US20140196398A1 - Masonry building and method for constructing masonry building - Google Patents

Masonry building and method for constructing masonry building Download PDF

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Publication number
US20140196398A1
US20140196398A1 US14/234,525 US201214234525A US2014196398A1 US 20140196398 A1 US20140196398 A1 US 20140196398A1 US 201214234525 A US201214234525 A US 201214234525A US 2014196398 A1 US2014196398 A1 US 2014196398A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
blocks
vertical members
floor
horizontal member
masonry building
Prior art date
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Abandoned
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US14/234,525
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English (en)
Inventor
Shinji Nakata
Shinichi Yokoyama
Akira Yazaki
Masaharu Kurachi
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Asahi Kasei Homes Corp
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Asahi Kasei Homes Corp
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Filing date
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Assigned to Asahi Kasei Homes Corporation reassignment Asahi Kasei Homes Corporation ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: YAZAKI, AKIRA, KURACHI, MASAHARU, NAKATA, SHINJI, YOKOYAMA, SHINICHI
Publication of US20140196398A1 publication Critical patent/US20140196398A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E04B2/14—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element
    • E04B2/16—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position
    • E04B2/20—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position by filling material with or without reinforcements in small channels in, or in grooves between, the elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C1/00—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
    • E04H9/00—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate
    • E04H9/02—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate withstanding earthquake or sinking of ground
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
    • E04H9/00—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate
    • E04H9/02—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate withstanding earthquake or sinking of ground
    • E04H9/024—Structures with steel columns and beams
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E04B2002/0256—Special features of building elements
    • E04B2002/0273—Adhesive layers other than mortar between building elements

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a masonry building and a method for constructing a masonry building.
  • Joint mortar is cast in joints on the walls to join the blocks together.
  • dry bricks and concrete blocks are highly water absorbent, there is a fear that water is absorbed from the joint mortar, resulting in a failure to provide sufficient strength.
  • This requires the operation of wetting the blocks with water in advance.
  • to prevent the joint mortar from being crushed by the weight of the blocks it is necessary to pile the blocks by allowing time for the joint mortar to harden to some extent.
  • infilling mortar needs to be cast in the hollow portions of the blocks inserted with reinforcing bars, in order to unite the blocks with the reinforcing bars.
  • top and bottom ends of the walls need to be bound by a concrete foundation or circumferential girders (girders used to connect top part of wall bodies piled up in a masonry structure; the same applies hereinafter).
  • Patent Literature 1 As such a masonry building, a building described in Patent Literature 1 is known.
  • the masonry building described in Patent Literature 1 includes wall bodies constructed by casting concrete in concrete blocks and circumferential girders are formed of concrete.
  • Such a circumferential girder is formed by building formwork at the circumferential-girder location and casting concrete therein.
  • the masonry building is reinforced by steel columns and beams.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a masonry building which can save labor during construction work and reduce the construction period.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for constructing a masonry building which can maintain the accuracy of construction work including the straightness and verticality of wall bodies even if workers are not skilled.
  • a masonry building comprises: a lower horizontal member; two vertical members erected upward on the lower horizontal member; a wall body made up of a plurality of blocks connected consecutively in a lateral direction and vertical direction between the two vertical members on the lower horizontal member; and a dry-type, upper horizontal member supported by an upper end of the wall body and joined to the two vertical members.
  • the lower horizontal member or upper horizontal member which corresponds to a circumferential girder may be joined to the vertical members using either of the following joining structures: a structure in which the vertical members are passed in an up-and-down direction (continuously) and ends of the lower horizontal member or upper horizontal member are joined to side faces of the vertical members (a vertical member-predominant configuration), and a structure in which the lower horizontal member or upper horizontal member is passed in a horizontal direction (continuously) and the vertical members are joined to a top face and bottom face of the circumferential girder (a circumferential girder-predominant configuration).
  • the dry type refers to dry construction, i.e., a process which involves constructing a building by assembling factory-produced standard members or units on site without the construction work using materials mixed with water unlike concrete work or plaster work and without requiring drying or hardening (the same applies hereinafter).
  • the wall body is made up of a plurality of blocks connected consecutively in a lateral direction and vertical direction between the two vertical members on the lower horizontal member.
  • the dry-type, upper horizontal member is supported by the upper end of the wall body and both ends of the upper horizontal member are joined to the two vertical members.
  • the upper horizontal member configured in this way has functionality structurally corresponding to a circumferential girder.
  • the use of the dry-type, upper horizontal member makes it possible to greatly reduce the wet construction required conventionally. This in turn makes it possible to save the labor during construction work and reduce the construction period.
  • the plurality of blocks are joined together by an adhesive.
  • joint mortar as is conventionally the case, it is necessary to wait until the joint mortar hardens.
  • the plurality of blocks is joined together by an adhesive, eliminating the need for such a wait, it is possible to further reduce the construction period.
  • grooves corresponding to side geometry of the vertical members are formed; and the blocks are positioned as the vertical members are fitted in the grooves.
  • each of the vertical members has a protruding strip running in a member axis direction of the vertical members; a groove corresponding to the protruding strip is formed in each of the blocks placed in contact with the vertical member; and the blocks are positioned as the protruding strip fits in the grooves.
  • the blocks are positioned by casting mortar in the hollow portions of the blocks.
  • the blocks can be positioned without the need to cast mortar in the conventional manner. This makes it possible to reliably and easily reduce the labor and construction period.
  • the aforementioned masonry building includes a floor constructed from panels, wherein the panels are supported directly by the lower horizontal member or the upper horizontal member or supported by a floor support member fixed to the lower horizontal member or to the upper horizontal member.
