 6% to about 9% levulinic acid or from more than 9% to about 15% buprenorphine base and from about 9% to about 15% levulinic acid based on the total dry weight.
  • the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is coated at a dry weight of from about 10 mg/cm 2 to about 14 mg/cm 2 , or from about 11.5 mg/cm 2 to about 12.5 mg/cm 2 or is about 12 mg/cm 2 , and the dry pressure-sensitive adhesive layer contains from about 7% to about 13% or from about 8% to about 12%, or from about 9% to about 11% or about 10% buprenorphine base and from about 6% to about 8/o, or about 7% levulinic acid.
  • the dry pressure-sensitive adhesive layer has a dry weight of about 12 mg/cm 2 and contains about 7% levulinic acid and about 10% buprenorphine base.
  • the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is coated at a dry weight of from about 10 mg/cm 2 to about 14 mg/cm 2 , or from about 11.5 mg/cm 2 to about 12.5 ing/cm 2 , or is about 12 mg/cm 2 , and the dry pressure-sensitive adhesive layer contains from about 7% to about 13% or from about 8% to about 12%, or from about 9% to about 11% or about 10% buprenorphine base and from about 8 to about 12% or about 10% levulinic acid.
  • the dry pressure-sensitive adhesive layer has a dry weight of about 12 mg/cm 2 , and contains about 10% levulinic acid and about 10% buprenorphine base.
  • the TTS contains more than about 0.55 mg/cm 2 , or more than about 0.6 mg/cm 2 , or more than about 0.7 mg/cm 2 , or more than about 0.8 mg/cm 2 , or more than about 0.9 mg/cm 2 , or more than about 1 mg/cm 2 , or more than about 1.1 mg/cm 2 buprenorphine base or from about 0.6 mg/cm 2 to about 2 mg/cm 2 , or from about 0.7 mg/cm 2 to about 2 mg/cm 2 , or from about 0.8 mg/cm 2 to about 2 mg/cm 2 , or from about 0.9 mg/cm 2 to about 2 mg/cm 2 , or from about 1 mg/cm 2 to about 2 mg/cm 2 , or from about 1.1 mg/cm 2 to about 2 mg/cm 2 buprenorphine base or contains about 1.2 mg/cm 2 buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of
  • the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer contains the same amounts of levulinic acid and buprenorphine base. According to another specific embodiment, the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer contains less levulinic acid than it contains buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the pressure-sensitive adhesive in the buprenorphine-containing layer and in the active agent-free layer are different, and the adhesive in the active agent-free layer is a pressure-sensitive adhesive based on polyacrylates.
  • the adhesive in the active agent-containing and the active agent-free layer are the same and are an amine-resistant pressure-sensitive adhesive based on polysiloxane wherein the polysiloxane is a product of the condensation reaction of silanol endblocked polydimethylsiloxane with a silica resin and the residual silanol functionality is capped with trimethylsiloxy groups and characterized by a solution viscosity at 25° C.
  • the buprenorphine-containing layer pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is coated at a dry weight of about 12 mg/cm 2 and contains about 10% Buprenorphine base and about 10% levulinic acid.
  • the area of release ranges from about 1 cm 2 to about 38 cm 2 , or the area of release is less than 25 cm 2 , or less than 22 cm 2 , or ranges from about 1.5 to about 25 cm 2 , or from about 1.5 to about 22 cm 2 , or from about 1.5 to about 20 cm 2 , or is about 3 cm 2 or about 6 cm 2 , or about 10 cm 2 , or about 15 cm 2 or about 20 cm 2 .
