US20120128640A1 - Heterocyclic compounds and expansion agents for hematopoietic stem cells - Google Patents

Heterocyclic compounds and expansion agents for hematopoietic stem cells Download PDF

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US20120128640A1
US20120128640A1 US13/376,280 US201013376280A US2012128640A1 US 20120128640 A1 US20120128640 A1 US 20120128640A1 US 201013376280 A US201013376280 A US 201013376280A US 2012128640 A1 US2012128640 A1 US 2012128640A1
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Taito Nishino
Shunsuke Iwamoto
Katsuaki Miyaji
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Nissan Chemical Corp
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    • C07D333/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom
    • C07D333/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D333/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D333/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom
    • C07D333/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C12N2501/999—Small molecules not provided for elsewhere

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an expansion agent for hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells using a low molecular weight compound having a blood cell expanding effect, in particular, to a cell therapy material containing a compound expanding hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells as an active ingredient for treating various diseases with expanded hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells, a gene therapy material for treating various diseases by transferring a gene into hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells by using the compound and a pharmaceutical agent.
  • Blood contains various lineages of blood cells having biological functions, such as the erythrocytic lineage associated with oxygen delivery, the megakaryocytic lineage generating thrombocytes, the granulocytic lineage associated with prevention of infections, the myeloid lineage such as monocytes and/or macrophages and the lymphocytic lineage responsible for immunity such as T cells and B cells. All these blood cells differentiate and mature from the common origin, hematopoietic stem cells, and are maintained and generated in an individual throughout its life.
  • biological functions such as the erythrocytic lineage associated with oxygen delivery, the megakaryocytic lineage generating thrombocytes, the granulocytic lineage associated with prevention of infections, the myeloid lineage such as monocytes and/or macrophages and the lymphocytic lineage responsible for immunity such as T cells and B cells. All these blood cells differentiate and mature from the common origin, hematopoietic stem cells, and are maintained and generated in
  • Hematopoietic stem cells are defined as cells having both pluripotency which allows them to differentiate into functional cells such as lymphocytes, erythrocytes and leukocytes and the ability to regenerate themselves while maintaining the pluripotency (self-renewal).
  • hematopoietic stem cells first diverge two ways into the myeloid lineage and the lymphoid lineage, then differentiate into myeloid stem cells (mixed colony forming cells, CFU-GEMM) and into lymphoid stem cells, respectively.
  • myeloid stem cells differentiate into erythrocytes via erythroid burst forming cells (BFU-E) and erythroid colony forming cells (CFU-E), into thrombocytes via megakaryocyte colony forming cells (CFU-MEG), into monocytes, neutrophils and basophils via granulocyte-macrophage colony forming cells (CFU-GM), and into eosinophils via eosinophil colony forming cells (CFU-EO), while lymphoid stem cells differentiate into T cells via T lymphoid progenitor cells and into B cells via B lymphoid progenitor cells.
  • BFU-E erythroid burst forming cells
  • CFU-E erythroid colony forming cells
  • CFU-MEG megakaryocyte colony forming cells
  • monocytes neutrophils and basophils via granulocyte-macrophage colony forming cells
  • CFU-EO eos
  • HPP-CFU colony forming cells cells forming multipotential colonies with diameters of at least 1 mm are called HPP-CFU colony forming cells and are known as the least differentiated hematopoietic progenitor cells, along with mixed colony forming cells (CFU-GEMM).
  • CFU-GEMM mixed colony forming cells
  • Non-Patent Document 2 nerve regeneration in cerebral infarction model mice through angiogenesis caused by transplantation of cord blood-derived CD34 + cells
  • Non-Patent Document 5 and Patent Document 1 nerve regeneration in cerebral infarction model mice through angiogenesis caused by transplantation of cord blood-derived CD34 + cells
  • Non-Patent Document 5 and Patent Document 1 bone marrow transplantation has been used in many cases of treatment and most established as a standard hematopoietic cell transplantation therapy.
  • HLA human leukocyte antigens
  • the need for at least 4 days of hospitalization and pain, fever and bleeding caused by collection of a large amount of bone marrow are a heavy burden to donors.
  • peripheral blood is also used as an alternative source of hematopoietic stem cells nowadays.
  • Hematopoietic stem cells mobilized from the bone marrow to peripheral blood by administration of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to a human are used for transplantation after enrichment using a blood cell separator.
  • G-CSF granulocyte colony stimulating factor
  • donors for peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have to bear a heavy burden of the need for administration of G-CSF for 4 to 6 consecutive days which may cause side effects (such as blood coagulation and spleen hypertrophy).
  • G-CSF granulocyte colony stimulating factor
  • cord blood contains as many hematopoietic stem cells as bone marrow and is useful for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Non-Patent Document 6). Because cord blood transplantation does not require complete HLA matching and is less likely to cause severe acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) than bone marrow and peripheral blood transplantation, cord blood is established as useful and has been used more frequently. However, because cord blood is obtained in a small amount from one donor and does not contain many hematopoietic stem cells, its use is mainly limited to children.
  • GVHD severe acute graft-versus-host disease
  • hematopoietic stem cells are also considered as useful cells for gene therapy of fatal genetic diseases with no effective cure, HIV infection, chronic granulomatosis and germ cell tumor.
  • hematopoietic stem cells in order to transfect hematopoietic stem cells with a retrovirus vector carrying a target gene efficiently, it is necessary to artificially grow hematopoietic stem cells, which are usually in the stationary phase, by recruiting them into the cell cycle.
  • the transfected hematopoietic stem cells have to be kept undifferentiated in culture ex vivo. Therefore, gene transfer by an improved cell culture method has been desired for efficient gene transfer and successful transplantation therapy (Non-Patent Document 7).
  • hematopoietic progenitor cells are important for initial hematopoietic recovery after bone marrow or cord blood transplantation and are considered as effective, especially, in preventing early posttransplant infections. Therefore, transplantation of an insufficient number of hematopoietic progenitor cells can delay initial hematopoietic recovery and lower the posttransplant survival rate (Non-Patent Document 8).
  • Non-Patent Document 9 hematopoietic stem cells and various hematopoietic progenitor cells derived from them are found in populations of CD34 + cells expressing the CD34 molecule as a cell surface antigen, and hence hematopoietic stem cells can be enriched as a CD34 + cell population.
  • Non-Patent Document 9 hematopoietic stem cells and various hematopoietic progenitor cells derived from them are found in populations of CD34 + cells expressing the CD34 molecule as a cell surface antigen, and hence hematopoietic stem cells can be enriched as a CD34 + cell population.
  • Non-Patent Document 9 Specifically speaking, they are often enriched by mixing a cell population to be separated with a CD34 antibody labeled with magnetic beads and magnetically collecting CD34 + cells.
  • CD34 + cell populations contain less than 10% of CD34 + CD38 + cell populations not expressing the CD38 molecule as a cell surface antigen. It has come to be considered that hematopoietic stem cells are more enriched in CD34 + CD38 ⁇ cell populations than in CD34 + cell populations (Non-Patent Documents 12 and 13). In order to determine the proportion of undifferentiated hematopoietic progenitor cells in a cell population, HPP-CFU colony forming cells are usually counted as mentioned above (Non-Patent Document 14).
  • CD34 + cells are mainly used as the starting cells for expansion.
  • SCF stem cell factor
  • IL-3 interleukin-6
  • IL-6 interleukin-6
  • IL-6 interleukin-6/soluble IL-6 receptor complex
  • Non-Patent Document 18 Hematopoietic stem cells and hematopoietic progenitor cells expand in culture in the presence of such various cytokines and growth factors, but hematopoietic stem cells expand only by several times. Besides, these cytokines and growth factors are all produced as recombinant proteins, it may be difficult to obtain them for expansion stably, in a large amount, at low cost, or quickly.
  • Non-Patent Document 19 For ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells, coculture systems using a different type of cells as feeder cells in the presence of various cytokines were reported. For example, expansion of hematopoietic stem cells in coculture with human bone marrow stromal cells was attempted (Non-Patent Document 19). An attempt to expand CD34 + cells in the presence of TPO, FL and SCF using mouse bone marrow cell line HESS-5 was also reported (Non-Patent Document 20). However, because these coculture systems use foreign cells, there is a risk that cells infected with an unknown pathogen whose existence has not been confirmed may also be transplanted to patients. Furthermore, when stromal cells from a different kind of animal are used, the stromal cells have to be separated completely from CD34 + cells because otherwise there is a risk of causing immune response in the recipient after transplantation.
  • Non-Patent Document 24 posttransplant administration of the hematopoietic cytokine, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), is conducted in clinical settings.
  • G-CSF granulocyte colony stimulating factor
  • it is effective only for leukocytes, and effective treatments which promote recovery of blood cells of all lineages through expansion of hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells are demanded.
  • Effective therapies for diseases and dysfunctions accompanied by decrease in hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells, other than hematopietic stem cell transplantation, are also demanded.
  • An object of the present invention is to expand hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells ex vivo efficiently in a short term using a biologically safe and inexpensively obtainable compound.
  • Another object of the present invention is to use an index more efficient than conventional ones in determining the expansion effect of such a compound on hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells.
  • a still another object of the present invention is to provide an expansion agent for hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells useful for improvement in the efficiency of gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells for gene therapy and useful for treatment of various hematopoietic disorders caused by dysfunctional hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells and muscle and nerve diseases caused by damaged tissues.
  • a still another object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical agent effective for diseases which can be prevented, cured or alleviated through in vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells.
  • the present inventors conducted extensive search for compounds having activity to expand human hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells ex vivo. As a result, they found that the compounds represented by the following formula show excellent expansion activity on CD34 + cells, CD34 + CD38 ⁇ cells, HPP-CFU colony forming cells, and SRC, even in the absence of TPO and are highly useful as an expansion agent for cell populations rich in human hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells and accomplished the present invention.
  • the present invention relates:
  • each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 is independently a hydrogen atom or a C 1-10 alkyl group (the C 1-10 alkyl group may be optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms),
  • R 5 is a C 2-14 aryl group (the C 2-14 aryl group is substituted with —V 1 (wherein —V 1 is —(CH 2 )m 1 M 1 NR 8 R 9 (wherein M 1 is —(C ⁇ O)— or —(SO 2 )—, m 1 is an integer of 0, 1 or 2,
  • R 6 is a hydrogen atom or a C 1-10 alkyl group (the C 1-10 alkyl group may be optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms)
  • R 7 is a C 2-14 aryl group (the C 2-14 aryl group is substituted with one or more substituents independently represented by —V 5 (wherein V 5 is a hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group, a protected hydroxy group, an amino group, a protected amino group, a thiol group, a protected thiol group, a nitro group, a cyano group, a halogen atom, a carboxy group, a carbamoyl group, a sulfamoyl group, a sulfo group, a formyl group, a C 1-3 alkoxy group (the C 1-3 alkoxy group is optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms), a C 1-10 alkyl group (the C 1-10 alkyl group may be
  • R 7 is a phenyl group (the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more C 1-10 alkyl groups (the C 1-10 alkyl groups may be substituted with one or more halogen atoms), one or more halogen atoms, one or more C 1-10 alkoxy groups or one or more C 1-3 alkoxy groups (the C 1-3 alkoxy groups are optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms)),
  • X is OH, Y and Z are oxygen atoms, a tautomer, prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or a solvate thereof.
