US20110040045A1 - Reversible derivatization of poly (aryl ether ketones) - Google Patents

Reversible derivatization of poly (aryl ether ketones) Download PDF

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US20110040045A1
US20110040045A1 US12/601,093 US60109308A US2011040045A1 US 20110040045 A1 US20110040045 A1 US 20110040045A1 US 60109308 A US60109308 A US 60109308A US 2011040045 A1 US2011040045 A1 US 2011040045A1
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ether
poly
dithioacetal
paek
ketone
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Howard Matthew Colquhoun
Francois Pierre Vincent Paoloni
Philip Hodge
Patrick Terence McGrail
Paul Mark Cross
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Cytec Technology Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
    • C08G65/32—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C08G65/329—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with organic compounds
    • C08G65/334—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with organic compounds containing sulfur
    • C08G65/3342—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with organic compounds containing sulfur having sulfur bound to carbon and hydrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G65/34—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from hydroxy compounds or their metallic derivatives
    • C08G65/48—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/24—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L71/00—Compositions of polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L71/08—Polyethers derived from hydroxy compounds or from their metallic derivatives
    • C08L71/10—Polyethers derived from hydroxy compounds or from their metallic derivatives from phenols
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L81/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only; Compositions of polysulfones; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L81/06—Polysulfones; Polyethersulfones
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2381/00—Characterised by the use of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon only; Polysulfones; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2381/02—Polythioethers; Polythioether-ethers

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to solubilizing polymers and, in particular, to reversible derivatization of poly (aryl ether ketones) (PAEKs) to enhance their solubility.
  • PAEKs poly (aryl ether ketones)
  • PAEKs poly (aryl ether ketones), or PAEKs
  • PAEKs having a wide range of ether/ketone ratios have been developed in order to tailor the properties of the resulting materials.
  • PAEKs include poly (ether ketone) (PEK), poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK), poly (ether ketone ketone) (PEKK) and poly (ether ketone ether ketone ketone) (PEKEKK).
  • PEK poly (ether ketone)
  • PEEK poly (ether ether ketone)
  • PEKK poly (ether ketone ketone ketone)
  • PEKEKK poly (ether ketone ether ketone ketone ketone)
  • PAEKs have been employed for the fabrication of medical instruments which are in direct contact with the body, such as endoscopes, cannula, and cardiac pump systems. These semi-crystalline materials show significant solvent resistance and chemical stability over a wide range of temperatures and are commonly used as injection loop stators and fittings in chromatography systems such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), also known as high-pressure size exclusion chromatography. PAEKs are further resistant to many chemicals widely used in the aerospace industry, including dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2 ), lubricating oils, hydraulic fluids, and gasoline, and are thus used in housing to protect electric wires and fiber optic filaments in aircraft production.
  • CH 2 Cl 2 dichloromethane
  • PAEKs The low flammability and low smoke emissions of PAEKs also makes them excellent candidates for commercial aircraft interiors.
  • polymer composites based on PAEKs have excellent mechanical characteristics and can be very light.
  • Aromatic Polymer Composite-2 (APC-2, Cytec, Inc.) is a composite possessing a PEEK matrix with reinforcing carbon fiber that is now used extensively in the construction of both commercial and military aircraft.
  • PAEKs While the resistance of PAEKs to chemicals is often a benefit in their commercial utility, this property also limits the ability to characterize PAEKs.
  • HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
  • GPC gel permeation chromatography
  • a PAEK such as PEEK can absorb organic solvents such as dichloromethane, o-dichlorobenzene, or N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), giving rise to solvent-induced crystallization and plasticization.
  • organic solvents such as dichloromethane, o-dichlorobenzene, or N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)
  • DMF N,N-dimethylformamide
  • common organic solvents have little or no effect on semi-crystalline PEEK, even at elevated temperatures. Thus, little information is known about the mass distribution of these materials because of the difficulty in finding a PAEK solvent compatible with GPC.