  • the TTS contains from about 1 mg to about 32 mg of buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or from about 1 mg to about 28 mg, or 2 mg to about 25 mg, or from about 2 mg to about 24 mg of buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the TTS in specific cases preferably contains
  • the TTS contains with respect to five dosage strengths a) to e) the following amounts of buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and provides the following corresponding area of release ranges:
  • the invention relates to a set of two (first and second, or second and third, or third and fourth, or fourth and fifth TTS, or any other combination of two of the five different dosage strengths), three (first to third, or second to fourth or third to fifth TS, or any other combination of three of the five different dosage strengths), four (first to fourth or second to fifth TTS, or any other combination of four of the five different dosage strengths) or five (first to fifth TTS) different transdermal therapeutic systems in accordance with the invention, wherein: the first transdermal therapeutic system provides a size of said buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer providing the area of release ranging from about 1 cm 2 to about 4.8 cm 2 , or from about 1.5 cm 2 to about 5.5 cm 2 and contains an amount of said buprenorphine from about 1 mg to about 4 mg, or from about 1 mg to about 4.5 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and
  • the second transdermal therapeutic system provides a size of said buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer providing the area of release ranging from about 3 cm 2 to about 9.5 cm 2 , or from about 3 cm 2 to about 9 cm 2 and contains an amount of said buprenorphine from about 3.5 mg to about 8 mg, or from about 4 mg to about 9 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • the third transdermal therapeutic system provides a size of said buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer providing the area of release ranging from about 6 cm 2 to about 19 cm 2 , or from about 6 cm 2 to about 14 cm 2 and contains an amount of said buprenorphine from about 6.5 mg to about 16 mg, or from about 8 mg to about 14 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and the fourth transdermal therapeutic system provides a size of said buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer providing the area
  • the invention relates also to set of transdermal therapeutic systems, wherein:
  • the first transdermal therapeutic system provides a size of said buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer providing the area of release ranging from about 1 cm 2 to about 4.5 cm 2 , or from about 2 cm 2 to about 4 cm 2 and contains an amount of said buprenorphine from about 1 mg to about 3.5 mg, or from about 2 mg to about 4 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and the second transdermal therapeutic system provides a size of said buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer providing the area of release ranging from about 3 cm 2 to about 9 cm 2 , or from about 4.5 cm 2 to about 7.5 cm 2 and contains an amount of said buprenorphine from about 3.5 mg to about 7 mg, or from about 5 mg to about 8 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and the third transdermal therapeutic system provides a size of said buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer providing
  • the invention relates also to set of different transdermal therapeutic, wherein:
  • the first transdermal therapeutic system provides a size of said buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer providing the area of release ranging from about 2.5 cm 2 to about 4 cm 2 , or from about 2 cm 2 to about 3 cm 2 and contains an amount of said buprenorphine from about 1 mg to about 3 mg, or from about 2.5 mg to about 4 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and the second transdermal therapeutic system provides a size of said buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer providing the area of release ranging from about 5 cm 2 to about 8 cm 2 , or from about 4.5 cm 2 to about 6 cm 2 and contains an amount of said buprenorphine from about 3.5 mg to about 6 m& or from about 5 mg to about 7 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and the third transdermal therapeutic system provides a size of said buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer providing the area
  • transdermal therapeutic system selected from a set of transdermal therapeutic systems as described in the previous paragraphs is provided wherein buprenorphine is present in the form of buprenorphine base and wherein
  • the first transdermal therapeutic system when tested in a comparative clinical study is bioequivalent to a reference product having an area of release of about 6.25 cm 2 and providing a nominal mean release rate of about 5 ⁇ g/hr over about 168 hours of administration
  • the second transdermal therapeutic system when tested in a comparative clinical study is bioequivalent to a reference product having an area of release of about 12.5 cm 2 and providing a nominal mean release rate of about 10 ⁇ g/hr over about 168 hours of administration
  • the third transdermal therapeutic system when tested in a comparative clinical study is bioequivalent to a reference product having an area of release of about 25 cm 2 and providing a nominal mean release rate of about 20 ⁇ g/hr over about 168 hours of administration
  • the fourth transdermal therapeutic system when tested in a comparative clinical study is bioequivalent to a reference product having an area of release of about 37.5 cm 2 and providing a nominal mean release rate of about 30 ⁇ g/hr over about 168 hours of administration
  • the invention relates to a transdermal therapeutic system described as first transdermal therapeutic system in the previous paragraphs wherein buprenorphine is present in the form of buprenorphine base and which is when tested in a comparative clinical study bioequivalent to the commercial product BuTrans®, also known as Norspan®, having an area of release of 6.25 cm 2 .
  • BuTrans® also known as Norspan®
  • the invention relates to a transdermal therapeutic system described as second transdermal therapeutic system in the previous paragraphs wherein buprenorphine is present in the form of buprenorphine base and which is when tested in a comparative clinical study bioequivalent to the commercial product BuTrans®, also known as Norspan®, having an area of release of 12.5 cm 2 .