  • An expansion agent for hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells which comprising the compound as defined in any one of (1) to (15), a tautomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or a solvate thereof, as an active ingredient.
  • a method for expanding hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells which comprises culturing hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells ex vivo in the presence of the compound as defined in any one of (1) to (15), a tautomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or a solvate thereof.
  • the method for expanding hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells according to (17), wherein the hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells to be expanded are HPP-CFU colony forming cells.
  • the method for expanding hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells according to (17), wherein the hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells to be expanded are SRC.
  • the blood cell stimulating factor is selected from the group consisting of stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-11 (IL-11), flk2/flt3 ligand (FL), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), thrombopoietin (TPO) and erythropoietin (EPO).
  • SCF stem cell factor
  • IL-3 interleukin-3
  • IL-6 interleukin-6
  • IL-11 interleukin-11
  • FL flk2/flt3 ligand
  • G-CSF granulocyte colony stimulating factor
  • GM-CSF granulocyte-m
  • a reagent or reagent kit for expanding hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells which comprising the compound as defined in any one of (1) to (15), a tautomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or a solvate thereof, as an active ingredient.
  • a method for producing transformed hematopoietic stem cells which comprises transferring a gene into hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells while culturing the hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells ex vivo in the presence of the compound as defined in any one of (1) to (15), a tautomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or a solvate thereof, or expanding hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells carrying a gene transferred into them by culturing the hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells ex vivo in the presence of the compound as defined in any one of (1) to (15), a tautomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or a solvate thereof.
  • the blood cell stimulating factor is selected from the group consisting of stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-11 (IL-11), flk2/flt3 ligand (FL), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), thrombopoietin (TPO) and erythropoietin (EPO).
  • SCF stem cell factor
  • IL-3 interleukin-3
  • IL-6 interleukin-6
  • IL-11 interleukin-11
  • FL flk2/flt3 ligand
  • G-CSF granulocyte colony stimulating factor
  • GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
  • TPO thrombopoiet
  • (32) The method for producing transformed hematopoietic stem cells according to any one of (29) to (31), wherein the hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells are obtained from the bone marrow, the liver, the spleen or peripheral or cord blood.
  • (33) Hematopoietic stem cells expanded by the method as defined in any one of (17) to (27).
  • (34) Transformed hematopoietic stem cells produced by the method as defined in any one of (29) to (32).
  • (35) A material for cell therapy by transplanting hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells expanded by the method as defined in any one of (17) to (27) into a human for treatment of a disease.
  • the compounds of the present invention it is possible to expand hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells by culturing them ex vivo.
  • Hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells produced by using the compound of the present invention can be used as a cell transplant for treatment of diseases.
  • the compounds of the present invention also make it possible to provide a cell transplant (graft) soon as required even from a transplant source which can be obtained in a limited amount, by expanding hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells easily.
  • the compounds of the present invention have an effect of expanding hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells, they are useful as pharmaceutical agents for use in vivo and can be used as preventing, therapeutic or alleviating agent for diseases against which in vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells is effective.
  • the compounds to be used in the present invention can be produced by ordinary processes for organic synthesis and are obtained without using any substances derived from an animal other than human or a microorganism. Therefore, it is possible to prevent contamination with an unknown pathogen or a biomaterial from an animal other than human or a microorganism, as compared with expansion of hematopoietic stem cells using a protein such as cytokines and growth factors obtained by gene recombination technology. Namely, hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells obtained by the method of the present invention can avoid infection, contamination with foreign genes or immune response to foreign proteins.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be used and stored under relatively broad ranges of conditions.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be produced inexpensively and continuously unlike proteins, it is possible to eventually reduce treatment cost.
  • FIG. 1 A graph showing that CD34 + CD38 ⁇ cells were expanded more remarkably in a culture of CD34 + cells in the presence of a compound of the present invention than in the presence of TPO as a positive control.
  • FIG. 2 A graph showing that SRC were expanded more remarkably from CD34 + cells cultured in the presence of a compound of the present invention than from uncultured CD34 + cells, when assayed after transplantation of the cultured and uncultured CD34 + cells into immunodeficient mice.
  • Hematopoietic stem cells are defined as cells having both pluripotency which allows them to differentiate into blood cells of all lineages and the ability to regenerate themselves while maintaining the pluripotency.
  • Multipotential hematopoietic progenitor cells are cells which can differentiate into a plurality of blood cell lineages, though not into all blood cell lineages.
  • Unipotential hematopoietic progenitor cells are cells which can differentiate into only one blood cell lineage.
  • Hematopoietic progenitor cells are a group of cells which covers both multipotential and unipotential hematopoietic progenitor cells.
  • the hematopoietic progenitor cells in the present invention may be granulocyte-macrophage colony forming cells (CFU-GM), eosinophil colony forming cells (EO-CFC), erythroid burst forming cells (BFU-E) as erythroid progenitor cells, megakaryocyte colony forming cells (CFU-MEG) or myeloid stem cells (mixed colony forming cells, CFU-GEMM).
  • CFU-GM granulocyte-macrophage colony forming cells
  • EO-CFC eosinophil colony forming cells
  • BFU-E erythroid burst forming cells
  • CFU-MEG megakaryocyte colony forming cells
  • myeloid stem cells mixed colony forming cells
  • HPP-CFU colony forming cells cells forming multipotential colonies with diameters of at least 1 mm are called HPP-CFU colony forming cells and are defined as the least differentiated hematopoietic progenitor cells, along with mixed colony forming cells (CFU-GEMM) (McNiece, I. K., et al. 1989. Detection of a human CFC with a high proliferative potential. Blood. 74: 609-612.).
  • CD34 + means expressing CD (cluster of differentiation) 34 antigen on the cell surface. This antigen is a marker for hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells and disappears as the cell differentiates. Populations of CD34 + cells are enriched with hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells.
  • CD38 ⁇ means not expressing CD38 antigen on the cell surface. The expression of this antigen increases as blood cells differentiate.
  • CD34 + CD38 ⁇ cells mean cells expressing CD34 antigen but not expressing CD38 antigen.
  • CD34 + CD38 ⁇ cells are characterized as a group of cells containing more hematopoietic stem cells than CD34 + cells.
  • SCID-repopulating cells SRC
  • differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells covers conversion of hematopoietic stem cells to hematopoietic progenitor cells, conversion of multipotential hematopoietic progenitor cells to unipotential hematopoietic progenitor cells and conversion of hematopoietic progenitor cells to cells having specific functions, i.e., mature blood cells such as erythrocytes, leukocytes and megakaryocytes.
  • expansion of hematopoietic stem cells means that the number of hematopoietic stem cells is greater after culturing than before culturing.
  • Expansion of hematopoietic progenitor cells means that the number of hematopoietic stem progenitor cells is greater after culturing than before culturing.
  • hematopoietic stem cell and/or hematopoietic progenitor cell expansion activity means the ability to proliferate hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells having the above-mentioned functions and increase hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells having the same functions.
  • hematopoietic stem cell and/or hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiating activity means the ability to induce differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells and to convert them into hematopoietic progenitor cells having the above-mentioned functions and/or mature blood cells (such as erythrocytes, leukocytes and megakaryocytes).
  • the compounds used in the present invention act on hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells and shows such an activity that they help hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells proliferate and survive.
  • the compounds are capable of proliferate hematopoietic stem cells with minimal differentiation.
  • hematopoietic stem cells such as peripheral stem cells and cord blood stem cells
  • hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells as the transplant cannot be obtained in sufficient numbers to carry out the transplantation.
  • the compounds makes it possible to expand collected hematopoietic stem cells and hematopoietic progenitor cells ex vivo and obtain hematopoietic stem cells and hematopoietic progenitor cells in the amount required to carry out the transplantation even in such cases. Specifically speaking, it is possible to expand hematopoietic stem cells with minimal differentiation by culturing them in a medium containing the compounds and use them for transplantation. It is also possible to expand hematopoietic stem cells more efficiently by further adding various cytokines or growth factors, by coculturing them with stromal cells, or by further adding other compounds which act on hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells.
  • the collected cells to be cultured for transplantation may be an isolated population of either hematopoietic stem cells or hematopoietic progenitor cells or a population containing both of them and may be, for example, CD34 + cells, CD34 + CD38 ⁇ cells, CD90 + cells, CD133 + cells.
  • the cells may contain either hematopoietic stem cells or hematopoietic progenitor cells and further contain other mature blood cells.
  • the source of the hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells in the method using the compounds of the present invention may be any tissue as long as it contains hematopoietic stem cells, and it may be human bone marrow, peripheral blood, peripheral blood containing hematopoietic stem cells mobilized by a cytokine or the like, spleen, liver or cord blood.
  • the hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells can be cultured in a culture vessel generally used for animal cell culture such as a Petri dish, a flask, a plastic bag, a Teflon (registered trademark) bag, optionally after preliminary coating with an extracellular matrix or a cell adhesion molecule.
  • a culture vessel generally used for animal cell culture such as a Petri dish, a flask, a plastic bag, a Teflon (registered trademark) bag, optionally after preliminary coating with an extracellular matrix or a cell adhesion molecule.
  • the material for such a coating may be collagens I to XIX, fibronectin, vitronectin, laminins 1 to 12, nitrogen, tenascin, thrombospondin, von Willebrand factor, osteoponin, fibrinogen, various elastins, various proteoglycans, various cadherins, desmocolin, desmoglein, various integrins, E-selectin, P-selectin, L-selectin, immunoglobulin superfamily, Matrigel, poly-D-lysine, poly-L-lysine, chitin, chitosan, Sepharose, alginic acid gel, hydrogel or a fragment thereof.
  • Such a coating material may be a recombinant material having an artificially modified amino acid sequence.
  • the hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells may be cultured by using a bioreactor which can mechanically control the medium composition, pH and the like and obtain high density culture (Schwartz R M, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 88:6760, 1991; Koller M R, Bone Marrow Transplant, 21:653, 1998; Koller, M R, Blood, 82: 378, 1993; Astori G, Bone Marrow Transplant, 35: 1101, 2005).
