US20120129828A1 - S1p1 receptor agonists and use thereof - Google Patents

S1p1 receptor agonists and use thereof Download PDF

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US20120129828A1
US20120129828A1 US12/995,387 US99538709A US2012129828A1 US 20120129828 A1 US20120129828 A1 US 20120129828A1 US 99538709 A US99538709 A US 99538709A US 2012129828 A1 US2012129828 A1 US 2012129828A1
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haloalkyl
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Victor J. Cee
Jian Lin
Xiang Y. Yu
Zhaoda Zhang
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Amgen Inc
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to compounds that are have activity as S1P receptor modulating agents, more specifically to specifically compounds that are S1P1 receptor agonists.
  • the invention also related to the use of such compounds to treat diseases associated with inappropriate S1P1 receptor activity such as autoimmune diseases.
  • Sphingosine-1-phosphate has been demonstrated to induce many cellular effects, including those that result in platelet aggregation, cell proliferation, cell morphology changes, tumor cell invasion, endothelial cell chemotaxis and endothelial cell in vitro angiogenesis.
  • S1P receptors are therefore good targets for therapeutic applications such as wound healing and tumor growth inhibition.
  • S1P signals cells in part via a set of G protein-coupled receptors named S1P1, S1P2, S1P3, S1P4, and S1P5 (formerly called EDG-1, EDG-5, EDG-3, EDG-6, and EDG-8, respectively). These receptors share 50-55% amino acid and cluster identity with three other receptors (LPA1, LPA2, and LPA3 (formerly EDG-2, EDG-4 and EDG-7)) for the structurally-related lysophosphatidic acid (LPA).
  • GPCR G-Protein Coupled Receptor
  • S1P receptors make good drug targets, because individual receptors are both tissue- and response-specific. Tissue specificity of the S1P receptors is important, because development of an agonist or antagonist selective for one receptor localizes the cellular response to tissues containing that receptor, limiting unwanted side effects. Response specificity of the S1P receptors is also important because it allows for development of agonists or antagonists that initiate or suppress certain cellular responses without affecting other things.
  • the S1P1 receptor subtype plays a key role in lymphocyte trafficking, and it is well established that synthetic small molecule S1P1 receptor agonists can suppress the peripheral immune response by inducing lymphocyte sequestration in secondary lymph organs (Cooke, N.; Zecri, F. Sphingosine 1-phosphate type 1 receptor modulators: recent advances and therapeutic potential. Ann. Reports Med. Chem. 2007;42: 245-263).
  • FTY720 is a prodrug that is phosphorylated in vivo to generate FTY720-P, an agonist of all known S1P receptors with the exception of S1P 2 (Mandala S, Hajdu R, Bergstrom J, et al. Alteration of lymphocyte trafficking by sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonists. Science. 2002; 296:346-349).
  • Preclinical studies established that FTY720 administration resulted in peripheral lymphopenia that was associated with beneficial outcomes in animal models of transplantation (Brinkmann V and Lynch K R.
  • FTY720 targeting G-protein-coupled receptors for spingosine-1-phosphate in transplantation and autoimmunity. Curr. Op. Immunol. 2002; 14:569-575 and references therein) and autoimmune diseases (e.g. arthritis; Matsuura M, Imayoshi T and Okumoto T. Effect of FTY720, a novel immunosuppressant, on adjuvant- and collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Int. J. of Immunopharm. 2000; 22:323-331), including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS); (Kataoka H, Sugahara K, Shimano K, et al.
  • EAE experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
  • MS animal model of multiple sclerosis
  • FTY720 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator, ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibition of T cell infiltration. Cell. and Mol. Immunol. 2005; 2(6):439-448; MRL-lpr/lpr mice, an animal model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (Okazaki H, Hirata D, Kamimura T et al. Effects of FTY720 in MRL-lpr/lpr Mice: Therapeutic Potential in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J. Rheumatol. 2002; 29:707-716) and development of diabetes in NOD mice (Yang Z., Chen M. Fialkow L B et al.
  • Typical drugs in this class include azathioprine, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin, or methotrexate.
  • Corticosteroids which reduce inflammation and suppress the immune response, cause side effects when used in long term treatment.
  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can reduce pain and inflammation, however, they exhibit considerable side effects such as gastrointestinal bleeding. Accordingly, there is a need for treatments that do not suffer from these side effects.
  • the present invention fulfills this and related needs.
  • n 0, 1, 2 or 3;
  • n 0, 1, 2 or 3;
  • 0 is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
  • A is a phenyl, heterocyclyl, three to six membered cycloalkyl, or a five or six membered heteroaryl ring;
  • L is a saturated 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7-member ring containing 0, 1 or 2 atoms selected from N, O and S and optionally containing a double bond, the ring being substituted by 0, 1 or 2 groups selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl;
  • R 1 is selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, CN, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl;
  • R 2 is selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl;
  • R 3 is selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, amino, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl;
  • R 3 and Z can combine to form —CH ⁇ CH—NR 11 —, —(CH 2 ) 2 NR 11 —, —CH 2 NR 11 CH 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 2 NR 11 CH 2 —, —N ⁇ CR 11 —NH—, or —N ⁇ CH—NR 11 —, where R 11 is selected from hydrogen, hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, carboxyalkyl, substituted hydroxyalkyl or substituted carboxyalkyl; or aminocarbonyl; or
  • the compound of Formula (I) has the Formula (Ia):
  • L is a saturated 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7-member ring containing 0, 1 or 2 atoms selected from N, O and S, the ring being substituted by 0, 1 or 2 groups selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl;
  • n 0, 1, 2 or 3;
  • n 0, 1, 2 or 3;
  • o 0, 1, 2 or 3;
  • q 1 or 2;
  • R 1 is selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl;
  • R 2 is selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl;
  • R 3 is selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl;
  • R 4 is selected from H, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl;
  • R 5 is selected from H, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-4 alkyl; or R 4 and R 5 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7-member carbocyclic ring substituted by 0, 1 or 2 groups selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl;
  • R 6 is a lone pair of electrons or O
  • R 7 is H or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 8 is selected from H, F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, OC 1-4 alkyl, and OC 1-4 haloalkyl; or R 7 and R 8 , when taken together, form a group that is selected from —(CR 10 R 10 )—, —CR 10 R 10 )O—, —O(CR 10 R 10 )— and —(CR 10 R 10 )—;
  • R 9 is selected from H, F, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-4 alkyl, OH and OC 1-4 alkyl; and R 10 is independently in each instance selected from H, F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl; and
  • R 10 is independently in each instance selected from H, F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl; or
  • the present invention provides a method for treating an S1P1 receptor mediated condition in a patient.
  • an amount of a compound effective to modulate an S1P1 receptor-mediated biological activity is administered to the patient.
  • the S1P1 receptor mediated condition may be, e.g., transplant rejection (solid organ transplant and islet cells); transplant rejection (tissue); cancer; autoimmune/inflammatory diseases; rheumatoid arthritis; lupus; insulin dependent diabetes (Type I); non-insulin dependent diabetes (Type II); multiple sclerosis; psoriasis; ulcerative colitis; inflammatory bowel disease; Crohn's disease; acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemias and lymphomas.
  • the present invention provides methods for modulating S1P1 receptor mediated biological activity.