  • PAEKs have been characterized by the inherent viscosity of the dilute polymer solution in concentrated sulfuric acid. Unfortunately, this technique does not provide a measure of the polydispersity index, a measure of the distribution of molecular weights in the polymer.
  • a mixture of phenol and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene can be used as an eluent for PEEK GPC analysis at about 115° C. However, these solvents are highly toxic and, therefore, unsuitable for routine characterization of PEEK or other PAEKs.
  • PEEK may be sulfonated according to the reaction:
  • the sulfonated PEEK has been found to be soluble in dipolar aprotic solvents such as DMF and N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP).
  • nitric acid to a solution of PEEK in methanesulfonic acid (MSA) leads to the formation of nitro-derivatives of PEEK.
  • One method to produce soluble PAEKs is the polymerization of monomers that will impart solubility to the polymer. This would involve selecting a monomer that has, eg bulky side groups to disrupt the crystallinity of the polymer formed, and polymerizing this to make a soluble PAEK. This method is useful for preparing soluble PAEKs but does not allow the use of standard commercial PAEKs. This method also necessitates a selected monomer and polymerisation for each soluble PAEK that is desired. This method is therefore not general in the sense that standard commercial PAEKs cannot be made soluble after they have been polymerized but must be made soluble at the time of polymerization.
  • Embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods of forming a soluble derivative of a poly (aryl ether ketone) (“PAEK”).
  • the method comprises dissolution of the PAEK in a mixture comprising a solvent and an acid and intermixing a Lewis acid, such as, boron trifluoride-diethyl etherate and a thiol compound with the PAEK mixture in sufficient quantity so as to form a poly (aryl ether thioacetal) corresponding to the PAEK in solution and then, if desired, further reaction with solvent, N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and an alcohol to form a substantially soluble poly (aryl ether acetal).
  • a Lewis acid such as, boron trifluoride-diethyl etherate and a thiol compound
  • NBS N-bromosuccinimide
  • inventions of the present disclosure provide methods of forming a PAEK from a derivatized poly (aryl ether thioacetal) or poly (aryl ether acetal).
  • the method comprises obtaining a poly (aryl ether thioacetal) derived from a selected PAEK and reacting the poly (aryl ether thioacetal) with a mixture of t-butyl iodide and dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • the resulting PAEK possesses an inherent viscosity approximately equal to that of a virgin PAEK.
  • the PAEK (in the case of the acetal) can be recovered by application of heat or steam (either with or without acid).
  • Additional embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods of forming polymer matrix composites.
  • the method comprises prepregging a plurality of fibers in a solution, where the solution comprises a poly (aryl ether thioacetal) or a poly (aryl ether acetal).
  • the method further comprises consolidating the fibers by application of at least one of heat and pressure.