  • the nutrient medium to be used for culturing hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells by using the compounds of the present invention may be a natural medium, a semi-synthetic medium or a synthetic medium in terms of composition, and may be a solid medium, a semisolid medium or a liquid medium in terms of shape, and any nutrient medium used for animal cell culture, especially for hematopoietic stem cell and/or hematopoietic progenitor cell culture, may be used.
  • Dulbecco's Modified Eagles's Medium (DMEM), Ham's Nutrient Mixture F12, McCoy's 5A medium, Eagles's Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM), ⁇ MEM medium (alpha Modified Eagles's Minimum Essential Medium), RPMI1640 medium, Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM), StemPro34 (Invitrogen), X-VIVO 10 (Cambrex), X-VIVO 15 (Cambrex), HPGM (Cambrex), StemSpan H3000 (Stemcell Technologies), StemSpan SFEM (Stemcell Technologies), Stemline II (Sigma-Aldrich) or QBSF-60 (Quality Biological) may be mentioned.
  • DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagles's Medium
  • EMEM Eagles's Minimum Essential Medium
  • ⁇ MEM medium alpha Modified Eagles's Minimum Essential Medium
  • RPMI1640 medium Iscove's Modified Dulbe
  • Such a medium may contain sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, chlorine, amino acids, vitamins, cytokines, hormones, antibiotics, serum, fatty acids, saccharides or the like.
  • other chemical components or biological components may be incorporated singly or in combination, as the case requires.
  • Such components to be incorporated in the medium may be fetal calf serum, human serum, horse serum, insulin, transfferin, lactoferrin, cholesterol, ethanolamine, sodium selenite, monothioglycerol, 2-mercaptoethanol, bovine serum albumin, sodium pyruvate, polyethylene glycol, various vitamins, various amino acids, agar, agarose, collagen, methylcellulose, various cytokines, various growth factors or the like.
  • the cytokines to be added to the medium may be interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-5 (IL-5), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-7 (IL-7), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-9 (IL-9), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-11 (IL-11), interleukin-12 (IL-12), interleukin-13 (IL-13), interleukin-14 (IL-14), interleukin-15 (IL-15), interleukin-18 (IL-18), interleukin-21 (IL-21), interferon- ⁇ (IFN- ⁇ ), interferon- ⁇ (IFN- ⁇ ), interferon- ⁇ (IFN- ⁇ ), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), monocyte colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), stem cell factor (SCF), f
  • the growth factors to be added to the medium may be transforming growth factor- ⁇ (TGF- ⁇ ), macrophage inflammatory protein-1 ⁇ (MIP-1 ⁇ ), epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), protease nexin I, protease nexin II, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), cholinergic differentiation factor (CDF), chemokines, Notch ligand (such as Delta 1), Wnt protein, angiopoietin-like protein 2, 3, 5 or 7 (Angpt 2, 3, 5 or 7), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) and Pleiotrophin, but are not restricted to those mentioned above.
  • recombinant cytokines or growth factors having an artificially modified amino acid sequence such as IL-6/soluble IL-6 receptor complex, and Hyper IL-6 (IL-6/soluble IL-6 receptor fusion protein) may also be added.
  • cytokines and growth factors preferred are stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-11 (IL-11), flk2/flt3 ligand (FL), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), thrombopoietin (TPO), erythropoietin (EPO), Notch ligand (Delta 1), Pleiotrophin and the like, and more preferred are stem cell factor (SCF), flk2/flt3 ligand (FL), thrombopoietin (TPO) and the like. Cytokines and growth factors are usually added to culture at a concentration of 0.1 ng/mL to 1000 ng/mL, preferably from 1 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL.
  • At least one chemical substance known to be effective for expansion of hematopoietic stem cells may be added to the medium singly or in combination.
  • examples of such substances include copper chelators represented by tetraethylenepentamine, histone deacetylase inhibitors represented by trichostatin A, DNA methylase inhibitors represented by 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, retinoic acid receptor ligands represented by all-trans retinoic acid, aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors represented by dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors represented by 6-bromoindirubin-3′-oxime (6BIO) and prostaglandin E2, but they are not restricted to those mentioned above.
  • the chemical components and biological components mentioned above may be used not only by adding them to the medium but also by immobilizing them onto the surface of the substrate or support used for the culture, specifically speaking, by dissolving a component to be used in an appropriate solvent, coating the substrate or support with the resulting solution and then washing away an excess of the component.
  • a component to be used may be added to the substrate or support preliminarily coated with a substance which binds to the component.
  • a compound of the present invention When a compound of the present invention is added to such a medium as mentioned above, it is first dissolved in an appropriate solvent and added to the medium so that the concentration of the compound will be from 1 ng/mL to 100 ⁇ g/mL, preferably from 3 ng/mL to 30 ⁇ g/mL, more preferably from 30 ng/mL to 10 ⁇ g/mL, particularly preferably from 300 ng/mL to 3 ⁇ g/mL.
  • the appropriate solvent include dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and various alcohols, but it is not restricted thereto.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be immobilized on the surface of the substrate or support used for the culture.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be provided or stored in a certain form, for example, in a solid form as a tablet, a pill, a capsule or a granule, in a liquid form as a solution or suspension in an appropriate solvent or resolvent, or in the form bound to the substrate or support.
  • additives such as a preservative like p-hydroxybenzoates, an excipient like lactose, glucose, sucrose and mannitol; a lubricant like magnesium stearate and talc; a binder like polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropylcellulose and gelatin, a surfactant like fatty acid esters, a plasticizer like glycerin may be added.
  • the additives are not restricted to those mentioned above and a person skilled in the art can use any additives of choice.
  • the hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells are cultured usually at a temperature of from 25 to 39° C., preferably from 33 to 39° C., in the atmosphere having a CO 2 concentration of from 4 to 10 vol %, preferably from 4 to 6 vol %, usually for a period of from 3 to 35 days, preferably from 5 to 21 days, more preferably from 7 to 14 days.
  • collected bone marrow cells may be grown directly in culture.
  • Hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells expanded by using the compounds of the present invention can be used as a cell transplant. Because hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into blood cells of all lineages, they may be transplanted after differentiated into a certain type of blood cells ex vivo. Hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells expanded by using the compounds of the present invention may be transplanted as they are, or after enrichment using a cell surface antigen as an index, for example, by a magnetic bead method or by a cell sorting method.
  • Such a cell surface antigen molecule may be CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD13, CD14, CD15, CD16, CD19, CD24, CD33, CD34, CD38, CD41, CD45, CD56, CD66, CD90, CD133 or glycophorin A, but is not restricted thereto.
  • the expanded hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells may be transplanted to its donor or another individual.
  • hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells expanded by using the compounds of the present invention can be used as a transplant for hematopoietic stem cell therapy as a substitute for conventional bone marrow or cord blood transplantation.
  • the transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells and hematopoietic progenitor cells expanded by using the compounds of the present invention is carried out in the same manner as conventional bone marrow or cord blood transplantation, except for the cells to be used.
  • Hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells expanded by using a compound of the present invention can also be used as a transplant to promote regeneration of nerves and muscles damaged by a traumatic injury or a vascular disorder.
  • the transplant may be a composition containing a buffer solution, an antibiotic, a pharmaceutical in addition to hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells expanded by the method of the present invention.
  • the hematopoietic stem cell and/or hematopoietic progenitor cell transplant obtained by expansion using the compounds of the present invention is useful for treatment of not only various types of leukemia but also various diseases.
  • the patient in a case of treatment of a solid cancer patient by chemotherapy or radiotherapy which may cause myelosuppression as a side effect, the patient can recover from hematopoietic damage quickly if the hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells collected from the bone marrow or peripheral blood of the patient preliminarily to the treatment are expanded ex vivo and returned to the patient after the treatment.
  • a more intense chemotherapy becomes available with an improved therapeutic effect.
  • a transplant obtained by using the compounds of the present invention is effective against diseases accompanying decrease in hematopoietic cells and/or hematopoietic insufficiency, diseases accompanying increase in hematopoietic cells, diseases accompanying hematopoietic dysfunction, decrease in immunocytes, increase in immunocytes, diseases accompanying autoimmunity, immune dysfunction, diseases accompanying nerve damage, diseases accompanying muscle damage and ischemic diseases.
  • chronic granulomatosis severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome, adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, agammaglobulinemia, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, immunodeficiency syndrome such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), C3 deficiency, congenital anemia such as thalassemia, hemolytic anemia due to enzyme deficiency and sicklemia, lysosomal storage disease such as Gaucher's disease and mucopolysaccharidosis, adrenoleukodystrophy, various kinds of cancers and tumors, especially blood cancers such as acute or chronic leukemia, Fanconi syndrome, aplastic anemia, malignant lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, chronic hepatopathy, renal failure, massive blood transfusion of bank blood or during operation, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, severe infections,
  • AIDS
  • Hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells expanded by using the compounds of the present invention can be used for gene therapy.
  • Gene therapy using hematopoietic stem cells has been difficult because the transfer of a target gene into hematopoietic stem cells at the stationary phase is inefficient, and hematopoietic stem cells differentiate in culture during a gene transfer procedure.
  • use of the compounds of the present invention in culture makes it possible to expand hematopoietic stem cells while suppressing differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and improve the gene transfer efficiency considerably.
  • a therapeutic gene is transfected into hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells using the compounds of the present invention, and the resulting transfected cells are transplanted into patients.
  • the therapeutic gene to be transfected is appropriately selected among genes for hormones, cytokines, receptors, enzymes, polypeptides and the like according to the disease (Advance in Pharmacology 40, Academic Press, 1997).
  • RNA genes suppressing expression of disease genes are effective as therapeutic genes and can be used in the method of the present invention.
  • antisense RNA siRNA, shRNA decoy RNA, ribozymes and the like may be mentioned.
  • a therapeutic gene For transfer of a therapeutic gene into hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells, ordinary gene transfer methods for animal cells, such as those using vectors for animal cells such as retrovirus vectors like murine stem cell vector (MSCV) and Moloney murine leukemia virus (MmoLV), adenovirus vectors, adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, herpes simplex virus vectors and lentivirus vectors (for vectors for gene therapy, see Verma, I. M., Nature, 389:239, 1997), calcium phosphate coprecipitation, DEAE-dextran transfection, electroporation, a liposome method, lipofection, microinjection or the like may be used.
  • retrovirus vectors, adeno-associated virus vectors or lentivirus vectors are preferred because their integration into the chromosomal DNA is expected to allow eternal expression of the gene.
