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  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
  • C07C45/002—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by dehydrogenation
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  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
  • B01J23/24—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
  • B01J23/30—Tungsten
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  • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
  • B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
  • B01J21/063—Titanium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
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  • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
  • B01J21/12—Silica and alumina
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  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
  • B01J27/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
  • B01J27/186—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
  • B01J27/188—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium with chromium, molybdenum, tungsten or polonium
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  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
  • B01J37/0201—Impregnation
  • B01J37/0205—Impregnation in several steps
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C253/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles
  • C07C253/24—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles by ammoxidation of hydrocarbons or substituted hydrocarbons
  • C07C253/26—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles by ammoxidation of hydrocarbons or substituted hydrocarbons containing carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds, e.g. unsaturated aldehydes
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
  • C07C45/51—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by pyrolysis, rearrangement or decomposition
  • C07C45/52—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by pyrolysis, rearrangement or decomposition by dehydration and rearrangement involving two hydroxy groups in the same molecule
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C47/00—Compounds having —CHO groups
  • C07C47/20—Unsaturated compounds having —CHO groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C47/21—Unsaturated compounds having —CHO groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with only carbon-to-carbon double bonds as unsaturation
  • C07C47/22—Acryaldehyde; Methacryaldehyde
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
  • C07C51/16—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation
  • C07C51/21—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen
  • C07C51/23—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen of oxygen-containing groups to carboxyl groups
  • C07C51/235—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen of oxygen-containing groups to carboxyl groups of —CHO groups or primary alcohol groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
  • C07C51/16—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation
  • C07C51/21—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen
  • C07C51/25—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen of unsaturated compounds containing no six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C51/252—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen of unsaturated compounds containing no six-membered aromatic ring of propene, butenes, acrolein or methacrolein
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/78—Connective tissue peptides, e.g. collagen, elastin, laminin, fibronectin, vitronectin or cold insoluble globulin [CIG]
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
  • G01N33/6887—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids from muscle, cartilage or connective tissue
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
  • G01N33/6893—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids related to diseases not provided for elsewhere
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2523/00—Constitutive chemical elements of heterogeneous catalysts
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
  • G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
  • G01N2333/705—Assays involving receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants

Definitions

• This invention relates to a novel dehydration catalyst, in particular to a dehydration catalyst for producing acrolein or acrylic acid by catalytic dehydration of glycerin in gas phase or liquid phase, to a method for preparing the catalyst and to a process for producing acrolein and/or acrylic acid by using the catalyst.
• Glycerin is obtained in large amount as a byproduct when bio-fuel is produced from bio resources that do not depend on fossil resources, and research of new uses of glycerin is under development.
• an improved dehydration catalyst comprising mainly a compound in which protons in a heteropolyacid are exchanged at least partially with at least one cation selected from elements belonging to Group 1 to Group 16 of the Periodic Table of Elements.
• WO2007/058221 discloses a process for producing acrolein by dehydration reaction of glycerin in gas-phase in the presence of heteropolyacid used as a solid acid catalyst.
• the heteropolyacid is those of Group 6 element such as tungstosilicic acid, tungstophosphoric acid and phosphomolybdic acid. These heteropolyacids are supported on bi-modal pore size distribution silica carrier and produce acrolein at a yield of 86%.
• This dehydration reaction of glycerin is effected without oxidation gas but using nitrogen stream as carrier gas, so that deposition of carbon increase seriously and hence there is a problem of deterioration in time of stability, activity and selectivity of the catalysis.
• WO2007/058221 discloses a process for dehydrating polyhydric alcohols by using a catalyst containing an element of group 6 (Cr, Mo, W), in particular, comprising a heteropolyacid which can be supported on a carrier containing Al, Si, Ti or Zr. Examples show the acrolein yield of 70% for PW/Al 2 O 3 70% for PW/ZrO 2 , 87% for SiW/SiO 2 but the conversion decreases from 100% to 70% in 8 hours.
• a catalyst containing an element of group 6 (Cr, Mo, W) in particular, comprising a heteropolyacid which can be supported on a carrier containing Al, Si, Ti or Zr. Examples show the acrolein yield of 70% for PW/Al 2 O 3 70% for PW/ZrO 2 , 87% for SiW/SiO 2 but the conversion decreases from 100% to 70% in 8 hours.