  • PAEKs are selected from the group consisting of PEK, PEEK, PEKK, PEKEKK, PEEKEEK, PEDK, PEDEK, PEDEKK, PEKEN, a polymer comprising a recurring unit having at least one of the structures of Formula (I):
  • FIG. 1 illustrates GPC traces analyzing the thioacetal formed from protection of PEEK Avecia with 1,2-ethanedithiol
  • FIG. 2 illustrates GPC traces analyzing the thioacetal formed from protection of PEEK 150G with 1,2-ethanedithiol
  • FIG. 3 illustrates GPC traces analyzing the thioacetal formed from protection of PEEK 450G with 1,2-ethanedithiol
  • FIG. 4 illustrates GPC traces analyzing the thioacetal formed from protection of PEK with 1,2-ethanedithiol
  • FIG. 5 illustrates GPC traces analyzing the thioacetal formed from protection of PEKK HTM with 1,2-ethanedithiol
  • FIG. 6 illustrates GPC traces analyzing the thioacetal formed from protection of PEKK DSM with 1,2-ethanedithiol
  • FIG. 7 illustrates GPC traces analyzing the thioacetal formed from protection of PEKEKK with 1,2-ethanedithiol
  • FIG. 8 illustrates GPC traces analyzing the thioacetal formed from protection of PEEK Avecia with 1,3-propanedithiol
  • FIG. 9 illustrates GPC traces analyzing the thioacetal formed from protection of PEEK 150G with 1,3-propanedithiol
  • FIG. 10 illustrates GPC traces analyzing the thioacetal formed from protection of PEEK 450G with 1,3-propanedithiol
  • FIG. 11 illustrates GPC traces analyzing the thioacetal formed from protection of PEK with 1,3-propanedithiol
  • FIG. 12 illustrates GPC traces analyzing the thioacetal formed from protection of PEKK HTM with 1,3-propanedithiol
  • FIG. 13 illustrates GPC traces analyzing the thioacetal formed from protection of PEKK DSM with 1,3-propanedithiol
  • FIG. 14 illustrates GPC traces analyzing the thioacetal formed from protection of PEKEKK with 1,3-propanedithiol
  • FIG. 15 presents a measurement of molecular weight distribution before and after dithioacetalization of PEEK, illustrating that the weight distribution exhibits substantially little change between the starting and final PEEK materials.
  • FIG. 16 presents a measurement of molecular weight distribution before and after the full protection, exchange and deprotection of PEEK, illustrating that the weight distribution exhibits substantially little change between the starting and final PEEK materials and suggests there is negligible polymer degradation.
  • Embodiments of the present disclosure present systems and methods for the reversible derivatization of poly (aryl ether ketones), also known as poly (aromatic ether ketones), or PAEKs.
  • PAEK is a generic name for the class of aromatic polymers containing both ketone and ether links between benzene rings.
  • solubilizing the PAEK involves initial reaction of the PAEK with a thiol compound in a reversible thioacetalization process. The thiol reacts with the ketone group present in the PAEKs to yield a thioacetal compound which is substantially soluble in common solvents. The modified thioacetal is then either subjected to a second, deprotection reaction for conversion back to the original PAEK, or is reacted further to an acetal species, and then deprotected back to the original PAEK.
  • solubilizing PAEKs is beneficial in a number of aspects.
  • solubilizing PAEKs facilitates the use of analytical techniques, such as gel permeation chromatography (GPC), to characterize the PAEKs.
  • solubilization opens up additional routes to chemical modification of PAEKs.
  • thio-modified PAEKs may be further modified to form diacetals and mono acetal-mono thiols, or quaternized to form the corresponding salts.
  • solubilization provides increased flexibility in the processing of PAEKs, allowing processing from solution, rather than the melt, as has traditionally been done.
  • thioacetalization provides modified PAEKs in high yield, facilitating use of these methods in large scale operations.
  • the modified PAEKs are substantially soluble in common solvents, reducing the need for expensive and/or highly toxic/corrosive solvents.
  • the modified PAEKs can be converted back to the starting polymer with substantially no degradation.
  • thioacetalization and subsequent acetalization is expected to be applicable to substantially all PAEKs, providing a general method for solubilization of PAEKs.
  • a PAEK is reacted with a thiol compound.
  • This reaction protects the carbonyl groups of the PAEK with the thiol, forming a poly (aryl ether thioacetal) which is a substantially soluble derivative of the PAEK.
  • the poly (aryl ether thioacetal) is produced in high yields and is substantially soluble in common organic solvents. This solubility is aided by disruption of the crystallinity of the PAEK.
  • PEEK may react to form poly (ether ether thioacetal), or PEET.
  • Other dithioacetal derivatives of several other PAEKs have been formed using thiols and are found to be similarly soluble in organic solvents, enabling their characterization by GPC.
  • Reaction (1) is performed in the following manner.
  • the PAEK is first dissolved in a mixture of a suitable solvent and an acid.
  • boron trifluoride-diethyl etherate and excess thiol are intermixed with the PAEK mixture. These materials are used in excess to promote complete reaction.