  • BuTrans® also known as Norspan®
  • the invention relates to a transdermal therapeutic system described as third transdermal therapeutic system in the previous paragraphs wherein buprenorphine is present in the form of buprenorphine base and which is when tested in a comparative clinical study bioequivalent to the commercial product BuTrans®, also known as Norspan®, having an area of release of 25 cm 2 .
  • BuTrans® also known as Norspan®
  • the invention relates to a transdermal therapeutic system comprising buprenorphine for the transdermal administration of buprenorphine selected from:
  • a first transdermal therapeutic system providing a size of the area of release ranging from about 1 cm 2 to about 4.8 cm 2 and containing an amount of said buprenorphine from 1 mg to about 4 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and providing a nominal mean release rate of about 5 ⁇ g/hr and/or providing a mean AUCt of more than 7,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml, preferably more than 8,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml, or of from more than 7,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml to about 16,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml, or of from more than 8,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml to about 16,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml over about 168 hours of administration after a single-dose administration to a subject population; a second transdermal therapeutic system providing a size of the area of release ranging from about 3 cm 2 to about 9.5 cm 2 and containing an amount of said buprenorphine from
  • the invention relates to a transdermal therapeutic system comprising buprenorphine for the transdermal administration of buprenorphine selected from:
  • a first transdermal therapeutic system providing a size of the area of release ranging from about 1 cm 2 to about 4.5 cm 2 and containing an amount of said buprenorphine from 1 mg to about 3.5 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and providing a nominal mean release rate of about 5 ⁇ g/hr and/or providing a mean AUCt of more than 7,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml, preferably more than 8,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml, or of from more than 7,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml to about 16,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml, or of from more than 8,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml to about 16,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml over about 168 hours of administration after a single-dose administration to a subject population; a second transdermal therapeutic system providing a size of the area of release ranging from about 3 cm 2 to about 9 cm 2 and containing an amount of said buprenorphine from
  • the invention relates a transdermal therapeutic system comprising buprenorphine for the transdermal administration of buprenorphine selected from:
  • a first transdermal therapeutic system providing a size of the area of release ranging from about 2.5 cm 2 to about 4 cm 2 and containing an amount of said buprenorphine from 1 mg to about 3 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and providing a nominal mean release rate of about 5 ⁇ g/hr and/or providing a mean AUCt of more than 7,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml, preferably more than 8,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml, or of from more than 7,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml to about 16,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml, or of from more than 8,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml to about 16,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml over about 168 hours of administration after a single-dose administration to a subject population; a second transdermal therapeutic system providing a size of the area of release ranging from about 5 cm 2 to about 8 cm 2 and containing an amount of said buprenorphine from about
  • the TTS is further characterized by the skin permeation rate determined by in vitro experiments carried out with the Franz diffusion cell (e.g., a 9 ml Franz diffusion cell), using human split thickness skin. Skin from cosmetic surgeries (female breast, date of birth 1989) can be used. A dermatone is used to prepare skin to a thickness of 800 ⁇ m, with an intact epidermis, in accordance with the OECD Guideline (adopted Apr. 13, 2004). Due to the prolonged test (168 hours) 800 ⁇ m skin is used instead of the recommended 200 to 400 ⁇ m skin.
  • the receptor medium used is a phosphate buffer solution pH 5.5 with 0.1% saline azide as antibacteriological agent is used at a temperature of 32 ⁇ 1°.
  • Example formulations with an area of 1.163 cm 2 are punched from laminates, and in the present examples are each tested against 1.163 cm 2 samples of the commercial product Norspan®. The concentrations of buprenorphine in the acceptor medium of the Franz cell are measured.