  • This configuration allows the floor to be constructed in a dry manner, making it possible to save the labor during construction work and reduce the construction period accordingly.
  • two upper-floor vertical members are further erected on the two vertical members or on the upper horizontal member; and an upper-floor wall body of a same configuration as the wall body is formed between the two upper-floor vertical members on the upper horizontal member.
  • the lower end portions of the two upper-floor vertical members may be supported directly on the upper end portions of the two vertical members (for the lower floor), or supported on the top face of the upper horizontal member.
  • the upper horizontal member is supported by an upper end face of the wall body; and a covering made of a same material as the blocks is installed on outer sides of the upper horizontal member in such a way as to be flush with the wall body.
  • a method for constructing a masonry building according to one aspect of the present invention is a method for constructing a masonry building provided with a wall body made up of a plurality of blocks laid on a lower horizontal member, the method comprising: a first step of erecting two vertical members upward on the lower horizontal member; a second step of laying end blocks each provided with a groove corresponding to side geometry of the vertical members, along the vertical members; and a third step of laying intermediate blocks with reference to the end blocks.
  • the end blocks each provided with a groove corresponding to the side geometry of the vertical members are laid along the vertical members.
  • the intermediate blocks are laid with reference to the end blocks laid along the vertical members, the end blocks and intermediate blocks can easily be arrange side by side in a straight line between the two vertical members.
  • vertical position of the end blocks can be established accurately and easily.
  • vertical position of the intermediate blocks can also be established accurately and easily.
  • each of the vertical members has a protruding strip running in a member axis direction of the vertical members; and in the second step, the end blocks each provided with a groove corresponding to the protruding strip are laid along the vertical members.
  • the aforementioned method for constructing a masonry building includes a step of placing the upper horizontal member on upper end portions of the two vertical members, spanning therebetween, after forming the wall body by laying the end blocks and the intermediate blocks to a predetermined height.
  • One aspect of the present invention allows the labor during construction work to be saved while reducing the construction period. Also, even if workers are not skilled, the accuracy of construction work including the straightness and verticality of the wall bodies can be maintained.
  • FIG. 1 is an elevation view of a masonry building according to an embodiment of the present invention as viewed from outside.
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along line II-II in FIG. 1 , magnifying and showing a part indicated by A.
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the masonry building as viewed from an indoor side.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram showing schematic configurations of various types of block.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram showing schematic configurations of various types of block.
  • FIG. 6( a ) is a diagram showing a layout of blocks in a regular wall portion as viewed from above and FIG. 6( b ) is a diagram showing a layout of blocks in a wall corner as viewed from above.
  • FIG. 7 is a sectional view magnifying and showing a part indicated by C in FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 8 is a perspective view showing procedures for constructing the masonry building.
  • FIG. 9 is a perspective view continuing from FIG. 8 and showing procedures for the construction.
  • FIG. 10 is a perspective view continuing from Figure and 9 showing procedures for the construction.
  • FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a masonry building according to a second embodiment as viewed from the indoor side.
  • FIG. 12 is sectional plan view of blocks and vertical members of a masonry building according to a third embodiment.
  • FIG. 13 is sectional side view of a masonry building according to the third embodiment.
  • FIG. 14 is sectional plan view of blocks and vertical members of a masonry building according to a fourth embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 is an elevation view of a masonry building 1 according to the present embodiment as viewed from outside.
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along line II-II in FIG. 1 , magnifying and showing a part indicated by A.
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the masonry building 1 as viewed from an indoor side. However, in FIG. 3 , some blocks are omitted and individual components are shown as being separated to illustrate configuration of the present embodiment.
  • the masonry building 1 is a two-storied masonry house.
  • the masonry building 1 is constructed including a continuous footing 2 , vertical members 5 erected upward on the continuous footing 2 , wall bodies 4 each made up of plural blocks 3 connected consecutively in a lateral direction and vertical direction on the continuous footing 2 , steel-frame circumferential girders (circumferential girders made of steel; the same applies hereinafter) 6 A between a first floor and a second floor; steel-frame circumferential girders 6 B between the second floor and a rooftop; a first-story floor 8 A, a second-story floor 8 B, and a rooftop floor 8 C.
  • the masonry building 1 is an industrialized house, many of whose components are standardized and industrialized.
  • a base line (reference line for building design and building construction work; the same applies hereinafter) of the masonry building 1 is set at plural locations spaced at intervals equal to an integral multiple of the plane module M in two orthogonal directions, and a center line CL1 in a thickness direction (direction from indoor side to outdoor side) of the wall body 4 and steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A and 6 B coincides with the base line (see, for example, FIG. 2 ).
  • the continuous footing (continuous foundation; the same applies hereinafter) 2 which is a reinforced concrete structure installed on the ground GD, functions as a foundation of the masonry building 1 .
  • the continuous footing 2 is made up of a part buried underground and a part rising up from the ground GD.
  • An upper end 2 a of the rising part is configured to be planar in shape so as to allow first-floor wall bodies 4 A to be mounted thereon.
  • the continuous footing 2 is installed so as to extend in a horizontal direction along the base line set on the masonry building 1 and placed at least right under locations where the first-floor wall bodies 4 A are installed.
  • the continuous footing 2 functions as lower horizontal members for the first-floor wall bodies 4 A.
  • a dimension of the continuous footing 2 in a thickness direction is set to be larger than a dimension of the first-floor wall bodies 4 A in a thickness direction (thickness dimension T of the blocks 3 ) to allow edges of the first-story floor 8 A and the first-floor wall bodies 4 A to be mounted on the continuous footing 2 .