  • the present invention also provides methods for using S1P1 modulators (i.e., agonists) in treating or preventing diseases such as ovarian cancer, peritoneal cancer, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, uterine cancer, stomach cancer, small intestine cancer, thyroid cancer, lung cancer, kidney cancer, pancreas cancer and prostrate cancer; acute lung diseases, adult respiratory distress syndrome (“ARDS”), acute inflammatory exacerbation of chronic lung diseases such as asthma, surface epithelial cell injury such as transcorneal freezing or cutaneous burns, and cardiovascular diseases such as ischemia in a patient in need of such treatment or prevention.
  • S1P1 modulators i.e., agonists
  • diseases such as ovarian cancer, peritoneal cancer, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, uterine cancer, stomach cancer, small intestine cancer, thyroid cancer, lung cancer,
  • the invention provides methods for using S1P1 modulators in treating disorders such as, but not limited to, vasoconstriction in cerebral arteries, autoimmune and related immune disorders including systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, type I diabetes, uveitis, psoriasis, myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis, non-glomerular nephrosis, hepatitis, Behcet's disease, glomerulonephritis, chronic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic anemia, hepatitis and Wegner's granuloma.
  • disorders such as, but not limited to, vasoconstriction in cerebral arteries, autoimmune and related immune disorders including systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, type I diabetes, uveitis, psoriasis,
  • the invention provides methods for using S1P1 modulators to treat a disease or disorder in a patient, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of an S1P-1 modulator, e.g., an agonist, that stimulates the immune system.
  • an S1P-1 modulator e.g., an agonist
  • the patient is afflicted by an infectious agent.
  • the subject is immunocompromised.
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or (Ia) and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • C ⁇ - ⁇ alkyl means an alkyl group comprising a minimum of ⁇ and a maximum of ⁇ carbon atoms in a branched, cyclical or linear relationship or any combination of the three, wherein ⁇ and ⁇ represent whole numbers.
  • the alkyl groups described in this section may also contain one or two double or triple bonds. Examples of C 1-6 alkyl include, but are not limited to the following:
  • —OC ⁇ - ⁇ alkyl means a radical where C ⁇ - ⁇ alkyl is as defined above.
  • Alkyl means a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of one to six carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbon atoms, unless otherwise stated, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, 2-propyl, butyl, and the like. Alkyl is independent of “C ⁇ - ⁇ alkyl” group defined above and is referred to when the alkyl group is not written in C ⁇ - ⁇ alkyl format.
  • Alkylene means a linear saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of one to six carbon atoms or a branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbon atoms unless otherwise stated e.g., methylene, ethylene, propylene, 1-methylpropylene, 2-methylpropylene, butylene, pentylene, and the like.
  • Amino means a —NH 2 .
  • Alkylcarbonyl means a —COR radical where R is alkyl as defined above e.g., methylcarbonyl, and the like.
  • Alkoxyalkyl means a linear saturated hydrocarbon radical of one to six carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbons substituted with one or two —OR groups where R is alkyl as defined above, e.g., 2-methoxyethyl, 1-, 2-, or 3-methoxypropyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, and the like.
  • Aminoalkyl means a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of one to six carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbons substituted with one or two, —NRR′ where R is hydrogen or alkyl and R′ is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, carboxyalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, aralkyl, heterocycloaminoalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, or —C(O)COOH and/or one to three fluoro, each as defined herein, e.g., aminomethyl, methylaminoethyl, 2-ethylamino-2-methylethyl, 1,3-diaminopropyl, acetylaminopropyl, and the like; provided that when the Z group in (i) is aminoalkyl then the aminoalkyl group is not —CR a R b —NRR′ where each R, R a and R a
  • Aminoalkoxy means a —OR radical where R is a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of one to six carbon atoms or a branched monovalent saturated hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbons substituted with one or two, —NRR′ where R is hydrogen or alkyl and R′ is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, carboxyalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, aralkyl, heterocycloaminoalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, or —C(O)COOH, each as defined herein, e.g., 2-aminoethoxy, 2-dimethylaminopropoxy, and the like.
  • Aminocarbonyl means a —CONRR′ radical where R is hydrogen or alkyl and R′ is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or cycloalkyl, each as defined herein, e.g., —CONH-(3-hydroxypropyl), cyclopropylaminocarbonyl, and the like.
  • “Acyl” means a —COR radical where R is alkyl or haloalkyl as defined herein.
  • “Acylamino” means a —NHCOR radical where R is haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, substituted hydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl, or substituted carboxyalkyl, each as defined herein, e.g., 2,2,2-trifluoroethylcarbonylamino, 3-carboxypropionylamino, —NHCO—CH(NH 2 )CH 2 COOH, and the like.
  • Alkyl means a -(alkylene)-R radical where R is phenyl.
  • Carbocyclic means a cyclic ring that has only carbon ring atoms.
  • Cycloalkyl means a cyclic saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to ten carbon atoms, unless otherwise stated e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, and the like.
  • the cycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino or carboxy unless otherwise stated.
  • Cycloalkylalkyl means -(alkylene)-R radical where R is cycloalkyl as defined above.
  • Carboxy means —COOH.
  • Carboxyalkyl means a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of one to six carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbons substituted with a carboxy group e.g., 2-carboxyethyl, carboxymethyl, and the like.
  • Substituted carboxyalkyl means carboxyalkyl as defined above which is substituted with one or two amino.
  • Carboxyalkyloxy means —O—R radical where R is carboxyalkyl as defined above.
  • Substituted carboxyalkyloxy means —O—R radical where R is substituted carboxyalkyl as defined above.
  • Carboxyalkylthio means —S—R radical where R is carboxyalkyl as defined above.
  • Substituted carboxyalkylthio means —S—R radical where R is substituted carboxyalkyl as defined above.
  • Carboxyalkylsulfonyl means —SO 2 —R radical where R is carboxyalkyl as defined above.
  • Substituted carboxyalkylsulfonyl means —SO 2 —R radical where R is substituted carboxyalkyl as defined above.
  • Carboxyalkoxyalkyl means -(alkylene)-O—R radical where R is carboxyalkyl as defined above.
  • Substituted carboxyalkoxyalkyl means -(alkylene)-O—R radical where R is substituted carboxyalkyl as defined above.
  • Carboxyalkylamino means —NHR where R is carboxyalkyl group as defined above.
  • Disubstituted amino means a —NRR′ radical where R and R′ are independently alkyl or alkylsulfonyl, each as defined herein, e.g., dimethylamino, methylethylamino, and the like. When R and R′ are alkyl, it is also referred to herein as dialkylamino.
  • Halo or “halogen” means a halogen atom selected from F, Cl, Br and I.
  • C V-W haloalkyl means an alkyl group comprising a minimum of v and a maximum of w carbon atoms in a branched, cyclical or linear relationship or any combination of the three, wherein v and w represent whole numbers.
  • the alkyl groups described in this section may also contain one or two double or triple bonds and wherein any number, at least one, of the hydrogen atoms attached to the alkyl chain are replaced by F, Cl, Br or I.
  • —OC V-W haloalkyl means a radical where C V-W haloalkyl is as defined above.
  • Haloalkyl means a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of one to six carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbon atoms, unless otherwise stated, that has one to three hydrogen atoms replaced by a halo group e.g., trifluoromethyl, and the like.
  • Haloalkyl is independent of “C V-W haloalkyl” group defined above and is referred to when the alkyl group is not written in C V-W haloalkyl format.
