Classifications

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  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
  • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
  • C01B3/06—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
  • C10L5/02—Solid fuels such as briquettes consisting mainly of carbonaceous materials of mineral or non-mineral origin
  • C10L5/34—Other details of the shaped fuels, e.g. briquettes
  • C10L5/36—Shape
  • C10L5/38—Briquettes consisting of different layers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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  • C10L11/00—Manufacture of firelighters
  • C10L11/04—Manufacture of firelighters consisting of combustible material
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  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
  • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
  • C01B3/06—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents
  • C01B3/08—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents with metals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
  • C10L5/02—Solid fuels such as briquettes consisting mainly of carbonaceous materials of mineral or non-mineral origin
  • C10L5/34—Other details of the shaped fuels, e.g. briquettes
  • C10L5/36—Shape
  • C10L5/368—Shaped fuels bundled or contained in a bag or other container
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L7/00—Fuels produced by solidifying fluid fuels
  • C10L7/02—Fuels produced by solidifying fluid fuels liquid fuels
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L8/00—Fuels not provided for in other groups of this subclass
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
  • C10L9/10—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by using additives
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
  • F23C1/00—Combustion apparatus specially adapted for combustion of two or more kinds of fuel simultaneously or alternately, at least one kind of fuel being either a fluid fuel or a solid fuel suspended in a carrier gas or air
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
  • C10L1/1208—Inorganic compounds elements
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
  • C10L1/1216—Inorganic compounds metal compounds, e.g. hydrides, carbides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
  • C10L1/1225—Inorganic compounds halogen containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
  • C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
  • C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
  • C10L1/125—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof water
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
  • C10L1/1291—Silicon and boron containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/1817—Compounds of uncertain formula; reaction products where mixtures of compounds are obtained
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
  • C10L1/1857—Aldehydes; Ketones
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
  • C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10L1/196—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
  • C10L1/1963—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof mono-carboxylic
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis

Definitions

• the Invention relates to a fuel and combustible mixture based on hydrogen generation that can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels in thermoelectric power plants (TEPP).
• TEPP thermoelectric power plants
• the invention has an additional property: it binds CO 2 generated by the burning of the part of coal which is not replaced. Furthermore, with the Invention it is possible to greatly reduce the quantity of dust generated as a by-product of the coal combustion process in TEPPs.
• the Invention is primarily aimed to prepare alternative fuel for TEPPs capable to replace a greater portion of coal needed for the production of the same quantity of electric power, which would cut the costs of coal mining and transportation to the TEPP.
• Another goal of the Invention concerns a major problem associated with electric power production in TEPPs, and that is the massive emission of greenhouse gases as a result of incomplete burning of coal.
• a combustible mixture has been prepared, one that consists of solid phase and liquid phase, where the combustible mixture is so stored in an airtight container that a partition of the container separates the liquid phase from the solid phase, in the process of which the partition gradually disintegrates in contact with the liquid phase and thus allows gradual mixing of the liquid and solid phase, which in turn triggers chemical reactions resulting in production of hydrogen that burns in the TEPP's furnace.
• the Invention incorporates all these reactions, especially relying on the fact that water at a high temperature of the TEPP furnace gets into contact with coal, so that such reactions are inevitable.
• the mentioned process is just a small segment of the process involved in the Invention that allows both the production of hydrogen and its use in situ (without transportation and storage).
• the Invention provides for quick lime as one of the components, so the mentioned reactions of CO 2 separation also take place according to the Invention.
• the Invention provides for a polyvalent role of quick lime, i.e., quick lime serves not only and exclusively for CO 2 binding, but also for H 2 generation and participates in other reactions as well, those that enhance the burning properties of the combustible mixture.
• the combustible mixture according to the Invention is a mixture consisting of a solid and a liquid phase. Each of these phases consists of more components. All the components will be listed below.
• the invented fuel is the combustible mixture in an airtight container with or without an added insulator.
• the characteristics of the container and the interrelation and position of the solid and the liquid phase of the combustible phase inside the container will be described later in more detail.
• the container is considered a part of the fuel, because it is necessarily made up of combustible material and as such in the furnace assumes the role of a burning trigger according to the Invention.
• hydrogen is generated and accumulates in the container.
• the container burns in the furnace and thereby initiates hydrogen burning.
• the insulator helps keep hydrogen inside the container by binding hydrogen.
• the insulator in the furnace stimulates the burning of the container and thus helps initiate hydrogen burning, and may itself be considered a part of the fuel.
• the Invention discloses a new combustible mixture, which in burning releases energy 15 times greater than that of lignite and 4-5 times than that of coke.
