US20120087735A1 - Method for Constructing Water Barriers and Coastal Protection - Google Patents

Method for Constructing Water Barriers and Coastal Protection Download PDF

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Publication number
US20120087735A1
US20120087735A1 US13/140,401 US200913140401A US2012087735A1 US 20120087735 A1 US20120087735 A1 US 20120087735A1 US 200913140401 A US200913140401 A US 200913140401A US 2012087735 A1 US2012087735 A1 US 2012087735A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
water barrier
raised
water
underwater bottom
core
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US13/140,401
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English (en)
Inventor
Marc van den Broeck
Jonas Benjamin Roger Maertens
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Dredging International NV
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Dredging International NV
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Dredging International NV filed Critical Dredging International NV
Publication of US20120087735A1 publication Critical patent/US20120087735A1/en
Assigned to DREDGING INTERNATIONAL N. V. reassignment DREDGING INTERNATIONAL N. V. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MAERTENS, JONAS BENJAMIN ROGER, VAN DEN BROECK, MARC
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/06—Moles; Piers; Quays; Quay walls; Groynes; Breakwaters ; Wave dissipating walls; Quay equipment
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/10—Dams; Dykes; Sluice ways or other structures for dykes, dams, or the like
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A10/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE at coastal zones; at river basins
    • Y02A10/11—Hard structures, e.g. dams, dykes or breakwaters