  • an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector is prepared as follows. First, 293 cells are transfected with a vector plasmid obtained by inserting a therapeutic gene between the ITRs (inverted terminal repeats) at both ends of wild-type adeno-associated virus DNA and a helper plasmid for supplementing virus proteins and subsequently infected with an adenovirus as a helper virus to induce production of virus particles containing AAV vectors.
  • a plasmid for expression of an adenovirus gene which functions as a helper may be transfected.
  • hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells are infected with the virus particles.
  • an appropriate promoter, enhancer, insulator or the like upstream of the target gene in the vector DNA to regulate expression of the gene.
  • a marker gene such as a drug resistance gene in addition to the therapeutic gene makes it easy to select cells carrying the therapeutic gene.
  • the therapeutic gene may be a sense gene or an antisense gene.
  • hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells are transfected with a therapeutic gene
  • the cells are cultured by an appropriate method selected from the culture methods mentioned above for expansion of hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells by the person in charge.
  • the gene transfer efficiency can be evaluated by a standard method in the art.
  • the transplant for gene therapy may be a composition containing a buffer solution, an antibiotic, a pharmaceutical and the like in addition to hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells expanded by the method of the present invention.
  • the diseases to be treated by gene therapy targeting blood cells include chronic granulomatosis, severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome, adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, agammaglobulinemia, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, immunodeficiency syndrome such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis B, hepatitis C, congenital anemia such as thalassemia, hemolytic anemia due to enzyme deficiency, Fanconi's anemia and sicklemia, lysosomal storage disease such as Gaucher's disease and mucopolysaccharidosis, adrenoleukodystrophy, various kinds of cancers and tumors.
  • AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
  • hepatitis B hepatitis C
  • congenital anemia such as thalassemia
  • hemolytic anemia due to enzyme deficiency Fanconi's anemia and
  • the compounds of the present invention can be used in pharmaceutical agents for preventing, treating or alleviating diseases against which in vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells is effective.
  • Pharmaceutical agents containing the compounds of the present invention as an active ingredient may usually be administered as oral medicines such as tablets, capsules, powder, granules, pills and syrup, as rectal medicines, percutaneous medicines or injections.
  • the pharmaceutical agents may be administered as a single therapeutic agent or as a mixture with other therapeutic agents. Though they may be administered as they are, they are usually administered in the form of medical compositions.
  • active substances selected from the group consisting of colony stimulating factors, cytokines, chemokines, interleukins, cytokine receptor agonists or antagonists, soluble receptors, anti-receptor agonists or antagonist antibodies, small molecules or peptides functioning by the same mechanisms as at least one of those mentioned above may be mixed in a therapeutically effective amount.
  • These pharmaceutical preparations can be obtained by adding pharmacologically and pharmaceutically acceptable additives by conventional methods. Namely, for oral medicines, ordinary excipients, lubricants, binders, disintegrants, humectants, plasticizers and coating agents may be used.
  • Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs or may be supplied as dry syrups to be mixed with water or other appropriate solvents before use.
  • Such liquid preparations may contain ordinary additives such as suspending agents, perfumes, diluents and emulsifiers.
  • they may be administered as suppositories.
  • Suppositories may use an appropriate substance such as cacao butter, laurin tallow, Macrogol, glycerogelatin, Witepsol, sodium stearate and mixtures thereof as the base and may, if necessary, contain an emulsifier, a suspending agent, a preservative and the like.
  • pharmaceutical ingredients such as distilled water for injection, physiological saline, 5% glucose solution, propylene glycol and other solvents or solubilizing agents, a pH regulator, an isotonizing agent and a stabilizer may be used to form aqueous dosage forms or dosage forms which need dissolution before use.
  • the dose of the agents containing the compounds of the present invention for administration to human is usually about from 0.1 to 1000 mg/human/day in the case of oral drugs or rectal administration and about from 0.05 mg to 500 mg/human/day in the case of injections into an adult, though it depends on the age and conditions of the patient.
  • the above-mentioned ranges are mere examples, and the dose should be determined from the conditions of the patient.
  • the present invention is used when the use of compounds which has activity to expand hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells are expected to alleviate pathological conditions.
  • the diseases as the targets of pharmaceutical agents containing the compounds of the present invention include diseases accompanying decrease in hematopoietic stem cells, degenerative diseases and injuries.
  • cord blood, bone marrow, peripheral blood or the like is collected, and a cell population enriched with hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells is separated from it.
  • a cell population CD34 + cells, CD34 + CD38 ⁇ cells, CD90 + cells, CD133 + cells may be mentioned.
  • CD34 + cells can be separated by density centrifugation combined with magnetic cell sorting (MACS) or flow cytometry.
  • CPD cancer-phosphate-dextran
  • density centrifugation dextran or Ficoll density centrifugation, Ficoll-paque density gradient centrifugation, Percoll discontinuous density gradient centrifugation or Lymphoprep density gradient centrifugation may be mentioned.
  • magnetic beads coated with an anti-human CD34 monoclonal antibody (Miltenyi Biotec; hereinafter referred to CD34 antibody magnetic beads) and the collected nucleated cell fraction are mixed and incubated at from 2 to 8° C.
  • the antibody magnetic bead/CD34 + cell complexes are separated and collected by a specialized magnetic cell separator such as autoMACS system (Miltenyi Biotec).
  • the CD34 + cells thus obtained are cultured using a compound of the present invention.
  • the conditions, incubator and medium for culturing CD34 + cells, the species and amount of the compound, the kinds and amounts of additives and the incubation time and temperature may be selected appropriately from those disclosed herein by the person in charge, but are not restricted thereto.
  • CD34 + cells are transfected with a gene which is obtained by cloning a target gene into a vector by a standard method in the art, and incubating the vector and CD34 + cells in the presence of the compound of the present invention.
  • the kinds of the target gene and the vector, the transfection method and the culture method may be selected appropriately from those disclosed herein by the person in charge, but are not restricted thereto.
  • the total cell count is measured by trypan blue assay or the like, while the cell culture is stained with an anti CD34 antibody and an anti CD38 antibody labeled with a fluorescent dye such as FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate), PE (phycoerythrin) or APC (allophycocyanin), and the proportion of CD34 + CD38 ⁇ cells is analyzed by flow cytometry.
  • FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate
  • PE phytoerythrin
  • APC allophycocyanin
  • the transgene can be detected by analyzing DNA or RNA extracted from the cells by southern blotting, northern blotting, RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction) or the like.
  • the efficiency of transfer of the target gene is determined by detecting the protein expressed by the transgene by ELISA (Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorvent Assay) or flow cytometry using a specific antibody or by measuring the functional activity of the protein by an enzyme assay.
  • Expanded or transfected hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells may be infused by drip, for example, in the case of treatment of leukemia, into patients pretreated with an anticancer drug, total body irradiation or an immunosuppressive drug for eradication of cancer cells or for facilitation of donor cell engraftment.
  • cells may be transplanted by injection to diseased, injured or suture sites or into the spinal cavity, or by local injection after loaded onto a non-antigenic support such as atelocollagen gel.
  • the disease to be treated When cells are transplanted, the disease to be treated, the pretreatment and the cell transplantation method are selected appropriately by the person in charge.
  • the engraftment of transplanted hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells in the recipient, the recovery of hematopoiesis, the presence of side effects of the transplantation and the therapeutic effect of the transplantation can be judged by an ordinary assay used in transplantation therapy.
  • the present invention makes it possible to expand hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells and to carryout transplantation therapy and gene therapy safely and easily in a short term by using the expanded cells.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be used as a reagent for research on hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells.
  • hematopoietic stem cells For example, in a study to elucidate the factor regulating differentiation and growth of hematopoietic stem cells by identifying the colony forming cells in a culture of hematopoietic stem cells and analyzing the change in cell surface differentiation markers and gene expression, when hematopoietic stem cells are cultured in the presence of a putative factor, addition of a compound of the present invention makes it possible to expand the hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells to be analyzed efficiently.
  • the incubation conditions, the incubator and the culture medium, the species and amount of the compound of the present invention, the kinds and amounts of additives and the incubation time and temperature used to elucidate such a factor may be selected appropriately from those disclosed herein by the person in charge.
  • the colony forming cells emerging in the culture can be observed under a microscope normally used in the art, optionally after staining them using an antibody specific for the colony forming cells.
  • the change in gene expression caused by such a putative factor can be detected by analyzing DNA or RNA extracted from the cells by southern blotting, northern blotting, RT-PCR or the like.
  • the cell surface differentiation markers can be detected by ELISA or flow cytometry using a specific antibody to examine the effect of the putative factor on differentiation and growth of the cells.
  • n denotes normal
  • i denotes iso
  • s denotes secondary
  • t denotes tertiary
  • c denotes cyclo
  • o denotes ortho
  • m denotes meta
  • p denotes para
  • Ph denotes phenyl
  • Py denotes pyridyl
  • Naphthyl denotes naphthyl
  • Me denotes methyl
  • Et denotes ethyl
  • Pr denotes propyl
  • Bu denotes butyl.
  • halogen atom a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom or an iodine atom may be mentioned.
  • a C 1-3 alkyl group may be linear, branched or a C 3 cycloalkyl group, and methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl and c-propyl and the like may be mentioned.
  • a C 1-6 alkyl group may be linear, branched or a C 3-6 cycloalkyl group, and as specific examples, in addition to those mentioned above, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, c-butyl, 1-methyl-c-propyl, 2-methyl-c-propyl, n-pentyl, 1-methyl-n-butyl, 2-methyl-n-butyl, 3-methyl-n-butyl, 1,1-dimethyl-n-propyl, 1,2-dimethyl-n-propyl, 2,2-dimethyl-n-propyl, 1-ethyl-n-propyl, c-pentyl, 1-methyl-c-butyl, 2-methyl-c-butyl, 3-methyl-c-butyl, 1,2-dimethyl-c-propyl, 2,3-dimethyl-c-propyl, 1-ethyl-c-propyl, 2-ethy
  • a C 1-10 alkyl group may be linear, branched or a C 3-10 cycloalkyl group, and as specific examples, in addition to those mentioned above, 1-methyl-1-ethyl-n-pentyl, 1-heptyl, 2-heptyl, 1-ethyl-1,2-dimethyl-n-propyl, 1-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-n-propyl, 1-octyl, 3-octyl, 4-methyl-3-n-heptyl, 6-methyl-2-n-heptyl, 2-propyl-1-n-heptyl, 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-n-pentyl, 1-nonyl, 2-nonyl, 2,6-dimethyl-4-n-heptyl, 3-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-n-pentyl, 3,5,5-trimethyl-1-n-hexyl, 1-decyl, 2-decyl, 4-decyl, 3,7-di
  • C 2-6 alkynyl group ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-methyl-2-propynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-methyl-2-butynyl, 1-methyl-3-butynyl, 2-methyl-3-butynyl, 3-methyl-1-butynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, 5-hexynyl, 1-methyl-2-pentynyl, 1-methyl-3-pentynyl, 1-methyl-4-pentynyl, 2-methyl-3-pentynyl, 2-methyl-4-pentynyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyn
  • a C 2-6 alkenyl group may be linear, branched or a C 3-6 cycloalkenyl group, and as specific examples, ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-methyl-1-ethenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethylethenyl, 1-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-methyl-2-propenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 1-n-propylethenyl, 1-methyl-1-butenyl, 1-methyl-2-butenyl, 1-methyl-3-butenyl, 2-ethyl-2-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, 2-methyl-3-butenyl, 3-methyl-1-butenyl, 3-methyl-2-butenyl, 3-methyl-3-butenyl
  • a C 2-14 aryl group may be a C 6-14 aryl group containing no hetero atoms as ring constituting atoms, a C 2-9 aromatic heterocyclic group or a C 2-14 fused polycyclic group, and a C 2-9 aromatic heterocyclic group may be a 5 to 7-membered C 2-6 heteromonocyclic group or 8 to 10-membered C 5-9 fused heterobicyclic group containing from 1 to 3 oxygen atoms, nitrogen atoms or sulfur atoms singly or in combination.