  • the ITS according to the invention provides a mean cumulative skin permeation rate of more than about 1.3 ⁇ g/cm 2 -hr, or more than about 1.5 ⁇ g/cm 2 -hr or more than about 1.7 ⁇ g/cm 2 -hr over a 168 hours test, or of more than about 2 ⁇ g/cm 2 -hr over a 168 hours test, or of more than about 2.5 ⁇ g/cm 2 -hr over a 168 hours test, or of more than 2.7 ⁇ g/cm 2 -hr over a 168 hours test, or of more than about 3 ⁇ g/cm 2 -hr over a 168 hours test, or from about 1.3 ⁇ g/cm 2 -hr to about 4 ⁇ g/cm 2 -hr, or from about 1.7 ⁇ g/cm 2 -hr to about 4 ⁇ g/cm 2 -hr, or from about 2 ⁇ g/cm 2 -hr to
  • the TTS provides a cumulative release as measured in a Franz diffusion cell as mentioned above of about 220 ⁇ g/cm 2 to about 640 ⁇ g/cm 2 over a time period of 168 hours, or of about 400 ⁇ g/cm 2 to about 640 ⁇ g/cm 2 , or of about 450 ⁇ g/cm 2 to about 640 ⁇ g/cm 2 , or of about 500 ⁇ g/cm 2 to about 640 ⁇ g/cm 2 , or of about 600 ⁇ g/cm 2 to about 640 ⁇ g/cm 2 over a time period of 168 hours.
  • the commercial product Norspan® provides a cumulative release of about 175.29 ⁇ g/cm 2 in said test.
  • comparable skin permeation rates are measured using the 25 cm 2 Norspan® TTS including 20 mg buprenorphine base and TTS examples 1 to 4 in accordance with the invention with an area of 10 cm 2 and including 12 mg buprenorphine base. This corresponds to about a 60% size reduction and a reduction of about 40% in the amount of used buprenorphine base.
  • the TTS provides a non-cumulative skin permeation rate of buprenorphine base as measured in a Franz diffusion cell of
  • the TTS provides a non-cumulative skin permeation rate of buprenorphine base as measured in a Franz diffusion cell of
  • the TTS provides a non-cumulative skin permeation rate of buprenorphine base as measured in a Franz diffusion cell of
  • Norspan® provides a non-cumulative skin permeation rate of buprenorphine base as measured in a Franz diffusion cell in the same setting of
  • the transdermal therapeutic system in accordance with the invention and as described above in detail is for use in a method of treating pain.
  • the Method comprises in particular the application of the TTS for about 168 hours (corresponding to 7 days or one week) on the skin of a patient.
  • the TTS can be applied for more than about 96 hours corresponding to more than 4 days, or about 120 hours corresponding to 5 days and about 144 hours corresponding to 6 days.
  • the application for about 168 hours is preferred.
  • the invention relates to a method of treatment wherein a set of five different transdermal therapeutic systems corresponding to different dosage strengths and corresponding different nominal mean release rates and/or mean release rates over about 168 hours of administration is used, wherein:
  • the first transdermal therapeutic system provides a size of said buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer providing the area of release ranging from about 1.5 cm 2 to about 5.5 cm 2 and contains an amount of said buprenorphine from about 1 mg to about 4.5 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and provides a mean release rate of buprenorphine ranging from about 2.5 to about 7.5 ⁇ g/hr or from about 4 to about 6 gag/hr, and/or provides a nominal mean release rate of buprenorphine of about 5 ⁇ g/hr over about 168 hours of administration; and the second transdermal therapeutic system provides a size of said buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer providing the area of release ranging from about 3 cm 2 to about 9 cm 2 and contains an amount of said buprenorphine from about 4 mg to about 9 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and provides a
  • the invention relates also to set of transdermal therapeutic systems, wherein:
  • the first transdermal therapeutic system provides a size of said buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer providing the area of release ranging from about 2 cm 2 to about 4 cm 2 and contains an amount of said buprenorphine from about 2 mg to about 4 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and provides a mean release rate of buprenorphine ranging from about 2.5 to about 7.5 ⁇ g/hr or from about 4 to about 6 ⁇ g/hr, and/or provides a nominal mean release rate of buprenorphine of about 5 ⁇ g/hr over about 168 hours of administration; and the second transdermal therapeutic system provides a size of said buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer providing the area of release ranging from about 4.5 cm 2 to about 7.5 cm 2 and contains an amount of said buprenorphine from about 5 mg to about 8 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and provides
  • the invention relates also to set of different transdermal therapeutic, wherein:
  • the first transdermal therapeutic system provides a size of said buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer providing the area of release ranging from about 2 cm 2 to about 3 cm 2 and contains an amount of said buprenorphine from about 2.5 mg to about 4 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and provides a mean release rate of buprenorphine ranging from about 2.5 to about 7.5 ⁇ g/hr or from about 4 to about 6 ⁇ g/hr, and/or provides a nominal mean release rate of buprenorphine of about 5 ⁇ g/hr over about 168 hours of administration; and the second transdermal therapeutic system provides a size of said buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer providing the area of release ranging from about 4.5 cm 2 to about 6 cm 2 and contains an amount of said buprenorphine from about 5 mg to about 7 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and provides