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for constructing water barriers and coastal protection, such as in particular breakwaters, and a water barrier obtained with the method.
  • Breakwaters comprise structures erected from relatively hard rock which are arranged in the sea in order to protect the coastal area behind. This protection is brought about in that the breakwater absorbs a significant part of the wave energy of the incoming waves, whereby the wave reaches the coastal area in attenuated form.
  • the known rockfill breakwater is generally erected from a core of quarry run with a heavier protective layer on the outside, the so-called armour layer.
  • This armour layer generally comprises larger and heavier stone blocks than the core material. Concrete elements are also applied.
  • the stone blocks have a somewhat irregular shape so that the protective layer is sufficiently porous or permeable for the waves. Because the waves can partially penetrate the protective layer, the wave energy is attenuated.
  • a breakwater In addition to attenuating waves, a breakwater protects against coastal deterioration through erosion, caused by unfavourable sediment transport from the coastal area to sea.
  • the breakwater interferes in the natural transport pattern of sediment such that erosion of the coastal area is prevented, or in any case reduced.
  • a drawback of the known water barrier or coastal protection, in particular breakwater, is that the effect on the sediment transport along the coastline depends on a large number of parameters, such as for instance the length of the breakwater and/or the distance thereof from the coast. At non-optimal ratios problems regularly occur which can be traced back to unfavourable sediment transport.
  • the known breakwater can thus for instance cause the formation of bell-shaped sediment accumulations (so-called ‘salients’).
  • the known breakwater is also susceptible to erosion in the vicinity of the foot of the breakwater, which undermines the stability of the breakwater.
  • the present invention has for its object to provide a method with which water barriers, and in particular breakwaters, can be constructed, wherein at least an equivalent protection is provided as with the known water barrier and wherein the above stated problems can be at least partly obviated.
  • This object is achieved according to the invention by providing a method for constructing a water barrier of the above stated type, wherein a core of quarry run is arranged on the underwater bottom and is provided with a protective layer of stones or concrete blocks, with the proviso that, at least at the position of the water barrier, the underwater bottom is raised using bottom material.
  • a core of quarry run is arranged on the underwater bottom and is provided with a protective layer of stones or concrete blocks, with the proviso that, at least at the position of the water barrier, the underwater bottom is raised using bottom material.
  • a water barrier is obtained with a reduced overall height of core and protective layer relative to the known water barrier.
  • a significant advantage hereof is that the invented water barrier can be obtained in more economic manner than the known water barrier.
  • the materials for the core and the protective layer are generally expensive to purchase and are moreover often transported by road, this also resulting in high costs.
  • the water barrier obtained with the invented method in any case uses a reduced volume of core material relative to the known water barrier at substantially the same water barrier level, thereby saving costs. Because the amount of material required for a water barrier increases sharply along with the depth, the invented method is particularly suitable for constructing a water barrier for relatively deep water, which is understood to mean water with a depth of at least 8 metres, more preferably at least 14 metres, and most preferably at least 20 metres.
  • Another advantage of the method according to the invention is that the supply of a part of the material for the water barrier can take place in simple and rapid manner.
  • supply of the bottom material required for raising the underwater bottom can for instance take place by supplying this bottom material, generally sand, substantially by road, it is recommended that the bottom material is dredged in the vicinity, and more preferably in the immediate vicinity of the water barrier to be constructed.
  • Dredging is a per se known technique and can for instance be carried out using a trailing suction hopper dredger. This comprises a drag head which, together with a suction conduit, is lowered under water at the rear of the trailing suction hopper dredger until it contacts the bottom under the influence of its own weight.
  • the drag head is dragged over the bottom for dredging, wherein the soil is loosened and suctioned away with water via the suction conduit.
  • the suctioned bottom material can be transported immediately via a transport conduit to the desired location, more in particular to the vicinity of the water barrier to be constructed.
  • the method according to the invention is characterized in that the underwater bottom is raised with bottom material prior to the core being arranged.
  • a more efficient method is hereby obtained, which moreover provides a greater reliability. It is thus possible for instance to determine the height of the raised underwater bottom before the core is arranged. If desired, the raised part of the underwater bottom can also be compacted or treated in other manner.
