US20120122745A1 - Ketal compounds and uses thereof - Google Patents

Ketal compounds and uses thereof Download PDF

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US20120122745A1
US20120122745A1 US13/333,273 US201113333273A US2012122745A1 US 20120122745 A1 US20120122745 A1 US 20120122745A1 US 201113333273 A US201113333273 A US 201113333273A US 2012122745 A1 US2012122745 A1 US 2012122745A1
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compound
composition
polymer
hydrocarbyl group
reaction
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Brian D. Mullen
Chunyong Wu
Tara J. Mullen
Marc D. Scholten
Vivek Badarinarayana
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Segetis Inc
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Segetis Inc
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Assigned to SEGETIS, INC. reassignment SEGETIS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: WU, CHUNYONG, BADARINARAYANA, VIVEK, SCHOLTEN, MARC D., MULLEN, BRIAN D., MULLEN, TARA J.
Publication of US20120122745A1 publication Critical patent/US20120122745A1/en
Priority to US13/950,032 priority patent/US9023774B2/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D407/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00
    • C07D407/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D407/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D317/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D317/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3
    • C07D317/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D317/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D317/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3
    • C07D317/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings
    • C07D317/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D317/30—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D319/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D319/04—1,3-Dioxanes; Hydrogenated 1,3-dioxanes
    • C07D319/06—1,3-Dioxanes; Hydrogenated 1,3-dioxanes not condensed with other rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
    • C08K5/15—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen in the ring
    • C08K5/151—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen in the ring having one oxygen atom in the ring
    • C08K5/1515—Three-membered rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
    • C08K5/15—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen in the ring
    • C08K5/156—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen in the ring having two oxygen atoms in the ring
    • C08K5/1565—Five-membered rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
    • C08K5/15—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen in the ring
    • C08K5/156—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen in the ring having two oxygen atoms in the ring
    • C08K5/1575—Six-membered rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
    • C10M105/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing oxygen
    • C10M105/32—Esters
    • C10M105/34—Esters of monocarboxylic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
    • C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
    • C10M129/16—Ethers
    • C10M129/20—Cyclic ethers having 4 or more ring atoms, e.g. furans, dioxolanes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
    • C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
    • C10M129/68—Esters
    • C10M129/70—Esters of monocarboxylic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/04—Ethers; Acetals; Ortho-esters; Ortho-carbonates
    • C10M2207/044—Cyclic ethers having four or more ring atoms, e.g. furans, dioxolanes

Definitions

  • New chemical compositions based on 1,2- and 1,3-alkanediol, and 1,2- and 1,3-alkanetriol ketals of oxocarboxylate esters are disclosed, as are uses of these compositions as plasticizers for organic polymers and a lubricant.
  • the 1,2-propanediol ketals of oxocarboxylate esters are known.
  • the 1,2-propanediol ketal of ethyl levulinate is disclosed at http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rwl597311.html
  • the 1,2-propanediol ketal of ethyl acetoacetate is disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0165622.
  • ketals of oxocarboxylates include those based on various 1,2-alkanediols such as ethylene glycol, or those based on 1,3-alkanediols, such as 1,3-propanediol or 1,3-butanediol.
  • triols such as glycerol, 1,1,1-trimethylolpropane, or 1,1,1-trimethylolethane
  • esters of various oxocarboxylates including alkyl levulinates, alkyl acetoacetates, and alkyl pyruvates. These compounds all feature one free hydroxyl group and one carboxylate ester, acid, or salt per molecule.
  • plasticizer compounds are derived from non-renewable, petroleum or natural gas derived feedstocks.
  • Phthalate esters particularly, dioctyl phthalate ester, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate ester, and diisononyl phthalate ester are industrially significant plasticizers useful for plasticizing many formulations; more common formulations include those containing poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC).
  • PVC poly(vinyl chloride)
  • Recent regulatory pressure has targeted phthalates (United States Environmental Protection Agency Report: Phthalates Action Plan-Dec. 30, 2009) for replacement due to the risks associated with their use. Plasticizer replacements are needed to plasticize formulations without the risk to humans, animals and the environment.
  • This invention is in one aspect a compound having a structure corresponding to structure I
  • a is from 0 to 12; b is 0 or 1; each R 1 is independently hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl group, or a substituted hydrocarbyl group; each R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently methylene, alkylmethylene, or dialkylmethylene, x is at least 1, y is 0 or a positive number and x+y is at least 2; R 6 is a hydrocarbyl group or a substituted hydrocarbyl group and each Z is independently —O—, —NH— or —NR— where R is a hydrocarbyl group or a substituted hydrocarbyl group.
  • the invention is a mixture comprising at least two different compounds according to structure I.
  • the invention is a compound having a structure according to structure II
  • each R 1 is independently hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl group, or a substituted hydrocarbyl group
  • each R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently methylene, alkylmethylene, or dialkylmethylene; R 5 is hydrogen or
  • R 6 is a hydrocarbyl group or a substituted hydrocarbyl group; each R 14 and R 15 are independently hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl, or a substituted hydrocarbyl group; each Z is independently —O—, —NH— or —NR— where R is a hydrocarbyl group or a substituted hydrocarbyl group, each a and each e is independently from 0 to 12; each b and each f is independently 0 or 1; each i is zero or one; each j is zero to 100; w is from 1 to 100; x is at least 1, y is 0 or a positive number and z is zero or a positive number provided that z is at least one when R 5 is hydrogen.
  • the invention is a mixture comprising at least two different compounds according to structure II.
  • the invention is a compound having a structure according to structure III
  • a is from 0 to 12; b is 0 or 1; i is 0 or 1; each R 1 is independently hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl group, or a substituted hydrocarbyl group; each R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 is independently methylene, alkylmethylene, or dialkylmethylene, each R 7 and each R 8 are independently hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl, or a substituted hydrocarbyl group; each R 23 is a hydrocarbyl group or substituted hydrocarbyl group having between 1 and 12 carbon atoms; c is from 0 to 12; d is 0 or 1; and n is a number from 1 to 100.
  • the invention is a mixture comprising at least two different compounds according to structure III.
  • the invention is a compound having a structure corresponding to IV
  • the invention is a mixture comprising at least two compounds of structure IV.
  • the invention is mixture of two or more compounds selected from compounds of structure I, compounds of structure II, compounds of structure III and compounds of structure IV.
  • the invention in other aspects is a composite comprising a compound of structure I, structure II or structure III or structure IV, or any combination of two or more thereof, and a polymer.
  • the invention is also a process for plasticizing a polymer comprising melt or solution blending a polymer and a plasticizing amount of at least one compound of structure I, at least one compound of structure II, at least compound of structure III, at least one compound of structure IV or a mixture of two or more of compounds having structures I, II, III IV or V.
  • the invention is a method for making an ester or amide compound according to structure I comprising:
  • the invention is also making an ester compound of structure II comprising:
  • contacting reagents comprising (1) one or more alkylketal esters having the structure
  • the invention is in another aspect a method for making an ester compound of structure III comprising:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 7 , R 8 , R 23 , a, b, c, d and n are as defined above, and R 20 and R 21 are each independently a hydrocarbyl group or substituted hydrocarbyl group having up to 12 carbon atoms.
  • the invention is in still another aspect a method of making an ester comprising contacting reagents comprising (1) one or more hydroxyalkyl ketal esters having the structure
  • the invention is a method of making a compound of structure I comprising:
  • the invention is also a lubricant composition comprising an antioxidant and a compound having structure I, II, III, IV or a mixture of two or more such compounds.
  • the invention is also a method for lubricating at least two contacting surfaces, the method comprising introducing the lubricant composition of claim 70 between the two contacting surfaces.
  • the structure I products correspond to a reaction product of a polyol, aminoalcohol or polyamine and certain 1,2- and/or 1,3-alkanediol ketal of an oxocarboxylate esters, although the invention is not limited to any particular preparation method.
  • 1,2- and 1,3-alkanediols ketals of oxocarboxylate esters are sometimes referred to herein as “alkylketal esters”.
  • alkylketal esters Up to one mole of alkyl ketal ester can be reacted per equivalent of hydroxyl groups or amino groups provided by the polyol, aminoalcohol or polyamine.
  • the polyol, aminoalcohol or polyamine is most preferably difunctional, but polyols, aminoalcohols and polyamines having more than two hydroxyl and/or amino groups can be used.
  • x and y in structure I will depend on the number of hydroxyl groups or amino groups on the polyol, aminoalcohol or polyamine, the number of moles of the alkyl ketal ester per mole of the polyol, aminoalcohol or polyamine, and the extent to which the reaction is taken towards completion. Higher amounts of the alkyl ketal ester favor lower values for y and higher values of x.
  • y is preferably from 0 to 2 and x is preferably at least 2. All a in structure I are preferably 2, and all R 1 are preferably methyl. In some embodiments of structure I, all Z are —O—, y is 0 and x is 2; these products correspond to a reaction of two moles of an alkyl ketal ester and one mole of a diol. In some other embodiments, all Z are —O—, y is 1 and x is 1; these products correspond to the reaction of one mole of the alkyl ketal ester and one mole of a diol.