  • Lower end portions of vertical reinforcement bars 31 are buried in the continuous footing 2 , and the vertical reinforcement bars 31 protrude from the upper end 2 a of the continuous footing 2 and extend upward. Detailed description of the vertical reinforcement bars 31 will be given later.
  • the vertical members 5 are long steel members extending in an upright direction.
  • the vertical members 5 include first-floor vertical members 5 A, second-floor vertical members 5 B erected upward on the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A, and rooftop vertical members (not shown) erected upward on the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 B.
  • Plural vertical members 5 are placed at intersections of the wall bodies 4 , in external wall corners, on the ends of the wall bodies 4 , and the like.
  • the plural vertical members 5 are placed by being spaced away from each other in extending directions of the continuous footing 2 , steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A, or steel-frame circumferential girders 6 B.
  • the center lines of the vertical members 5 coincide with the respective base lines as described above.
  • Each vertical member 5 serves as a positioning reference in piling up plural blocks 3 and functions as a guide for the blocks 3 .
  • blocks 3 are laid along the vertical members 5 and 5 , and then other blocks 3 are further arranged along the vertical members 5 and 5 with reference to the laid blocks 3 , thereby securing the accuracy of construction work including the straightness and verticality of the wall body 4 .
  • the vertical members 5 have the function of improving workability and construction accuracy.
  • the vertical members 5 also have the function of reinforcing the wall bodies 4 in conjunction with the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A and 6 B and the like and reducing deformation of the wall bodies 4 at the time of earthquakes, thereby improving earthquake resistance.
  • loads on the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A and 6 B and loads on the blocks 3 on top of the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A and 6 B are transmitted directly to underlying blocks 3 without the intervention of the vertical members 5 , so the vertical members 5 do not have the function of transmitting vertical loads to an underlying structure unlike typical columns.
  • the first-floor vertical members 5 A, second-floor vertical members 5 B, and rooftop vertical members correspond to the first-floor wall bodies 4 A, second-floor wall bodies 4 B, and rooftop wall bodies 4 C, respectively.
  • a square-shaped base plate 5 b is fixed by welding to a lower end of each of the first-floor vertical members 5 A and second-floor vertical members 5 B while a square-shaped top plate 5 a is fixed by welding to an upper end of each of the first-floor vertical members 5 A and second-floor vertical members 5 B.
  • the base plate 5 b in a lower end portion of the first-floor vertical member 5 A is fixed to the continuous footing 2 with anchor bolts.
  • the second-floor vertical member 5 B is erected on the first-floor vertical member 5 A as the base plate 5 b of the second-floor vertical member 5 B is bolted to the top plate 5 a of the first-floor vertical member 5 A.
  • the rooftop vertical member is erected on the second-floor vertical member 5 B in a similar manner. Shape of a shaft of the vertical member 5 A will be described later.
  • the wall bodies 4 include the first-floor wall bodies 4 A, second-floor wall bodies 4 B, and rooftop wall bodies 4 C.
  • the first-floor wall bodies 4 A which are walls in a first-floor portion of the masonry building 1 , are installed between the continuous footing 2 and steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A.
  • Lower ends 4 b of the first-floor wall bodies 4 A are mounted on the upper end 2 a of the continuous footing 2 and fixed thereto while the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A are mounted on the upper ends 4 a of the first-floor wall bodies 4 A and fixed thereto.
  • the second-floor wall bodies 4 B which are walls in a second-floor portion of the masonry building 1 , are installed between the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A and steel-frame circumferential girders 6 B.
  • Lower ends 4 b of the second-floor wall bodies 4 B are mounted on the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A and fixed thereto while the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 B are mounted on upper ends 4 a of the second-floor wall bodies 4 B and fixed thereto.
  • the rooftop wall bodies 4 C which make up parapets on the rooftop of the masonry building 1 , are installed on the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 B.
  • Lower ends 4 b of the rooftop wall bodies 4 C are mounted on the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 B and fixed thereto.
  • the wall body 4 is made up of plural blocks 3 joined together by being connected consecutively in the lateral direction and vertical direction between two vertical members 5 and 5 .
  • the blocks 3 adjoining in the lateral direction and vertical direction are joined together by an adhesive.
  • the adjoining blocks 3 are fixed to each other by the adhesive.
  • the adhesive used is such as to provide sufficient adhesive effects even if applied thinly and not to collapse even when subjected to a compressive force.
  • resin mortar can be used as the adhesive. The use of such an adhesive eliminates the need to wait until the mortar hardens unlike in the case of joint mortar used in conventional masonry structures and saves the labor of construction work.
  • blocks 3 A, 3 B, 3 C, 3 D, 3 E, 3 F, 3 G and 3 H are used in the present embodiment.
  • the blocks 3 A, 3 B, 3 C, 3 D, 3 E, 3 F, 3 G, and 3 H have been standardized by setting their longitudinal dimensions based on the plane module M.
  • the materials of the blocks 3 A, 3 B, 3 C, 3 D, 3 E, 3 F, 3 G and 3 H are, for example, autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC), lightweight concrete, or other aerated concrete.
  • the block 3 A has a substantially rectangular solid shape and includes end faces 3 a and 3 b opposite each other in a length direction, side faces 3 c and 3 d opposite each other in a thickness direction, and a top face 3 e and bottom face 3 f opposite each other in a height direction.
  • a length dimension of the block 3 A i.e., a dimension between the end face 3 a and end face 3 b is set to 2M, which is twice the plane module M.
  • a thickness dimension of the block 3 A i.e., a dimension between the side face 3 c and side face 3 d is set to T.
  • a height dimension of the block 3 A i.e., a dimension between the top face 3 e and bottom face 3 f is set, for example, to about 1 to 1.5 times the thickness dimension T although the dimension may be set to any value.