  • Hydroalkyl means a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of one to six carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbons substituted with one or two hydroxy groups, provided that if two hydroxy groups are present they are not both on the same carbon atom.
  • Representative examples include, but are not limited to, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropyl, 2-hydroxybutyl, 3-hydroxybutyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-hydroxyethyl, 2,3-dihydroxybutyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl and 2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, preferably 2-hydroxyethyl, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl, and 1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-hydroxyethyl.
  • Haldroxyalkoxy or “hydroxyalkyloxy” means a —OR radical where R is hydroxyalkyl as defined above.
  • Substituted hydroxyalkyl means hydroxyalkyl as defined above that is substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from amino, mono or disubstituted amino, carboxyalkylamino, carboxy, or —P(O)(OR) 3 where R is hydrogen or alkyl; and/or one to three fluoro.
  • Substituted hydroxyalkyloxy means —O—R where R is substituted hydroxyalkyl as defined above.
  • “Five or six membered heteroaryl” means a monovalent monocyclic aromatic radical of 5 or 6 ring atoms where one, two, or three, ring atoms are heteroatom independently selected from N, O, or S, the remaining ring atoms being carbon.
  • Representative examples include, but are not limited to, pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, furanyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazolyl, and the like.
  • Heteroaralkyl means -(alkylene)-R where R is a heteroaryl ring which is a monovalent monocyclic aromatic radical of 5 or 6 ring atoms where one, two, or three, ring atoms are heteroatom independently selected from N, O, or S, the remaining ring atoms being carbon provided that at least one ring atom is N.
  • the heteroaryl ring can be optionally substituted with carboxy.
  • Heterocyclyl means a saturated monovalent monocyclic group of 5 to 8 ring atoms in which one or two ring atoms are heteroatom independently selected from N, O, or S(O) n , where n is an integer from 0 to 2, the remaining ring atoms being C.
  • Heterocycloamino means a saturated monovalent monocyclic group of 5 to 8 ring atoms in which one or two ring atoms are heteroatom independently selected from N, O, or S(O) n , C(O) where n is an integer from 0 to 2, the remaining ring atoms being C provided at least one ring atom is nitrogen e.g., pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, azetidinyl, aziridinyl, and the like.
  • the heterocycloamino group can optionally be substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from hydroxyl, carboxy, fluoro, carboxyalkyl, or alkyl.
  • Heterocycloaminocarbonyl means a —C(O)—R radical where R is heterocycloamino group as defined above e.g., pyrrolidinylcarbonyl, azetidinylcarbonyl, and the like.
  • Heterocycloaminooxy means a —O—R radical where R is heterocycloamino group as defined above e.g., pyrrolidinyloxy, azetidinyloxy, and the like.
  • Heterocycloaminoalkyl means a-alkylene-R radical where R is heterocycloamino group as defined above e.g., pyrrolidinylethyl, azetidinylpropyl, and the like; provided that when the Z group in (i) is heterocycloamino group that is substituted with a (one) carboxy group, then the alkylene chain is not —CR a R b — where R a and R b are independently H or alkyl.
  • “Monosubstituted amino” means a —NHR radical where R is alkyl or cycloalkyl substituted with carboxy, each as defined herein, e.g., methylamino, cyclopropylamino, and the like. When R is alkyl, it is also referred to herein as monoalkylamino.
  • oxo and thioxo represent the groups ⁇ O (as in carbonyl) and ⁇ S (as in thiocarbonyl), respectively.
  • Halo or “halogen” means a halogen atoms selected from F, Cl, Br and I.
  • “Sulfonylamino” means a —NHSO 2 R radical where R is alkyl or carboxalkyl, each as defined herein. When R is alkyl it is also referred to herein as alkylsulfonyl.
  • Treating” and “Treatment”, includes any effect, e.g., lessening, reducing, modulating, or eliminating, that results in the improvement of the condition, disease, disorder, etc. and includes preventative and reactive treatment.
  • “Pharmaceutically-acceptable salt” means a salt prepared by conventional means, and are well known by those skilled in the art.
  • the “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” include basic salts of inorganic and organic acids, including but not limited to hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, malic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, phenylacetic acid, mandelic acid and the like.
  • suitable pharmaceutically acceptable cation pairs for the carboxy group are well known to those skilled in the art and include alkaline, alkaline earth, ammonium, quaternary ammonium cations and the like.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts see infra and Berge et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1 (1977).
  • the structure of some of the compounds of the invention includes asymmetric carbon atoms. It is to be understood accordingly that the isomers arising from such asymmetry (e.g., all enantiomers and diastereomers) are included within the scope of the invention, unless indicated otherwise. Such isomers can be obtained in substantially pure form by classical separation techniques and by stereochemically controlled synthesis. Alkenes can include either the E- or Z-geometry, where appropriate.
  • compounds of the invention may contain groups that may exist in tautomeric forms, such as heteroatom substituted heterocycloamino groups (Y′ ⁇ O, S, NR), and the like, which are illustrated in the following examples:
  • Prodrugs of the compounds of this invention are also contemplated by this invention.
  • a prodrug is an active or inactive compound that is modified chemically through in vivo physiological action, such as hydrolysis, metabolism and the like, into a compound of this invention following administration of the prodrug to a patient.
  • the suitability and techniques involved in making and using prodrugs are well known by those skilled in the art.
  • For a general discussion of prodrugs involving esters see Svensson and Tunek Drug Metabolism Reviews 165 (1988) and Bundgaard Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier (1985).
  • Examples of a masked carboxylate anion include a variety of esters, such as alkyl (for example, methyl, ethyl), cycloalkyl (for example, cyclohexyl), aralkyl (for example, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl), and alkylcarbonyl-oxyalkyl (for example, pivaloyloxymethyl).
  • esters such as alkyl (for example, methyl, ethyl), cycloalkyl (for example, cyclohexyl), aralkyl (for example, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl), and alkylcarbonyl-oxyalkyl (for example, pivaloyloxymethyl).
  • Amines have been masked as arylcarbonyloxymethyl substituted derivatives, which are cleaved by esterases in vivo releasing the free drug and formaldehyde (Bungaard J. Med. Chem. 250
  • drugs containing an acidic NH group such as imidazole, imide, indole and the like, have been masked with N-acyloxymethyl groups (Bundgaard Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier (1985)). Hydroxy groups have been masked as esters and ethers.
  • EP 039,051 (Sloan and Little, Apr. 11, 1981) discloses Mannich-base hydroxamic acid prodrugs, their preparation and use.
  • EC 50 of an agent included that concentration of an agent at which a given activity, including binding of sphingosine or other ligand of an S1P receptor and/or a functional activity of a S1P receptor (e.g., a signaling activity), is 50% maximal for that S1P receptor.
  • the EC 50 is the concentration of agent that gives 50% activation, when 100% activation is set at the amount of activity of the S1P receptor which does not increase with the addition of more ligand/agonist and 0% activation is set at the amount of activity in the assay in the absence of added ligand/agonist.
  • “Purified” and like terms relate to the isolation of a molecule or compound in a form that is substantially free of contaminants normally associated with the molecule or compound in a native or natural environment.
  • Immunomodulation includes effects on the functioning of the immune system, and includes both the enhancement of an immune response as well as suppression of the immune response.
  • an “effective amount” includes an amount sufficient to produce a selected effect.