  • a C 2-14 fused polycyclic group is a fused bicyclic or fused tricyclic group consisting of a C 6-14 aryl group containing no hetero atoms and at most 12 carbon atoms as mentioned above or a C 2-9 aromatic heterocyclic group fused with a C 2-9 heterocyclyl group, and:
  • An N-oxide of an nitrogen-containing C 2-14 aryl group is a group obtained by oxidizing a nitrogen atom in the C 2-14 aryl group with oxygen, and specifically, a 1-pyrrole-N-oxide group, a 2-pyrrole-N-oxide group, 3-pyrrole-N-oxide, a 1-imidazole-N-oxide group, a 2-imidazole-N-oxide group, a 4-imidazole-N-oxide group, a 1-pyrazole-N-oxide group, a 3-pyrazole-N-oxide group, a 4-pyrazole-N-oxide group, a 2-thiazole-N-oxide group, a 4-thiazole-N-oxide group, a 5-thiazole-N-oxide group, a 3-isothiazole-N-oxide group, a 4-isothiazole-N-oxide group, a 5-isothiazole-N-oxide group, a 2-oxazole
  • a C 1-10 thioalkyl group may linear, branched or a C 3-10 cyclothioalkyl group, and as specific examples, methylthio, ethylthio, n-propylthio, i-propylthio, c-propylthio, n-butylthio, i-butylthio, s-butylthio, t-butylthio, c-butylthio, 1-methyl-c-propylthio, 2-methyl-c-propylthio, n-pentylthio, 1-methyl-n-butylthio, 2-methyl-n-butylthio, 3-methyl-n-butylthio, 1,1-dimethyl-n-propylthio, 1,2-dimethyl-n-propylthio, 2,2-dimethyl-n-propylthio, 1-ethyl-n-propylthio, c-pentylthio
  • a C 1-3 alkylsulfonyl group may be linear, branched or a C 3 cycloalkylsulfonyl group, and as specific examples, methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, n-propylsulfonyl, i-propylsulfonyl, c-propylsulfonyl or the like may be mentioned.
  • a C 1-10 alkylsulfonyl group may be linear, branched or a C 3-10 cycloalkylsulfonyl group, and as specific examples, in addition to those mentioned above, n-butylsulfonyl, i-butylsulfonyl, s-butylsulfonyl, t-butylsulfonyl, c-butylsulfonyl, 1-methyl-c-propylsulfonyl, 2-methyl-c-propylsulfonyl, n-pentylsulfonyl, 1-methyl-n-butylsulfonyl, 2-methyl-n-butylsulfonyl, 3-methyl-n-butylsulfonyl, 1,1-dimethyl-n-propylsulfonyl, 1,2-dimethyl-n-propylsulfonyl, 2,2-dimethyl-n-propy
  • a C 1-10 alkylsulfonylamino group may be linear, branched or a C 3-10 cycloalkylsulfonylamino group, and as specific examples, methylsulfonylamino, ethylsulfonylamino, n-propylsulfonylamino, i-propylsulfonylamino, c-propylsulfonylamino, n-butylsulfonylamino, i-butylsulfonylamino, s-butylsulfonylamino, t-butylsulfonylamino, c-butylsulfonylamino, 1-methyl-c-propylsulfonylamino, 2-methyl-c-propylsulfonylamino, n-pentylsulfonylamino, 1-methyl-n-butyls
  • a C 1-3 alkoxy group may be linear, branched or a C 3 cycloalkoxy group, and as specific examples, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, c-propoxy or the like may be mentioned.
  • a C 1-6 alkoxy group may be linear, branched or a C 3-6 cycloalkoxy group, and as specific examples, in addition to those mentioned above, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, c-butoxy, 1-methyl-c-propoxy, 2-methyl-c-propoxy, n-pentyloxy, 1-methyl-n-butoxy, 2-methyl-n-butoxy, 3-methyl-n-butoxy, 1,1-dimethyl-n-propoxy, 1,2-dimethyl-n-propoxy, 2,2-dimethyl-n-propoxy, 1-ethyl-n-propoxy, c-pentyloxy, 1-methyl-c-butoxy, 2-methyl-c-butoxy, 3-methyl-c-butoxy, 1,2-dimethyl-c-propoxy, 2,3-dimethyl-c-propoxy, 1-ethyl-c-propoxy, 2-ethyl-c-propoxy, n-hexyloxy, 1-methyl
  • a C 1-10 alkoxy group may be linear, branched or a C 3-10 cycloalkoxy group, and as specific examples, in addition to those mentioned above, 1-methyl-1-ethyl-n-pentyloxy, 1-heptyloxy, 2-heptyloxy, 1-ethyl-1,2-dimethyl-n-propyloxy, 1-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-n-propyloxy, 1-octyloxy, 3-octyloxy, 4-methyl-3-n-heptyloxy, 6-methyl-2-n-heptyloxy, 2-propyl-1-n-heptyloxy, 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-n-pentyloxy, 1-nonyloxy, 2-nonyloxy, 2,6-dimethyl-4-n-heptyloxy, 3-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-n-pentyloxy, 3,5,5-trimethyl-1-n-hexyloxy, 1-decyloxy,
  • a C 1-10 alkoxycarbonyl group may be linear, branched or a C 3-10 cycloalkoxycarbonyl group, and as specific examples, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, n-propoxycarbonyl, i-propoxycarbonyl, c-propoxycarbonyl, n-butoxycarbonyl, i-butoxycarbonyl, s-butoxycarbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, c-butoxycarbonyl, 1-methyl-c-propoxycarbonyl, 2-methyl-c-propoxycarbonyl, n-pentyloxycarbonyl, 1-methyl-n-butoxycarbonyl, 2-methyl-n-butoxycarbonyl, 3-methyl-n-butoxycarbonyl, 1,1-dimethyl-n-propoxycarbonyl, 1,2-dimethyl-n-propoxycarbonyl, 2,2-dimethyl-n-propoxycarbonyl, 1-ethyl-n-propoxycarbonyl, c-
  • a C 1-3 alkylcarbonyl group may linear, branched or a C 3 cycloalkylcarbonyl group, and as specific examples, methylcarbonyl, ethylcarbonyl, n-propylcarbonyl, i-propylcarbonyl, c-propylcarbonyl or the like may be mentioned.
  • a C 1-10 alkylcarbonyl group may linear, branched or a C 3-10 cycloalkylcarbonyl group, and as specific examples, in addition to those mentioned above, n-butylcarbonyl, i-butylcarbonyl, s-butylcarbonyl, t-butylcarbonyl, c-butylcarbonyl, 1-methyl-c-propylcarbonyl, 2-methyl-c-propylcarbonyl, n-pentylcarbonyl, 1-methyl-n-butylcarbonyl, 2-methyl-n-butylcarbonyl, 3-methyl-n-butylcarbonyl, 1,1-dimethyl-n-propylcarbonyl, 1,2-dimethyl-n-propylcarbonyl, 2,2-dimethyl-n-propylcarbonyl, 1-ethyl-n-propylcarbonyl, c-pentylcarbonyl, 1-methyl-c-butylcarbonyl, 2-methyl-
  • a C 1-10 alkylcarbonyloxy group may be linear, branched or a C 3-10 cycloalkylcarbonyloxy group, and as specific examples, methylcarbonyloxy, ethylcarbonyloxy, n-propylcarbonyloxy, i-propylcarbonyloxy, c-propylcarbonyloxy, n-butylcarbonyloxy, i-butylcarbonyloxy, s-butylcarbonyloxy, t-butylcarbonyloxy, c-butylcarbonyloxy, 1-methyl-c-propylcarbonyloxy, 2-methyl-c-propylcarbonyloxy, n-pentylcarbonyloxy, 1-methyl-n-butylcarbonyloxy, 2-methyl-n-butylcarbonyloxy, 3-methyl-n-butylcarbonyloxy, 1,1-dimethyl-n-propylcarbonyloxy, 1,2-dimethyl-n-propylcarbony
  • a C 1-10 alkylcarbonylamino group may be linear, branched or a C 3-10 cycloalkylcarbonylamino group, and as specific examples, methylcarbonylamino, ethylcarbonylamino, n-propylcarbonylamino, i-propylcarbonylamino, c-propylcarbonylamino, n-butylcarbonylamino, i-butylcarbonylamino, s-butylcarbonylamino, t-butylcarbonylamino, c-butylcarbonylamino, 1-methyl-c-propylcarbonylamino, 2-methyl-c-propylcarbonylamino, n-pentylcarbonylamino, 1-methyl-n-butylcarbonylamino, 2-methyl-n-butylcarbonylamino, 3-methyl-n-butylcarbonylamino, 1,1-dimethyl-n-propyl
  • a C 1-10 monoalkylamino group may be linear, branched or a C 3-10 cycloalkylamino group, and specific examples, methylamino, ethylamino, n-propylamino, i-propylamino, c-propylamino, n-butylamino, i-butylamino, s-butylamino, t-butylamino, c-butylamino, 1-methyl-c-propylamino, 2-methyl-c-propylamino, n-pentylamino, 1-methyl-n-butylamino, 2-methyl-n-butylamino, 3-methyl-n-butylamino, 1,1-dimethyl-n-propylamino, 1,2-dimethyl-n-propylamino, 2,2-dimethyl-n-propylamino, 1-ethyl-n-propylamino, c-pentylamin
  • a di-C 1-10 alkylamino group may be symmetric or asymmetric.