  • the height dimension of the block 3 A is, for example, about 300 mm.
  • Elongated reinforcing-bar insertion holes 13 are formed penetrating the block 3 A from top face 3 e to bottom face 3 f .
  • the reinforcing-bar insertion holes 13 are shaped as elongated holes extending from a center line CL2 in the thickness direction toward the side face 3 c and side face 3 d .
  • Each of the elongated reinforcing-bar insertion holes 13 is shaped and sized to be axisymmetric with respect to the center line CL2.
  • the reinforcing-bar insertion holes 13 are formed at distances of M/2 and M+M/2, respectively, from the end face 3 a in the length direction. Grooves are formed in the top face 3 e and bottom face 3 f of the block 3 A, extending in the length direction along the center line CL2 (see grooves 14 in FIG. 2 ).
  • a groove 3 g or 3 h is formed at both end portions of the block 3 A in the length direction, extending in the height direction.
  • Each of the grooves 3 g and 3 h includes a rectangular shallow groove 3 j slightly recessed from the end face 3 a or 3 b and provided with a predetermined width in the thickness direction and a slit-shaped deep groove 3 k further recessed deeply from the shallow groove 3 j along the center line CL2.
  • the grooves 3 g and 3 h are bilaterally symmetrical to each other. Side faces of the vertical member 5 are fitted in the grooves 3 g and 3 h , respectively. That is, the block 3 A has the grooves 3 g and 3 h corresponding to side geometries of the vertical member 5 .
  • the length dimensions of the block 3 B and block 3 C are set to 2M ⁇ T/2.
  • the block 3 B is configured by reducing the dimension in the end portion of the block 3 A on the side of the end face 3 a by T/2.
  • a groove 3 h is formed in the end portion of the block 3 B on the side of the end face 3 b as in the case of the block 3 A.
  • No groove is formed in the end portion of the block 38 on the side of the end face 3 a .
  • the rest of the configurations are similar to that of the block 3 A.
  • the block 3 C is configured by reducing the dimension in the end portion of the block 3 A on the side of the end face 3 b by T/2.
  • a groove 3 g is formed in the end portion of the block 3 C on the side of the end face 3 a as in the case of the block 3 A. No groove is formed in the end portion of the block 3 C on the side of the end face 3 b .
  • the rest of the configurations are similar to that of the block 3 A.
  • the block 3 D has a substantially rectangular solid shape and includes end faces 3 a and 3 b opposite each other in a length direction, side faces 3 c and 3 d opposite each other in a thickness direction, and a top face 3 e and bottom face 3 f opposite each other in a height direction.
  • the length dimension of the block 3 D i.e., a dimension between the end face 3 a and end face 3 b is set to the plane module M.
  • the thickness dimension of the block 3 D i.e., a dimension between the side face 3 c and side face 3 d is set to T as in the case of the block 3 A.
  • the height dimension of the block 3 D i.e., a dimension between the top face 3 e and bottom face 3 f is set to the same value as the height dimension of the block 3 A.
  • An elongated reinforcing-bar insertion hole 13 is formed penetrating the block 3 D from top face 3 e to bottom face 3 f .
  • the reinforcing-bar insertion holes 13 is shaped as an elongated hole extending from a center line CL2 in the thickness direction toward the side face 3 c and side face 3 d .
  • the elongated reinforcing-bar insertion hole 13 is shaped and sized to be axisymmetric with respect to the center line CL2.
  • the reinforcing-bar insertion hole 13 is formed at a distance of M/2 in the length direction from the end face 3 a . Grooves are formed in the top face 3 e and bottom face 3 f of the block 3 D, extending in length direction along the center line CL2 (see grooves 14 in FIG. 2 ).
  • a groove 3 g or 3 h is formed at both ends of the block 3 D in the length direction, extending in the height direction.
  • Each of the grooves 3 g and 3 h includes a rectangular shallow groove 3 j slightly recessed from the end face 3 a or 3 b and provided with a predetermined width in the thickness direction and a slit-shaped deep groove 3 k further recessed deeply from the shallow groove 3 j along the center line CL2.
  • Side faces of the vertical member 5 are fitted in the grooves 3 g and 3 h , respectively. That is, the block 3 D has the grooves 3 g and 3 h corresponding to the side geometries of the vertical member 5 .
  • the length dimensions of the block 3 E and block 3 F are set to M ⁇ T/2.
  • the block 3 E is configured by reducing the dimension in the end portion of the block 3 D on the side of the end face 3 a by T/2.
  • a groove 3 h is formed in the end portion of the block 3 E on the side of the end face 3 b as in the case of the block 3 D.
  • No groove is formed in the end portion of the block 3 E on the side of the end face 3 a .
  • the rest of the configuration is similar to that of the block 3 D.
  • the block 3 F is configured by reducing the dimension in the end portion of the block 3 D on the side of the end face 3 b by T/2.
  • a groove 3 g is formed in the end portion of the block 3 F on the side of the end face 3 a as in the case of the block 3 D. No groove is formed in the end portion of the block 3 F on the side of the end face 3 b .
  • the rest of the configuration is similar to that of the block 3 D.
  • the block 3 G and block 3 H are covering blocks placed along lateral ends of the wall body 4 in external wall corners (corners).
  • the blocks 3 G and 3 H are elongated in shape, extending in the height direction.
  • the length dimensions of the blocks 3 G and 3 H are set to T/2.
  • the thickness dimensions of the blocks 3 G and 3 H i.e., dimensions between the side face 3 c and side face 3 d are set to T as in the case of the block 3 A.