  • the reaction is subsequently allowed to proceed for a selected time period to ensure substantially complete conversion of the PAEK to the poly (aryl ether thioacetal). In one embodiment, the time period may vary between approximately 16 hours and four days.
  • the poly (aryl ether thioacetal) is then removed from the solution by precipitation. In one embodiment, precipitation is conducted in cold methanol. Characterization, modification (Reaction (3) and Reaction (4)), and other processing of the modified PAEK may then performed, as necessary, before conversion back to the starting PAEK.
  • the poly (aryl ether thioacetal) is converted back to the starting PAEK through a deprotection reaction, Reaction (2).
  • the deprotection reaction removes the thioacetal group and restores a carbonyl group in its place, recovering the PAEK.
  • the deprotection reaction comprises dissolving the thioacetal in a suitable solvent, followed by intermixing t-butyl iodide and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) into the thioacetal solution at, in the case of the DMSO solvent, approximately 70° C.
  • a solvent may be used to assist the thioacetal in staying in solution, for at least a portion of the early duration of the reaction.
  • the solvent examples include, but are not limited to, diethylether, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dioxin, and chlorinated solvents such as dichloromethane (DCM), trichloromethane (chloroform), dichloroethane, and dichlorobenzene.
  • the mixture is refluxed for a selected time, in one embodiment, about 48 hours, and subsequently cooled to about room temperature.
  • the PAEK is subsequently recovered from solution by precipitation, such as through intermixture with cold methanol.
  • the mild and substantially neutral conditions provided by this mixture present a low likelihood of degrading the PAEK.
  • the current method of deprotection using chemical means is limited in applicability although further methods of deprotection are possible that may be more commercially viable.
  • the PAEKs may also be recycled from composites such as those described above. This may be accomplished, for example, by treating the composite materials with a solvent and reagents as set forth in Reaction (1) above to obtain a thioacetal derivative of the PAEK in solution. The solution can then be separated from the fibrous materials of the recycled composites and used in further prepregging processes. Alternatively, the thioacetal solution could be further treated as set forth in Reaction (2) or in Reaction (3).
  • Additional chemical modification of the poly (aryl ether thioacetal) is also possible and allows alternative protecting groups to either fully or partially replace the thioacetal groups on the polymers. These groups can be chosen to allow alternative methods of deprotection back to the initial PAEK.
  • An example of this additional chemical modification is the replacement of the thioacetal protecting group with an acetal group (Reaction (3), which allows different deprotection methods to be used to convert the protected polymer back to the original PAEK
  • Reaction (3) is performed in the following manner.
  • the poly (aryl ether thioacetal) is dissolved in dichloromethane to form a pink/light purple solution.
  • Ethylene glycol is then added dropwise to the solution and immediately afterwards, fine NBS is added very slowly, over around 10-15 minutes.
  • the solution, which progressively turns a dark purple on addition of NBS is then stirred for an additional 5-7 minutes.
  • the additional stirring time is determined by a color change of the solution from purple to an orange/green/brown color.
  • the solution is then precipitated into stirred methanol and stirred for 20 minutes. After this time the material is filtered and then washed with additional methanol, stirred for 20 minutes and then filtered and dried.
  • Reaction 4 can be performed by a variety of methods, some of which remain unoptimized. Methods shown to fully deprotect the acetal protected polymer back to PAEK involve the use of microwave heating of the acetal protected polymer in water, optionally with acid present, to 160° C. for 15 min. This microwave heating is designed to emulate high pressure steam in production environments. Temperatures lower than 160° C. have been shown to effect significant deprotection although conditions have not been optimized for complete deprotection.