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,919,725 discloses a catalyst comprising heteropoly salts and heteropolyacid salts deposited on a porous support of silica, zirconia and titania. This catalyst is used for aromatic alkylation such as alkylation of phenol with olefins but there is no mention of glycerol dehydration.
• U.S. Pat. No. 4,983,565 discloses a process for preparing a catalyst composition by impregnating titania pellets with an aqueous solution consisting of tungstosilicic acid or molybdosilicic acid or their salts followed by drying and calcination.
• the catalyst composition is prepared preferably by impregnating a preformed pellet by immersing titania pellets in an aqueous solution of the tungstosilicic acid or molybdosilicic acid, for example.
• this patent teaches nothing about such a feature defined in the present invention that protons in the heteropolyacid are exchanged by at least one cation selected from elements belonging to Group 1 to Group 16 of the Periodic Table of Elements. Still more, this catalyst is used to prepare linear polyethylenepolyamine but there is no mention in dehydration of glycerol.
• an object of this invention is to provide a novel dehydration catalyst, in particular a dehydration catalyst for producing acrolein or acrylic acid by catalytic dehydration of glycerin in gas phase or liquid phase.
• Another object of this invention is to provide a method for preparing the catalyst and to a process for producing acrolein and/or acrylic acid by using the catalyst.
• Still another object of this invention is to provide a process for producing acrolein and acrylic acid from glycerin that is a material not derived from petroleum, at a high yield.
• a first subject of the present invention resides in a catalyst composition comprising at least an heteropolyacid that has been deposited on a porous titania carrier.
• the catalyst composition of the present invention comprises at least an heteropolyacid in which protons in the heteropolyacid are exchanged at least partially by at least one cation selected from elements belonging to Group 1 to Group 16 of the Periodic Table of Elements that have been deposited on a porous titania carrier.
• Another subject of the present invention resides in a method for preparing the catalyst composition comprising impregnating a titania carrier with a solution of heteropolyacid, drying and firing the resulting solid mixture, optionally secondly impregnating the resulting impregnated carrier with a solution of at least one metal selected from elements belonging to the Group 1 to Group 16 of the Periodic Table of Elements or onium, drying, and firing the resulting solid mixture.
• the catalyst composition according to the present invention can be prepared also by the steps comprising impregnating a titania carrier with a solution of at least one metal selected from elements belonging to the Group 1 to Group 16 of the Periodic Table of Elements or onium, drying and firing the resulting solid mixture, secondly impregnating the resulting solid mixture with a solution of heteropolyacid, drying, and firing the resulting solid mixture.
• a titania carrier with a solution of at least one metal selected from elements belonging to the Group 1 to Group 16 of the Periodic Table of Elements or onium
• drying and firing the resulting solid mixture secondly impregnating the resulting solid mixture with a solution of heteropolyacid, drying, and firing the resulting solid mixture.
• more than two different elements can be impregnated successively in the first impregnation step by using a respective impregnation and calcination operation.
• the catalyst composition according to the present invention can be prepared also by the method comprising more than one cycle of impregnation and firing, in which each impregnation is effected with a solution of an element belonging to the Group 1 to Group 16 of the Periodic Table of Elements or onium or with a solution containing more than one element selected from the group comprising P, Si, W, Mo, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, and in which at least one impregnation is made with an acid precursor.
• Still other subject of the present invention resides in a process for preparing acrolein by dehydration of glycerin, carried out in the presence of the catalyst.
• This invention has following features (1) to (21) taken separately or in combination:
• e is a number determined by the oxidation of the elements.
• the heteropolyacid is known and has several structures such as Keggin type, Dawson type and Anderson type and possess generally such high molecular weight as 700 to 8,500. There are dimer complex forms and those dimer complex are included in the present invention.
• the elements belonging to Group 1 to Group 16 of the Periodic Table of Elements may be sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanoid, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, chromium, manganese, rhenium, iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, gold, zinc, gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin, lead, bismuth and tellurium.
• the onium salts of heteropolyacid may be amine salts, ammonium salts, phosphonium salts and sulfonium salts.
• Heteropolyacid is a polyacid possessing polynuclear structure, obtained by condensation of more than two kinds of oxoacids.
• An atom which forms the center oxoacid is called as “hetero-atom”, while atoms forming oxoacids surrounding the center oxoacid and obtained by the polymerization is called as “poly-atoms”.