  • the height dimensions of the blocks 3 G and 3 H i.e., dimensions between the top face 3 e and bottom face 3 f are set, for example, to an integral multiple of the height dimension of the block 3 A. Specifically, when the height dimension of the block 3 A is about 300 mm, the height dimensions of the blocks 3 G and 3 H are, for example, about 2700 mm, which is 9 times the height dimension of the block 3 A.
  • a shallow groove 3 m is formed in the end portion of the block 3 G on the side of the end face 3 b in the length direction, extending in the height direction.
  • the shallow groove 3 m has a rectangular shape slightly recessed from the end face 3 b and provided with a predetermined width in the thickness direction.
  • a shallow groove 3 n is formed in the end portion of the block 3 H on the side of the end face 3 a in the length direction, extending in the height direction.
  • the shallow groove 3 n has a rectangular shape slightly recessed from the end face 3 a and provided with a predetermined width in the thickness direction.
  • the wall body 4 can be constructed using only standardized blocks (i.e., without creating blocks of special dimensions for some portions) not only for a regular wall portion which extends in a planar fashion, but also for external wall corners, internal wall corners, surroundings of window frames, and the like which are shaped irregularly.
  • the regular wall portion can be constructed by laying the blocks 3 A with a length dimension of 2M in stretcher bond. That is, the regular wall portion of the wall body 4 is constructed by laying the blocks 3 A in a staggered manner by shifting each block 3 A by M in the length direction such that the top face 3 e of the block 3 A in a directly lower layer will be visible (see FIG. 3 ).
  • the regular wall portion is a portion, such as an area indicated by B in FIG. 1 , in which any external wall corner, internal wall corner, or window frame is not formed.
  • FIG. 6( a ) is a diagram showing a layout of blocks in a regular wall portion as viewed from above
  • FIG. 6( b ) is a diagram showing a layout of blocks in an external wall corner as viewed from above.
  • the vertical members 5 are available in two steel beam types: a vertical member 5 P whose shaft is cross-shaped in cross section and a vertical member 5 Q whose shaft is T-shaped in cross section.
  • the vertical member 5 P with a cross-shaped cross section has protruding strips 50 and 50 , on side faces, the protruding strips 50 running in a member axis direction of the vertical member 5 P and protruding in a direction perpendicular to the member axis direction.
  • the vertical member 5 Q with a T-shaped cross section has a protruding strip 51 on a side face, the protruding strip 51 running in a member axis direction of the vertical member 5 Q and protruding in a direction perpendicular to the member axis direction.
  • the groove 3 g or groove 3 h is formed in the block 3 A or the like.
  • the regular wall portion is constructed by connecting the blocks 3 A and 3 A in a row.
  • the vertical member 5 P is fitted in the groove 3 g of one of the blocks 3 A as well as in the groove 3 h of the other block 3 A.
  • the protruding strips 50 of the vertical member 5 P are fitted in the deep grooves 3 k of the blocks 3 A.
  • a space having a cross-shaped cross section and extending in the height direction of the block 3 A is formed by the groove 3 g and groove 3 h .
  • the vertical member 5 P is placed in this space cross-shaped in cross section.
  • the vertical member 5 P is sandwiched between the blocks 3 A and 3 A and contained in the wall body 4 .
  • the vertical member 5 P cross-shaped in cross section can be used for the regular wall portion, for example.
  • the external wall corner is made up of the block 3 A, block 3 C orthogonal to the block 3 A, and elongated block 3 G bonded to an end portion of the block 3 A.
  • the vertical member 5 Q is fitted in the groove 3 g of the block 3 A as well as in the shallow groove 3 m of the block 3 G. More specifically, the protruding strip 51 of the vertical member 5 Q is fitted in the deep groove 3 k of the block 3 A.
  • a space having a T-shaped cross section and extending in the height direction of the block 3 A is formed by the groove 3 g and shallow groove 3 m .
  • the vertical member 5 Q is placed in this space T-shaped in cross section.
  • the vertical member 5 Q is sandwiched between the block 3 A and block 3 G and contained in the wall body 4 .
  • the vertical member 5 Q T-shaped in cross section can be used for the external wall corner, for example.
  • each of the vertical members 5 P and 5 Q can be set as appropriate.
  • the vertical members 5 P cross-shaped in cross section may be used for corners and the like rather than the regular wall portion and the vertical member 5 Q T-shaped in cross section may be used for the regular wall portion.
  • the vertical members 5 P and 5 Q may be used for any of the first-floor wall bodies 4 A, second-floor wall bodies 4 B, and rooftop wall bodies 4 C.
  • the vertical members 5 P cross-shaped in cross section can be used for corners.
  • the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A and 6 B are flitch girders produced by combining two channel steel beams.
  • the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A and 6 B have the same height dimension as the blocks 3 .
  • H-section steel can also be used as the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A and 6 B.
  • Both ends of the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A are bolt-connected to the first-floor vertical members 5 A and 5 A (see also FIG. 10 ).
  • Rectangular gusset plates 20 have been welded to a web (vertical portion) at both ends of the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A, where bolt-holes 20 a for use to join the gusset plates 20 to the first-floor vertical member 5 A have been formed in the gusset plates 20 .
  • bolt-holes 5 c for use to connect the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A have been formed in the upper end portions of the first-floor vertical member 5 A.
  • the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A is joined to the first-floor vertical member 5 A.
  • the top plates 5 a of the first-floor vertical members 5 A are placed in such a way as to be flush with an upper end 6 a of the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A.
  • the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A is a dry-type, upper horizontal member supported by the upper end 4 a of the first-floor wall body 4 A, with both ends being joined to two first-floor vertical members 5 A and 5 A.