  • the underwater bottom can in principle be raised to any height according to the invention, wherein the stability of the water barrier remains guaranteed.
  • a water barrier consisting substantially wholly of bottom material will generally be too unstable, and cannot therefore fulfill its function properly.
  • the underwater bottom is raised to a height such that the average water depth at the position of the water barrier decreases by 20 to 80%, more preferably by 30 to 70%, and most preferably by 40 to 60%. The water barrier is found to produce the best results within this range.
  • the closure depth is a term known to the skilled person: when water depths are regularly measured away from the coastline, there is found to be a minimum water depth above which the water depths do not change through time. This depth is called the closure depth.
  • the closure depth can be determined experimentally or, in the context of the present patent application, can be derived in simple manner by the following approximate formula:
  • d 1 represents the closure depth and H s0.137 is the effective wave height at the position of the water barrier.
  • the effective wave height is that wave height which is exceeded a maximum of 12 hours per year and therefore has a maximum occurrence probability of 0.137%.
  • the method according to the invention is preferably performed in that the underwater bottom is raised to a level such that the volume of material required for core and protective layer decreases by 20 to 80% relative to a water barrier with non-raised underwater bottom, more preferably by 30 to 70%, and most preferably by 40 to 60%.
  • Statically stable breakwaters such as of the above described type, should generally deform only little under wave attack. A relatively heavy construction is therefore required.
  • a water barrier is obtained which is lighter per unit volume than the known water barrier. It is surprising that this has hardly any or no effect on the stability of the water barrier. An undefended water barrier of sand would not at first sight appear to be a very obvious solution.
  • the water barrier according to the invention comprises a quantity of weighting material (quarry run and the stones of the protective layer) which is lower than the known water barrier with the same water barrier height. Nevertheless, the above stated problems hardly occur.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention is characterized in that the raised underwater bottom is compacted at least at the position of the water barrier. Compaction of the raised water bottom can for instance be performed by vibration or by pile-driving with a drop weight. It is also possible and advantageous to provide the raised water bottom with grout columns for further stabilizing thereof and to make the water barrier better resistant to earthquakes.
  • the raised underwater bottom can in principle be compacted to any desired saturated density.
  • the saturated density is understood to mean the density of a volume of material which is substantially wholly saturated with water. It has been found advantageous for the raised underwater bottom to be compacted to a saturated density lying between 1.6 ton/m 3 and 2.3 ton/m 3 , more preferably between 1.7 ton/m 3 and 2.2 ton/m 3 and most preferably between 1.9 ton/m 3 and 2.1 ton/m 3 .
  • a filter layer is arranged between the raised underwater bottom and the core. This measure enhances the geotechnical stability. Soil erosion at the toe of the water barrier, in particular a breakwater, is hereby reduced. Migration of bottom material to the core is further countered. Bottom material is in principle more impermeable than quarry run. Migration may thus result in a decreasing porosity of the core. The breakwater action hereby becomes less effective. The present embodiment variant at least partially avoids this. In some cases the filter layer also lets through water. A relatively permeable water barrier or breakwater has a high probability of sanding up, certainly in sand-rich conditions: waves and current supply sand which then fills the pores (in the core).
  • the water barrier according to the invention can further comprise multiple filter layers, for instance in the form of a stone layer between the core and the protective layer. A gradual transition is hereby obtained between the relatively finer and coarser materials.
  • the water barrier can further be provided with a toe construction for the purpose of supporting the protective layer in the direction of the inclination of the slope and with a crown wall on top of the water barrier so that it is possible to walk thereon.
  • the water barrier according to the invention and in particular a breakwater according to the invention, can be built with its crest below or above water.
  • the height position of the crest of the breakwater relative to the average water level determines the amount of wave energy which is allowed over the structure, as well as the degree to which diffraction will occur. The more wave energy is allowed through, the smaller the wave loads on the breakwater become. Breakwaters with their crest under water have the further advantage that they allow through a (large) amount of wave energy, whereby the load on the breakwater decreases.
  • Fully impermeable breakwaters reflect the wave energy or dissipate the energy in a relatively small stone volume.
  • the breakwater is here generally loaded more heavily. Such a breakwater is therefore preferably given a heavier form.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention is characterized in that the underwater bottom is raised gradually from the natural level thereof up to a position in the vicinity of the water barrier, whereby the raising has an inclination.