• the combustible mixture must be hermetically closed in the container.
• the container may have a partition that prevents direct contact between the solid phase and the liquid matter of the combustible mixture, but the partition, in contact with the acid component of the liquid phase, gradually disintegrates thus allowing contact between the liquid and solid phases of the combustible mixture, and that actually acts as a trigger/igniter of chemical reactions that give rise to hydrogen generation. As the container is airtight, the generated hydrogen remains inside.
• the insulator on the inside of the container the insulator is coated and binds hydrogen molecules in order to prevent any escape of hydrogen from the airtight container, whereas in the burning phase in the furnace the insulator and the container, which themselves are combustible materials, ignite hydrogen in the oxidation atmosphere of the boiler furnace.
• Examples of such an insulator are tar-based glues or similar materials.
• the container is made of polymer material, preferably polyvinyl chloride due to its good combustion properties.
• the Invention also presents fuel and fuel utilization methods in TEPP furnaces or in industrial furnaces or in central heating furnaces.
• the combustible mixture and the energy production fuel in TEPP's are described in detail. Combustible mixtures and fuels for industrial furnaces are adjusted by means of standard methods that should be familiar to an average expert in the field.
• the mentioned combustible mixture which can be used in TEPP's as substitute fuel for a portion of required coal, consists of solid and liquid phases, where the solid phase comprises:
• the aluminium powder at least one M 1 X 2 , where M 1 can be any metal in oxidation state +2, and X can be any halogen; M 2 CO 3 , where M 2 can be any two-valent metal; zinc ammonia chloride, SiO 2 in the form of quartz sand; and quick lime; whereas the liquid phase comprises: at least one C 1 to C 6 carboxylic acid, or at least one anhydride of the mentioned carboxylic acids, or at least one its ester or amide; methylcellulose; and formaldehyde, or its commercially accessible solution—formalin; and water.
• the presence of water will be clear to an expert in the field, because the liquid matter is made of water solutions of the specified chemical compounds.
• the percentage of the solid phase in the mixture may vary from 32% w/w to 46% w/w, and that of the liquid phase from 54% w/w to 68% w/w.
• the share of the solid phase in the mixture varies between 36% w/w and 42% w/w, and that of the liquid phase between 58% w/w and 64% w/w.
• the share of the solid phase in the mixture is 39% w/w, and that of the liquid phase 61% w/w.
• aluminium powder 3% to 10% M 1 X 2 1% to 4% M 2 CO 3 1% to 3% zinc ammonia chloride 2% to 5% SiO 2 3% to 8% quick lime 70% to 90%
• the solid phase components are present in the following weight percentages:
• liquid phase and its components and the share of these components in the liquid phase they are present in the following weight percentages: at least one carboxylic acid, or at least one anhydride of carboxylic acid, or at least one its ester or amide may be present in an interval from 10% to 27%; methylcellulose may be present in an interval from 20% to 40%; whereas formaldehyde, or its commercially accessible solution—formalin may be present in an interval from 1% to 10%. That water makes the rest up to 100% is self-explanatory.
• liquid phase components are present in the following weight percentages:
• At least one carboxylic acid, or at least one anhydride of carboxylic acid, or at least one its ester or amide are present in an interval from 5% to 22%; methylcellulose is present in an interval from 25% to 35%; and formaldehyde, or its commercially accessible solution—formalin is present in an interval from 3% to 7%. In this case, too, water makes the rest up to 100%.
• the liquid matter was used in the following weight percentages of the components: at least one carboxylic acid, or at least one anhydride of carboxylic acid, or at least one its ester or amide was present in the percentage of 17%; methylcellulose was present in the percentage of 29%; and formaldehyde, or its commercially accessible solution—formalin in the percentage of 5%; whereas the rest up to 100% was water.
• M 1 and M 2 from the above described combustible mixture or, more precisely, from the above described solid phase are selected, according to one version of the Invention, among Fe, Cu, Zn.
• at least one carboxylic acid, or at least one of its derivatives is selected from the group made up of C 1 -C 3 carboxylic acid, or its derivatives; whereas methylcellulose is selected from the group made up of gelatine and tylosis.
• M 1 and M 2 are Zn, where M 1 X 2 represents the mixture of ZnCl 2 and ZnBr 2 .
• M 1 X 2 represents the mixture of ZnCl 2 and ZnBr 2 .
• additives such as coke or ethanol may be added to the combustible mixture, where coke is being added to the solid phase and ethanol to the liquid phase.
• Another feature of the Invention is the method proposed for energy production in TEPP's involving replacement of at least part of coal with the above described fuel.