  • Suitable polyols include alkane diols such as ethane diol, 1,2-propane diol, 1,3-propane diol, 1,4-butane diol, 1,5-pentane diol and 1,6-hexane diol, 1,4-cyclohexanediol, glycerine, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolethane, pentaerythritol, erythritol, sucrose, isosorbide, sorbitol, bisphenol-A, 2,3-dibromobutene-1,4-diol, 1,4-benzene dimethanol, 1,4-benzenediol (hydroquinone), 2-butyne-1,4-diol, 3-hexyne, 3,5-diol and other alkyne-containing polyols such as those marked under the SurfynolTM brand name by Air Products and Chemicals.
  • suitable polyols contain ether groups; these include glycol ethers such as diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol.
  • suitable ether-containing polyols include hydroxyl-terminated polyethers such as poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide), ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymers and polymers of tetramethylene glycol; these may have molecular weights of up to 6000, preferably up to 1000 and more preferably up to 150.
  • the polyol may contain ester linkages; these polyols include those formed by condensation or step-growth polymerization of diols and dicarboxylic acids (or their derivatives), including a polyester of diethylene glycol and phthalic acid or phthalic anhydride.
  • the R 6 group preferably contains from 2 to 24, especially from 2 to 12 or from 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • polyamines examples include hydrazine, ethane-1,2-diamine, 1,6-hexanediamine, but-2-ene-1,4-diamine, Metformin, butane-1,4-diamine, propane-1,2-diamine, piperazine, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,6-hexanediamine, 2,4,4-trimethyl-1,6-hexanediamine, benzene-1,3-diamine, 2-methylbenzene-1,3-diamine, 4-chlorobenzene-1,3-diamine, and polyoxyalkyleneamines having two amine groups, such as those sold under the trade name JEFFAMINE®, (Huntsman Corp.; Salt Lake City, Utah), diamines such as those sold under the trade name ELASTAMINE® (Huntsman Corporation), phenylene diamine, methylene bis(aniline), diethyltoluenediamine and the like.
  • JEFFAMINE® trade name JEFF
  • R 6 corresponds to the residue, after removal of hydroxyl and primary or secondary amino groups, of an aminoalcohol, where the combined number of hydroxyl, primary and secondary amino groups is equal to x+y.
  • suitable aminoalcohols include 2-aminoethanol, 3-aminopropan-1-ol, isopropanolamine, 2-aminopropan-1-ol, 2-aminobutan-1-ol, 2-amino-3-methylbutan-1-ol, 2-amino-4-methylpentan-1-ol, 6-aminohexan-1-ol, 1-amino-3-chloropropan-2-ol, 7-aminobicyclo[2.2.2]octan-8-ol, 2-aminopyridin-3-ol, 2-amino-4-phenylphenol, 5-aminonaphthalen-1-ol, and 4-(4-aminophenyl)phenol.
  • a “substituted” hydrocarbon or hydrocarbyl group may contain any substituents that do not react with carboxylate groups, hydroxyl groups or amino groups under the conditions of the reactions that form the various products of structures I-IV. Therefore, the substituents should exclude groups such as hydroxyl, primary or secondary amino, mercapto, carboxylic acid or salts or esters thereof, carboxylic acid halides, sulfur- or phosphorus-containing acids, isocyanates and the like. In addition, the substituent groups also should not otherwise interfere with the reactions that form the various products of structures I-IV. Suitable substituents include, carbonyl, halogen, tertiary amino, ether, sulfone, and the like, among others.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 )— m wherein m is from 2 to 18, especially 2, 3, 4 or 6.
  • Compounds according to structure I can be prepared in a transesterification or ester-aminolysis reaction between the corresponding polyol, aminoalcohol or polyamine and the corresponding alkyl ketal ester.
  • compounds according to structure I can be prepared by reacting an oxocarboxylic acid with the polyol, aminoalcohol or polyamine to form an ester or amide, and then ketalizing the resulting product with a 1,2- or 1,3-alkane diol such as ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,2-pentanediol, 1,3-pentanediol, 1,2-hexanediol, 1,3-hexanediol, and the like.
  • Ketalization is conveniently performed according to the methods described in International Patent Publication No. WO 2009/048874, or U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0242721.
  • a mixture of products is commonly obtained from the synthesis process.
  • the reaction product it is common for the reaction product to contain a mixture of materials having various values of x and y. It is preferred that no more than 25 mole percent of the product represents compounds in which y is 1 or greater. In especially preferred cases in which the starting polyol is a diol, it is preferred that at least 75 mole of the product is species in which x is 2 and y is zero.
  • Ketals of triols with oxocarboxylate esters are sometimes referred to herein as “hydroxyalkyl ketal esters”.
  • Some examples of useful alkylketal ester starting materials include the 1,2-propane diol ketal of ethyl levulinate, the 1,3-propane diol ketal of propyl levulinate, 1,2-propane diol ketal of butyl levulinate, 1,3-propane diol ketal of ethyl levulinate and 1,2-ethane diol ketal of ethyl levulinate.
  • hydroxyalkyl ketal ester starting materials include the 1,2-glycerol ketal of methyl levulinate, 1,2-glycerol ketal of ethyl levulinate, 1,2-glycerol ketal of methyl acetoacetate, and 1,2-glycerol ketal of ethyl acetoacetate.
  • Useful methods for making such alkyl ketal esters and hydroxyalkyl ketal esters are described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0242721 and International Patent Publication No. WO 2009/048874, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
  • j, w, x, y and z in structure II will depend on factors including the number of hydroxyl or amino groups on the polyol, aminoalcohol or polyamine, the number of moles of alkyl ketal ester per mole of the polyol, aminoalcohol or polyamine, the number of moles of the hydroxyalkyl ketal ester per mole of the polyol, aminoalcohol or polyamine, and the extent to which the reaction is taken towards completion. Higher amounts of the alkyl ketal ester favor lower values for y. Higher amounts of the hydroxyalkyl ketal ester favor lower values of y, and higher values of x and z and/or higher values of j and w.
  • R 5 is
  • R 5 is hydrogen
  • j is from 0 to 15 and z is at least one.
  • each Z is —O—.
  • a and all e preferably are 2, all R 1 and R 8 preferably are methyl and R 14 is preferably an alkyl group, especially one having up to 4 carbon atoms.
  • R 6 in any of the foregoing embodiments may include ether or ester groups.
  • Compounds according to structure II can be prepared in a transesterification reaction between the corresponding polyol, aminoalcohol or polyamine, the corresponding alkyl ketal ester and the corresponding hydroxyalkyl ketal ester. In some embodiments, all three of these materials are combined and reacted in a single step to form the structure II material. In other embodiments, the compound is formed in a one-pot process in which the reagents are added sequentially; in such a case the hydroxyalkyl ketal ester may be starve-fed to the reaction to minimize oligomerization.
  • the polyol, aminoalcohol or polyamine and hydroxyalkyl ketal ester are reacted first to form an intermediate, which is then reacted with the alkyl ketal ester.
  • the hydroxyalkyl ketal ester can be oligomerized in a preliminary step, and the oligomerized material is then reacted with the other starting materials or with an intermediate formed by reaction of the polyol, aminoalcohol and/or polyamine and the alkyl ketal ester. Oligomerization of the hydroxyalkyl ketal ester also can be performed at the same time that the hydroxyalkyl ketal ester reacts with the other starting materials.
  • reaction product contains a mixture of materials having various values of j, w, x, y and z.
  • the structure III compounds correspond to certain reaction product of an alkyl ketal ester having the structure
  • Suitable alkyl ketal esters include those described above with respect to structure I.
  • Suitable hydroxyalkyl ketal esters include those described above with respect to structure II.
  • n is preferably from 1 to 15, a and all c are preferably 2, R 1 and R 8 are preferably methyl and R 23 is preferably an alkyl or phenyl group.
  • a value of n greater than 1 indicates that some oligomerization of the hydroxyalkyl ketal ester has occurred, n is more preferably from 1 to 2 and may be 1.
  • the structure III compound is a 1:1 reaction product of the starting materials when n is 1.
  • An example of a compound according to structure III is
  • R 23 is as defined above.
  • n in structure III can be prepared in a transesterification reaction between the corresponding alkyl ketal ester and the corresponding hydroxyalkyl ketal ester.
  • the values of n in structure III will depend on the relative number of moles of the alkyl ketal ester and hydroxyalkyl ketal ester, and the extent to which the reaction is continued. Higher amounts of the hydroxyalkyl ketal ester favor higher values of n.
  • n is greater than 1, indicating that the hydroxyalkyl ketal ester has oligomerized, it is possible to perform the oligomerization reaction separately, in a preliminary step.
  • the oligomerization can be performed at the same time as the reaction with the alkyl ketal ester. If oligomerization is to be minimized or prevented, the hydroxyalkyl ketal ester may be starve-fed to the alkyl ketal ester under reaction conditions.
  • Compounds according to structure IV correspond to reaction products of transesterification reaction between a full or partial polycarboxylic acid ester compound and one or more hydroxyalkyl ketal esters as described above.
  • the full or partial polycarboxylic acid ester compound is a material that contains more than one carboxyl group per molecule, at least one of which is esterified, preferably with a hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl group having up to 12 carbon atoms, especially up to 6 carbon atoms. If all of the carboxyl groups are esterified, the polycarboxylic ester compound is said to be a full ester.