• the hetero-atom may be silicon, phosphorus, arsenic, sulfur, iron, cobalt, boron, aluminum, germanium, titanium, zirconium, cerium and chromium. Among them, phosphorus and silicon are preferable.
• the poly-atoms may be molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, niobium and tantalum. Among them, molybdenum and tungsten are preferable.
• the heteropolyacids used in this invention to prepare a glycerin dehydration catalyst may be tungstophosphoric acid, tungstosilicic acid, phosphomolybdic acid and silico molybdic acid.
• the heteropolyacid may be a mixed coordinate comprising the hetero-atoms of phosphorus or silicon and the poly-atoms are mixed coordinate of molybdenum and tungsten, or mixed coordinate of tungsten and vanadium or mixed coordinate of vanadium and molybdenum.
• the glycerin dehydration catalyst according to this invention comprises a compound in which at least part of protons in the heteropolyacid are exchanged with at least one cation of alkali metal.
• the catalyst composition according to the present invention used for producing acrolein and acrylic acid from glycerin contains preferably at least one element selected from a group comprising W, Mo and V.
• the alkali metal is preferably cesium and at least a part of protons in the heteropolyacid is exchanged with cesium. It is also possible to exchange at least a part of protons in the heteropolyacid with cesium and a part of remaining protons in the heteropolyacid is exchanged at least partially with at least one cation selected from elements belonging to Group 1 to Group 16 of the Periodic Table of Elements. Acrolein and acrylic acid can be produced at higher yield by using the glycerin dehydration catalyst composition according to the present invention. Resistance to water is increased by exchanging part of protons contained in the heteropolyacid with cesium, so that the life of catalyst is improved in comparison to heteropolyacid that is inherently water-soluble.
• An amount of the aqueous solution of mineral salt of exchanging cation is determined in such a manner that an electric charge of cation to be added is equal to or less than an electric charge of the heteropolyanion. For example, when a cation with charges of 1 + is added to a heteropolyanion with charges of 3 ⁇ , the cation is added equal to or less than 3 equivalent to the heteropolyanion, and when a cation with charges of 3 + is added to a heteropolyanion with charges of 3 ⁇ , the cation is added equal to or less than 1 equivalent to the heteropolyanion.
• an amount of the cation is determined in such a manner that the total electric charge of the cations becomes equal to or less than an electric charge of the heteropolyanion. If an amount of an aqueous solution of inorganic salt or a proportion of the cation(s) to be exchanged with protons become excessive, the activity of catalyst is spoiled or the yields of acrolein and acrylic acid are lowered or the life of catalyst is shortened.
• the glycerin dehydration catalyst according to this invention contains further at least compound of elements belonging to Group 1 to Group 16 of the Periodic Table of Element in addition to the above compound.
• the compound of elements belonging to Group 1 to Group 16 of the Periodic Table of Element may be metal salts or onium salts.
• the metal salt may be salt of tellurium, platinum, palladium, iron, zirconium, copper, cerium, silver and aluminum.
• the onium salts may be amine salts, ammonium salts, phosphonium salts and sulfonium salts.
• the metal salt or the onium salt may be prepared from such materials as nitrates, carbonate, sulfates, acetates, hydroxides, oxides and halides of the metals or of onium but are not limited thereto.
• a proportion of the metal salt is 0.0001 to 60% by weight, preferably 0.001 to 30% by weight in term of the metal salts or the onium salt with respect to the above compound.
• H is hydrogen
• A is at least one cation selected from elements belonging to Group 1 to Group 16 of the Periodic Table of Elements except H
• X is P or Si
• Y is at least one element selected from the group comprising W, Mo, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, In, Tl, Sn and Pb,
• Z is at least one element selected from the group comprising W, Mo, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, In, Tl, Sn and Pb, and a, b, c and satisfying following ranges:
• e is a number determined by the oxidation of the elements and n is any positive number.
• the above-mentioned compound is deposited on a titania carrier or support (“supported catalyst”).
• supported catalyst terms of carrier or support have the same meaning.
• An amount of the above-mentioned compound represented by the formula (I) is 5 to 99.9% by weight, preferably 5 to 90% by weight to the weight of the carrier.
• the catalyst may have any shape and can be granule, powder or monolith. In case of gas phase reactions, however, it is preferable to mold the catalyst into a shape of monolith, sphere, pellets, cylinder, hollow cylinder, bar or the like optionally with adding a molding aid or the catalyst is shaped into these configurations together with carrier and optional auxiliary agents.