• the invented fuel can replace more than 50% of required coal.
• up to 60% of required coal can be replaced, and up to 100% with some modifications, primarily in the materials that the TEPP furnaces are made of.
• the percentages specified in this paragraph can also refer to volume or any other shares.
• 1 kg of the invented fuel replaces 15 kg of lignite and 4-5 kg of coke.
• CO 2 emissions can be reduced as much as up to 75%.
• the next subject of the Invention is the use of the above described fuel as substitute/alternative fuel in TEPP's.
• the combustible mixture or its certain components bind harmful exhaust gases generated by coal burning in the TEPP. Above all it applies to CO 2 binding.
• the task of the insulator with which the inside of the container is coated is hydrogen collection and activation in combustion processes.
• the insulator does not allow outflowing hydrogen from the container.
• Methylcellulose may be gelatine or tylosis or any other industrially available methylcellulose.
• the Invention can be applied in any furnaces spending solid fuel, including, in addition to TEPP's, industrial and central heating furnaces of varying capacity, provided that the minimum working temperature of the furnace is not lower than 350° C.
• the fuel according to the present invention is supplied to the furnace, as a product of burning the salts of calcium aluminate 3CaO.Al 2 O 3 are formed along with the release of 3 hydrogen molecules in the form of bubbles.
• Reactions between quartz sand, lime and water result in the formation of permolite-type calcium hydrosilicate. Sulphur needed for permolite formation is present in coal as impurity.
• the airtight container has function to collect hydrogen from these reactions as well as to act as a “fuse” at the moment when fuel is introduced into the furnace. Just as hydrogen burns with a flame in an oxygen atmosphere, oxygen can burn with a flame in a hydrogen atmosphere.
• present Invention provides for the generation of permolite-type calcium hydrosilicate from quartz sand, lime, water and sulphur from coal that during combustion extracts oxygen and thus prevents development of the explosive gas.
• Aluminium is present in the solid phase of the combustible mixture in the form of high-purity aluminium powder.
• High purity means that it contains at least 90% of aluminium.
• the best results have been achieved with aluminium whose minimum specific surface according to Blen is 7000 cm 2 /g.
• the volume mass of aluminium powder in bulk in a favourable version of the Invention should be around 0.15 kg/dm 3 .
• Fuel burning according to the Invention evolves in 4 phases:
• the container production process according to the Invention evolves as follows:
• Two rollers mutually touching each other have 2 mm wide, 1 mm deep grooves on them placed face to face. That is to say, if the lower roller has grooves lengthwise, the grooves on the upper roller are so placed that, when by means of the current they cut through the double foil on the jacket, cut-out square/rectangles are obtained which hold the hydrogen production content inside.
• the space within the container has to be greater by two thirds of the content—the combustible mixture inside the container, in order to create space for the collection of hydrogen that will be produced by the combustible mixture in the granule.
• the plastic container burns and allows uniform separation of hydrogen from the fuel and its combustion, whereas oxygen from water binds to the combustible mixture components, with permolite-type calcium hydrosilicate being generated in the process, which prevents the development of the explosive gas.
• zinc carbonate As for zinc carbonate (ZnCO 3 ), as waterless it occurs in the form of white powder that is virtually insoluble in water. However, as a commercial product it is marketed in the hydrated form as base zinc carbonate (2ZnCO 3 ⁇ 3Zn(OH) 2 ). It is the base zinc carbonate that is used in the Invention.
• CaO is made from Ca(OH) 2 which has lost water due to heating, and C is carbon from coal. Therefore, according to the present invention, hydrogen is generated not only inside the fuel, but also through the reaction of water steam gasification.
• Hydraulic acid is water from the fuel, i.e., the combustible mixture, and moisture from coal.
• the lower heating value of coal varies from 29310 kJ/kg for anthracite to 12250 kJ/kg for lignite.
• 1250 Nm 3 of hydrogen is needed for lignite and 521 Nm 3 for anthracite. Converted into mass, this is 110 kg of hydrogen for anthracite and 42.7 kg of hydrogen for lignite. Therefore, 1000 kg of anthracite gives as much heat as 500 kg of anthracite enriched with 110 kg of hydrogen, or, in the second case, 500 kg of lignite enriched with 42.7 kg of hydrogen.
• 8 mass percentages of the invented fuel substitutes approximately at least 50 mass percentages of coal.
• the greater the share of carbon the more harmful the environmental impact, because greater quantities of carbon dioxide are produced by combustion. That is why the combustible mixture, or fuel according to the invention is prepared in a way to reduce environmental risks based on the reaction listed under 12 above.

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• 2010
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