  • the present variant has the advantage that the waves already at least partially lose their energy well before the water barrier. Model tests have moreover shown that sediment transport to the area between water barrier and coastline occurs to lesser extent. It is further advantageous here when the height of the raising increases at a substantially constant inclination in the direction of the water barrier. The best results are achieved when the angle of inclination to the horizontal direction lies between 1:2 and 1:20, more preferably between 1:5 and 1:15, and most preferably between 1:7 and 1:10.
  • the underwater bottom is preferably raised gradually from the natural level thereof up to a position in the vicinity of the water barrier, whereby the raising has an average inclination but wherein this average inclination comprises one or more horizontal parts.
  • the horizontal parts preferably have a length which is about 2 to 3 times the raised water depth at that position.
  • the inclination is provided with a plurality of water barriers which are positioned at a mutual distance from each other and which lie substantially in line with the water barrier.
  • the crests of the multiple water barriers preferably lie at increasing height in the direction of the water barrier, with the proviso that the crest heights of the water barriers do not exceed that of the water barrier.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic cross-section of a first embodiment of a water barrier according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic cross-section of a second embodiment of a water barrier according to the invention.
  • a water barrier 1 embodied as breakwater is shown which is obtained using the method according to the invention.
  • the shown embodiment of water barrier 1 is obtained by raising the existing underwater bottom 3 , at least at the position of water barrier 1 , with bottom material 4 supplied from elsewhere and subsequently arranging a core of quarry run 2 thereon, for instance by pouring it onto the supplied bottom material 4 .
  • the core of quarry run 2 is provided with an approximately 2 m thick protective layer 5 constructed from stones 6 .
  • a filter layer 8 of a granular material, with a stone size between 5 and 75 mm, is arranged between the raised water bottom 4 and core 2 . It is likewise possible to apply a geotextile with a typical thickness of between 2 and 5 mm.
  • the top of the water barrier protrudes above water surface 7 , although it is also possible for the top to lie below the water surface 7 , for instance in order to conceal the breakwater from view.
  • An existing water bottom at 14 m below water level 7 can for instance be raised to an average of for instance 5 m below water level 7 using the invented method.
  • the underwater bottom is here thus raised to a height at which the water depth is reduced from ⁇ 14 m to ⁇ 5 m, therefore by about 65%.
  • a prior art water barrier which is arranged directly onto the existing underwater bottom, is at least approximately 14 m high. With the method according to the invention the overall height of core 2 and protective layer 6 amounts approximately to at least only 9 m, this corresponding to a height reduction of about 65%.
  • the raising 4 can extend over a relatively great distance on the sea side of water barrier 1 (the left-hand side in FIG. 1 ).
  • inclination 9 is provided with a plurality of water barriers which lie substantially in line with water barrier 1 and which are obtained in the same way as water barrier 1 .
  • the crests of the water barriers herein lie at increasing height in the direction of water barrier 1 as seen from the sea side, wherein they do not however exceed the crest height of water barrier 1 .
  • FIG. 2 another embodiment of a water barrier 1 is shown, which is likewise obtained using the method according to the invention.
  • the shown embodiment of water barrier 1 is obtained by raising the existing underwater bottom 3 , at least at the position of water barrier 1 , using bottom material 4 supplied from elsewhere and subsequently arranging a core of quarry run ( 2 , 2 a, 2 b ) thereon, the central part 2 a of which consists of coarser rocks and the right-hand part of which consists partially of even coarser rocks 2 b.
  • the core ( 2 , 2 a, 2 b ) is poured onto the supplied bottom material 4 in a number of operations.
  • the core ( 2 , 2 a, 2 b ) is then provided with a protective layer 5 , approximately 2 m thick and constructed from stones 6 .
  • a filter layer 8 with a thickness of 5 to 75 mm is arranged between the raised underwater bottom 4 and core 2 .
  • the parts ( 2 a, 2 b ) provide for a locally increased porosity of core layer ( 2 , 2 a, 2 b ), whereby the wave energy is better dissipated locally.
  • This variant further has a raising 4 with two substantially horizontal terraces ( 9 a, 9 b ) and two parts ( 9 c, 9 d ) which have an incline.
  • Such a structure has a favourable influence on the breakwater action and the stability of water barrier 1 .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
  • Underground Or Underwater Handling Of Building Materials (AREA)
US13/140,401 2008-12-18 2009-12-17 Method for Constructing Water Barriers and Coastal Protection Abandoned US20120087735A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE2008/0683 2008-12-18
BE2008/0683A BE1018437A3 (nl) 2008-12-18 2008-12-18 Werkwijze voor het aanleggen van waterkeringen en kustbeschermingen.
PCT/IB2009/008073 WO2010082083A2 (en) 2008-12-18 2009-12-17 Method for constructing water barriers and coastal protection