  • an effective amount of an S1P1 receptor agonist is an amount that decreases the cell signaling activity of the S1P1 receptor.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable” include molecular entities and compositions that do not produce an adverse, allergic or other untoward reaction when administered to an animal, or a human, as appropriate.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutical active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the compositions.
  • L is a saturated 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7-member ring containing 0, 1 or 2 atoms selected from N, O and S” means that L is saturated carbocyclic ring (ring with only carbon ring atoms) having 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 carbon atoms wherein 0, 1, or 2 carbon ring atoms can be replaced by N, O, or S.
  • the compounds of Formula (I) are those wherein:
  • n 0.
  • L is a saturated 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7-member ring the ring being substituted by 0, 1 or 2 groups selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl.
  • L is cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, preferably cyclopropyl.
  • L is a saturated 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7-member ring containing 1 or 2 atoms selected from N, O, or S and the ring being substituted by 0, 1 or 2 groups selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl.
  • L is piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl or oxetanyl.
  • the compounds of Formula (I) are those wherein L is a saturated 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7-member ring the ring being substituted by 0, 1 or 2 groups selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl.
  • L is cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, preferably cyclopropyl.
  • A is phenyl substituted with R′ group as defined in the Summary.
  • R 1 is selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl where the alkyl group is above listed groups is linear or branched and saturated.
  • R 1 is methyl, fluoro, or hydroxyl.
  • the compounds of Formula (I) are those wherein A is cycloalkyl substituted with R 1 group as defined in the Summary. Within these groups, in one group of compounds, A is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl and R 1 is selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl where the alkyl group is above groups is linear or branched and saturated, preferably R 1 is fluoro.
  • A is five or six membered heterocyclyl, preferably, A is tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, substituted with R 1 group as defined in the Summary.
  • R 1 is selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl where the alkyl group is above groups is linear or branched and saturated.
  • A is five or six membered heteroaryl substituted with R 1 group as defined in the Summary.
  • R 1 is selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl where the alkyl group is above groups is linear or branched and saturated.
  • in one group of compounds in group Z is cycloalkyl substituted with amino, monoalkylamino or dialkylamino; or cycloalkylalkyl substituted with one or two carboxy.
  • n is 0 and R 3 is fluoro, amino, or methyl and o is 1 or 2, preferably R 3 is fluoro and attached to the 2-position of the phenyl ring.
  • group Z is monosubstituted amino, disubstituted amino, or sulfonylamino.
  • n is 0 and R 3 is fluoro, amino, or methyl and o is 1 or 2, preferably R 3 is fluoro and attached to the 2-position of the phenyl ring.
  • Z is a group of formula (b):
  • q 0, 1 or 2;
  • R 4 is selected from H, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl; preferably H or linear or branched C 1-6 alkyl; preferably R 4 is H or methyl;
  • R 5 is selected from H, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-4 alkyl; preferably H or linear or branched C 1-6 alkyl; preferably R 5 is H or methyl; or
  • R 4 and R 5 together form a 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7-member carbocyclic ring substituted by 0, 1 or 2 groups selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl; preferably R 4 and R 5 together form cyclopropyl;
  • R 6 is a lone pair of electrons or O
  • R 7 is H or C 1-6 alkyl; preferably H or linear or branched C 1-6 alkyl; preferably R 7 is H or methyl;
  • R 8 is selected from H, F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl; preferably H or linear or branched C 1-6 alkyl; preferably R 8 is H or methyl; or
  • R 7 and R 8 together is selected from —(CR 10 R 10 )—, —(CR 10 R 10 )O—, —O(CR 10 R 10 )—, —(CR 10 R 10 )(CR 10 R 10 )—, and —(CR 10 R 10 ) 3 —; preferably R 7 and R 8 together is —CH 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 2 — or —(CH 2 ) 3 —;
  • R 9 is selected from H, F, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-4 alkyl, OH and OC 1-4 alkyl; or R 8 and R 9 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form cycloalkyl; preferably R 9 is H; and
  • each R 10 is independently in each instance selected from H, F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl; preferably H or linear or branched C 1-6 alkyl; preferably R 10 is H or methyl.
  • q 0, 1 or 2;
  • R 4 is selected from H, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl; preferably or linear or branched C 1-6 alkyl; preferably R 4 is H or methyl;
  • R 5 is selected from H, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-4 alkyl; preferably or linear or branched C 1-6 alkyl; preferably R 5 is H or methyl;
  • R 6 is a lone pair of electrons or O
  • R 7 is H or C 1-6 alkyl; preferably or linear or branched C 1-6 alkyl; preferably R 7 is H or methyl;
  • R 8 is selected from H, F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl; preferably or linear or branched C 1-6 alkyl; preferably R 8 is H or methyl;
  • R 9 is selected from H, F, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-4 alkyl, OH and OC 1-4 alkyl; preferably or linear or branched C 1-6 alkyl; preferably R 9 is H or methyl; and
  • each R 10 is independently in each instance selected from H, F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl; preferably or linear or branched C 1-6 alkyl; preferably R 10 is H or methyl.
  • q 0, 1 or 2;
  • R 4 and R 5 together form a 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7-member carbocyclic ring substituted by 0, 1 or 2 groups selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl; preferably R 4 and R 5 together form cyclopropyl;
  • R 6 is a lone pair of electrons or O
  • R 7 is H or C 1-6 alkyl; preferably or linear or branched C 1-6 alkyl; preferably R 7 is H or methyl;
  • R 8 is selected from H, F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl; preferably or linear or branched C 1-6 alkyl; preferably R 8 is H or methyl;
  • R 9 is selected from H, F, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-4 alkyl, OH and OC 1-4 alkyl; preferably or linear or branched C 1-6 alkyl; preferably R 9 is H or methyl; and
  • each R 10 is independently in each instance selected from H, F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl; preferably or linear or branched C 1-6 alkyl; preferably R 10 is H or methyl.
  • q 0, 1 or 2;
  • R 4 is selected from H, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl; preferably or linear or branched C 1-6 alkyl; preferably R 4 is H or methyl;
  • R 5 is selected from H, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-4 alkyl; preferably or linear or branched C 1-6 alkyl; preferably R 5 is H or methyl;
  • R 6 is a lone pair of electrons or O
  • R 7 and R 8 together is selected from —(CR 10 R 10 )—, —(CR 10 R 10 )O—, —O(CR 10 R 10 )—, —(CR 10 R 10 )(CR 10 R 10 )—, and —(CR 10 R 10 ) 3 —; preferably R 7 and R 8 together is —CH 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 2 — or —(CH 2 ) 3 —;
  • R 9 is selected from H, F, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 1-4 alkyl, OH and OC 1-4 alkyl; preferably or linear or branched C 1-6 alkyl; preferably R 9 is H or methyl; and
  • each R 10 is independently in each instance selected from H, F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, —OC 1-4 alkyl, and —OC 1-4 haloalkyl; preferably or linear or branched C 1-6 alkyl; preferably R 10 is H or methyl.
  • n is 0 and R 3 is fluoro, amino, or methyl and o is 1 or 2 and Z is 3-carboxyazetidin-1-ylmethyl.
  • R 3 is on carbon atom on the phenyl ring that is adjacent to carbon carrying Z, and R 3 and Z can combine to form —CH ⁇ CH—NR 11 , —(CH 2 ) 2 NR 11 —, —CH 2 NR 11 CH 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 2 NR 11 CH 2 —, —N ⁇ CR 11 —NH—, or —N ⁇ CH—NR 11 —, where R 11 is selected from hydrogen, hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, carboxyalkyl, substituted hydroxyalkyl or substituted carboxyalkyl; or aminocarbonyl.