  • a partial ester is one in which only a portion of the carboxyl groups are esterified; the remaining carboxyl groups may be in the acid or salt form.
  • the polycarboxylic acid ester may contain from 2 to 8 carboxylic acid or carboxylic acid groups, but preferably it contains from 2 to 4 such groups and more preferably is a monoester or a diester of a dicarboxylic acid.
  • Examples of full or partial polycarboxylic acid esters suitable for forming the reaction product corresponding to IV include monoesters and diesters of dicarboxylic acids in which R 12 is a covalent bond, divalent alkyl (especially those of the form —(CH 2 ) k — where k is from 1 to 20, especially 2 to 10), divalent alkenyl (especially the cis or trans form of —CH ⁇ CH—), divalent alkynyl, phenylene, substituted phenylene, and the like.
  • suitable full or partial carboxylic acid esters include various esters of oxalic, malonic, adipic, sebacic, azealic, maleic, fumaric, butandoic, succinic, dodecanoic and octadecandioic acids.
  • suitable diesters include diethyl adipate, diethyl sebacate, diethyl succinate, dimethyl adipate, dibutyl adipate, dioctyl adipate, dioctyl-phthalate, and butyl-benzyl phthalate.
  • Suitable hydroxyalkyl esters include those described above with respect to structure II.
  • the values of w, s and v will depend on factors including the number of carboxylic acid or carboxylic acid ester groups on the full or partial carboxylic acid ester, the number of moles of hydroxyalkyl ketal ester per mole of the full or partial carboxylic acid ester, and the extent to which the reaction is taken towards completion. Higher amounts of the hydroxyalkyl ketal ester favor higher values of w, s and v.
  • s is preferably from 1 to 7, more preferably from 1 to 3 and most preferably 1.
  • w and v may each be from 1 to 100, preferably from 1 to 10. In some embodiments, w and v are each 1. In other embodiments, w+v is at least 3.
  • v 0.
  • the molecular weight of the structure IV material may range from about 200 to 40,000 daltons, but is preferably from 300 to 3000 daltons.
  • each e is preferably 1 or 2
  • each R 14 is preferably methyl and each R 15 is preferably alkyl having up to 3 carbon atoms.
  • Each R 10 is preferably Ci- 1-8 alkyl, more preferably C 2-4 alkyl.
  • each R 10 is independently C 1 -C 12 alkyl, preferably C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or aromatic or alkyl aromatic of up to 12 carbon atoms.
  • Compounds according to structure IV can be prepared in a transesterification reaction between the corresponding full or partial polycarboxylic acid ester and the corresponding hydroxyalkyl ketal ester.
  • the materials are combined and reacted in a single step to form the structure IV material.
  • the hydroxyalkyl ketal ester can be oligomerized in a preliminary step, and the oligomerized material is then reacted with the full or partial polycarboxylic acid ester. Oligomerization of the hydroxyalkyl ketal ester also can be performed at the same time that material reacts with the full or partial polycarboxylic acid ester. As before, oligomerization of the hydroxyalkyl ketal ester can be minimized or prevented by starve-feeding the material into the reaction under reaction conditions.
  • a stoichiometric excess of hydroxyalkyl ketal ester is employed with respect to the full or partial polycarboxylic acid ester in order to form a reaction product having structure IV.
  • about two equivalents of hydroxyalkyl ketal ester are employed per mole of carboxylate ester in one or more transesterification reactions.
  • greater than about 2 and up to 100 equivalents of hydroxyalkyl ketal ester are employed per equivalent of the polycarboxylic acid ester in the reaction to form compound IV. This mole ratio may be between about 2.1 to 50:1 or about 2.2-5:1.
  • a 2:1 molar ratio of hydroxyalkyl ketal ester to full or partial polycarboxylic acid ester is used, although higher ratios can be used if the reaction is not taken to full conversion.
  • about 1 to 10 equivalents of polycarboxylic acid ester is employed per mole of hydroxyalkyl ketal ester.
  • a mixture of products is commonly obtained from the synthesis process.
  • the reaction product it is common for the reaction product to contain a mixture of materials having various values of w, v and s.
  • a mixture of products is obtained, which includes species in which w and s are 1 and v is zero, as well as species in which w, s and v are all 1.
  • at least 75 wt. %, more preferably at least 85 wt. %, of such a mixture is the species in which w, s and v are all 1.
  • such a mixture contains no more than 10 wt. % or no more than 5 wt. % of the mixture is the species in which w, s and v are all 1.
  • Certain compounds according to structures I-IV may exist as optical and/or geometrical isomers. In such cases, any of the isomers are suitable.
  • the transesterification reactions that are used to form the compounds of structures I-IV can be carried out in the presence of an inert solvent, such as hexane, toluene, dichlorobenzene and the like. In other embodiments the reaction is carried out neat. In some embodiments, the reaction is performed at temperature and pressure conditions such that the condensation coproduct, i.e., an alcohol in most cases but water in some cases, evaporates from the reaction mixture, wherein the vapor is condensed and thereby removed. In some embodiments, a temperature between about 60° C. and 300° C. is employed; in other embodiments, a temperature of about 100° C. to 250° C. is employed; in still other embodiments, a temperature of about 160° C. to 240° C.
  • an inert solvent such as hexane, toluene, dichlorobenzene and the like. In other embodiments the reaction is carried out neat. In some embodiments, the reaction is performed at temperature and pressure conditions such that the condensation coproduct,
  • pressure in the reaction vessel is lowered to below atmospheric pressure to assist in the removal of the condensation by-product, i.e., the alcohol or water.
  • nitrogen is sparged or swept through the reaction mixture to assist in the removal of the coproduct alcohol.
  • a catalyst for example, a catalyst based on titanium, aluminum, zirconium, or tin, such as titanium tetraisopropoxide (Ti(OiPrM), or tin (II) octanoate, or organic zirconates.
  • tin titanium tetraisopropoxide
  • II tin
  • suitable catalysts are, for example, organic titanates and zirconates marketed under Tyzor® brand by DuPont deNemours and Co. of Wilmington, Del.
  • more than one species of catalyst is used; thus, blends of one or more catalysts such as those mentioned above may be used in a mixture to catalyze the formation of compounds of structures I-IV.
  • catalysts such as inorganic bases, including sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, calcium acetate, and potassium methoxide, can be used.
  • Organo-ammonium and organo-phosphonium catalysts can be used, such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide, tetrabutyl phosphonium hydroxides and acetates
  • Strong acid catalysts including camphorsulfonic acid or sulfuric acid can be used in ketalization and esterification reactions.
  • Catalysts are used in amounts suitable to catalyze the reaction.
  • the amount of organometallic catalyst employed is about 5 to 50,000 ppm based on the weight of the total weight of reagents, or about 10 to 500 ppm based on the total weight of reagents.
  • the catalyst is incorporated into, or onto, or covalently bound to, a solid support material.
  • Resin beads, membranes, porous carbon particles, zeolite materials, and other solid support materials may be functionalized with catalytic moieties that are, in embodiments, covalently bound or strongly sorbed to one or more surfaces of the solid support.
  • deactivating materials include phosphite compounds such as water, and phenol based compounds such as IRGAFOS® 168 and PEP-Q®, or IRGANOX® MD 1024 (BASF®; Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany), and carboxylic acids such as salicylic acid and the like.
  • the various synthesis reactions described herein can be carried out batch wise or in continuous mode, depending on equipment, scale, and other reaction parameters.
  • the reaction vessel may be made of any suitable material.
  • the reagents are dried before addition of catalyst, using any convenient technique. In embodiments, drying is accomplished by warming the reaction vessel to about 60° C.-110° C. and applying a vacuum of 5-20 Torr for at least about an hour; in other embodiments a dry inert gas, such as nitrogen or argon, is swept continuously through the vessel instead of applying a vacuum.
  • the reagents are, in some embodiments, analyzed for water content prior to addition of catalyst to the vessel. In other embodiments, the reagents are dried separately prior to addition to the reaction vessel and are introduced to the vessel by a closed system, such as by pipes or tubes, which does not entrain water or air during introduction of the reagents to the vessel.
  • the catalyst may be added batchwise or in continuous fashion to the vessel.
  • the reagents are at the same temperature as employed during drying.
  • the reagents are preheated to a targeted temperature, for example in the ranges specified above, prior to addition of the catalyst.
  • a vacuum is employed to remove any air that has become entrained during the addition.
  • the catalyst is introduced to the vessel by a closed system, such as by pipes or tubes that do not entrain water or air during introduction of the reagents to the vessel.
  • the reaction is, in embodiments, carried out under an inert gas blanket or an inert gas sparge, and agitated using any convenient means of agitation.
  • the reaction is complete in less than about 2 hour; in other embodiments the reaction is complete between about 1 hour and 12 hours; in still other embodiments the reaction is complete in about 2 to 8 hours.
  • the limiting reagent in the reaction is metered in gradually by employing an addition funnel, metered pump, or another apparatus known in the industry. Metering of a reagent is, in embodiments, initiated after or during addition of the catalyst and is particularly useful where the reaction is accomplished in a continuous process.
  • the crude reaction product can be purified using any convenient techniques, one of which is distillation.