  • the invention relates to a method of treating pain in a patient wherein said patient is treated with one appropriately selected TTS from a set of two (first and second, or second and third, or third and fourth, or fourth and fifth TTS, or any other combination of two of the five different dosage strengths), three (first to third, or second to fourth or third to fifth TTS, or any other combination of three of the five different dosage strengths), four (first to fourth or second to fifth TTS, or any other combination of four of the five different dosage strengths) or five (first to fifth TTS) different transdermal therapeutic systems corresponding to different dosage strengths and corresponding different nominal mean release rates and/or mean release rates over about 168 hours of administration is used, wherein:
  • the first transdermal therapeutic system provides a size of said buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer providing the area of release ranging from about 1 cm 2 to about 4.8 cm 2 and contains an amount of said buprenorphine from about 1 mg to about 4 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and provides a mean release rate of buprenorphine of at least about 2 ⁇ g/hr, or of from about 2.5 to about 7.5 ⁇ g/hr or from about 4 to about 6 ⁇ g/hr, and/or provides a nominal mean release rate of buprenorphine of about 5 ⁇ g/hr over about 168 hours of administration; and the second transdermal therapeutic system provides a size of said buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer providing the area of release ranging from about 3 cm 2 to about 9.5 cm 2 and contains an amount of said buprenorphine from about 3.5 mg to about 8 mg buprenorphine base or an equi
  • the invention relates also to set of transdermal therapeutic systems, wherein:
  • the first transdermal therapeutic system provides a size of said buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer providing the area of release ranging from about 1 cm 2 to about 4.5 cm 2 and contains an amount of said buprenorphine from about 1 mg to about 3.5 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and provides a mean release rate of buprenorphine of at least about 2 ⁇ g/hr, or of from about 2.5 to about 7.5 ⁇ g/hr or from about 4 to about 6 ⁇ g/hr, and/or provides a nominal mean release rate of buprenorphine of about 5 ⁇ g/hr over about 168 hours of administration; and the second transdermal therapeutic system provides a size of said buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer providing the area of release ranging from about 3 cm 2 to about 9 cm 2 and contains an amount of said buprenorphine from about 3.5 mg to about 7 mg buprenorphine base or an equi
  • the invention relates also to set of different transdermal therapeutic, wherein:
  • the first transdermal therapeutic system provides a size of said buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer providing the area of release ranging from about 2.5 cm 2 to about 4 cm 2 and contains an amount of said buprenorphine from about 1 mg to about 3 mg buprenorphine base or an equimolar amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and provides a mean release rate of buprenorphine of at least about 2 ⁇ g/hr, or of from about 2.5 to about 7.5 r ⁇ g/hr or from about 4 to about 6 ⁇ g/hr, and/or provides a nominal mean release rate of buprenorphine of about 5 ⁇ g/hr over about 168 hours of administration; and the second transdermal therapeutic system provides a size of said buprenorphine-containing pressure-sensitive adhesive layer providing the area of release ranging from about 5 cm 2 to about 8 cm 2 and contains an amount of said buprenorphine from about 3.5 mg to about 6 mg buprenorphine base or an equim
  • the invention relates to a method of treating pain in a patient wherein a patient is treated with one appropriately selected TTS from a set of different transdermal therapeutic systems as described in the previous paragraphs, wherein:
  • the first transdermal therapeutic system provides a mean AUCt of more than 7,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml, preferably more than 8,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml, or of from more than 7,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml to about 16,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml, or of from more than 8,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml to about 16,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml over about 168 hours of administration after a single-dose administration to a subject population; and the second transdermal therapeutic system provides a mean AUCt of more than 14,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml, preferably of more than 16,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml, or of from more than 14,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml to about 32,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml, or of from more than 16,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml to about 32,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml over about 168 hours of administration after a single-dose administration to a subject population; and the third trans
  • the invention relates to a method of treatment described in the previous paragraphs, wherein the transdermal therapeutic system provides a mean AUCt per area of release of more than 1,700 pg ⁇ hr/ml-cm 2 , or of more than 1,900 pg ⁇ hr/ml-cm 2 , or of more than 2,300 pg ⁇ hr/ml-cm 2 over about 168 hours of administration after a single-dose administration to a subject population or provides a mean AUCt per area of release of from more than 1,700 pg ⁇ hr/ml-cm 2 to about 5,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml-cm 2 , or of from more than 1,900 pg ⁇ hr/ml-cm 2 to about 5,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml-cm 2 , or of from more than 2,300 pg ⁇ hr/ml-cm 2 to about 5,000 pg ⁇ hr/ml-cm 2 over about 168 hours of administration after
  • the invention relates to a method of treatment described in the previous paragraphs, wherein the transdermal therapeutic system provides an arithmetic mean tmax of from about 60 hr to about 120 hr, preferably from about 66 hr to less than 108 hr, or from about 72 hr to about 96 hr after a single-dose administration to a subject population.