• a size of molded catalyst is for example 1 to 10 mm for a fixed bed and less than 1 mm for a fluidized bed.
• a powder with appropriate average particle size distribution namely between 40 and 300 ⁇ m, preferably between 60 and 150 ⁇ m.
• the catalyst composition according to the present invention can be prepared by successive impregnation of a carrier with a solution of at least one metal selected from elements belonging to the Group 1 to Group 16 of the Periodic Table of Elements or onium and with a solution of heteropolyacid, and vice versa.
• the catalyst can also be prepared by successive impregnation of a carrier with a solution of heteropolyacid and with a solution of at least one metal selected from elements belonging to the Group 1 to Group 16 of the Periodic Table of Elements or onium. After each impregnation, the solid can be dried and fired as described below. Impregnation can be performed by the known techniques of pore volume impregnation or excess solution impregnation.
• the catalyst composition can also be prepared by spay-drying method with a spray-dryer.
• the catalyst composition according to the present invention can be prepared by impregnating a preformed pellet or porous titania carrier.
• titania carrier is immersed in an aqueous solution of at least one metal selected from elements belonging to the Group 1 to Group 16 of the Periodic Table of Elements or onium.
• the resulting solid mixture is then dried and fired.
• the resulting solid mixture is secondly impregnating with a solution of heteropolyacid. Then, the resulting solid mixture is dried and fired to obtain an objective catalyst.
• the solution of at least one metal selected from elements belonging to the Group 1 to Group 16 of the Periodic Table of Elements or onium can be an aqueous solution of halide, hydroxide, carbonate, acetate, nitrate, oxalate, phosphate or sulfate of metal or onium.
• the catalyst composition according to the present invention can be prepared by impregnating a titania carrier firstly with a solution of heteropolyacid.
• a titania carrier For example, an aqueous solution of heteropolyacid is prepared firstly.
• the aqueous solution of heteropolyacid it is preferable to remove waters contained in the heteropolyacid in a form of adsorptive water and crystal water partially or totally under vacuum or heat-drying.
• the resulting solid mixture is then dried and fired.
• the resulting impregnated carrier is impregnated with a solution of at least one metal selected from elements belonging to the Group 1 to Group 16 of the Periodic Table of Elements or onium, followed by drying and firing operations to obtain an objective catalyst.
• the catalyst composition according to the present invention can be prepared by the method comprising more than one cycle of impregnation and firing.
• each impregnation is effected with a solution of an element of the group 1 to belonging to the Group 1 to Group 16 of the Periodic Table of Elements or onium or with a solution containing more than one element selected from the group comprising P, Si, W, Mo, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, and at least one impregnation is effected with an acid precursor.
• the catalyst composition according to the present invention can be prepared by adding PW or Cs to titania powder firstly and then, without drying and firing operations, Cs or PW is added continuously.
• Impregnation can be carried out at ambient temperature (about 20° C.). Higher temperatures of about 100° C. to about 150° C. may be used, if desired. This treatment may be continued, preferably with agitation, for about 0.1 to about 5 hours sufficient to permit the aqueous solution to penetrate the pores of the titania carrier.
• the amount of aqueous solution of at least one metal selected from elements belonging to the Group 1 to Group 16 of the Periodic Table of Elements or onium and the heteropolyacid that is used should be adequate to permit full immersion of the titania carriers.
• the excess aqueous solution can be evaporated from the treated titania carriers, or it can be removed from the aqueous solution and permitted to dry in a drying oven.
• the catalyst according to the present invention used in the glycerin dehydration may be anhydrides or hydrates. In fact, they can be used after pretreatment of firing and vacuum-drying or without pretreatment.
• the calcination can be carried out in air or under inert gas such as nitrogen, helium and argon or under an atmosphere of mixed gas of air and inert gas usually or under reduction gas such as hydrogen or an atmosphere of mixed gas of hydrogen and inert gas in a furnace such as muffle furnace, rotary kiln, fluidized bed furnace.
• the furnace is not limited specially.
• the calcination can be effected even in a reaction tube which is used for the glycerin dehydration reaction.
• the firing temperature is usually 150 to 900° C., preferably 200 to 800° C. and more preferably 350 to 650° C. This can be determined by routine experimentation for a particular catalyst. Temperatures above 900° C. should be avoided.