  • n is 0 and R 3 is fluoro, amino, or methyl and o is 1 or 2, preferably R 3 is fluoro and attached to the 2-position of the phenyl ring.
  • Z is carboxyalkylamino, hydroxyalkyl, substituted hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, substituted hydroxyalkoxy, aminoalkyl, aminoalkoxy, carboxyalkyl, substituted carboxyalkyl, carboxyalkyloxy, substituted carboxyalkyloxy, carboxyalkoxyalkyl, substituted carboxyalkoxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, acylamino, sulfonylamino, heterocycloamino, heterocycloaminoalkyl, heterocycloaminocarbonyl, heterocycloaminooxy, or heteroaralkyl.
  • L is a saturated 3, 4 or 5-member ring substituted by 0, 1 or 2 groups selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, OH, OC 1-4 alkyl, and OC 1-4 haloalkyl.
  • L is an unsubstituted saturated 3, 4 or 5-member ring.
  • L is a saturated 3, 4 or 5-member ring substituted by 1 or 2 groups selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, OC 1-4 alkyl, and OC 1-4 haloalkyl.
  • L is cyclopropyl substituted by 1 or 2 groups selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, OC 1-4 alkyl, and OC 1-4 haloalkyl.
  • L is cyclopropyl
  • n 0.
  • n 0.
  • o is 1 or 2.
  • R 7 and R 8 when taken together, form a group that is selected from —(CR 10 R 10 )—, —(CR 10 R 10 )O—, —O(CR 10 R 10 )— and —(CR 10 R 10 )(CR 10 R 10 )—.
  • R 7 and R 8 when taken together, form a group that is selected from —(CR 10 R 10 )— and —(CR 10 R 10 )(CR 10 R 10 )—.
  • R 7 and R 8 when taken together, form a group that is —(CR 10 R 10 )—.
  • R 7 and R 8 when taken together, form a group that is CH 2 ; q is 1; R 9 is H; and R 10 is H.
  • R 1 is F
  • R 2 is F
  • R 3 is F
  • R 4 is H
  • R 5 is H
  • R 6 is a lone pair of electrons.
  • R 1 is F; and m is 1.
  • R 2 is F; and n is 1.
  • R 3 is F; and o is 1.
  • R 4 is selected from C 1-3 haloalkyl and C 1-4 alkyl; and R 5 is H.
  • R 4 and R 5 together form a 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7-member carbocyclic ring substituted by 0, 1 or 2 groups selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, OC 1-4 alkyl, and OC 1-4 haloalkyl.
  • R 4 and R 5 together form a 3-member carbocyclic ring substituted by 0, 1 or 2 groups selected from F, Cl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, OH, OC 1-4 alkyl, and OC 1-4 haloalkyl.
  • R 4 and R 5 together form cyclopropyl.
  • R 6 is a lone pair of electrons.
  • R 6 is O.
  • the starting materials and reagents used in preparing these compounds are either available from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich Chemical Co., (Milwaukee, Wis.), Bachem (Torrance, Calif.), or Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.) or are prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art following procedures set forth in references such as Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-17 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5 and Supplementals (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989); Organic Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991), March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, (John Wiley and Sons, 4 th Edition) and Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations (VCH Publishers Inc., 1989).
  • the reactions described herein take place at atmospheric pressure over a temperature range from about ⁇ 78° C. to about 260° C., more preferably from about 0° C. to about 125° C. and most preferably at about room (or ambient) temperature, e.g., about 20° C.
  • Reaction of a compound of formula 1 where R 4 is hydrogen or as defined in the Summary, with an amino compound of formula 2 under reductive amination reaction conditions provides a compound of formula 3.
  • the reaction is typically carried out in the presence of a suitable reducing agent (e.g., sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, and the like) and an organic acid (e.g., glacial acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, and the like) at ambient temperature.
  • Suitable solvents for the reaction are halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g., 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, and the like) or MeOH or mixtures thereof.
  • the above compounds can be prepared by reacting a halide of formula 4 with an amine of formula 2 as shown below.
  • the reaction is carried out in the presence of a non-nucleophilic amine such as triethylamine, pyridine, DIPEA, and the like.
  • a non-nucleophilic amine such as triethylamine, pyridine, DIPEA, and the like.
  • Compounds of Formula (I) where A, Y, X 1 , X 2 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 are as defined in the Summary and Z is an aminocarbonyl (—CONRR′ where R and R′ are as defined in the definition of aminocarbonyl group) can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula 4 with an amine of formula 5.
  • reaction is carried out in the presence of coupling reagents known to one skilled in the art of organic synthesis such as EDCI/HOBT, O-(7-azabenzotriazole-1-yl)-N,N,N′N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU) and chlorodipyrrolidinocarbenium hexafluorophosphate (PyCIU) (see for example, Han, S—Y.; Kim, Y-A. Tetrahedron 2005, 60 (11), 2447-67), in the presence of an amine such as diisopropylethylamine and in a suitable organic solvent such as dimethylformamide.
  • coupling reagents known to one skilled in the art of organic synthesis
  • EDCI/HOBT O-(7-azabenzotriazole-1-yl)-N,N,N′N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate
  • HATU O-(7-
  • the acid 4 can be converted to an acid halide and then reacted with an amine of formula 5.
  • the reaction is carried out in the presence of a non-nucleophilic amine such as triethylamine, pyridine, and the like.
  • the acid chloride can be prepared in situ from the acid 4 using either oxalyl chloride or thionyl chloride.
  • the reaction is typically carried out in the presence of transition metal catalysts (e.g., tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0), copper (I) iodide, and the like) and at elevated temperature.
  • transition metal catalysts e.g., tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0), copper (I) iodide, and the like
  • Suitable solvents for the reaction are organic solvents (e.g., tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, and the like).
  • Reaction of halogenated compound 9 with a vinylmetal compound 10 provides an intermediate compound 11.
  • the reaction is typically carried out in the presence of a transition metal catalyst (e.g., tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0), and the like) at elevated temperature in organic solvents (e.g., ethanol, methanol, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, and the like).
  • a transition metal catalyst e.g., tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0), and the like
  • organic solvents e.g., ethanol, methanol, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, and the like.
  • M ⁇ B(OH) 2 the reaction typically also requires a base (e.g., sodium carbonate, sodium acetate, and the like), and water as a co-solvent.
  • Compound 11 is then reacted with suitable cyclopropanating reagents (e.g., trimethylsulfoxonium iodide and potassium tert-butoxide, diethylzinc and diiodomethane, zinc amalgam and diiodomethane) to give a compound of Formula (I).
  • suitable cyclopropanating reagents e.g., trimethylsulfoxonium iodide and potassium tert-butoxide, diethylzinc and diiodomethane, zinc amalgam and diiodomethane
  • suitable solvents for the reaction are organic solvents (e.g., hexanes, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, toluene, dimethylsulfoxide, and the like).
  • Compounds of Formula (I) can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula 12 with an amine of formula 13. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a transition metal catalyst (e.g., Pd 2 (dba) 3 , palladium (II) acetate, and the like), a suitable ligand (e.g., Xantphos, and the like), in the presence of a base such as sodium tert-butoxide and in a suitable organic solvent such as toluene.