  • the invention relates to a method of manufacture of a transdermal therapeutic system for the transdermal administration of buprenorphine, comprising the steps of
  • a carboxylic acid e.g., levulinic acid
  • solvent e.g., heptane and ethanol
  • an active-free self-adhesive layer structure comprising also a backing layer and an active agent-free pressure-sensitive adhesive layer and which is larger than the individual systems of buprenorphine-containing self-adhesive layer structure.
  • step 1 of said method of manufacture preferably buprenorphine base and levulinic acid are used and are suspended in ethanol and subsequently combined with the polymer-based pressure-sensitive adhesive based on polysiloxane in heptane to provide the buprenorphine-containing adhesive mixture or solution.
  • composition of the buprenorphine base-containing adhesive solution is summarized in Table 1 below.
  • the buprenorphine base-containing adhesive solution was coated on an adhesive polyethylene terephthalate film (e.g., Scotchpak from 3M) using an Erichsen coater and the solvent was removed by drying at approximately 45° C. for 20 minutes.
  • the coating thickness was chosen such that removal of the solvents results in a coating weight of the matrix layer of 120 g/m 2 . This results in the 10% by weight of buprenorphine base and 10% by weight of levulinic acid in this matrix layer.
  • the dried film was laminated with the backing layer (e.g Scotchpak from 3M) to provide the buprenorphine-containing self-adhesive layer structure.
  • TTS The individual systems
  • a TTS as described above can be provided with a further self-adhesive layer of larger surface area, preferably with rounded corners, comprising a pressure-sensitive adhesive matrix layer which is free of active ingredient and has a preferably skin-colored backing layer.
  • This is of advantage when the TTS, on the basis of its physical properties alone, does not adhere sufficiently to the skin and/or when the buprenorphine-containing matrix layer, for the purpose of avoiding waste, has pronounced corners (square or rectangular shapes).
  • the plasters are then punched out and sealed into pouches of the primary packaging material.
  • composition of the buprenorphine base-containing adhesive solution is summarized in Table 2 below.
  • the process of manufacture was as described for Example 1.
  • the coating thickness was also chosen such that removal of the solvents results in a coating weight of the matrix layer of 120 g/m 2 and thus resulted in 10% by weight buprenorphine base and 7% by weight levulinic acid in this matrix layer.
  • composition of the buprenorphine base-containing adhesive solution is summarized in Table 3 below.
  • the process of manufacture was as described for Example 1.
  • the coating thickness was also chosen such that removal of the solvents results in a coating weight of the matrix layer of 120 g/m 2 and thus resulted in 10% by weight buprenorphine base and 10% by weight levulinic acid in this matrix layer.
  • composition of the buprenorphine base-containing adhesive solution is summarized in Table 4 below.
  • the process of manufacture was as described for Example 1.
  • the coating thickness was also chosen such that removal of the solvents results in a coating weight of the matrix layer of 120 g/m 2 and thus resulted in 10% by weight buprenorphine base and 7% by weight levulinic acid in this matrix layer.
  • composition of the buprenorphine base-containing adhesive solution is summarized in Table 5a below and the composition of the active-agent-free skin contact layer is summarized in Table 5b below.