  • a covering 21 is fixed to an outer sides of the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A in such a way as to be flush with the first-floor wall body 4 A and second-floor wall body 4 B.
  • the covering 21 is shaped as a rectangular plate having the same height dimension as the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A, i.e., as the blocks 3 .
  • the covering 21 is made of the same material as the blocks 3 .
  • the covering 21 is fixed by screws 23 or the like to a base plate 22 placed on the web of the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A.
  • the covering 21 covers the entire steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A in an extending direction of the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A, with an outer surface of the covering 21 being exposed outside (see also FIG. 1 ). Thanks to the covering 21 , entire wall surfaces of the building are finished with the same texture.
  • Floor support members 24 used to support the second-story floor 8 B are fixed to the inside of the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A at plural locations in the length direction (lateral direction). The floor support members 24 protrude toward the indoor side.
  • a long floor mounting plate 26 equal in thickness to a flange of the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A is fixed between each floor support member 24 and lower ends 4 b of the second-floor wall body 4 B.
  • the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 B placed between the second-floor wall bodies 4 B and rooftop wall bodies 4 C have a configuration similar to that of the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A.
  • the covering 21 and the like are installed outside the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 B and the floor support members 24 and the like are installed inside the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 B.
  • the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A function as lower horizontal members and the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 B function as upper horizontal members.
  • the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 B function as lower horizontal members.
  • the floors 8 A, 8 B, and 8 C are constructed from panels in a dry manner, respectively.
  • the first-story floor 8 A is constructed by arranging plural panels. Autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC panels; the same applies hereinafter), concrete panels, wood panels, and the like can be used as the panels.
  • ALC panels Autoclaved lightweight concrete
  • Each of the panels of the first-story floor 8 A is supported by the continuous footing 2 , steel-frame beams spanning the continuous footing 2 , and the like.
  • the second-story floor 8 B is constructed by arranging plural panels. ALC panels, concrete panels, wood panels, and the like can be used as the panels. Each of the panels of the second-story floor 8 B is supported by the floor support members 24 via the floor mounting plates 26 as well as by steel-frame beams and the like spanning between the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A.
  • the rooftop floor 8 C is constructed by arranging plural panels.
  • a structural insulating material such as ALC panels can be used for the panels.
  • Each of the panels of the rooftop floor 8 C is supported by the floor support members 24 via the floor mounting plates 26 as well as by steel-frame beams and the like spanning between the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 B.
  • the masonry building 1 is reinforced by the vertical reinforcement bars 31 and 33 .
  • through-holes extending in the vertical direction have been formed in the wall bodies 4 to pass the vertical reinforcement bars 31 .
  • through-holes are formed at predetermined intervals (equal to the plane module M, in this case) in the flanges of the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A and 6 B to pass the vertical reinforcement bars 31 .
  • dimensions based on the plane module M are set for every type of block 3 and the reinforcing-bar insertion holes 13 are laid out using dimensions which are based on the plane module M.
  • each of the blocks 3 is laid out in a staggered manner, the reinforcing-bar insertion holes 13 formed in each block 3 are communicated with reinforcing-bar insertion holes 13 formed in blocks 3 in the directly lower layer and reinforcing-bar insertion holes 13 formed in blocks 3 in the directly upper layer. Also, the end of the vertical reinforcement bars 31 are passed through the through-holes in the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A and 6 B and bound tightly by nuts or the like.
  • a filler such as mortar or resin mortar is filled into through-holes formed by reinforcing-bar insertion holes 15 in the blocks 3 and reinforcing-bar insertion holes 27 in outer frame material, through-holes formed by the reinforcing-bar insertion holes 13 in the blocks 3 and reinforcing-bar insertion holes 26 in the outer frame material, and grooves 14 in the blocks 3 .
  • the continuous footing 2 is formed, with the vertical reinforcement bars 31 rising therefrom, and the two first-floor vertical members 5 A are erected by being spaced away from each other in extending directions of the continuous footing 2 by a predetermined distance.
  • the vertical members 5 P cross-shaped in cross section are erected as the first-floor vertical members 5 A.
  • Each of the vertical members 5 P is provided with the protruding strips 50 running in the member axis direction of the vertical member 5 P.
  • the first-layer blocks 3 are laid on the upper end 2 a of the continuous footing 2 . More specifically, of the first-layer blocks 3 , the blocks 3 (blocks 3 P located at both ends shown in FIG. 9 ) closest to the first-floor vertical members 5 A are laid along the respective first-floor vertical members 5 A. In so doing, each block 3 is laid by passing upper end portions of the rising vertical reinforcement bars 31 through the reinforcing-bar insertion holes 13 in the block 3 and then sliding the block 3 along the first-floor vertical member 5 A while fitting the protruding strip 50 into the groove 3 g or groove 3 h formed in the block 3 .
  • the blocks 3 laid here are the end blocks 3 P provided with the groove 3 g or groove 3 h corresponding to side geometry of the vertical member 5 A.
  • the end block 3 P has long grooves corresponding to the protruding strip 50 so as to be positioned easily when laid along the first-floor vertical member 5 A.
  • the block 3 placed here corresponds to an intermediate block 3 Q.
  • the intermediate block 3 Q is laid such that its surface will be flush with the surface of the end block 3 P.
  • the blocks 3 in the second and subsequent layers are laid by a similar method. In so doing, the blocks 3 in adjacent layers are laid out in a staggered manner. Also, each block 3 is fixed with an adhesive or the like when being laid. Also, in predetermined layers, horizontal reinforcement bars 32 are placed in a lateral direction. In every layer, the blocks 3 closest to the first-floor vertical members 5 A are placed first along the respective first-floor vertical members 5 A, and then with reference to the block 3 laid along the first-floor vertical member 5 A, the block 3 to be laid side by side with the laid block 3 is placed. This construction method secures the accuracy of construction work including the straightness and verticality of the wall bodies 4 . Then, the first-story floor 8 A is installed.