  • a distillation may be performed under reduced pressure or with the aid of nitrogen sparging. It is preferred to perform the distillation in a way that minimizes heat history. Therefore, this step is preferably performed below temperatures at which degradation, color formation, or another side reaction occurs, or if such temperatures are used, the distillation should be performed to minimize the exposure time of the product to such temperatures. In some embodiments, it is desirable to maintain temperatures at or below 200° C. during purification. In other embodiments, it is desirable to maintain temperatures at or below 175° C. during purification. Techniques such as wiped film evaporation, falling film evaporation, and membrane pervaporization are useful. Purification is carried out either with or without prior deactivation of the catalyst.
  • reaction products in which mixtures of reaction products are obtained, it may be desirable to separate one or more of those reaction products from the mixture of reaction products, in order to obtain a product that is enriched in (or even consists of) a specific compound or mixture of compound.
  • This can be performed by any suitable technique, including distillation, solvent extraction, chromatographic methods, and the like.
  • compositions that also contain an organic polymer are useful components in compositions that also contain an organic polymer.
  • organic polymer may be thermoset or thermoplastic.
  • HSP Hildebrand Solubility Parameters
  • Such compounds tend to be quite compatible with organic polymers having Hildebrand Solubility Parameters (“HSP”) of about 16 (MPa) 1/2 or greater, therefore preferred compositions are those in which the organic polymer has a Hildebrand Solubility Parameters (“HSP”) of about 16 (MPa) 1/2 or greater.
  • HSP Hildebrand Solubility Parameters
  • Extractability in various extractants such as hexanes, soapy water, and mineral oil can be evaluated according to the ASTM D 1239 procedure; weight losses on this test are preferably no greater than 2% and still more preferably no greater than 1% for preferred compositions of the invention.
  • Migration of a plasticizer from an article causes increased exposure of the plasticizer to the environment. The increased exposure can cause adhesive failure, cracking of materials in contact with the article, and contamination of fluids in contact with the article. Additionally, migration out of the articles can lead to stiffening, loss of performance and increase in T g .
  • suitable organic polymers include poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidene chloride), polyhydroxyalkanoates, poly(lactic acid), polystyrene, polycarbonates, polyurethanes or ureas, acrylic polymers, styrene-acrylic polymer, vinyl-acrylic polymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate polymers, polyesters, polyamides, polyethers, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymers, styrene-butadiene-styrene polymers, polyvinyl acetate, poly(vinyl butyrate), polyketal esters and copolymer thereof, cellulosics, thermoplastic elastomers, or random, graft, or block copolymers thereof or mixtures thereof.
  • Compounds according to structures I-IV are generally renewable bio-based feedstocks, wherein “bio-based” is used as defined in ASTM D6866. As such, these compounds offer opportunities to replace petroleum-based products such as plasticizer with bio-based materials.
  • a bio-based compound can be blended with a bio-based organic polymer to form a polymer composition which is also bio-based.
  • One such polymer is poly(lactic acid), or PLA.
  • Compounds according to any of structures I-IV are good plasticizers for PLA. Compounds I-IV often have high permanence in PLA compared to other compatible plasticizers.
  • the compound according to structures I-IV may be incorporated into an organic polymer composition using any suitable technique such as mechanical blending or compounding, melt blending, solution blending and the like. When the organic polymer is a thermoset, the compound may be blended into one or more precursor materials, which are subsequently cured or otherwise polymerized to form the thermosetting polymer.
  • a composition containing a compound according to any of structures I-IV and an organic polymer may take the form of a homogeneous blend, a dispersion of one component into the other, or, in some cases, that of a continuous liquid phase into which the organic polymer is dispersed in the form of polymer particles.
  • the mixture of the compound according to any of structures I-IV and the organic polymer may form the disperse phase in an emulsion or dispersion in another material, which serves as a continuous liquid phase, as is the case with a latex.
  • the relative amounts of the compound of structures I-IV and the organic polymer may vary considerably.
  • the organic polymer may constitute from 10 to 99.9%, from 30 to 96%, from 65 to 90% or from 40 to 60% of the combined weight of polymer and compound of structure I-IV.
  • Compounds according to structures I-IV often perform a plasticizing function when blended with organic polymers.
  • a compound of structures I-IV is preferably liquid at room temperature or, if a solid at room temperature, it has a glass transition temperature and/or softening temperature below room temperature, often 0° or ⁇ 20° C.
  • Plasticization is indicated by a reduction in T g of the composition, compared to that of the neat organic polymer, and or a softening or flexibilizing effect, as indicated by a reduction in Shore hardness and/or a lowered flexural modulus, respectively.
  • the combination the organic polymer and the compound of any of structure I-IV will have a T g of at least 5° C. lower at least 15° C.
  • a useful general procedure is as follows: The sample is evaluated on a TA Q200 instrument with refrigerated cooling and TA Thermal Advantage software (TA Instruments; New Castle, Del.), or equivalent, using a ramp rate of 20° C./min. Samples are ramped from room temperature to 210° C. followed by a rapid quench. Samples are then reheated to 210° C. at a rate of 20° C./min. Glass transition temperature is measured on the second scan.
  • a compound of any of structure I-IV When used to perform a plasticizing function, a compound of any of structure I-IV preferably have viscosities less than about 500 centipoise (cP) at 25° C.
  • the viscosity may be from about 1 cP to 250 cP; or about 50 cP to 200 cP at 25° C.
  • Low viscosity provides ease of compounding into one or more polymer compositions without, for example, preheating or addition of diluents or solvents to lower viscosity and enables the creation of pastes such as plastisols.
  • At least a portion of compound I-IV is in a liquid phase of the plastisol.
  • plastisol means a flowable suspension of polymer particles in a plasticized emulsion that forms a solid, flexible, plasticized polymer product with the addition of heat.
  • a preferred polymer phase is polyvinylchloride) although other polymer particles can be used.
  • a plastisol in accordance of the invention may contain from 10 to 90% by weight of a compound of structure I-IV.
  • Polymer plastisols are, in embodiments, poured into a mold or onto a surface where the subsequent addition of heat causes the suspension to form a solid, flexible mass.
  • plasticizer it is important for the plasticizer to cause “fusing”, which means for the purposes of discussion that the polymer particle boundaries of the plastisol are broken by the effect of the plasticizer, causing mixing of the polymer on a molecular scale, wherein the effect persists to the solid state.
  • fusing means for the purposes of discussion that the polymer particle boundaries of the plastisol are broken by the effect of the plasticizer, causing mixing of the polymer on a molecular scale, wherein the effect persists to the solid state.
  • Compounds according to structures I-IV are often function well as “fast fusing plasticizers,” which means that they shorten the time required for the polymer particle boundaries of the plastisol to be broken and mixing to occur, lower the temperature required for the polymer particle boundaries of the plastisol to be broken and mixing to occur, or both.
  • Plastisols in accordance with the invention are useful in the production of sheet stock or films, flooring, tents, tarpaulins, coated fabrics such as automobile upholstery, in car underbody coatings, in moldings and other consumer products. Plastisols are also used in medical uses such as blood bags and multilayered sheets and films, tubing, footwear, fabric coating, toys, flooring products and wallpaper. Plastisols typically contain 40 to 200 parts by weight, more typically 50 to 150 parts by weight, more typically 70 to 120 parts by weight, more typically 90 to 110 parts by weight of plasticizer per 100 parts of dispersed polymer particles. PVC plastisols are usually made from PVC that has been produced by emulsion polymerization.
  • compounds according to structures I-IV are contained in a PVC plastisol composition containing from 40 to 200 parts by weight, or 50 to 150 parts by weight, or 70 to 120 parts by weight, or 90 to 110 parts by weight of the compound per 100 parts of PVC.
  • Such plastisol compositions tend to have stable viscosities; their viscosities tend to increase less than about 200% over a period of 14 days when stored at a temperature between about 20° C. to 25° C., or less than about 100%, preferably less than 70% and more preferably less than 50% when stored at a temperature of between about 20° C. to 25° C. for five days.
  • a process for the production of flexible PVC articles whereby a layer is formed from a plastisol containing from 40 to 200 parts by weight, or 50 to 150 parts by weight, or 70 to 120 parts by weight, or 90 to 110 parts by weight of a plasticizer composition containing one or more of compounds I-IV per 100 parts by weight of PVC, and subsequently fusing the layer by the application of heat.
  • a plastisol in accordance with the invention may further contain one or more additional plasticizers such as diethylene glycol dibenzoate, butyl benzyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, other dialkyl phthalates, dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, such as the phenyl cresyl esters of pentadecyl sulfonic aromatic sulfonic acid esters available from Bayer AG of Leverkusen, Germany as MESAMOLLTM, citrates such as tributylacetyl citrate, tri-2-ethylhexyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate such as 2-ethylhexyl-isodecyl phosphate, di-2-ethylhexyl phenyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate and tricresyl phosphate and the like.
  • additional plasticizers such
  • polymer compositions in accordance with the invention may further include one or more crosslinkers, adjuvants, colorants, antifouling agents, tougheners, solvents, fillers, metal particulates, odor scavenging agents, lubricants, thermal stabilizers, light stabilizers including UV stabilizers, flame retardant additives, pigments, blowing agents, processing aids, impact modifiers, coalescing solvents, or a combination thereof.