  • Embodiments of the PAEKs may include, but are not limited to, poly (ether ketone) (PEK), poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK), poly (ether ketone ketone) (PEKK), poly (ether ether ketone ketone) (PEEKK), and poly (ether ketone ether ketone ketone) (PEKEKK), poly (ether ether ketone ether ketone) (PEEKEEK), poly (ether diphenyl ketone) (PEDK), poly (ether diphenyl ether ketone) (PEDEK), poly (ether diphenyl ether ketone ketone) (PEDEKK), poly (ether ketone ether naphthalene) (PEKEN), a polymer comprising a recurring unit having at least one of the structures of Formula (I):
  • PAEKs are recited for example purposes and should in no way limit the PAEKs which may be utilized in embodiments of the invention.
  • the PAEKs may be formed by known chemical synthesis routes or purchased commercially.
  • thiol compounds may be used with embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • the thiol compounds may comprise monothiols of the form R—SH, dithiols of the form HSRSH, and thio-alcohols of the form HSROH, wherein R is selected from at least one of an optionally substituted C 1 -C 30 aliphatic group and an optionally substituted C 6 -C 30 aromatic group.
  • the aromatic groups may directly link to the alcohol or thiol groups, as well as linking with other aromatic groups in the compound.
  • Preferred thiol embodiments comprise 1,2 ethanedithiol and 1,3-propanedithiol.
  • the acid may comprise any known non-sulfonating acid.
  • the acid comprises trifluoroacetic acid.
  • the acid may comprise sulfuric acid when the PAEK comprises PEEK.
  • the solvents may comprise diethylether, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dioxin, and chlorinated solvents as are known in the art, such as dichloromethane (DCM), trichloromethane (chloroform), dichloroethane, and dichlorobenzene.
  • DCM dichloromethane
  • chloroform trichloromethane
  • dichloroethane dichlorobenzene
  • the solvent may be selected based on cost, efficacy, availability, and level of toxicity.
  • Lewis acid boron trifluorise-diethyl etherate
  • other Lewis acids or mixtures of Lewis acids may be used.
  • PAEKs such as PEEK, PEK, and PEKEKK are important engineering thermoplastics for applications requiring extreme durability under severe operating conditions. These polymers possess oxidative and hydrolytic stability as well as melting points in the range of about 340-380° C., yielding very good thermo-mechanical stability in addition to resistance to solvent attack. Thus, PAEKs are routinely used as matrix materials in polymer matrix composites.
  • solubilizing the PAEKs may improve their utility in prepregging techniques for the fabrication of composite materials.
  • Prepregs in one embodiment, comprise thin sheets or lamina of unidirectional or woven fibers which are impregnated with matrix materials prior to formation of the composite body.
  • the matrix typically comprises a thermosetting polymer.
  • the prepregs may be stacked and subsequently treated with heat and pressure to consolidate the laminae, remove trapped air, and cure the polymer matrix.
  • individual fibers may be impregnated with matrix materials, such as solutions or solvent swollen gels of solubilized PAEKs, before being formed into desired shapes, for example by being wrapped around molds and thermoformed.
  • Soluble PAEKs may be used in processes previously unachievable with substantially non-soluble PAEKs. Examples of such processes include solution dipping, solution spray, filming and fiber impregnation.
  • solution dipping the matrix material is dissolved in a solvent in a selected concentration and the fibers are passed through the solution, where they pick up an amount of matrix solids.
  • solution spray processes the solubilized matrix material is sprayed onto the fiber.
  • filming processes the solvent swollen polymer is pressed into the fibers.
  • fabric impregnation processes a fiber cloth is submerged in a bath of the dissolved matrix. Vacuum pressure, in one embodiment, may be used to pull air out of the fiber cloth and pull the matrix solution into the fiber cloth.
  • the relatively low viscosity of the PAEK solution/solvent swollen PAEK may enter the void spaces between fibers in unidirectional and woven cloths, displacing entrapped air even before consolidation, reducing the void content of the final composite and potentially improving the composite properties over other processing routes.