  • a transition metal catalyst e.g., Pd 2 (dba) 3 , palladium (II) acetate, and the like
  • a suitable ligand e.g., Xantphos, and the like
  • Compounds of Formula (I) where Z is acylamino can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula 14 with an acid of formula 15. The reaction is carried out in the presence of coupling reagents known to one skilled in the art of organic synthesis such as EDCI/HOBT, O-(7-azabenzotriazole-1-yl)-N,N,N′N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluoro-phosphate (HATU) and chlorodipyrrolidinocarbenium hexafluorophosphate (PyCIU) (see for example, Han, S-Y.; Kim, Y-A.
  • coupling reagents known to one skilled in the art of organic synthesis
  • HATU O-(7-azabenzotriazole-1-yl)-N,N,N′N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluoro-phosphate
  • PyCIU chlorodipyrrolidinocarbenium hexafluor
  • the acid 15 can be converted to an acid halide and then reacted with an amine of formula 14.
  • the reaction is carried out in the presence of a non-nucleophilic amine such as triethylamine, pyridine, and the like.
  • the acid chloride can be prepared in situ from the acid 15 using either oxalyl chloride or thionyl chloride.
  • Compounds of Formula (I) where Z is carboxyalkyl or substituted carboxyalkyl can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula 17 with an ester of formula 18 in the presence of a base such as cesium carbonate in a suitable solvent such as dimethylformamide to give compound 19.
  • a base such as cesium carbonate in a suitable solvent such as dimethylformamide
  • Compound 19 is then saponified with a base such as sodium hydroxide in a solvent mixture such as tetrahydrofuran/water to give a compound of Formula (I).
  • the compounds of the invention are high affinity agonists (or antagonists) at various S1 P receptors, in particular the compounds of this invention are S1P1 agonists, and hence are useful in the treatment of a variety of S1P, in particular S1P1, receptor-mediated clinical conditions.
  • Such conditions include transplant rejection (solid organ transplant and islet cells); transplant rejection (tissue); cancer; autoimmune/inflammatory diseases; rheumatoid arthritis; lupus; insulin dependent diabetes (Type I); non-insulin dependent diabetes (Type II); multiple sclerosis; psoriasis; ulcerative colitis; inflammatory bowel disease; Crohn's disease; acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemias and lymphomas where immunosuppression is central.
  • S1P1 receptor agonists suppress the peripheral immune response by inducing lymphocyte sequestration in secondary lymph organs thereby resulting in lymphopenia.
  • the compounds of the invention can be used as immune modulators, and are useful in treating or preventing pathologies mediated by lymphocyte actions, including acute or chronic rejection of tissue grafts such as organ transplants, and autoimmune diseases.
  • Autoimmune diseases that may be treated with compounds of the invention include: systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, Behcet's disease, glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, type I diabetes, uveitis, psoriasis, myasthenia gravis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, hepatitis and Wegner's granuloma.
  • the compounds of the invention are useful also in treating inflammatory disorders, including atopic asthma, inflammatory glomerular injury and ischemia-reperfusion injury.
  • the compounds of this invention can be used to prevent/treat diseases associated with organ fibrosis, such as pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial pneumonia, chronic hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, chronic renal insufficiency or kidney glomerular sclerosis.
  • diseases associated with organ fibrosis such as pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial pneumonia, chronic hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, chronic renal insufficiency or kidney glomerular sclerosis.
  • S1P compounds of the invention can inhibit exit of lymphocytes from secondary lymphoid tissues.
  • the present compounds can be used to reduce lymphocyte infiltration of transplanted organs, e.g., allografts, or healthy cells, e.g., pancreatic islets as in type I diabetes, myelin sheathing (multiple sclerosis), kidney, heart and lung transplantations or other tissues that may be subjected to an undesirable immunoresponse, and thus decrease damage to such tissues from the immune system.
  • transplanted organs e.g., allografts
  • healthy cells e.g., pancreatic islets as in type I diabetes, myelin sheathing (multiple sclerosis), kidney, heart and lung transplantations or other tissues that may be subjected to an undesirable immunoresponse, and thus decrease damage to such tissues from the immune system.
  • the compounds of this invention can be used to treat a disorder of abnormal cell growth and differentiation. These disorders include Alzheimer's disease, aberrant corpus luteum formation, osteoporosis, anovulation, Parkinson's disease, and cancer. S1P also acts as a survival factor in many cell types. Hence, the compounds of the invention are expected to be useful in protecting cells and tissues from hypoxic conditions, including injury sustained as a result of ischemia such as ischemia reperfusion type injury.
  • the compounds can be administered to patients as part of the treatment associated with organ transplantation, including pancreas, pancreatic islets, kidney, heart and lung transplantations.
  • S1P 1 agonistic activity of the compounds of the present invention can be tested using the in vitro and in vivo assays described in Biological Examples 1 and 2 below.
  • the compounds of the invention may be administered to patients in need of such treatment in dosages that will provide optimal pharmaceutical efficacy.
  • An appropriate dosage level will generally be about 0.001 to 500 mg, preferably 0.001 to 50 mg per kg patient body weight per day, which may be administered in single or multiple doses.
  • the dosage level will be about 0.005 to about 250 mg/kg per day; more preferably about 0.005 to about 100 mg/kg per day, or about 0.005 to about 50 mg/kg per day; or 0.01 to about 25 mg/kg per day; more preferably about 0.05 to about 10 mg/kg per day.
  • a suitable dosage level is about 0.001 to 10 mg/kg per day, preferably about 0.005 to 5 mg/kg per day, and especially about 0.01 to 1 mg/kg per day.
  • the compounds may be administered on a regimen of 1 to 4 times per day, preferably once or twice per day.
  • the dose required for use in any particular application will vary from patient to patient, not only with the particular compound or composition selected, but also with the route of administration, the nature of the condition being treated, the age and condition of the patient, concurrent medication or special diets then being followed by the patient, and other factors which those skilled in the art will recognize, with the appropriate dosage ultimately being at the discretion of the attendant physician.
  • the compounds of the invention can be used in combination with other pharmacological agents (e.g., in combination with known immunosuppressants such as cyclosporine, tacrolimus, rapamycin, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and corticosteroids such as cortisone, des-oxymetasone, betametasone, desametasone, flunisolide, prednisolone, prednisone, amcinomide, desonide, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone, and alclometasone).
  • the compounds of the invention and the other pharmacologically active agent may be administered to a patient simultaneously, sequentially or in combination.
  • the compound of the invention and the other pharmacologically active agent may be in the same pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and therefore administered simultaneously. They may be in separate pharmaceutical carriers such as conventional oral dosage forms which are taken simultaneously.
  • the term “combination” further refers to the case where the compounds are provided in separate dosage forms and are administered sequentially.
  • “Combination therapy” includes the administration of a S1P receptor modulator of the invention and at least a second agent as part of a specific treatment regimen intended to provide the beneficial effect from the co-action of these therapeutic agents.
  • the beneficial effect of the combination includes, but is not limited to, pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic co-action resulting from the combination of therapeutic agents.
  • Administration of these therapeutic agents in combination typically is carried out over a defined time period (usually minutes, hours, days or weeks depending upon the combination selected).
  • “Combination therapy” may, but generally is not, intended to encompass the administration of two or more of these therapeutic agents as part of separate monotherapy regimens that incidentally and arbitrarily result in the combinations of the present invention.