  • the useful, optional additives include, but are not limited to, trimethyl pentanyl diisobutyrate, dialkyl isophthalates, dialkyl terephthalates, alkyl benzyl phthalates, dialkyl adipates, trialkyl trimellitates, alkylyl trialkyl citrates, dialkyl azelates, dialkyl glutarates, dialkyl sebacates, dialkyl cyclohexanedicarboxylates, dialkyl sulfonates, esters of pentaerythritol, esters of glycerol, esters of fatty acids, glycol dibenzoates, epoxidized soybean oil, any of the additives described in International Patent Application Nos.
  • alkyl, dialkyl, or trialkyl groups are, in embodiments, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, capryl, cyclohexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, isobutyl, isopentyl, isohexyl, isoheptyl, isooctyl, isononyl, isodecyl, isoundecyl, or a mixture thereof.
  • the alkylyl is acetyl or n-butyryl.
  • the glycol is ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, or dipropylene glycol.
  • the additional additives are present, in embodiments, as a blend with one or more of the compounds I-IV.
  • optional materials that may be present in a polymer composition of the invention include, for example, one or more solvents (including coalescing solvents), crosslinkers, colorants (dyes or pigments), antifouling agents (such as antifungal, antibacterial, or antiviral agents), tougheners, tackifiers, additional polymers, fillers, diluents, viscosity modifying agents, metal particulates, odor scavenging agents, adjuvants, lubricants, heat stabilizers, light stabilizers including UV stabilizers, flame retardant additives, blowing agents, processing aids, impact modifiers, or a combination thereof.
  • solvents including coalescing solvents
  • crosslinkers including colorants (dyes or pigments), antifouling agents (such as antifungal, antibacterial, or antiviral agents), tougheners, tackifiers, additional polymers, fillers, diluents, viscosity modifying agents, metal particulates, odor scavenging agents,
  • Polymer compositions of the invention are useful to form a variety of articles.
  • An “article” as used herein is an item with a discrete shape, such as a tube, a film, a sheet, or a fiber, that incorporates one or more compositions of the disclosure; in some embodiments, the article may have its origin in a composition that undergoes a transformation, such as solidification or evaporation of one or more solvents, to result in the final article.
  • an article is substantially formed from a polymer composition of the invention; in other embodiments, the polymer composition of the invention forms only one part, such as one layer, of an article.
  • An article can be formed from a polymer composition of the invention by a wide range of fabrication methods, including for example, coating, casting, extrusion, coextrusion, profile extrusion, blow molding, thermoforming, injection molding, coinjection molding, reaction injection molding, milling, or weaving.
  • the article is, in some embodiments, a casing, a pipe, a cable, a wire sheathing, a fiber, a woven fabric, a nonwoven fabric, a film, a window profile, a floor covering, a wall base, an automotive item, a medical item, a toy, a packaging container, a screw closure or stopper adapted for a bottle, a gasket, a sealing compound, a film, a synthetic leather item, an adhesive tape backing, or an item of clothing.
  • the casing is a casing for an electrical device.
  • the medical item is medical tubing or a medical bag.
  • the film is a roofing film, a composite film, a film for laminated safety glass, or a packaging film.
  • the packaging container is a food or drink container.
  • the sealing compound is for sealed glazing.
  • the automotive item is seat upholstery, an instrument panel, an arm rest, a head support, a gear shift dust cover, a seat spline, a sound-deadening panel, a window seal, a landau top, a sealant, a truck tarpaulin, a door panel, a cover for a console and glove compartment, a trim laminating film, a floor mat, a wire insulation, a side body molding, an underbody coating, a grommet, or a gasket.
  • the article comprises two or more layers and the compound of any of structures I-IV constitutes or is contained within at least one layer.
  • the article comprises a composition containing one or more compounds I-IV in at least one layer.
  • the other of the two adjacent layers contains a plasticizer that doesn't have a structure corresponding to compounds I-IV; the plasticizers include, in various embodiments, other additives.
  • Such additives include dialkyl phthalates, trimethyl pentanyl diisobutyrate, dialkyl isophthalates, dialkyl terephthalates, alkyl benzyl phthalates, dialkyl adipates, trialkyl trimellitates, alkylyl trialkyl citrates, dialkyl azelates, dialkyl glutarates, dialkyl sebacates, dialkyl cyclohexanedicarboxylates, esters of pentaerythritol, esters of glycerol, fatty acid triglycerides, esters of fatty acids, glycol dibenzoates, epoxidized soybean oil, and mixtures thereof.
  • compositions in accordance with the invention are useful as adhesives, including as adhesive films or adhesive coatings.
  • adhesives may include, for example, a poly(vinyl acetate) or vinyl acetate copolymer emulsion.
  • the compounds I-IV are useful as plasticizers in nail polish formulations.
  • compounds I or II can be used as solvents and/or cosolvents in these formulations.
  • Polymers useful in nail polish formulations include nitrocellulose, tosylamide-formaldehydes and the like.
  • Compounds according to any of structures I-IV are also useful as lubricants or as a component of a lubricant composition.
  • a blend or mixture of two or more such compounds are useful as lubricants or as components of a lubricant composition.
  • the lubricant typically includes at least one antioxidant, which typically will constitute from 0.1 to 5, especially from 0.1 to 2% by weight of the lubricant composition.
  • the lubricant is applied between two contacting surfaces to provide lubricating performance between the two surfaces.
  • Lubricants in accordance with the invention are useful as, for example, such as compressor fluids, industrial oils (antiwear, circulating, compound, cotton picker, cylinder, edge coat seal, electrical, biodegradable lubricants), engine oils, automatic transmission fluids, automotive gear lubricants, metalworking fluids, and R&O turbine oils.
  • Compounds I-IV of the present disclosure can be used as a blend with one or more other lubricants, such as, for example, one or more mineral oils, polyalphaolefins, dibasic esters, polyol esters, alkylated aromatics, polyalkylene glycols, phosphate esters, vegetable oils and the like.
  • Lubricant formulations can further include antiwear and extreme pressure agents, corrosion and rust inhibitors, detergents, dispersants, friction modifiers, pour point depressants, seal swell agents, viscosity modifiers, antifoam agents, metal deactivators, and the like, pour point of the product of Example 5 is evaluated according to (Foaming Characteristics—Sequences I, II and II), and ASTM D97, respectively.
  • Compounds I-IV useful as lubricants or in lubricant formulations preferably have a pour point, as measured according to ASTM D97, of no higher than 0° C., preferably no higher than ⁇ 20° C.
  • the compounds preferably exhibit excellent resistance to foaming, as indicated by ASTM D892 IP 146, and preferably exhibit foam volumes of less than 1 mL after both 5 and 10 minutes of blowing on that test. Low foaming can give a better lubricating film and steady oil pressure during extensive operations. Further, low foam lubricants can lead to better performance in high performance oil pump systems with high volume or pressure.
  • a 250 mL 3-neck round bottom flask is charged with 32.8 g (0.15 mol) of the glycerin ketal of ethyl levulinate (Et-LGK) (98.2%), and 91.0 g (0.45 mol) of the 1,2-propylene glycol ketal of ethyl levulinate (Et-LPK) (0.14% ethyl levulinate and no detectable propanediol).
  • the contents of the flask are stirred under vacuum (6 torr) and heated to 110° C. and 9.7 ⁇ L of a titanium tetra-isopropoxide is added into the flask.
  • a nitrogen purge is maintained and the contents of the flask are heated to 230° C. during which time a liquid condensate forms.
  • the reaction mixture is cooled to 110° C., and distillation of a second liquid is accomplished using reduced pressure of about 4 torr.
  • the reaction mixture is allowed to cool to ambient temperature when no further distillate is collected.
  • the product is a mixture of compounds corresponding to structure III in which a and c are 2, b is 0, d is 0, i is 1, R 1 and R 8 are methyl, R 3 is CH(CH 3 ), R 4 is methylene, R 7 is hydrogen and R 23 is ethyl.
  • the value of n is 1 for about 48.6% of the material, 2 for 26.8% of the material, 3 for 12.2% of the material and 4 for 8.2% of the material.
  • the product contains 4.3% of residual Et-LGK and Et-LPK.
  • a 250 mL 3-neck round bottom flask is charged with 18.02 g (0.2 mol) of 1,4-butanediol ((BDO) Sigma Aldrich Company, St. Louis, Mo.) and 121.35 g (0.6 mole) of ethyl-LPK (Et-LPK) (0.14% ethyl levulinate and no detectable propanediol).
  • BDO 1,4-butanediol
  • Et-LPK ethyl-LPK
  • reaction mixture is allowed to cool to 110° C., and distillation of a second liquid is accomplished under reduced pressure of about 7 torr. The reduced pressure is maintained until no further distillate is collected.
  • the flask is allowed to cool to ambient temperature and the pressure is equilibrated to atmospheric pressure.
  • the reaction product contains about 87.2% of the compound corresponding to
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) 4 — and about 0.6% of ethyl-LPK.
  • the product also contains some oligomerized materials.
  • PVC poly(vinyl chloride)
  • N2 continuous nitrogen
  • Example 4 is made in the same manner, except that the product of Example 2 replaces the product of Example 1.
  • Example 3 has a T g of ⁇ 9.7° C. and a Shore A hardness of 81.5.
  • Example 4 has a T g of ⁇ 8.0° C. and a Shore A hardness of 78.8.
  • the PVC by itself has a T g of 67.2° C.