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20120087735A1 true US20120087735A1 (en) 2012-04-12

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US13/140,401 Abandoned US20120087735A1 (en) 2008-12-18 2009-12-17 Method for Constructing Water Barriers and Coastal Protection

Country Status (11)

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US (1) US20120087735A1 (de)
EP (1) EP2379810B1 (de)
JP (1) JP5909092B2 (de)
AU (1) AU2009337503B2 (de)
BE (1) BE1018437A3 (de)
MX (1) MX340858B (de)
MY (1) MY161494A (de)
NZ (1) NZ593717A (de)
SG (2) SG172240A1 (de)
WO (1) WO2010082083A2 (de)
ZA (1) ZA201104820B (de)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10000398B2 (en) * 2014-03-21 2018-06-19 Nanjing University Ecological Research Institute Of Changshu In-situ purification island structure and the construction method thereof
US10815631B1 (en) * 2019-05-29 2020-10-27 China Institute Of Water Resources And Hydropower Research Method for cemented material dam construction based on whole-process quality control
CN113279374A (zh) * 2021-05-20 2021-08-20 中国电建集团贵阳勘测设计研究院有限公司 一种堆石坝顶部抗震防浪结构及施工方法

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN112962514B (zh) * 2021-02-05 2022-04-26 上海同瑞环保工程有限公司 一种自适应水位变化的屏障制作方法
CN116738186B (zh) * 2023-07-25 2023-11-21 中国水产科学研究院渔业工程研究所 浮式防波堤防护性能评估方法及评估系统

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US3218808A (en) * 1961-07-25 1965-11-23 Seaway Entpr Inc Artificial reef and sand breakwater and method of constructing same
US4172680A (en) * 1976-12-30 1979-10-30 Douglas Neil Foster Armour unit for wave energy absorption
US5108223A (en) * 1989-04-06 1992-04-28 Medina Folgado Josep R Armored breakwater
US20020018696A1 (en) * 2000-08-01 2002-02-14 Robinson Robert A. Submersible modular dike
US6705803B2 (en) * 2001-05-17 2004-03-16 Garry Kevin Callinan Tire foundation structure

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US5228800A (en) * 1983-03-29 1993-07-20 Kazuaki Akai Purifying breakwater
JP3108802B2 (ja) * 1995-12-19 2000-11-13 東洋建設株式会社 シート敷設工法およびシート敷設装置
JPH10147923A (ja) * 1996-11-20 1998-06-02 Kajima Corp 漁 礁
JP3660082B2 (ja) * 1996-11-20 2005-06-15 サンコーテクノ株式会社 ケミカルアンカー打込用アタッチメント
JPH10245827A (ja) * 1998-04-06 1998-09-14 Tomen Constr Kk 離岸堤の構築方法及び離岸堤の構造
JP2002121721A (ja) * 2000-10-18 2002-04-26 Penta Ocean Constr Co Ltd 海岸構造物基礎地盤の砂吸出し・流出防止工法
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Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3218808A (en) * 1961-07-25 1965-11-23 Seaway Entpr Inc Artificial reef and sand breakwater and method of constructing same
US4172680A (en) * 1976-12-30 1979-10-30 Douglas Neil Foster Armour unit for wave energy absorption
US5108223A (en) * 1989-04-06 1992-04-28 Medina Folgado Josep R Armored breakwater
US20020018696A1 (en) * 2000-08-01 2002-02-14 Robinson Robert A. Submersible modular dike
US6705803B2 (en) * 2001-05-17 2004-03-16 Garry Kevin Callinan Tire foundation structure

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10000398B2 (en) * 2014-03-21 2018-06-19 Nanjing University Ecological Research Institute Of Changshu In-situ purification island structure and the construction method thereof
US10815631B1 (en) * 2019-05-29 2020-10-27 China Institute Of Water Resources And Hydropower Research Method for cemented material dam construction based on whole-process quality control
CN113279374A (zh) * 2021-05-20 2021-08-20 中国电建集团贵阳勘测设计研究院有限公司 一种堆石坝顶部抗震防浪结构及施工方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP5909092B2 (ja) 2016-04-26
MX340858B (es) 2016-07-28
ZA201104820B (en) 2012-03-28
BE1018437A3 (nl) 2010-11-09
SG172240A1 (en) 2011-07-28
SG196772A1 (en) 2014-02-13
AU2009337503B2 (en) 2016-07-21
MX2011006649A (es) 2011-09-28
EP2379810B1 (de) 2016-07-13
JP2012512978A (ja) 2012-06-07
WO2010082083A2 (en) 2010-07-22
EP2379810A2 (de) 2011-10-26
AU2009337503A1 (en) 2011-07-14
MY161494A (en) 2017-04-14
WO2010082083A3 (en) 2010-09-30
NZ593717A (en) 2013-10-25

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Owner name: DREDGING INTERNATIONAL N. V., BELGIUM

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