  • the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A is placed on the upper end portions of the first-floor vertical members 5 A and 5 A, bridging the two. More specifically, the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A is mounted on the upper end 4 a of the first-floor wall body 4 A and the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A is bolt-connected to the first-floor vertical members 5 A via the gusset plates 20 fixed to both ends of the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A. Also, the vertical reinforcement bars 31 are inserted into through-holes in the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A and bound tightly by nuts.
  • the second-story floor 8 B is installed.
  • the base plates 5 b of the second-floor vertical members 5 B are bolt-connected to the top plates 5 a of the first-floor vertical members 5 A, thereby erecting the second-floor vertical members 5 B and 5 B.
  • the second-floor wall body 4 B, the rooftop floor 8 C, and the like are constructed between the second-floor vertical members 5 B and 5 B on top of the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A using procedures similar to those for the first floor.
  • the rooftop wall body 4 C is constructed using procedures similar to those for the first and second floors.
  • the wall bodies 4 are each made up of plural blocks connected consecutively in the lateral direction and vertical direction between the two vertical members 5 and 5 on the continuous footing 2 or two steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A and 6 B. Furthermore, the dry-type, steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A and 6 B are supported on the upper end 4 a of the wall body 4 A, with both ends of the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A and 6 B being joined to two vertical members.
  • the use of the dry-type, steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A and 6 B greatly reduces the wet construction required conventionally, thereby saving the labor during construction work and reducing the construction period.
  • the masonry building 1 in which plural blocks 3 are joined together by an adhesive, eliminates the need for such a wait, and thereby further reduces the construction period.
  • the blocks are positioned by casting mortar in the hollow portions of the blocks
  • the masonry building 1 in which the blocks 3 are positioned as the protruding strips 50 and 51 of the vertical members 5 are fitted in the deep grooves 3 k in the blocks, allows the blocks to be positioned without the need to cast mortar in the conventional manner. This makes it possible to reliably and easily reduce the labor and construction period.
  • the floors 8 B and 8 C constructed from panels are further provided the panels of the floors 8 B and 8 C are supported by the floor support members 24 fixed to the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A and 6 B, respectively, allowing the floors 8 B and 8 C to be constructed in a dry manner, and thereby saving the labor during construction work and reducing the construction period accordingly.
  • the two second-floor vertical members 5 B and 5 B are further erected on the two vertical members 5 A and 5 A (or second-floor vertical members 5 B and 5 B), and the second-floor wall body 4 B (or rooftop wall body 4 C) of the same configuration as the first-floor wall body 4 A is formed between two second-floor vertical members 5 B and 5 B on the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A (or steel-frame circumferential girder 6 B). Consequently, upper-floor blocks 3 are piled on the dry-type, steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A (or steel-frame circumferential girder 6 B), eliminating the need to wait until wet-type material hardens and reducing the construction period of even a multi-floor building.
  • coverings 21 made of the same material as the blocks 3 are installed on outer sides of the steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A and 6 B in such a way as to be flush with the wall bodies 4 , entire wall surfaces of the building are finished with the same texture. Also, since the vertical members 5 are contained by plural blocks 3 , there is no exposure of the vertical members 5 and no resulting impairment of the appearance. This improves design quality.
  • the end blocks 3 P provided with grooves 3 g and 3 h corresponding to the side geometry of the vertical members 5 and 5 are laid along the vertical members 5 .
  • the intermediate blocks 3 Q are laid with reference to the end blocks 3 P laid along the vertical members 5 .
  • the end blocks 3 P and intermediate blocks 3 Q can easily be arrange side by side in a straight line between the two vertical members 5 and 5 .
  • vertical position of the end blocks 3 P can be established accurately and easily.
  • vertical position of the intermediate blocks 3 Q can also be established accurately and easily.
  • the vertical members 5 and 5 have the protruding strips 50 or 51 running in the member axis direction of the vertical members 5 , and the end blocks 3 P provided with the deep grooves 3 k corresponding to the protruding strips 50 and 51 are laid along the vertical members 5 . This method can maintain the accuracy of construction work reliably and easily.
  • the method includes a step of placing the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A on the upper end portions of the two vertical members 5 and 5 , spanning therebetween, the position of the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A can be established accurately and easily.
  • FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a masonry building according to a second embodiment as viewed from the indoor side.
  • the masonry building 1 A shown in FIG. 11 differs from the masonry building 1 shown in FIG. 3 in that the masonry building 1 A includes a dry-type circumferential girder 60 made of a wooden material and shaped as a substantially rectangular solid instead of the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A.
  • the masonry building 1 A configured in this way also achieves operation and effects similar to those of the masonry building 1 and the construction method therefor.
  • a prism-shaped vertical member 55 made of wooden material may be used as with a masonry building 1 B according to a third embodiment shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 .
  • the masonry building 1 B uses blocks 3 R as end blocks (see FIG. 12 ).
  • a groove 56 corresponding to side geometry of the vertical member 55 is formed at an end portion of each block 3 R.
  • the vertical member 55 fits in the grooves 56 .
  • the vertical member 55 is sandwiched between the blocks 3 R and 3 R and contained in the wall body 4 .
  • a center line CL3 of the vertical member 55 coincides with a base line of the masonry building 1 B.
  • the masonry building 1 B includes a dry-type circumferential girder 60 made of a wooden material as in the case of the masonry building 1 A.