• the calcination is continued usually for 0.5 to 10 hours.
• the dehydration reaction of glycerin according to this invention can be carried out in gas phase or in liquid phase and the gas phase is preferable.
• the gas phase reaction can be carried out in a variety of reactors such as fixed bed, fluidized bed, circulating fluidized bed and moving bed. Among them, the fixed bed or the fluidized bed are preferable.
• Regeneration of the catalyst can be effected outside the reactor. When the catalyst is taken out of a reactor system for regeneration, the catalyst is burnt in air or in oxygen-containing gas.
• liquid phase reaction usual general reactors for liquid reactions for solid catalysts can be used. Since the difference in boiling point between glycerin (290° C.) and acrolein and acrylic acid is big, the reaction is effected preferably at relatively lower temperatures so as to distil out acrolein continuously.
• the reaction temperature for producing acrolein and acrylic acid by dehydration of glycerin in gas phase is effected preferably at a temperature of 200° C. to 450° C. If the temperature is lower than 200° C., the life of catalyst will be shortened due to polymerization and carbonization of glycerin and of reaction products because the boiling point of glycerin is high. On the contrary, if the temperature exceeds 450° C., the selectivity of acrolein and acrylic acid will be lowered due to increment in parallel reactions and successive reactions. Therefore, more preferable reaction temperature is 250° C. to 350° C.
• the pressure is not limited specially but is preferably lower than 5 atm and more preferably lower than 3 atm. Under higher pressures, gasified glycerin will be re-liquefied and deposition of carbon will be promoted by higher pressure so that the life of catalyst will be shortened.
• a feed rate of a material gas is preferably 500 to 10,000 h ⁇ 1 in term of the space velocity of GHSV.
• the selectivity will be lowered if the GHSV becomes lower than 500 h ⁇ 1 due to successive reactions. On the contrary, if the GHSV exceeds 10,000 h ⁇ 1 , the conversion will be lowered.
• the reaction temperature of the liquid phase reaction is preferably from 150° C. to 350° C.
• the selectivity will be spoiled under lower temperatures although the conversion is improved.
• the reaction pressure is not limited specially but the reaction can be carried if necessary under a pressurized conditions of 3 atm to 70 atm.
• the material of glycerin is easily available in a form of aqueous solution of glycerin. Concentration of the aqueous solution of glycerin is from 5% to 90% by weight and more preferably 10% to 50% by weight. Too high concentration of glycerin will result in such problems as production of glycerin ethers or undesirable reaction between the resulting acrolein or acrylic acid and material glycerin. Temperature which is necessary to gasify glycerin is increased.
• % means mole %.
• tungstophosphoric acid 7.0 g was dissolved in 11.1 g of deionized water to obtain an aqueous solution of tungstophosphoric acid. 15 g of the resulting 38.8% aqueous solution of tungstophosphoric acid was then sprayed onto the above Cs/TiO 2 . The resulting powder was then dried at 100° C. overnight and then was fired in nitrogen atmosphere at 400° C. for 3 hours to obtain a titania carrier supporting 20% of the cesium tungstophosphate. This titania carrier was sieved to obtain a particle size of 35 to 48 mesh.
• the catalyst was evaluated in a fixed bed reactor operated under ambient pressure in a fixed bed. Namely, 7 cc of the resulting catalyst powder was packed in a quartz reaction tube (diameter of 16 mm).
• aqueous solution of glycerin (a concentration of 28% by weight) was fed to an evaporator at a flow rate of 26.9 g/hr together with nitrogen (4.9 NL/hr) and with oxygen (1.2 NL/hr) at 280° C. so that glycerin was gasified and the resulting gasified glycerin was passed through the fixed catalyst bed.
• the fixed catalyst bed was heated at a temperature of 275° C.
• GHSV was 4,530 h ⁇ 1 .
• Products were condensed in a condenser and the collected product was quantitative-analyzed by gas chromatographs (HP 6890 Agilent, FFAP column, FID detector, CP4900 Varian, Silicaplot and Molecular Sieve 5 ⁇ , TCD detectors). Proportions of products were corrected in factors from the results of the gas chromatograph to determine absolute amounts of products to calculate the conversion (%) of material (the conversion of glycerin), the selectivity of target substance (the selectivities of acrolein and of acrylic acid) and the yield of target substance (the yields of acrolein and of acrylic acid).