  • the examples below present embodiments of the thioacetalization reaction of Reaction (1) for formation of soluble thioacetal derivatives of PAEKs comprising poly (aryl ether thioacetals). These examples illustrate the utility of thioacetalization reaction with a range of PAEKs and thiols. In particular, experimental characterization of the thioacetal derivatives through NMR illustrates that the ketone group is absent and the thioacetal is formed. Additional examples also illustrate embodiments of the deprotection reaction of Reaction (2) which convert the soluble thioacetal derivatives of PAEKs back to the original PAEKs without substantial degradation of the PAEK.
  • GPC characterization illustrates that the deprotected materials are substantially the same as the original PAEKs.
  • Examples also follow to show one of the many potential modifications that can be carried out on the thioacetal derivative of PAEK, namely the interchange reaction between thioacetal and acetal (Reaction (3)) and the deprotection of this acetal derivative back to PAEK.
  • the melting points, glass transition, and melting transition temperatures of the polymers are determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
  • DSC differential scanning calorimetry
  • a Mettler Toledo DSC20 system is employed under nitrogen at a scanning rate of 10 or 20° C.
  • the infrared spectra of the polymers are obtained from dispersion of the polymers in potassium bromide and are recorded on a Perkin Elmer FT1700 instrument.
  • the proton NMR ( 1 H NMR) spectra of the polymers are recorded on a Bruker DPX 250 spectrometer, a JEOL GSX 400 or a JEOL Eclipse+ 500 at 250 MHz, 400 MHz and 500 MHz respectively.
  • the Carbon NMR ( 13 C NMR) was ran on a Brucker DPX 250, a JEOL Lambda 300 or a JEOL Eclipse+ 500 at 62.8 MHz, 75.57 MHz and 125.8 MHz respectively.
  • Resonance positions are recorded in ⁇ (ppm) from the tetramethylsilane (TMS) peak.
  • the solution viscosities ( ⁇ inh ) of the polymers are measured using a Schott-Gerate CT 150 semi-automated viscometer at 25° C.
  • the polymers are dissolved in approximately 98% sulfuric acid and vigorously stirred overnight to ensure substantially complete sulfonation.
  • the polymer solutions are filtered before measurement to substantially remove any insoluble particles.
  • Refractive index measurements are also performed on the polymers using a refractive index detector integrated within the GPC system.
  • the refractive index detector was calibrated by a series of polystyrene standards.
  • the absolute molecular weights of the protected polymers was calculated using a PD2000DLS instrument from Precision Detectors, operating at about 15° and 90°.
  • the value of the refractive index increment, do/dc, for each polymer sample is calculated by calibrating the detector with a sample of monodispersed poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) having M p of approximately 100,000 and M w /M n of approximately 1.04 and from the concentration trace obtained with the refractive index detector.
  • PMMA monodispersed poly (methyl methacrylate)
  • Microwave heating used in the deprotection of acetal protected samples was carried out on a CEM Mars 5 Microwave digestion apparatus.
  • Thermal deprotection and DSC analysis of the acetal species was carried out by heating using a Mettler-Toledo DSC 822e.
  • DSC analysis on deprotected samples and unmodified PEEK was carried out by heating the sample to 420° C. to remove the thermal history, cooling at 20° C./min, then reheating at 20° C./min to 400° C.