  • a symmetric di-C 1-10 alkylamino group may be linear, branched or a C 3-10 cycloalkylamino group, and as specific examples, dimethylamino, diethylamino, di-n-propylamino, di-i-propylamino, di-c-propylamino, di-n-butylamino, di-1-butylamino, di-s-butylamino, di-t-butylamino, di-c-butylamino, di-(1-methyl-c-propyl)amino, di-(2-methyl-c-propyl)amino, di-n-pentylamino, di-(1-methyl-n-butyl)amino, di-(2-methyl-n-butyl)amino, di-(3-methyl-n-butyl)amino, di-(
  • An asymmetric di-C 1-10 alkylamino group may be linear, branched or a C 3-10 cycloalkylamino group, and as specific examples, (methyl, ethyl)amino, (methyl, n-propyl)amino, (methyl, i-propyl)amino, (methyl, c-propyl)amino, (methyl, n-butyl)amino, (methyl, i-butyl)amino, (methyl, s-butyl)amino, (methyl, t-butyl)amino, (methyl, n-pentyl)amino, (methyl, c-pentyl)amino, (methyl, n-hexyl)amino, (methyl, c-hexyl)amino, (ethyl, n-propyl)amino, (ethyl, i-propyl)amino, (ethyl,
  • a C 1-10 alkylaminocarbonyl group may be linear, branched or a C 1-10 cycloalkylaminocarbonyl group and may be a di-C 1-10 alkylaminocarbonyl group, and as specific examples, methylaminocarbonyl, ethylaminocarbonyl, n-propylaminocarbonyl, i-propylaminocarbonyl, c-propylaminocarbonyl, n-butylaminocarbonyl, i-butylaminocarbonyl, s-butylaminocarbonyl, t-butylaminocarbonyl, c-butylaminocarbonyl, 1-methyl-c-propylaminocarbonyl, 2-methyl-c-propylaminocarbonyl, n-pentylaminocarbonyl, 1-methyl-n-butylaminocarbonyl, 2-methyl-n-butylaminocarbonyl, 3-methyl-n-but
  • a di-C 1-10 alkylaminocarbonyl group may be symmetric or asymmetric.
  • a symmetric di-C 1-10 alkylaminocarbonyl group may be linear, branched or a C 3-10 cycloalkylaminocarbonyl group, and as specific examples, dimethylaminocarbonyl, diethylaminocarbonyl, di-n-propylaminocarbonyl, di-i-propylaminocarbonyl, di-c-propylaminocarbonyl, di-n-butylaminocarbonyl, di-1-butylaminocarbonyl, di-s-butylaminocarbonyl, di-t-butylaminocarbonyl, di-c-butylaminocarbonyl, di-(1-methyl-c-propyl)aminocarbonyl, di-(2-methyl-c-propyl)aminocarbonyl, di-n-pentylaminocarbonyl, di-(1-
  • An asymmetric C 1-10 dialkylaminocarbonyl group may be linear, branched or a C 3-10 cycloalkylaminocarbonyl group, and as specific examples, (methyl, ethyl)aminocarbonyl, (methyl, n-propyl)aminocarbonyl, (methyl, i-propyl)aminocarbonyl, (methyl, c-propyl)aminocarbonyl, (methyl, n-butyl)aminocarbonyl, (methyl, i-butyl)aminocarbonyl, (methyl, s-butyl)aminocarbonyl, (methyl, t-butyl)aminocarbonyl, (methyl, n-pentyl)aminocarbonyl, (methyl, c-pentyl)aminocarbonyl, (methyl, n-hexyl)aminocarbonyl, (methyl, c-hexyl)aminocarbonyl,
  • a C 1-10 alkylaminosulfonyl group may be linear, branched, a C 3-10 cycloalkylsulfonylamino group or a di-C 1-10 alkylaminosulfonyl group, and as specific examples, methylaminosulfonyl, ethylaminosulfonyl, n-propylaminosulfonyl, i-propylaminosulfonyl, c-propylaminosulfonyl, n-butylaminosulfonyl, i-butylaminosulfonyl, s-butylaminosulfonyl, t-butylaminosulfonyl, c-butylaminosulfonyl, 1-methyl-c-propylaminosulfonyl, 2-methyl-c-propylaminosulfonyl, n-pentylaminosulfonyl, 1-methyl-n
  • a di-C 1-10 alkylaminosulfonyl group may be symmetric or asymmetric.
  • a symmetric di-C 1-10 dialkylaminosulfonyl group may be linear, branched or a C 3-10 cycloalkylaminosulfonyl group, and as specific examples, dimethylaminosulfonyl, diethylaminosulfonyl, di-n-propylaminosulfonyl, di-i-propylaminosulfonyl, di-c-propylaminosulfonyl, di-n-butylaminosulfonyl, di-1-butylaminosulfonyl, di-s-butylaminosulfonyl, di-t-butylaminosulfonyl, di-c-butylaminosulfonyl, di-(1-methyl-c-propyl)aminosulfonyl, di-(2-methyl-c-propyl)
  • An asymmetric di-C 1-10 alkylaminosulfonyl group may be linear, branched or a C 3-10 cycloalkylaminosulfonyl group, and as specific examples, (methyl, ethyl)aminosulfonyl, (methyl, n-propyl)aminosulfonyl, (methyl, i-propyl)aminosulfonyl, (methyl, c-propyl)aminosulfonyl, (methyl, n-butyl)aminosulfonyl, (methyl, i-butyl)aminosulfonyl, (methyl, s-butyl)aminosulfonyl, (methyl, t-butyl)aminosulfonyl, (methyl, n-pentyl)aminosulfonyl, (methyl, c-pentyl)aminosulfonyl, (methyl, n-hexyl)aminosulfonyl, (
  • a C 2-14 arylene group is a bivalent group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from a ring-constituting atom in a C 2-14 aryl group, and as specific examples,
  • a C 2-9 heterocyclyl group may be a monocyclic or fused bicyclic heterocyclic group containing at least one atom optionally selected from nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms and sulfur atoms and from 2 to 9 carbon atoms, and specifically mentioned are:
  • the protecting group in a protected hydroxyl group, a protected amino group or a protected thiol group or as an amino-protecting group may be a C 1-4 alkoxymethyl group (such as MOM: methoxymethyl, MEM: 2-methoxyethoxymethyl, ethoxymethyl, n-propoxymethyl, i-propoxymethyl, n-butoxymethyl, iBM: isobutyloxymethyl, BUM: t-butoxymethyl, POM: pivaloyloxymethyl, SEM: trimethylsilylethoxymethyl and the like, preferably a C 1-2 alkoxymethyl or the like), an aryloxymethyl (such as BOM: benzyloxymethyl, PMBM: p-methoxybenzyloxymethyl, P-AOM: p-anisyloxymethyl and the like, preferably benzyloxymethyl), a C 1-4 alkylaminomethyl group (such as dimethylaminomethyl), a substituted acetamidomethyl group
  • a 1-methyl-1-methoxyethyl group, a 1-ethoxyethyl group, a 2,2,2-trichloroethyl group, a 2-trimethylsilylethoxy group, a t-butyl group, an allyl group, a benzyl group, a p-methoxybenzyl group, a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group, a p-chlorophenyl group, a p-methoxyphenyl group, a tetrahydropyranyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group or the like may be mentioned.
  • R 1 are a hydrogen atom and a C 1-6 alkyl group (the C 1-6 alkyl group may be substituted with one or more halogen atoms), a more preferred example is a hydrogen atom and a C 1-3 alkyl group, and a particularly preferred example is a methyl group.
  • R 2 , R 3 and R 6 are a hydrogen atom and a C 1-3 alkyl group (the C 1-3 alkyl group may be substituted with one or more halogen atoms), and a more preferred example is a hydrogen atom.
  • R 4 are a hydrogen atom and a C 1-6 alkyl group (the C 1-6 alkyl group may be substituted with one or more halogen atoms), more preferred examples are a hydrogen atom and a C 1-6 alkyl group, and a more preferred example is a hydrogen atom.
  • R 5 are a phenyl group, a 2-thienyl group, a 3-thienyl group, a 2-furyl group, a 3-furyl group, a 2-pyranyl group, a 3-pyranyl group, a 4-pyranyl group, a 1-pyrrolyl group, a 2-pyrrolyl group, a 3-pyrrolyl group, a 1-imidazolyl group, a 2-imidazolyl group, a 4-imidazolyl group, a 1-pyrazolyl group, a 3-pyrazolyl group, a 4-pyrazolyl group, a 2-thiazolyl group, a 4-thiazolyl group, a 5-thiazolyl group, a 3-isothiazolyl group, a 4-isothiazolyl group, a 5-isothiazolyl group, a 1-1,2,4-triazole group, a 3-1,2,4-triazole group, a 5-1,2,4-triazole group, a
  • R 5 are a phenyl group, a 2-thienyl group, a 3-thienyl group, a 2-pyridyl group, a 3-pyridyl group, a 4-pyridyl group, a 2-pyrazinyl group, a 2-pyrimidinyl group, a 4-pyrimidinyl group, a 5-pyrimidinyl group, a 3-pyridazinyl group and a 4-pyridazinyl group (the phenyl group, the 2-thienyl group, the 3-thienyl group, the 2-pyridyl group, the 3-pyridyl group, the 4-pyridyl group, the 2-pyrazinyl group, the 2-pyrimidinyl group, the 4-pyrimidinyl group, the 5-pyrimidinyl group, the 3-pyridazinyl group and the 4-pyridazinyl group are substituted with one or more substituents represented by any of the above formulae (V),
  • R 5 is a phenyl group (the phenyl group is substituted with one or more substituents represented by any of the above formulae (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV), (XV), (XVI), (XVII), (XVIII), (XIX), (XX), (XXI) and (XXII)).
  • R 7 are a C 2-14 aryl group (the C 2-14 aryl group may optionally be substituted with one or more C 1-10 alkyl groups (the C 1-10 alkyl groups may be substituted with one or more halogen atoms), one or more halogen atoms, one or more C 1-10 alkoxy groups or one or more C 1-3 alkoxy groups (the C 1-3 alkoxy groups are optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms)), and a more preferred examples is a phenyl group (the phenyl group may optionally be substituted with one or more C 1-10 alkyl groups (the C 1-10 alkyl groups may be substituted with one or more halogen atoms), one or more halogen atoms, one or more C 1-10 alkoxy groups or one or more C 1-3 alkoxy groups (the C 1-3 alkoxy groups are optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms)).
  • a particularly preferred example is a phenyl group (the phenyl group may optionally be substituted with one or more C 1-6 alkyl groups, one or more C 1-3 alkyl groups (the C 1-3 alkyl groups are optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms), one or more halogen atoms, one or more C 1-3 alkoxy groups or one or more C 1-3 alkoxy groups (the C 1-3 alkoxy groups are optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms)).