  • a polyacrylate adhesive prepared from 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, vinyl acetate and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate were used. 3.69 kg of a solution of this adhesive, with a solids content of 50.5% by weight, was admixed with 1.64 kg of ethyl acetate, following homogenization resulting in 5.33, kg of active-agent-free polyacrylate solution with a solids content of 35% (buprenorphine base-free adhesive solution)
  • the buprenorphine base-containing adhesive solution was coated on an adhesive polyethylene terephthalate film (e.g., Scotchpak from 3M) using an Erichsen coater and the solvent was removed by drying at approximately 50° C. for about 10 minutes to provide the buprenorphine base-containing matrix layer.
  • the coating thickness was chosen such that removal of the solvents results in a coating weight of the buprenorphine base-containing matrix layer of 60 g/m 2 . This results in the 7.5% by weight of buprenorphine base and 10% by weight of levulinic acid in this buprenorphine base-containing matrix layer.
  • the dried film was laminated with the backing layer (e.g Scotchpak from 3M).
  • the active-agent-free polyacrylate adhesive solution was likewise coated onto an adhesively treated film (the later protective film to be removed before the systems are used) and the organic solvents were removed to produce the skin contact layer.
  • the coating thickness of the resulting skin contact layer ought to amount, following removal of the solvents, to approximately 20 g/m 2 .
  • the adhesively treated film was then removed from the buprenorphine base-containing matrix layer produced first, and the buprenorphine base-containing matrix layer was laminated onto the skin contact layer.
  • TTS The individual systems
  • a TTS as described above can be provided with a further self-adhesive layer of larger surface area, preferably with rounded corners, comprising a pressure-sensitive adhesive matrix layer which is free of active ingredient and has a preferably skin-colored backing layer.
  • This is of advantage when the TTS, on the basis of its physical properties alone, does not adhere sufficiently to the skin and/or when the buprenorphine-containing matrix layer, for the purpose of avoiding waste, has pronounced corners (square or rectangular shapes).
  • the plasters are then punched out and sealed into pouches of the primary packaging material.
  • Example 6 the in-vitro releases and the corresponding skin permeation rates of Examples 1 to 4, Comparative Example 5 and Norspan® were determined by in vitro experiments in accordance with the OECD Guideline (adopted Apr. 13, 2004) carried out with a 9 ml Franz diffusion cell. Split thickness human skin from cosmetic surgeries (female breast, date of birth 1989) was used. A dermatone was used to prepare skin to a thickness of 800 ⁇ m, with an intact epidermis for all examples 1 to 4, Comparative Example 5 and the commercial product Norspan®. Diecuts with an area of 1.163 cm 2 were punched from examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Example 5, and were each tested against diecuts of the commercial product Norspan®.
  • the concentrations of buprenorphine in the receptor medium of the Franz cell (phosphate buffer solution pH 5.5 with 0.1% saline azide as antibacteriological agent) at a temperature of 32 ⁇ 1° C. were measured. The results are shown in Tables 6.1 to 6.8 and FIGS. 1 to 4 .
  • Example 7 a pharmacokinetic study in healthy adult male and female subjects was conducted as part of a 2 stage, randomised, open-label, single-dose, 4-part crossover design pharmacokinetic study to assess the pharmacokinetics and potential of Example 1 TTS, Example 2 TTS and Comparative Example 5 TTS formulations for equivalence to the existing commercial product BuTrans®, also known as Norspant.
  • the treatments were each worn over a 7-day period.
  • Each subject was randomised to both the order, and TTS site of the treatments to be delivered over the study periods.
  • naltrexone As this study was conducted in healthy human subjects, the opioid antagonist naltrexone was co-administered to reduce opioid-related adverse events. 50 mg naltrexone were administered with 100 ml of water every 12 hours beginning ⁇ 13 hours prior to TTS application and continuing until 215 hours post-TTS application.
  • stage 1 of the study It was anticipated that approximately 32 subjects would be randomized into stage 1 of the study, with 26 subjects targeted to complete stage 1 of the study. An adequate number of subjects were screened in the pre-treatment phase, i.e. within 21 days prior to the treatment phase to achieve this sample size.