  • TGA analysis was carried out on a Netzsch TG201 F1, in both Air and Nitrogen environments. Specimens weighing approximately 3.5 mg were prepared from each of the samples submitted. Specimens were heated from ⁇ 25° C. to 100° C. at a rate 10° C./minute, then from 100° C. to 520° C. in SuperRes mode
  • Example 1 thioacetalization of PEEK is performed using 1,2 ethanedithiol (EDT) according to Reaction (3):
  • Example 2 thioacetalization of PEEK is performed using 1,2 ethanedithiol (EDT) according to Reaction (4):
  • Example 3 thioacetalization of PEEK 450G (from Victrex plc) is performed using 1,2 ethanedithiol (EDT) according to Reaction (5):
  • Example 4 thioacetalization of PEK is performed using 1,2 ethanedithiol (EDT) according to Reaction (6):
  • PEKK (Grade HTM, from Cytec Inc) and 1,2 ethanedithiol (Edt)
  • Example 5 thioacetalization of PEKK HTM is performed using 1,2 ethanedithiol (EDT) according to Reaction (7):
  • Example 6 thioacetalization of PEKK DSM is performed using 1,2 ethanedithiol (EDT) according to Reaction (8):
  • Example 7 thioacetalization of PEKEKK is performed using 1,2 ethanedithiol (EDT) according to Reaction (9):
  • the resulting solution is filtered to recover white fibers of poly (ether dithioacetal ether dithioacetal dithioacetal). Approximately 0.718 g poly (ether dithioacetal ether dithioacetal dithioacetal) is recovered, for a yield of approximately 99%.
  • Example 8 thioacetalization of PEEK Avecia is performed using 1,3-propanedithiol (PDT) according to Reaction (10):
  • Example 10 thioacetalization of PEEK 450G is performed using 1,3 propanedithiol (PDT) according to Reaction (12):
  • Example 11 thioacetalization of PEK is performed using 1,3 propanedithiol (PDT) according to Reaction (13):
  • Example 12 thioacetalization of PEKK HTM is performed using 1,3-propanedithiol (PDT) according to Reaction (14):
  • Example 14 thioacetalization of PEKEKK is performed using 1,3-propanedithiol (PDT) according to Reaction (16):
  • the resulting solution is filtered to recover white fibers of poly (ether dithioacetal ether dithioacetal dithioacetal). Approximately 0.718 g poly (ether dithioacetal ether dithioacetal dithioacetal) is recovered, for a yield of approximately 99%.
  • thioacetal derivatives of PEEK, poly (ether ether thioacetals) or PEETs are deprotected, recovering the PEEK materials.
  • GPC of a virgin PEEK Avecia, used to form the thioacetal derivative, is performed in a mixture of phenol and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at about 115° C. Molecular weights are measured against polystyrene standards and inherent viscosity is measured in 98% concentrated sulfuric acid at about 25° C.
  • Example 15 a solution of PEEK Avecia protected by 1,3-propanedithiol (FP4-95) is subjected to a de-protection reaction (Reaction 17) in order to recover the PEEK Avecia.
  • a mixture of about 0.926 g (approximately 5.03 mmole) of 2-iodo-2-methylpropane (also referred to as t-butyl iodide or t-Bul) and about 0.781 g (approximately 10.00 mmole) dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at a temperature of about 70° C. is added to a solution of PEEK Avecia protected by about 0.189 g 1,3-propanedithiol FP4-95 in about 20 mL of chloroform (CHCl 3 ). After approximately 48 hours under reflux, the mixture is left to cool to about room temperature and poured into about 100 mL cold methanol. About 0.142 g of poly (ether ether ketone) is recovered on filtration as a grey powder, which represents a yield of about 99%.
  • 2-iodo-2-methylpropane also referred to as t-butyl iodide or t-Bul
  • Example 16 a solution of PEEK Avecia protected by 1,2-ethanedithiol (FP4-34) is subjected to a de-protection reaction (Reaction 18) in order to recover the PEEK Avecia.
  • Example 17 a solution of Avecia PEEK protected with 1,3 propanedithiol was subjected to a protecting group exchange reaction with ethylene glycol (Reaction 19).
  • the solution was then poured into 450 ml of stirring methanol and the white precipitate was left to stir for 20 minutes before being filtered.
  • the filtrate was then washed with another 400 ml methanol and left to stir for a further 20 minutes before being filtered and left overnight to air-dry.
  • the yield was between 90-97% with conversion of thioacetal to acetal being between 60% and 93%. The remaining thioacetal groups had been converted back into ketone groups.