  • “Combination therapy” is intended to embrace administration of these therapeutic agents in a sequential manner, that is, wherein each therapeutic agent is administered at a different time, as well as administration of these therapeutic agents, or at least two of the therapeutic agents, in a substantially simultaneous manner.
  • Substantially simultaneous administration can be accomplished, for example, by administering to the subject a single capsule having a fixed ratio of each therapeutic agent or in multiple, single capsules for each of the therapeutic agents.
  • Sequential or substantially simultaneous administration of each therapeutic agent can be effected by any appropriate route including, but not limited to, oral routes, intravenous routes, intramuscular routes, and direct absorption through mucous membrane tissues.
  • the therapeutic agents can be administered by the same route or by different routes.
  • a first therapeutic agent of the combination selected may be administered by intravenous injection while the other therapeutic agents of the combination may be administered orally.
  • all therapeutic agents may be administered orally or all therapeutic agents may be administered by intravenous injection.
  • the sequence in which the therapeutic agents are administered is not narrowly critical.
  • Combination therapy also can embrace the administration of the therapeutic agents as described above in further combination with other biologically active ingredients and non-drug therapies (e.g., surgery or radiation treatment.)
  • the combination therapy further comprises a non-drug treatment
  • the non-drug treatment may be conducted at any suitable time so long as a beneficial effect from the co-action of the combination of the therapeutic agents and non-drug treatment is achieved. For example, in appropriate cases, the beneficial effect is still achieved when the non-drug treatment is temporally removed from the administration of the therapeutic agents, perhaps by days or even weeks.
  • compositions and combination therapies of the invention may be administered in combination with a variety of pharmaceutical excipients, including stabilizing agents, carriers and/or encapsulation formulations as described herein.
  • compositions and combination therapies of the invention can generally be formulated for parenteral administration, e.g., formulated for injection via the intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intralesional, or even intraperitoneal routes.
  • parenteral administration e.g., formulated for injection via the intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intralesional, or even intraperitoneal routes.
  • the preparation of an aqueous composition that contains a composition of the invention or an active component or ingredient will be known to those of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure.
  • such compositions can be prepared as injectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for using to prepare solutions or suspensions upon the addition of a liquid prior to injection can also be prepared; and the preparations can also be emulsified.
  • the pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions; formulations including sesame oil, peanut oil or aqueous propylene glycol; and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
  • the form must be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi.
  • Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the active compounds in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various of the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
  • dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum-drying and freeze-drying techniques which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
  • DMSO dimethyl methacrylate
  • Solutions of active compounds as free base or pharmacologically acceptable salts can be prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant, such as hydroxypropylcellulose.
  • Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
  • Therapeutic or pharmacological compositions of the present invention will generally comprise an effective amount of the component(s) of the combination therapy, dissolved or dispersed in a pharmaceutically acceptable medium.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable media or carriers include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutical active substances is well known in the art. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the therapeutic compositions of the present invention.
  • Suitable preservatives for use in such a solution include benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, chlorobutanol, thimerosal and the like.
  • Suitable buffers include boric acid, sodium and potassium bicarbonate, sodium and potassium borates, sodium and potassium carbonate, sodium acetate, sodium biphosphate and the like, in amounts sufficient to maintain the pH at between about pH 6 and pH 8, and preferably, between about pH 7 and pH 7.5.
  • Suitable tonicity agents are dextran 40, dextran 70, dextrose, glycerin, potassium chloride, propylene glycol, sodium chloride, and the like, such that the sodium chloride equivalent of the ophthalmic solution is in the range 0.9 plus or minus 0.2%.
  • Suitable antioxidants and stabilizers include sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfite, thiourea and the like.
  • Suitable wetting and clarifying agents include polysorbate 80, polysorbate 20, poloxamer 282 and tyloxapol.
  • Suitable viscosity-increasing agents include dextran 40, dextran 70, gelatin, glycerin, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxmethylpropylcellulose, lanolin, methylcellulose, petrolatum, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carboxymethylcellulose and the like.
  • a minimal volume of a composition required to disperse the active compounds is typically utilized. Suitable regimes for administration are also variable, but would be typified by initially administering the compound and monitoring the results and then giving further controlled doses at further intervals.
  • a suitably buffered, and if necessary, isotonic aqueous solution would be prepared and used for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or even intraperitoneal administration.
  • One dosage could be dissolved in 1 mL of isotonic NaCl solution and either added to 1000 mL of hypodermolysis fluid or injected at the proposed site of infusion, (see for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 15 th Edition, pages 1035-1038 and 1570-1580).
  • the carrier can also be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • the prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
  • isotonic agents for example, sugars or sodium chloride.
  • Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • therapeutics Upon formulation, therapeutics will be administered in a manner compatible with the dosage formulation, and in such amount as is pharmacologically effective.
  • the formulations are easily administered in a variety of dosage forms, such as the type of injectable solutions described above, but drug release capsules and the like can also be employed.
  • the quantity of active ingredient and volume of composition to be administered depends on the host animal to be treated. Precise amounts of active compound required for administration depend on the judgment of the practitioner and are peculiar to each individual.
  • active compounds may be administered orally. This is contemplated for agents which are generally resistant, or have been rendered resistant, to proteolysis by digestive enzymes. Such compounds are contemplated to include chemically designed or modified agents; dextrorotatory peptides; and peptide and liposomal formulations in time release capsules to avoid peptidase and lipase degradation.
  • Oral formulations include such normally employed excipients as, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate and the like. These compositions take the form of solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills, capsules, sustained release formulations or powders.
  • oral pharmaceutical compositions will comprise an inert diluent or assimilable edible carrier, or they may be enclosed in hard or soft shell gelatin capsule, or they may be compressed into tablets, or they may be incorporated directly with the food of the diet.
  • the active compounds may be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of ingestible tablets, buccal tables, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, wafers, and the like.
  • Such compositions and preparations should contain at least 0.1% of active compound.
  • the percentage of the compositions and preparations may, of course, be varied and may conveniently be between about 2 to about 75% of the weight of the unit, or preferably between 25-60%.
  • the amount of active compounds in such therapeutically useful compositions is such that a suitable dosage will be obtained.
  • the tablets, troches, pills, capsules and the like may also contain the following: a binder, as gum tragacanth, acacia, cornstarch, or gelatin; excipients, such as dicalcium phosphate; a disintegrating agent, such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid and the like; a lubricant, such as magnesium stearate; and a sweetening agent, such as sucrose, lactose or saccharin may be added or a flavoring agent, such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry flavoring.
  • a binder as gum tragacanth, acacia, cornstarch, or gelatin
  • excipients such as dicalcium phosphate
  • a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid and the like
  • a lubricant such as magnesium stearate
  • a sweetening agent such as sucrose, lactose or saccharin may be added or a flavor
  • tablets, pills, or capsules may be coated with shellac, sugar or both.
  • a syrup of elixir may contain the active compounds sucrose as a sweetening agent methyl and propylparabens as preservatives, a dye and flavoring, such as cherry or orange flavor.
  • the principal active ingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutical carrier, e.g., conventional tableting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate or gums, and other pharmaceutical diluents, e.g., water, to form a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a compound of the invention, or a non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a pharmaceutical carrier e.g., conventional tableting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate or gums, and other pharmaceutical diluents, e.g., water
  • a pharmaceutical carrier e.g., conventional tableting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate
  • This solid preformulation composition is then subdivided into unit dosage forms of the type described above containing from 0.005 to 500, preferably, 0.1 to about 500 mg of the active ingredient of the invention.