  • a particularly preferred example is a phenyl group (the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more methyl groups, one or more t-butyl groups, one or more halogen atoms, one or more methoxy groups, one or more trifluoromethyl groups or one or more trifluoromethoxy groups).
  • Ar 1 is the structure represented by the following formula (IV).
  • a preferred example of X is OH.
  • a preferred example of Y is an oxygen atom.
  • a preferred example of Z is an oxygen atom.
  • Ra, A and Q are any of the following combinations shown in Table 1, tautomers or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds or solvates thereof.
  • the symbols in Table 1-1 to Table 1-4 denote the following substituents.
  • the compounds of the present invention represented by the formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may be in the form of arbitrary crystals or arbitrary hydrates, depending on the production conditions.
  • the present invention covers these crystals, hydrates and mixtures thereof. They may be in the form of solvates with organic solvents such as acetone, ethanol and tetrahydrofuran, and the present invention covers any of these forms.
  • the compounds of the present invention represented by the formula (I) may be converted to pharmaceutically acceptable salts or may be liberated from the resulting salts, if necessary.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention may be, for example, salts with alkali metals (such as lithium, sodium and potassium), alkaline earth metals (such as magnesium and calcium), ammonium, organic bases or amino acids. They may be salts with inorganic acids (such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid) or organic acids (such as acetic acid, citric acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, benzenesulfonic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid).
  • the compounds of the present invention represented by the formula (I) may be present in the form of tautomers or geometrical isomers which undergo endocyclic or exocyclic isomerization, mixtures of tautomers or geometric isomers or mixtures of thereof.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be in the form of resolved optical isomers or in the form of mixtures containing them in certain ratios.
  • the compounds which serve as prodrugs are derivatives of the present invention having chemically or metabolically degradable groups which give pharmacologically active compounds of the present invention upon solvolysis or under physiological conditions in vivo. Methods for selecting or producing appropriate prodrugs are disclosed, for example, in Design of Prodrug (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1985).
  • acyloxy derivatives obtained by reacting the compound with appropriate acyl halides or appropriate acid anhydrides may, for example, be mentioned as prodrugs.
  • Acyloxys particularly preferred as prodrugs include —OCOC 2 H 5 , —OCO(t-Bu), —OCOC 15 H 31 , —OCO(m-CO 2 Na-Ph), —OCOCH 2 CH 2 CO 2 Na, —OCOCH(NH 2 )CH 3 , —OCOCH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 and the like.
  • amide derivatives obtained by reacting the compound having an amino group with appropriate acid halides or appropriate mixed acid anhydrides may, for example, be mentioned as prodrugs.
  • Amides particularly preferred as prodrugs include —NHCO(CH 2 ) 2 0CH 3 , —NHCOCH(NH 2 )CH 3 and the like.
  • carboxylic acid esters with aliphatic alcohols or carboxylic acid esters obtained by the reaction with an alcoholic free hydroxyl group of 1,2- or 1,3-digylcerides may, for example, be mentioned as prodrugs.
  • Particularly preferred prodrugs are methyl esters and ethyl esters.
  • LC/MS means liquid chromatography-mass spectrography
  • (v/v) means (volume/volume)
  • THF means tetrahydrofuran
  • DMSO means dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • AD14-04 1.16 g (3.4 mmol) of AD14-03 in 20 mL of 1,4-dioxane was stirred with 20 mL of 4 M hydrochloric acid/1,4-dioxane at room temperature for 17 hours and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain AD14-04.
  • AD14-04 was mixed with 20 mL of saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate and 20 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and stirred with 690 mg (3.4 mmol) of methyl 5-(chlorocarbonyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate (TEC) at room temperature for 18 hours. The precipitated crystals were collected by filtration, washed with 50 mL of water and dried under reduced pressure to obtain 850 mg (2.1 mmol, yield 62%) of AD14-05.
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • AD15-01 1.05 g (3.2 mmol) of AD15-01 in 20 mL of 1,4-dioxane was stirred with 20 mL of 4 M hydrochloric acid/1,4-dioxane for 17 hours and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain AD15-02.
  • AD15-02 was mixed with 20 mL of saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate and 20 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and stirred with 650 mg (3.2 mmol) of methyl 5-(chlorocarbonyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate (TEC) at room temperature for 18 hours. The precipitated crystals were collected by filtration, washed with 50 mL of water and dried under reduced pressure to obtain 960 mg (2.4 mmol, yield 75%) of AD 15-03.
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • AD15-03 840 mg (2.1 mmol) of AD15-03 in 15 mL of ethanol was mixed with 2.0 mL of hydrazine monohydrate and stirred at 80° C. for two nights. The resulting crystals were collected by filtration, washed with 40 mL of ethanol and dried under reduced pressure. The crystals were washed by suspending in 10 mL of water and dried under reduced pressure to obtain 644 mg (1.6 mmol, yield 76%) of AD15-04.
  • AD16-01 1.0 g (3.0 mmol) of AD16-01 in 20 mL of 1,4-dioxane was stirred with 20 mL of 4 M hydrochloric acid/1,4-dioxane for 17 hours and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain AD16-02.
  • AD16-02 was mixed with 20 mL of saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate and 20 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and stirred with 610 mg (3.0 mmol) of methyl 5-(chlorocarbonyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate (TEC) at room temperature for 18 hours. The precipitated crystals were collected by filtration, washed with 50 mL of water and dried under reduced pressure to obtain 807 mg (2.0 mmol, yield 67%) of AD 16-03.
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • AD17-01 1.67 g (5.67 mmol) of AD17-01 in 20 mL of 1,4-dioxane was stirred with 20 mL of 4 M hydrochloric acid/1,4-dioxane overnight and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain AD17-02 hydrochloride.
  • AD17-02 hydrochloride was mixed with 50 mL of saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate, 50 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and 1.16 g (5.67 mmol) of methyl 5-(chlorocarbonyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate (TEC) and stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. 100 mL of water was added to the reaction solution, and the precipitated crystals were collected by filtration, washed with 50 mL of water and dried under reduced pressure to obtain 1.37 g (3.8 mmol, overall yield over two steps 67%) of AD 17-03.
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • TEC methyl 5-(chlorocarbonyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate
  • AD20-01 940 mg (2.31 mmol) of AD20-01 in 20 mL of 1,4-dioxane was stirred with 20 mL of 4 M hydrochloric acid/1,4-dioxane at room temperature for 19 hours and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain AD20-02.
  • AD20-02 was mixed with 20 mL of saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate and 20 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and then with 460 mg (2.31 mmol) of methyl 5-(chlorocarbonyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate (TEC) and stirred at room temperature overnight.
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • AD21-02 was mixed with 20 mL of saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate and 20 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and stirred with 560 mg (2.0 mmol) of methyl 5-(chlorocarbonyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate (TEC) at room temperature overnight. After addition of 50 mL of water, the precipitated crystals were collected by filtration, washed with 20 mL of water and dried under reduced pressure to obtain 843 mg (2.0 mmol, yield 73%) of AD21-03.
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • TEC methyl 5-(chlorocarbonyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate
  • AD23-02 suspended in 50 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) was mixed with 50 mL of saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate and 1.84 g (9 mmol) of methyl 5-(chlorocarbonyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate (TEC) and stirred overnight. After addition of 100 mL of water, the precipitated crystals were collected by filtration, washed with 100 mL of water and dried under reduced pressure to obtain 3.02 g (5.7 mmol, yield 76%) of AD23-03.
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • AD25-04 in 35 mL of methylene chloride was stirred with 2.08 g (8.28 mmol) of separately synthesized AD14-02 and 1.59 g (8.28 mmol) of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI) at room temperature for 5 hours.
  • EDCI 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride
  • the reaction solution was diluted with 70 mL of methylene chloride, washed with 20 mL of 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid, 20 mL of water, 20 mL of saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate, 20 mL of water and 20 mL of saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • AD25-05 1.33 g (3.8 mmol) of AD25-05 in 10 mL of 1,4-dioxane was stirred with 20 mL of 4 M hydrochloric acid/1,4-dioxane at room temperature overnight. The reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain AD25-06.
  • AD25-06 suspended in 18 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) was mixed with 72 mL of saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate and 1.13 g (5.5 mmol) of methyl 5-(chlorocarbonyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate (TEC) and stirred overnight.
  • 100 mL of water was added to the reaction solution, and the precipitated crystals were collected by filtration, washed with 100 mL of water and dried under reduced pressure to obtain 1.28 g (3.06 mmol, overall yield over two steps 81%) of AD25-07.
  • the reaction solution was diluted with 70 mL of methylene chloride, washed with 20 mL of 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid, 20 mL of water, 20 mL of saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate, 20 mL of water and 20 mL of saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • AD26-05 1.93 g (4.9 mmol) of AD26-05 in 10 mL of 1,4-dioxane was stirred with 20 mL of 4 M hydrochloric acid/1,4-dioxane at room temperature overnight. The reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain AD26-06.
  • AD26-06 suspended in 24 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) was mixed with 96 mL of saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate and 1.47 g (7.2 mmol) of methyl 5-(chlorocarbonyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate (TEC) and stirred overnight.
  • 100 mL of water was added to the reaction solution, and the precipitated crystals were collected by filtration, washed with 100 mL of water, then washed by suspending in 50 mL of saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate and collected by filtration.
  • the crystals were washed with 20 mL of water and dried under reduced pressure to obtain 2.13 g (4.8 mmol, overall yield over two steps 94%) of AD26-07.
  • the reaction solution was diluted with 70 mL of methylene chloride, washed with 20 mL of 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid, 20 mL of water, 20 mL of saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate, 20 mL of water and 20 mL of saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • AD27-05 2.16 g (5.1 mmol) of AD27-05 in 10 mL of 1,4-dioxane was stirred with 20 mL of 4 M hydrochloric acid/1,4-dioxane at room temperature overnight. The reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain AD27-06.
  • AD27-06 suspended in 25 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) was mixed with 100 mL of saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate and 1.56 g (7.7 mmol) of methyl 5-(chlorocarbonyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate (TEC) and stirred overnight.
  • 100 mL of water was added to the reaction solution, and the precipitated crystals were collected by filtration, washed with 100 mL of water, then washed by suspending in 50 mL of saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfate and collected by filtration.
  • the crystals were washed with 20 mL of water and dried under reduced pressure to obtain 1.91 g (3.9 mmol, overall yield over two steps 76%) of AD27-07.
  • AD28-01 1.0 g (2.96 mmol) of AD28-01 in 20 mL of 1,4-dioxane was stirred with 20 mL of 4 M hydrochloric acid/1,4-dioxane at room temperature for 2 hours, and the reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain AD28-02.