  • the circumferential girder 60 between the first floor and second floor is installed between an upper end of a first-floor wall body 4 A and a lower end of a second-floor wall body 4 B, the wall bodies 4 A and 4 B being made up of plural blocks 3 S.
  • the circumferential girder 60 between the second floor and rooftop is mounted on an upper end face of the second-floor wall body 4 B made up of plural blocks 3 S.
  • the end of a wooden beam 61 is joined to the circumferential girder 60 with a top face of the wooden beam 61 being aligned in height (vertical position) with a top face of the circumferential girder 60 .
  • the wooden beam 61 extends toward the indoor side by intersecting the circumferential girder 60 at right angles.
  • Plywood 62 is laid on the top faces of the circumferential girder 60 and wooden beam 61 by being fixed thereto directly. In this way, in the masonry building 1 B, the plywood 62 is supported as a second-story floor board directly by the circumferential girder 60 without using a floor support member 24 or floor mounting plate 26 (see FIG. 3 ).
  • the plywood 63 acting as a first-story floor board is supported by sleepers 64 and joists 65 .
  • the circumferential girder 60 is mounted on upper ends of the vertical members 55 described above.
  • the masonry building 1 B configured in this way also achieves operation and effects similar to those of the masonry building 1 and the construction method therefor.
  • a center line CL4 of the vertical member 55 does not always need to coincide with the base line. That is, the center line CL4 of the vertical member may be eccentric to the base line.
  • the center line CL4 of the prism-shaped vertical member 55 and circumferential girder 60 (not shown) made of wooden material is located on the indoor side of the base line (on the right side of the wall body 4 in FIG. 14 ).
  • a groove 57 corresponding to the side geometry of the vertical member 55 is formed at an end portion of a block 3 T, which is an end block. In this case, the groove 57 is formed in a corner of the block 3 T and 3 T.
  • the vertical member 55 is fitted in the groove 57 and exposed from between the blocks 3 T.
  • a side face of the vertical member 55 and surface of the block 3 T are set to be flush with each other.
  • the masonry building configured in this way also achieves operation and effects similar to those of the masonry building 1 and the construction method therefor.
  • the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above.
  • the plural blocks 3 may be joined together by joint mortar rather than by adhesive.
  • the present invention is not limited to cases in which the vertical members 5 have protruding strips and the grooves 3 g and 3 h are formed in the blocks 3 , and the vertical members 5 and blocks 3 may be fitted together using another form of male/female fitting.
  • the vertical members may be square in cross section. The material quality and shape of the vertical members can be selected appropriately.
  • the vertical members may have any desired cross-sectional shape.
  • the manner in which the blocks 3 are laid and reinforcing bars are placed is not particularly limited, and may be changed as appropriate.
  • the configurations of the blocks 3 are not limited to those shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 , and may be changed as appropriate.
  • the present invention may be applied to one-story masonry buildings as well as to three-story or higher masonry buildings.
  • the blocks 3 are configured to be standardized components whose dimensions have been established based on the plane module M, the present invention may be applied to unstandardized masonry buildings.
  • the embodiments described above use the dry-type, steel-frame circumferential girders 6 A and 6 B, wet-type circumferential girders produced by casting concrete may be used as well.
  • the present invention is not limited to cases in which the plural blocks 3 are laid out in a staggered manner, and the blocks 3 may be laid out in a grid pattern. In that case, the end blocks 3 P may be piled along the vertical members 5 and 5 to right under the steel-frame circumferential girder 6 A, and then the intermediate blocks 3 Q may be piled up with reference to the end blocks 3 P.
  • the placement of reinforcing bars is not particularly limited, and may be changed as appropriate.
  • the configurations of the blocks 3 are not limited to those shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 , and may be changed as appropriate.
  • the present invention may be applied to one-story masonry buildings as well as to three-story or higher masonry buildings.
  • the blocks 3 are configured to be standardized components whose dimensions have been established based on the plane module M, the present invention may be applied to unstandardized masonry buildings.
  • the joining structure between the vertical members and circumferential girder is not limited as long as a portal framework is formed by the vertical members and circumferential girder.
  • the joining structure between the vertical members and circumferential girder may be either of the following: a structure in which the vertical members are passed in the up-and-down direction (continuously) and the ends of the circumferential girder are joined to the side faces of the vertical members (a vertical member-predominant configuration), and a structure in which the circumferential girder is passed in the horizontal direction (continuously) and the vertical members are joined to the top face and bottom face of the circumferential girder (a circumferential girder-predominant configuration).
  • the vertical members and circumferential girder may be made of different materials: for example, vertical members made of wood and a circumferential girder made of steel may be used in combination, vertical members made of wood and a circumferential girder made of concrete may be used in combination.
  • One aspect of the present invention allows the labor during construction work to be saved while reducing the construction period. Also, even if workers are not skilled, the accuracy of construction work including the straightness and verticality of the wall bodies can be maintained.
  • Second-floor vertical member (upper-floor vertical member); 6 A, 6 B . . . Steel-frame circumferential girder (upper horizontal member or lower horizontal member); 8 B, 8 C . . . Floor; 21 . . . Covering; 24 . . . Floor support member; 50 , 51 , . . . Protruding strip; 55 . . . Vertical member; 56 , 57 . . . Groove

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CN105930600B (zh) * 2016-04-28 2019-09-24 广联达科技股份有限公司 砌体排布方法及砌体排布系统
CN108661205B (zh) * 2016-08-12 2020-07-28 陈迎春 工程预制件连接构件、连接方法、建筑主体结构

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TW201315873A (zh) 2013-04-16
WO2013015316A1 (ja) 2013-01-31

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