  • a 5-gallon Parr Model 4557 reactor (Parr Instrument Co., Moline, Ill.) is charged with 12.74 kg (63 moles) of Et-LPK and 1.89 kg (20.97 moles) 1,4-butanediol (Sigma-Aldrich Company; St. Louis, Mo.). The contents of the reactor are stirred at 50 rpm at a pressure of 52 torr; the recirculating chiller is operating at ⁇ 10° C. and the high temperature circulator is operating at 70° C. The reaction mixture is purged with dry nitrogen for about 16 hours. Then, a vacuum of 4-5 Torr is applied to the reactor for about 2 hours.
  • the contents of the reactor are heated to about 200° C. for 3 hours, during which time a condensate is collected. At about 97.2% conversion, the reactor is cooled with an applied vacuum of 20-25 torr, by reducing the high temperature circulator set point to 200° C. Distillation is continued by applying a vacuum of about 5 Torr to the reactor until condensate formation is discontinued. The contents of the reactor are analyzed by GC-FID. Distillation is then restarted and continued as described above until subsequent analysis reveals that the concentration of ethyl-LPK is less than about 1.0%. When distillation is complete, the reactor is cooled to ambient temperature.
  • the reaction product contains about 90.77% of a material according to structure I in which a is 2, b is 0, x is 1, y is 1, R 1 is —CH 3 , R 3 is CH(CH 3 ), R 4 is methylene, R 6 is —(CH 2 ) 4 —, and each Z is —O—.
  • a 5-gallon reactor is charged with 12.54 kg (62 moles) Et-LPK, 3.38 kg (15.48 moles) of Et-LGK, and 2.95 g IRGAFOS® 168 (Ciba AG, Basel, Switzerland).
  • the contents of the reactor are stirred at 50 rpm at a pressure of 52 torr with the recirculating chiller set to ⁇ 10° C.; the high temperature circulator operating at 70° C. overnight for about 16 hours.
  • a vacuum of 4-5 torr is applied to the reactor for about 2 hours.
  • 0.358 g (1.26 mmoles) titanium (IV) isopropoxide is admixed with 4 mL of Et-LPK and added to the reactor.
  • the reaction mixture is then purged for about 20 minutes with dry nitrogen and the high temperature circulator set at 200° C.
  • the contents of the reactor are heated to about 200° C. for 6 hours, and a condensate is collected. After the reaction has reached about 99.0% conversion Et-LPK AN Et-LGK distilled off until their combined concentration is less than 1%. When distillation is complete, the reactor is cooled to ambient temperature.
  • the product is a mixture of compounds according to structure III in which a and c are 2, b is 0, d is 0, i is 1, R 1 and R 8 are methyl, R 3 is CH(CH 3 ), R 4 is methylene, R 7 is hydrogen and R 23 is ethyl.
  • Species in which n is 1, 2, 3 or greater than 3 respectively constitute 49.60%, 28.35%, 13.01% and 8.32% of the composition.
  • Example 7 Blending is performed on an orbital mixer for about 5 minutes.
  • the mixture is transferred into the feed hopper of a 27 mm BRABENDER® (model #DR2051) PolySpede twin-screw extruder (CW. BRABENDER® Instruments, Inc., South Hackensack, N.J.).
  • the material is extruded at 150° C. with a screw speed of 65 rpm through a 2 mm rod die.
  • the material is cooled by a water bath and fed into a Brabender pelletizer.
  • Example 8 is prepared in the same way, using the product from Example 6 instead of the product of Example 5.
  • Pelletized extrudates are fed into a Nissei injection molding machine (Model #PS04E5A; Nissei-America, Inc., Gahanna, Ohio).
  • ASTM D638-90 Type I tensile bars are injection molded at the following conditions: 165° C. set temperature for heating zones 1-3, 165° C. set temperature for the injection nozzle, 25° C. mold temperature, 25% screw speed, 53 mm shot size, 5% back pressure, 1.17 second mold fill time and 9 second recovery time, followed by 15 seconds cooling before removing the tensile bar from the mold.
  • Plasticizer loadings in the molded tensile bars are determined using weight loss data from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) using a TA Q50 with TA Thermal Advantage software (TA Instruments; New Castle, Del.). Analysis is carried out by equilibrating the samples at 30° C. followed by a temperature ramp of 10° C./min to 600° C. The results of analysis, labeled “Actual Wt. % Plasticizer” are shown in Table 1.
  • Glass transition temperature (T g ) of the pelletized extrudates is determined by following ASTM D-3418, employing a TA Q200 instrument with refrigerated cooling and TA Thermal Advantage software. Homogeneous samples in a range of about 5 and 15 mg are placed in a T-zero pan and crimped with a T-zero lid. T g values are shown in Table 1.
  • Shore A hardness testing is carried out at the ends of the molded tensile bars, where the outer width is wider than the gauge width with a Durometer Type A (Instron, Norwood, Mass.) as specified by ASTM D2240. except that the sample thickness of the molded tensile bars in the area of testing is 3.2 mm; readings are taken after 15 seconds. An average of ten readings is taken per sample and reported in Table 1.
  • Extraction of soluble materials is carried out in both hexanes and a 1% solution of soap in water.
  • Hexane (Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Mass.) was used as received.
  • the 1% soap water solution is made using deionized water and IVORY® soap shavings (Procter and Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio).
  • Five molded tensile bars are tested and the average value is recorded for each.
  • Pre-extraction and post-extraction mass measurements are obtained on the molded tensile bars.
  • the molded tensile bars are completely immersed (hanging in the container) in the extraction media at ambient temperature. After 24 hours of immersion, the samples are removed from the extraction media; the soap solution samples are rinsed with deionized water before being allowed to dry. All samples are air dried for 24 hours before post-extraction mass is measured. The weight loss of the samples is reported in Table 1.
  • Examples 9-12 are separately made, all in the following manner 250 ml 4-neck round bottom flask is charged with 43.62 g (0.2 mol) of Et-LGK, and 80.90 g (0.4 mol) diethyl adipate (DEA), followed by the addition of 0.0063 g Irgafos® 168 (Ciba Corporation; Florham Park, N.J.). The contents of the flask are stirred under a nitrogen blanket at 60° C. 12 ⁇ l (microliters) of Ti(isopropoxide) 4 is added to the flask. The contents of the flask are heated to 110° C., degassed for about 5 minutes at 3-5 torr, and back-filled with nitrogen. The reaction mixture is heated to 230° C. and a condensate is distilled from the reaction until completion. The flask is cooled to ambient temperature. The reaction mixtures are purified by vacuum distillation to remove residual starting materials.
  • DEA diethyl adipate
  • the products in each case are mixtures of compounds according to structure IV, in which e is 2, f is 0, i is 1, R 10 is ethyl, R 12 is —(CH 2 ) 4 —, R 14 is methyl and R 15 is hydrogen.
  • Each of Examples 9-12 contains species in which s is 1, v is 0 and w is 1, species in which s is 1, v is 0 and w is 2 or s is 1, v is 1 and w is 1 and species in which s is 1, v>1 and w>2. They all contain unreacted starting materials. The relative amounts of those species are indicated in Table 2.
  • Et-LTMPK trimethylolpropane ketal of ethyl levulinate
  • Et-LTMPK is synthesized according to the procedure outlined in WO 2007/062118.
  • the reaction mixture is heated to 60° C. with a nitrogen purge for 12 hrs. 16 ⁇ L of TPT is added to the flask, followed by heating the mixture to 110° C.
  • a vacuum of 20 torr is applied for 5 min and backfilled with nitrogen, and the reaction temperature is increased to 230° C.
  • a liquid condensate is collected with the temperature gradually increasing to 260° C. After about 3 hours, the contents of the flask are cooled to ambient temperature.
  • Example 13 contains 54.6% of species in which s is 1, v is 0 and w is 1, 11.2% of species in which s is 1, v is 0 and w is 2 or s is 1, v is 1 and w is 1 and 3.2% of species in which s is 1, v>1 and w>2.
  • a 250 mL 3-neck round bottom flask is charged with 26.63 g (0.13 mol) of the glycerin ketal of ethyl acetoacetonate (synthesized according to WO 2007/062118), 105.37 g (0.52 mol) diethyl adipate, and heated to 60° C. for 12 h under nitrogen purge, then increasing the temperature to 110° C. and a pressure of 20 Torr for an additional 2 hours. Then 7.5 ⁇ l of titanium (IV) isopropoxide is added to the flask, and refilled with nitrogen; the flask is heated to 230° C. for 2.5 hours, followed by an increase in temperature to 240° C. for an additional 2 hours. The mixture is cooled to ambient temperature. The product is purified by distilling off unreacted starting materials at 8 Torr and 125° C. for about 25 minutes.
  • Example 14 contains 36.7% of species in which s is 1, v is 0 and w is 1, 19.4% of species in which s is 1, v is 0 and w is 2 or s is 1, v is 1 and w is 1 and 31.1% of species in which s is 1, v>1 and w>2.
  • a 250 ml 4-neck round bottom flask is charged with 49.08 g (0.225 mol) of Et-LGK and 78.39 g (0.45 mol) diethyl succinate ((DESU) Sigma Aldrich; St. Louis, Mo.), and heated to 60° C. under a constant nitrogen purge for 12 hours to dry the starting materials.