• the selectivity (%) of objective substance (a mole number of objective substance obtained/a mole number of material reacted) ⁇ 100
• the yield (%) of objective substance (a mole number of objective substance obtained/a mole number of material fed) ⁇ 100
• tungstophosphoric acid 10 g was dissolved in 150 ml of deionized water to obtain an aqueous solution of tungstophosphoric acid.
• 19.7 g of TiO 2 powder obtained by grinding anatase type TiO 2 pellets (ST31119 from Norpro Saint Gobain—BET surface 39 m 2 /g) to 300 to 500 ⁇ m and drying at 110° C. overnight was added in obtained aqueous solution of tungstophosphoric acid, and then was mixed at room temperature for 2 hours. 2.26 g of 48.5% CsOH aqueous solution was diluted with 10 ml of deionized water.
• the resulting CsOH aqueous solution was dropped in above white slurry of tungstophosphoric acid and TiO 2 , mixing this white slurry.
• the resulting slurry was evaporated at 60° C. by use of rotary-evaporator.
• the obtained powder was dried at 120° C. for 10 hours and then was calcined in air at 500° C. for 3 hours to obtain a titania carrier supporting 30% of Cs salt of tungstophosphoric acid.
• the obtained powder was pressed to pellets and then was sieved to obtain a particle size of 9 to 12 mesh, grinding above pellets of CsPW/TiO 2 .
• the catalyst was evaluated in a fixed bed reactor operated under ambient pressure in a fixed bed. Namely, 10 cc of the resulting catalyst granule was packed in a quartz reaction tube (diameter of 20 mm).
• aqueous solution of glycerin (a concentration of 30% by weight) was fed to an evaporator at a flow rate of 21 g/hr together with nitrogen (3.7 NL/hr) and with oxygen (1.0 NL/hr) at 300° C. so that glycerin was gasified and the resulting gasified glycerin was passed through the fixed catalyst bed.
• the fixed catalyst bed was heated at a temperature of 300° C.
• GHSV was 2445 h ⁇ 1 .
• tungstophosphoric acid (Aldrich) was dissolved in 8.5 g of deionized water to obtain an aqueous solution of tungstophosphoric acid. 7.6 g of the resulting aqueous solution was then sprayed onto 15.4 g of TiO 2 powder obtained by grinding anatase type TiO 2 pellets (ST31119 from Norpro Saint Gobain—BET surface 39 m 2 /g) to 35 to 48 mesh. The resulting powder was dried at 110° C. for 2 hours and then was fired in nitrogen atmosphere at 300° C. for 3 hours. The resulting powder was then dried at 100° C. overnight and then was fired in nitrogen atmosphere at 500° C. for 3 hours to obtain a titania carrier supporting 10% of tungstophosphoric acid. This titania carrier was sieved to obtain a particle size of 35 to 48 mesh, having a BET surface of 35 m 2 /g.
• tungstosilicic acid (Aldrich) was dissolved in 11.1 g of deionized water to obtain an aqueous solution of tungstosilicic acid. 11.8 g of the resulting aqueous solution was then sprayed onto 25 g of TiO 2 powder obtained by grinding anatase type TiO 2 pellets (ST31119 from Norpro Saint Gobain) to 35 to 48 mesh. The resulting powder was dried at 110° C. for 2 hours and then was fired in nitrogen atmosphere at 300° C. for 3 hours. The resulting powder was then dried at 100° C. overnight and then was fired in nitrogen atmosphere at 625° C. for 3 hours to obtain a titania carrier supporting 10% of silicotungstic acid. This titania carrier was sieved to obtain a particle size of 35 to 48 mesh.
• Tungstophosphoric acid on silicon oxide or alumina was prepared in the same manner as in example 3 with silicon oxide SS61138 (251 m 2 /g) and SS61137 (161 m 2 /g) from Norpro Saint Gobain and with aluminium oxide SA6578 from Norpro Saint Gobain.
• Example Comparative Example 5 6 7 8 Acid 10% tungstophosphoric Catalyst support TiO 2 SiO 2 SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 ST31119 SS61138 SS61137 SA6578 Reactant ratios 2.8/1.7/14.3/81.2 glycerol/O2/N2/H2O GHSV (h ⁇ 1) 5100 h ⁇ 1 Oven temperature 280° C. Time on stream (h) 11 11 11 13 Acrolein yield (%) 75% 10% 18% 18%

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