  • AD28-02 was dissolved in 20 mL of saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate and 5 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and stirred with AD28-03 synthesized from monomethyl isophthalate and thionyl chloride in 15 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) overnight.
  • AD28-02 (2.96 mmol) was dissolved in 20 mL of saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate and 20 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and stirred with 590 mg (2.96 mmol) of monomethyl terephthaloyl chloride at room temperature overnight. After addition of 50 mL of water, the reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. 100 mL of methylene chloride was added, and the precipitated crystals were collected by filtration and washed with 50 mL of water to obtain 620 mg (1.5 mmol, yield 51%) of AD29-01.
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • AD30-01 5-methoxycarbonyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid
  • thionyl chloride 10 mL
  • the reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain AD30-02.
  • AD28-02 (4.44 mmol) suspended in 15 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) was stirred with 75 mL of saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate and AD30-02 at room temperature for 2 days.
  • the reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and separated between 50 mL of water and 100 mL of ethyl acetate, and the aqueous layer was extracted with 50 mL of ethyl acetate twice. After combined with the extracts, the organic layer was washed with 50 mL of saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate, 50 mL of water and 50 mL of saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain 997 mg (2.48 mmol, yield 45%) of AD30-03.
  • AD28-02 (2.96 mmol) suspended in 15 mL of methylene chloride was mixed with 1 mL (6 mmol) of diisopropylethylamine, 536 mg (3.0 mmol) of 6-methoxycarbonyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid, 370 mg (4.5 mmol) of dimethylaminopyridine and 863 mg (4.5 mmol) of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI) at room temperature and stirred at the same temperature.
  • EDCI 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride
  • the reaction solution was diluted with 100 mL of methylene chloride, washed with 20 mL of saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate, 20 mL of water and 20 mL of saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • AD31-01 suspended in 10 mL of ethanol was mixed with 2.0 mL of hydrazine monohydrate at room temperature and stirred at 70° C. overnight.
  • the reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure, and 5 mL of water was added.
  • the precipitated crystals were collected by filtration, washed with 20 mL of water and dried under reduced pressure to obtain 379 mg (0.95 mmol, yield 61%) of AD31-02.
  • AD09-02 in 50 mL of 1,4-dioxane was stirred with 50 mL of 4 M hydrochloric acid/1,4-dioxane at room temperature for 2 hours.
  • the precipitated crystals were collected by filtration, washed with 50 mL of dioxane and dried under reduced pressure to obtain 4.31 g (19.2 mmol, calculated) of AD09-03.
  • AD11-04 1.72 g (6.5 mmol) of AD11-04 was stirred with 60 mL of 4 M hydrochloric acid/1,4-dioxane at room temperature overnight. The reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure, washed by suspending in ethyl acetate-hexane and dried under reduced pressure to obtain 1.73 g of AD11-05.
  • AD18-02 was dissolved in 100 mL of methanol and stirred with 100 mL of 2 mol/L aqueous sodium hydroxide at 50° C. for 4 hours.
  • the reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure, and 20 g of citric acid was added under cooling with ice.
  • the precipitated crystals were collected by filtration, washed with 50 mL of water and dried under reduced pressure to obtain 5.96 g (21 mmol, overall yield over two steps 55%) of AD18-03.
  • Synthetic Examples 2 to 72 synthesis was carried out in the same manner as in Synthetic Example 1.
  • the morphology of the resulting compounds and the observed peaks and retention times in LC/MS are shown in Tables 2-1 to 2-6.
  • the compounds of the present invention were assayed for expansion activity on hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells below.
  • the CO 2 concentration (%) in the CO 2 incubator is expressed in the percentage of the volume of CO 2 in the atmosphere.
  • Human cord blood-derived CD34 + cells were purchased from Lonza and plated on a 24-well plate (Corning) (10000 cells/1 mL/well).
  • As the culture medium StemSpan SFEM (StemCell Technologies) containing 100 ng/mL SCF (Wako Pure Chemical Industries) was used, and one of Compounds No. 1 to 72 dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide was added in an amount of 0.1% (v/v) to a final concentration of 1 or 3 ⁇ g/mL.
  • TPO PeproTech
  • the number of CD34 + CD38 ⁇ cells was calculated as follows. After the incubation, the cells in the liquid culture was stained with a CD34 antibody (APC, Becton, Dickinson and Company) and a CD38 antibody (PE, Becton, Dickinson and Company), then washed with PBS( ⁇ ) containing 2% (v/v) FBS and stained with propidium iodide (Sigma-Aldrich Japan) added to a final concentration of 5 ⁇ g/mL.
  • APC CD34 antibody
  • PE Becton, Dickinson and Company
  • the stained cells were analyzed with a BD FACSCANTOTM II flow cytometer (Becton, Dickinson and Company) to determined the proportions of CD34 + cells and CD34 + CD38 ⁇ cells, which was multiplied by the number of viable cells to calculate the numbers of CD34 + cells and CD34 + CD38 ⁇ cells.
  • the expansion efficiencies in the presence of 1 or 3 ⁇ g/mL of compounds based on the number of CD34 + cells in the absence of them are shown in Tables 3-1 and 3-2 on a scale of A for expansion efficiencies of 6 or greater, B for expansion efficiencies of at least 4 and less than 6, and C for expansion efficiencies of at least 2 and less than 4.
  • the expansion efficiencies in the presence of 1 or 3 ⁇ g/mL of compounds based on the number of CD34 + CD38 ⁇ cells in the absence of them are shown in Tables 4-1 and 4-2 on a scale of A for expansion efficiencies of 10 or greater, B for expansion efficiencies of at least 5 and less than 10, and C for expansion efficiencies of at least 3 and less than 5. Further, in Table 3, the compounds with an expansion efficiency twice or more greater than that of TPO are marked with O.
  • Human cord blood-derived CD34 + cells purchased from the same supplier as in Assay Example 1 were plated on a 24-well plate (Corning) (10000 cells/1 mL/well).
  • As the culture medium StemSpan SFEM (StemCell Technologies) containing 100 ng/mL SCF (Wako Pure Chemical Industries) was used, and TPO (PeproTech), Flt-3 ligand (Wako Pure Chemical Industries) and Compound No. 60 were added in combinations to final concentrations of 10 ng/mL, 100 ng/mL and 3 ⁇ g/mL, respectively.
  • the effects of Compounds No. 60 and No. 61 of the present invention on hematopoietic progenitor cells were measured by blood cell colony forming assay.
  • the liquid cell cultures obtained in the presence of Compounds No. 60 or No. 61 at a final concentration of 3 ⁇ g/mL in the same manner as in Assay Example 1 were poured into 3.5-cm Petri dishes with MethoCult GF H4435 culture medium (StemCell Technologies) at 500 cells/dish and incubated in a CO 2 incubator (5% CO 2 , 37° C.) for 12 days.
  • the number of HPP-CFC colonies in each plate was counted under a microscope routinely.
  • the assay was carried out at least in triplicate, and the numbers of HPP-CFC colonies were averaged.
  • Human cord blood-derived CD34 + cells were cultured for 1 week in StemSpan SFEM (StemCell Technologies) containing SCF (Peprotech) at a final concentration of 100 ng/mL and Flt-3 (Wako Pure Chemical Industries) at a final concentration of 100 ng/mL in the presence of TPO (Peprotech) at a final concentration of 20 ng/mL or Compound No. 60 at a final concentration of 3 ⁇ g/mL in the same manner as in Assay Example 1.
  • the cell culture were transplanted into at least five 7- to 8-week-old NOD/SCID mice by tail vein injection at 4 ⁇ 10 4 cells/mouse in terms of the initial number of CD34 + cells after a sublethal dose of irradiation (2.5 Gy).
  • Eight weeks after the transplantation the mice were killed, and the bone marrow cells were collected from both thighbones. Subsequently, the bone marrow cells were stained with a human CD45 antibody (APC, Becton, Dickinson and Company), then washed with PBS( ⁇ ) containing 2% (v/v) FBS and stained with propidium iodide (Sigma-Aldrich Japan) added to a final concentration of 5 ⁇ g/mL. The stained cells were analyzed with a flow cytometry to determined the proportion of human CD45 + cells in the bone marrow cells. The results demonstrate that the compounds of the present invention has an excellent SRC expanding effect and have expansion activity on hematopoietic stem cells.
  • a granule preparation containing the following ingredients is prepared.
  • a compound represented by the formula (I) and lactose are sifted through a 60-mesh sieve.
  • Corn starch is sifted though a 120-mesh sieve. They are mixed in a V-type blender. The powder mixture is kneaded with a low-viscosity hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC-L) aqueous solution, granulated (extrusion granulation, die size 0.5-1 mm) and dried. The resulting dry granules are sifted through a shaking sieve (12/60 mesh) to obtain a granule preparation.
  • HPC-L low-viscosity hydroxypropylcellulose
  • a powder preparation for capsulation containing the following ingredients is prepared.
  • a compound represented by the formula (I) and lactose are sifted through a 60-mesh sieve.
  • Corn starch is sifted though a 120-mesh sieve. They are mixed with magnesium stearate in a V-type blender. The 10% powder is put in hard gelatin capsules No. 5, 100 mg each.
  • a granule preparation for capsulation containing the following ingredients is prepared.
  • a compound represented by the formula (I) and lactose are sifted through a 60-mesh sieve.
  • Corn starch is sifted though a 120-mesh sieve. They are mixed in a V-type blender. The powder mixture is kneaded with a low-viscosity hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC-L) aqueous solution, granulated and dried. The resulting dry granules are sifted through a shaking sieve (12/60 mesh). The granules are put in hard capsules No. 4, 150 mg each.
  • HPC-L low-viscosity hydroxypropylcellulose
  • a tablet preparation containing the following ingredients is prepared.
  • a compound represented by the formula (I), lactose, microcrystalline cellulose and CMC—Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt) are sifted through a 60-mesh sieve and mixed.
  • the powder mixture is mixed with magnesium stearate to give a bulk powder mixture.
  • the powder mixture is compressed directly into 150 mg tablets.
  • An intravenous preparation is prepared as follows.
  • Solutions having the above-mentioned composition are usually administered to a patient intravenously at a rate of 1 ml per 1 minute.
  • the compounds of the present invention can expand human hematopoietic stem cells and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells in culture ex vivo in a less differentiated state when used as an active ingredient, as compared with in their absence.
  • Cells expanded by using the compounds of the present invention are useful as a hematopoietic cell transplant for diseases accompanying hematopoietic dysfunction, ischemia or immune dysfunction and hence its application to cell therapy and gene therapy is expected.

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