  • 13.5 ⁇ l of TPT is added to the reaction flask and the reaction mixture is heated to 110° C. for 25 minutes, followed by degassing under a vacuum of 5-8 torr for 5 minutes; back-filling the flask with nitrogen, and heating to 210° C.
  • a condensate is collected and monitored to determine the percent conversion of the reactants to products.
  • Example 15 corresponds to structure IV in which e is 2, f is 0, i is 1, R 10 is ethyl, R 12 is —(CH 2 ) 2 —, R 14 is methyl and R 15 is hydrogen.
  • Example 15 contains 52% of species in which s is 1, v is 0 and w is 1, 30% of species in which s is 1, v is 0 and w is 2 or s is 1, v is 1 and w is 1 and 17% of species in which s is 1, v>1 and w>2.
  • Example 16 is made in the same manner, except the amount of Et-LGK is doubled and the reaction time is extended to 45 minutes.
  • the product corresponds to structure IV in which e is 2, f is 0, i is 1, R 10 is ethyl, R 12 is —(CH 2 ) 2 —, R 14 is methyl and R 15 is hydrogen.
  • Example 16 contains 69% of species in which s is 1, v is 0 and w is 1, 24% of species in which s is 1, v is 0 and w is 2 or s is 1, v is 1 and w is 1 and 7% of species in which s is 1, v>1 and w>2.
  • Et-LGK and diethyl sebacate (DESE), Sigma Aldrich; St. Louis, Mo.) are reacted similarly in the procedure described for Examples 15-16 above.
  • the reaction temperature is 230° C.
  • the reaction time is 46 minutes for Example 17 and 35 minutes for Example 18.
  • the ratio of Et-LGK to diethyl sebacate is 2:1 in Example 17 and 4:1 in
  • Example 17 product corresponds to structure IV in which e is 2, f is 0, i is 1, R 10 is ethyl, R 12 is —(CH 2 ) 8 —, R 14 is methyl and R 15 is hydrogen. It contains 45% of species in which s is 1, v is 0 and w is 1, 32% of species in which s is 1, v is 0 and w is 2 or s is 1, v is 1 and w is 1 and 21% of species in which s is 1, v>1 and w>2.
  • the Example 18 product corresponds to structure IV in which e is 2, f is 0, i is 1, R 10 is ethyl, R 12 is —(CH 2 ) 8 —, R H is methyl and R 15 is hydrogen. It contains 73% of species in which s is 1, v is 0 and w is 1, 20% of species in which s is 1, v is 0 and w is 2 or s is 1, v is 1 and w is 1 and 6% of species in which s is 1, v>1 and w>2.
  • Examples 19-21 are prepared as follows. 100 parts of a suspension grade PVC powder type (Type 2095 Georgia Gulf Corporation) are blended with 2.5 parts of a stabilizer (ThermChek-SP175), and then with 5 parts of epoxidized soybean oil. The product of Example 9 is added at a predetermined loading, and mixed in a Kitchen-aid mixer with a paddle blade for approximately 5 minutes. The powder is transferred into a feed hopper of a 27 mm Brabender twin-screw extruder at 150° C. All materials are passed through a 2 mm rod die, and cooled by a water bath and pelletized. Pelletized material is fed into a Nissei injection molder, with three heating zones and a nozzle temperature of 165° C. The mold temperature is set at 25° C. The screw speed is set at 30% with a shot size of 5 mm and a 5% back pressure is used to fill the mold with a mold fill time of 1.01 sec, and recovery time of 11.5 sec.
  • a suspension grade PVC powder type Type
  • Extractions (described in Examples 7-8) in hexane, soap water and mineral oil are conducted on each of Examples 19-21 according to ASTM D 1239 with the following modifications. Samples are not preconditioned, 1.4 L containers are used for extractions, and 5 replicate samples are immersed in the same container. Extraction results are presented in Table 4.
  • Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) resin (grade 4060D; Nature Works, LLC; Minnetonka, Minn.) is dried at 40° C. under vacuum for 4 hours prior to compounding.
  • the PLA is compounded with the product of Example 12 in a Brabender 3-piece bowl mixer at 210° C. set at 60 rpm.
  • the PLA resin is fed into the bowl mixer with mixing for 2 minutes, followed by adding the Example 12 product with mixing for an additional 8 minutes.
  • 10% by weight of the Example 12 product is added; for Example 23, 20% by weight of the Example 12 product is added.
  • Comparative Sample 2 no plasticizer is added.
  • the compounded samples are dried under vacuum at 40° C. for 4 hours.
  • a Carver Model 4122 pneumatic heated plate press (Carver, Inc.; Wabash, Ind.) is preheated to 210° C. Samples are heated without pressure on a pneumatic heated plate press at 210° C. for 5 minutes, followed by pressing at 5000 lbs force for 5 minutes. The samples are quenched in a water bath and allowed to warm to room temperature. All moldings are transparent water-white films having a thickness of approximately 0.075 mm.
  • Migration of the plasticizer from compounded samples is measured using the following procedure: 1 inch squares of compounded melt pressed films are marked with blue, red and black Sharpie® markers; the samples are placed in a controlled heat and humidity chamber at the conditions specified, and changes to the ink are evaluated after 100 days. Migration behavior on a scale of 1 to 5 is used (i.e., 1 (none) being no change in the ink, 2 (very slight) being a small change to the ink edges), 3 (slight), being a running of the ink edges, 4 (clear) being slight oiliness on the surface to the touch, and 5 (very clear) being visible oil on the surface). Migration results are reported in Table 5.
  • T g Glass transition temperature
  • Ultra Talc 609 (Talc) Specialty Minerals; Bethlehem, Pa.) are premixed with 100 parts of poly(lactic acid) resin ((PLA) grade 4032D; Nature Works, LLC; Minnetonka, Minn.
  • PVA poly(lactic acid) resin
  • This premix is compounded in a Brabender 3-piece bowl mixer at 210° C., and mixed at 60 rpm for 10 minutes to form a talc filled master batch.
  • the master batch is cooled and ground.
  • the master batch is dry blended with virgin PLA resin (grade 4021D; Nature Works, LLC; Minnetonka, Minn.) at ratios such that the dry blend contains 1% by weight talc.
  • This dry blend is compounded with the product of Example 12 in the Brabender at 210° C.
  • Cooling crystallization temperature (T a ) is determined using the following method: samples are ramped at 20° C./min from room temperature to 210° C. followed by a rapid quench, a second ramp is then performed from 25° C. to 210° C. at 20° C./minute followed by a cooling ramp from 210° C. to 25° C. at 10° C./min, cooling crystallization temperature (T c ) is determined as the crystallization peak maximum during the cooling scan. Thermal measurements and migration results are listed in Table 6.
  • Examples 26-33 are prepared as follows. 100 parts of a suspension grade PVC powder type (Type 2095 Georgia Gulf Corporation) are blended with 1.5 parts of a stabilizer (ThermChek-SP175), and then with 2.5 parts of epoxidized soybean oil. The products of Examples 9, 10, 12, 14-18, respectively are used as plasticizers in Examples 26-33. Plasticizer is added at 50 phr, and blended by hand prior to feeding into a HAAKE PolyLab extruder (Thermo Scientific; Waltham, Mass.). The mixture is melt mixed at 165° C. with co-rotating screws at 150 rpm for 10 minutes.
  • the compounded PVC mixtures are melt pressed in a Carver Model 4122 pneumatic heated plate press (Carver, Inc.; Wabash, Ind.) to a thickness of 1 mm at 165° C. Samples are allowed to heat without pressure for 5 minutes. Pressure is applied and released stepwise: 1000 lbs force, 2500 lbs force, 4000 lbs force. Samples are pressed at 5000 lbs force for 1 minute. Samples are quenched in a water bath and allowed to come to room temperature. All materials are transparent water-white to light yellow colored films with no tackiness at the surface.
  • Carver Model 4122 pneumatic heated plate press Carver, Inc.; Wabash, Ind.
  • Samples are allowed to heat without pressure for 5 minutes. Pressure is applied and released stepwise: 1000 lbs force, 2500 lbs force, 4000 lbs force. Samples are pressed at 5000 lbs force for 1 minute. Samples are quenched in a water bath and allowed to come to room temperature. All materials are transparent water-white to light
  • Shore A hardness is measured on a stack of films with a total thickness of 3 mm following the procedure outlined in Examples 19-21. Hexane extractions are performed on pre-weighed one inch squares of 1 mm thickness submersed in 6 mL of hexane for 24 hours at room temperature. The samples are then removed, patted dry, and allowed to equilibrate for 24 hours. Samples are weighed to determine the % mass loss. Thermal, hardness and extraction results are listed in Table 7.
  • Example 14 69 ⁇ 27 6 27
  • Example 12 79 ⁇ 4 1 28
  • Example 15 75 ⁇ 23 3.6 29
  • Example 16 78 ⁇ 16 2 30
  • Example 17 74 ⁇ 29 10 31
  • Example 18 72 ⁇ 29 9 32
  • Example 9 77 ⁇ 17 3 33
  • Example 10 81 ⁇ 17 2
  • Polyvinyl acetate (PACE 383 Forbo Adhesives) is melt blended with the product of Example 11 at a 90:10 weight ratio. Viscosity is measured with a Brookfield RVT viscometer at 20 rpm and 25° C. The resulting plasticized polyvinyl acetate mixture is designated Example 34.