  • the tablets or pills of the novel composition can be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action.
  • the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former.
  • the two components can be separated by an enteric layer which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permits the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release.
  • enteric layers or coatings such materials including a number of polymeric acids and mixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol and cellulose acetate.
  • compositions of the invention may be incorporated for administration orally include aqueous solution, suitably flavored syrups, aqueous or oil suspensions, and emulsions with acceptable oils such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil or peanut oil, or with a solubilizing or emulsifying agent suitable for intravenous use, as well as elixirs and similar pharmaceutical vehicles.
  • Suitable dispersing or suspending agents for aqueous suspensions include synthetic and natural gums such as tragacanth, acacia, alginate, dextran, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone or gelatin.
  • compositions for inhalation or insufflation include solutions and suspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous or organic solvents, or mixtures thereof, and powders.
  • the liquid or solid compositions may contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as set out above.
  • the compositions are administered by the oral or nasal respiratory route for local or systemic effect.
  • Compositions in preferably sterile pharmaceutically acceptable solvents may be nebulized by use of inert gases. Nebulized solutions may be breathed directly from the nebulizing device or the nebulizing device may be attached to a face mask, tent or intermittent positive pressure breathing machine.
  • Solution, suspension or powder compositions may be administered, preferably orally or nasally, from devices which deliver the formulation in an appropriate manner.
  • suppositories include suppositories.
  • traditional binders and carriers may include, for example, polyalkylene glycols or triglycerides; such suppositories may be formed from mixtures containing the active ingredient in the range of 0.5% to 10%, preferably 1%-2%.
  • 2-(1-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)azetidin-3-yl)acetic acid (0.308 g, 1.43 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL dichloromethane and was stirred at room temperature. Trifluoroacetic acid (1.47 mL) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture at 0° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 2 h. Trifluoroacetic acid was removed in vacuo to give 2-(azetidin-3-yl)acetic acid trifluoroacetic acid salt.
  • Diiodomethane (10 mmol) is added slowly to a solution of the alkene (1.0 mmol) and diethyl zinc (1.0 M in hexane, 5.0 mmol) in dry dichloromethane.
  • the cloudy solution is heated under reflux overnight. After cooling the solution is poured into water, extracted into dichloromethane. The organics are washed with water then dried over magnesium sulfate. After the solvents are removed under reduced pressure, the resulting residue is dissolved in methanol and water, purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC or silica gel chromatography to yield the desired final product 3-a or 3-b.
  • Compound 5 can be prepared by the synthetic procedure described in Tetrahedron, 64(29), 6853-6862; 2008. Hydrolyisis of the boron protecting group, followed by the Steps 3-6, described in Scheme 1 above then provides compound of formula I-c.
  • benzofuran bromide or benzothiophen bromide (1.0 mmol), alkyne (1.1 mmol), Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl 2 (0.1 mmol), PPh 3 (0.2 mmol), and CuI (0.5 mmol) are mixed and purged under nitrogen.
  • DMF 0.6 mL
  • Et 3 N (15.0 mmol).
  • the mixture is irradiated in a microwave (Personal Chemistry EmrysTM Optimizer microwave reactor) for 35 min at 120° C.
  • the reaction mixture is diluted with EtOAc, washed with sat. NH 4 Cl and then with sat. NaCl.
  • the organic layers are dried over Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated in vccuo.
  • the product is purified by column chromatography on an ISCO system, or is purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the desired final product.
  • Rh complex (Rh(nbd) 2 BF 4 , 0.03 mmol) is first weighed into a glass vial containing a stir bar and then sealed with a 20:400 TFE/silicone (Alltech) septum followed by a plastic open-centered cap. Tetrafuran, triethylamine (5 mmol) and pinacolborane (1.0 mmol) are added. After stirring at ambient temperature for 30 min, benzofuranetylene derivative 17 (1.2 eq.) is then added. After stirring the resulting mixture for an additional 14 h at 25° C., any residual borane is quenched through the addition of excess MeOH. The product 18 is isolated by column chromatography on silica gel (hexanes/ethyl acetate as eluent).
  • PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 (1.29 mmol), copper(I) iodide (1.29 mmol), ethyl 4-hydroxy-3-iodobenzoate or ethyl 3-hydroxy-4-iodobenzoate (12.9 mmol) and 2-(4-ethynyl-3-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dioxane (15.4 mmol) are combined in a sealable tube and 15 mL DMF and 15 mL TEA is added. Argon is bubbled through the solvent for 3 min, and homogeneous reaction is sealed and heated to 100° C. After completion of the reaction, the mixture is concentrated in vacuo and the residue is purified by ISCO to give the desired product 23.
  • Compound 30, 31, 32 and 34 can be prepared by the synthetic procedures described in the Step 3 (Suzuki coupling), Step 1 (formation of benzofuran boronic acid), Step 2 (Suzuki coupling) of Scheme 1. Hydrolyisis of the ester group of compound 34, followed by the general protocol F described above, then provides compound of formula I-h.
  • Compound 36 can be prepared by the procedure described in a) Tetrahedron Letters, 47(35), 6201-6204; 2006; b) WO0801155. Compound 36 can be converted to a compound of formula 1-j as described in Example 1 above.
  • (E)-Ethyl 3-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)acrylate, 38 can be prepared by using the well-established Wittig methodology described in I of Med. Chem. 33(3), 1990, 908-18.
  • the activity of compounds of the invention can be determined by a cell imaging-based assay measuring the degree of hS1P1 receptor internalization and a Ca 2+ mobilization assay measuring the level of S1P receptor activation.
  • the receptor internalization assay can be employed to determine the potency and efficacy of compounds on hS1P1 receptor, while Ca 2+ mobilization assay can be used to determine selectivity among different S1P receptors and activity on S1P receptors from species such as rat, dog, and cyno.
  • the hS1P1 receptor internalization assay is performed using a U2OS cell line expressing hS1P1-eGFP chimeric protein (Thermo Scientific, Soeborg, Denmark). Upon compound treatment, the hS1P1 receptor is internalized in cytoplasma and formed GFP-containing-endosomes. This event is detected by an automated microscope, ArrayScan (Thermo Scientific Cellomics, Pittsburg), and the degree of receptor internalization is quantitated by counting green fluorescent GFP-containing endosomes per cell. In this assay, hS1P1-eGFP expressing U2OS cells are starved in serum free media for two hours prior to compound treatment. Then compounds are incubated with the starved cells at 37° C.
  • the Ca 2+ mobilization assay is performed using CHO cell lines co-expressing target S1P receptor and a chimeric G q/i5 G-protein. Agonist, S1P and compounds, treatment of these cell lines activated PLC- ⁇ and IP3 pathway, and triggered release of Ca 2+ from intracellular storarage, such as ER. Since these cells are loaded with Ca 2+ sensitive fluorescent dye prior to compound treatment, when the intracellular Ca 2+ is elevated it bound to the Ca 2+ sensitive dye and makes the dye emit fluorescence signal upon excitation. The level of receptor activiation is quantitated by measuring fluorescence intensity upon compound treatment. In this assay, the cells are starved in medium contain charcoal/dextran stripped serum for 16-20 hours.

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WO2021101854A1 (en) * 2019-11-19 2021-05-27 Trevena, Inc. Compounds and methods of preparing compounds s1p1 modulators

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