  • Screening procedures were performed for all potential subjects at a screening visit conducted within 21 days prior to the treatment phase, i.e. prior to Day ⁇ 1 of study period 1. The following evaluations were performed after the subject has signed the study specific consent form:
  • Randomisation was completed once all inclusion and exclusion criteria are verified. Randomisation order was determined on a central randomisation list held at site (one list per site).
  • the treatment phase included study periods with a single dose application. The following procedures were undertaken in each period:
  • Subjects were confined to the study unit from Check-In on the day before study drug administration until the time that the 192 hour post-TTS application procedures were completed. Subjects returned to the unit for the 216, 240, 264 and 288 hours post-study procedures and the Post-Study Medical. During confinement in the unit, subjects will receive standardised meals.
  • Blood samples for pharmacokinetic assessments were obtained for each subject at predose and at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 144, 168, 169, 172, 176, 180, 192, 216, 240, 264 and 288 hours post-TTS application.
  • Plasma concentrations of analytes were quantified by liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometric methodology (LC-MS/MS) using a previously validated assay.
  • AUCINF AUCt + CLast LambdaZ ,
  • Plasma concentration values below the level of quantitation were set to equal zero for the analysis.
  • AUC values were calculated using the linear trapezoidal method.
  • LambdaZ values were estimated using those points determined to be in the terminal log-linear phase.
  • t1/2Z was determined from the ratio of ln 2 to LambdaZ.
  • Subjects had to abstain from smoking within 45 days of study drug administration and during the entire study. Subjects had to abstain from alcohol from 48 hours before the first study drug administration until 72 hours after the last naltrexone dose of the last study period. Caffeine or xanthine containing food or beverages were not permitted during the study from check-in before treatment, until after the last study pharmacokinetic sample has been taken.
  • b Mean arithmetic mean; the sum of all the values of observations divided by the total number of observations.
  • c SD standard deviation.
  • d SE standard error.
  • e GeoMean geometric mean; the mean of the log transformed data backtransformed to the original scale.
  • f log SD standard deviation of the log transformed data.
  • g log SE standard error of the log transformed data.
  • h Min minimum value.
  • i Median middle value when the list of values is ranked.
  • k Max maximum value.
  • Example 5 TTS BuTrans ® TTS BuTrans ® n a 28 28 28 28 Mean b 288.29 383.63 27709.30 44323.44 SD c 137.67 176.63 13213.42 19273.58 SE d 26.02 33.38 2497.10 3642.36 GeoMean e 258.05 346.47 25025.91 46613.23 log SD f 0.484 0.467 0.456 0.428 log SE g 0.091 0.088 0.086 0.081 Min h 111.98 120.03 11539.6 14312.1 Median i 254.25 376.74 24401.87 40866.71 Max k 595.80 872.38 57931.7 100315.6 AUCINF (pg ⁇ hr/ml) tmax (hr) Comp.
  • Example 5 TTS BuTrans ® TTS BuTrans ® n a 26 25 28 28 Mean b 28850.38 45108.89 108.21 81.93 SD c 13805.37 19782.01 38.02 37.56 SE d 2707.46 3956.40 7.19 7.10 GeoMean e 26019.04 41273.54 NA l NA l log SD f 0.461 0.434 NA l NA l log SE g 0.090 0.087 NA l NA l Min h 11702.00 14619.5 48.00 24.00 Median i 25186.06 43282.61 96.00 72.00 Max k 60731.70 101394.2 169.00 169.00 LambdaZ (1/hr) t1 ⁇ 2Z (hr) Comp.
  • b Mean arithmetic mean; the sum of all the values of observations divided by the total number of observations.
  • c SD standard deviation.
  • d SE standard error.
  • e GeoMean geometric mean; the mean of the log transformed data backtransformed to the original scale.
  • f log SD standard deviation of the log transformed data.
  • g log SE standard error of the log transformed data.
  • h Min minimum value.
  • i Median middle value when the list of values is ranked.
  • k Max maximum value.
  • l NA not applicable.
  • Example 2 TIS An increase of about 36% in plasma concentrations for Example 2 TIS would be expected to render the TTS bioequivalent to BuTrans® (20 mg/25 cm 2 ) also known as Norspan®, in a single dose study.
  • the Invention relates in particular to the following further items:
  • Transdermal therapeutic system for the transdermal administration of buprenorphine comprising a buprenorphine-containing self-adhesive layer structure comprising

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