  • Example 35 is made by melt blending 90 parts of a vinyl acetate ethylene copolymer (Duroset E-200 HV, Celanese Corporation) with 10 parts of the Example 11 product. The viscosities of the resulting blends are measured at 25° C. after blending, and again after 7 days at about 25° C.
  • Example 34 exhibits an initial viscosity of 6040 cps and a viscosity of 6420 cps after 7 days.
  • Example 35 exhibits an initial viscosity of 5500 cps and a viscosity of 5600 cps after 7 days.
  • Dried film properties are observed after applying a 1.6 mil wet film with a #16 wire wound rod onto glass plates. Glass plates are submerged in water to determine water resistance. Speed of set is measured by applying a 1.6 mil wet film with a #16 wire wound rod to Kraft paper. A second sheet of Kraft paper is applied to the top of the adhesive film. Set time is evaluated as the time before fiber tear is observed upon pulling off the top layer of Kraft paper. All materials have a similar speed of set. Open time is evaluated by applying a 1.6 mil wet film with a #16 wire wound rod to Kraft paper. Copy paper is laid over the adhesive film at 5 second intervals. The adhesive layer is allowed to dry overnight. The paper strips are peeled apart looking for fiber tear. The open time is defined as the time between laying the wet film, and the first interval where the fiber tear is observed
  • Example 34 forms a tough, flexible film with no surface tack. Open time is 20 seconds. The films blush quickly and redisperse in water.
  • Example 35 forms a soft flexible film with surface tackiness. Open time is 35 seconds. The films blush but do not redisperse.
  • Example 34 is repeated twice, substituting a commercially available plasticizer (Benzoflex® LA-705 and Benzoflex® 50, both from Genovique, Rosemont, Ill.) for the Example 11 material. Each provides similar results to Example 34.
  • a commercially available plasticizer Benzoflex® LA-705 and Benzoflex® 50, both from Genovique, Rosemont, Ill.
  • Example 35 is repeated twice, substituting the Benzoflex® 50 material or dibutyl phthalate for the Example 11 product. Again, very similar results are obtained.
  • Levulinic acid 580.2 g, 5.0 mol
  • 1,3-propanediol 209.5 g, 2.75 mol
  • sulfuric acid 39.5 mg, 22 ⁇ L, 50 ppm
  • the crude reaction mixture (390.95 g (1.44 mol)) and 1,2-propylene glycol (328.4 g, 4.3 mol; Brenntag) are added to 1-liter, 3-neck round bottom flask and heated to 70° C. with stirring at 10 torr vacuum for 4 hours. After 4 hours, 85% (44 mL) of the theoretical volatiles are collected, and propylene glycol (93.2 g, 1.22 mol) and sulfuric acid catalyst (18 mg, 10 ⁇ L) are added; the reaction mixture is stirred at 80° C. under 8 torr vacuum for an additional 4 hours. The remaining volatiles (100 mL) are collected and the reaction is cooled to room temperature.
  • the crude product is neutralized with 20 g of dibasic sodium phosphate and filtered. The neutralized filtrate is purified by distillation and hexane extraction to yield 297.4 g of a compound having the structure
  • R 6 —(CH 2 ) 3 —.
  • a 100 mL 3-neck round bottom flask is charged with 7.61 g (0.1 mol) of 1,3-propanediol ((PDO) Sigma Aldrich Company; St. Louis, Mo.) and 44.50 g (0.22 mol) of Et-LGK.
  • the contents of the flask are stirred at a pressure of 5 torr with heating to 90° C., and back-filled with nitrogen.
  • 1.56 ⁇ L of titanium tetra-isopropoxide is added to the flask with a nitrogen purge; the contents of the flask are then heated to 200° C. After about 2.5 hours, the reaction mixture is allowed to cool to 104° C., and a second liquid is distilled under reduced pressure at about 5 torr. Reduced pressure is maintained until no further distillate is collected.
  • the flask is allowed to cool to ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure.
  • the product contains about 80.9% of a compound having the structure
  • R 6 in each case is —(CH 2 ) 3 —.
  • Example 38 is made the same way, except that the product of Example 6 is substituted for the product of Example 5.
  • Comparative Sample 4 is made the same way, but without any plasticizer.
  • Comparative Sample 4 (neat PLA resin) exhibits a T g of 57° C. and a T m of 162° C.
  • Example 38 exhibits a T g of 549° C. and a T m of 163° C.
  • Example 39 exhibits a T g of 51° C. and a T m of 163° C.
  • the foaming tendency and pour point of the product of Example 5 is evaluated according to ASTM D892 IP 146 (Foaming Characteristics—Sequences I, II and II), and ASTM D97, respectively.
  • the foam volume (ml) is determined at the end of a 5 minute and a 10 minute blowing period. Foam volumes of 0 ml are reported in all cases. Pour point is ⁇ 33° C.
  • a 250 mL 3-neck round bottom flask is charged with Et-LPK (40.42 g, 0.20 mol), ethylenediamine (67 mL, 1.00 mol), and ethylene glycol (10 ⁇ L).
  • Et-LPK 40.42 g, 0.20 mol
  • ethylenediamine 67 mL, 1.00 mol
  • ethylene glycol 10 ⁇ L
  • the contents of the flask are heated to 120° C. for 40 minutes, at 130° C. for 15.25 hours, and at 140° C. for 6.74 hours.
  • the reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature.
  • the crude product contains 78% of the 1:1 adduct of Et-LPK:ethylenediamine and 12.5% of the 2:1 adduct of Et-LPK:ethylenediamine.
  • a 3-neck round bottom flask is charged with 1258.28 gm (5.76 moles) Et-LGK, and 198.26 gm (2.2 moles) 1,4-butanediol.
  • the contents of the flask are heated to 70° C. for 16 hrs, and backfilled with nitrogen.
  • 73.5 ⁇ L (0.25 ⁇ 10 3 moles) of titanium isopropoxide is added to the reaction mixture with a nitrogen purge; the contents of the flask are heated to 200° C. for 6 hrs.
  • a condensate is collected, and when 298.9 gm of the condensate is collected, the reaction is cooled and analyzed by GPC and 1 H NMR.
  • the product is a yellow viscous liquid.
  • the product is a mixture of compounds that correspond to structure II, wherein e is 2, f is 0, x is 2, z is zero, R 5 is hydrogen, R 6 is —(CH 2 ) 4 —, R 14 is methyl and R 15 is hydrogen.
  • the mixture contains about 14% of species having a molecular weight of about 1375, 13% of species having a molecular weight of about 894, 21.5% of species having a molecular weight of about 682, 30% of species having a molecular weight of about 478, 19% of species having a molecular weight of about 303 and a small amount of residual Et-LGK.
  • a 3-neck round bottom flask is charged with 129.68 gm (0.28 moles) of the reaction product of Example 42 and 170.32 gm (0.84 moles) of ethyl 4-(2-methyl-1, A-dioxolan-5-yl) pentanoate.
  • the contents of the flask are heated to 70° C. under a nitrogen purge for 16 hrs.
  • 11 ⁇ L (0.37 ⁇ 10 3 moles) of titanium isopropoxide is added to the reaction mixture with a nitrogen purge; the contents of the flask are heated to 210° C. for 20 hrs. 25.2 g of a condensate is collected and excess monomer is removed under vacuum at 200° C. for 3 hrs.
  • Plasticizer migration out of PVC disks into activated carbon is determined according to ASTM D1203-A4. Tests are performed on 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm thick disks; conditions are 24 hours at 70° C. Butyl benzyl phthalate is the plasticizer for Comparative Sample 4. The product of Example 6 is used as the plasticizer in Example 44; the product of Example 5 is used as the plasticizer in Example 45; and the product of Example 43 is used as the plasticizer in Example 46. Loss of mass on this test indicates migration out of the sample; therefore, smaller absolute values indicate better results. Results are as reported in Table 8.
  • PC polycarbonate
  • GMS glycerol monostearate
  • PBT polybutylene terephthalate
  • a plasticizer prepared similarly to Examples 9-12 is added drop-wise via pipette to the melted resin in the compounder and blended for 10 minutes.
  • This plasticizer contains 56% of species in which s is 1, v is 0 and w is 1, 25% of species in which s is 1, v is 0 and w is 2 or s is 1, v is 1 and w is 1 and 11% of species in which s is 1, v>1 and w>2.
  • the extrudate is extruded through the die face and collected. Examples are analyzed by DSC and the results reported in Table 9. Samples of each are run according to the following profile: 1 st cycle, heat at 10° C./min from ⁇ 80° C. to 200° C.; Cool at 10° C./min to ⁇ 80° C.; and 2 nd cycle, heat at 10° C./min to 200° C. Tg values are calculated from the second cycle of the DSC runs.
  • the present disclosure may suitably comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of, any of the disclosed or recited elements.
  • the disclosure illustratively disclosed herein can be suitably practiced in the absence of any element which is not specifically disclosed herein.
  • the various embodiments described above are provided by way of illustration only and should not be construed to limit the claims attached hereto. It will be recognized that various modifications and changes may be made without following the example embodiments and applications illustrated and described herein, and without departing from the true spirit and scope of the following claims.

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