  • the acetal protected PEEK having acetal protection levels of between 60 and 93% were found, in solvents such as THF and DCM, to have a soluble fraction of between 83 and 92% when made up using 5 weight percent solid.
  • Samples of the acetal protected PEEK were dissolved up in THF solvent at 30 and 40% weight polymer and their viscosity was measured at room temperature over a range of frequencies. Both samples showed shear thinning behaviour and had viscosities at 1 Hz of 53500 and 1208000 cP respectively and viscosities of 14500 and 277000 cP at 10 Hz.
  • Thermogravimetric analysis for the ethylene glycol acetal protected PEEK was also collected, in both air and nitrogen.
  • the samples in air started to lose mass at temperatures ranging from 270° C. to 326° C. and finished losing mass at around 430-440° C.
  • the total weight lost in the deprotection, which also contained some elements of polymer degradation was around 11.17% for a 80% acetal protected PEEK with the theoretical deprotection weight loss being 10.6%.
  • the weight loss was 17.14% with the theoretical deprotection weight loss being 11.8%.
  • the final weight loss values were similar at 10.61% and 17.14% respectively but the onset of weight loss and final weight loss temperatures were increased to 308-347° C. for the onset temperature and 448-456° C. for the end of mass loss.
  • Example 18 describes the deprotection of an ethylene glycol acetal protected PEEK by the reaction with water or acidified water (Reaction 20).
  • ⁇ c (75.6 MHz, CD 2 Cl 2 +methansulfonic acid) 118, 123, 124, 139, 151.5, 168.5, 200.0.
  • the data shows no significant differences between the deprotected PEEK polymers and the unmodified polymer.
  • the data shows that the deprotected samples are not degraded after going through the protection deprotection cycle and are of a slightly higher viscosity than the original, unmodified PEEK.
  • a small sample ( ⁇ 10 mg) of the acetal protected PEEK polymer was prepared for analysis by DSC. The sample was heated at 20° C./min from room temperature up to 420° C. It was then held at this temperature for 10 minutes before being cooled back to room temperature. The sample was then dissolved in methane sulfonic acid and dichloromethane and analysed by NMR spectroscopy.
  • the sample showed the peaks expected for standard PEEK polymer along with other soluble impurities but no evidence for residual acetal bridge.
  • the sample also included some insoluble black material, expected to be degraded polymer.

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EP3064526A1 (en) * 2015-03-03 2016-09-07 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Methods for solid freeform fabrication
CN105954078A (zh) * 2016-05-11 2016-09-21 上海瀚海检测技术股份有限公司 一种聚醚醚酮复合材料中聚醚醚酮的定量分析方法
US9808993B2 (en) 2015-03-03 2017-11-07 Ricoh Co., Ltd. Method for solid freeform fabrication
US10066119B2 (en) 2015-03-03 2018-09-04 Ricoh Co., Ltd. Method for solid freeform fabrication
CN109251286A (zh) * 2014-02-24 2019-01-22 威格斯制造有限公司 聚合材料
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CN111875791A (zh) * 2020-08-31 2020-11-03 中国科学院长春应用化学研究所 一种聚芳醚酮树脂的制备方法
EP4039730A1 (en) * 2021-02-08 2022-08-10 Technische Universität Berlin Process for modifying an aromatic polyether backbone and a modified polyether obtained by this process
WO2022203076A1 (ja) * 2021-03-25 2022-09-29 旭化成株式会社 ポリアリーレンエーテルケトン樹脂、その製造方法、及び成形品
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US20160075840A1 (en) * 2007-05-22 2016-03-17 Cytec Technology Corp. Reversible Derivatization of Poly (Aryl Ether Ketones)
US9828478B2 (en) * 2007-05-22 2017-11-28 Cytec Technology Corp. Reversible derivatization of poly (aryl ether ketones)
CN109251286A (zh) * 2014-02-24 2019-01-22 威格斯制造有限公司 聚合材料
EP3064526A1 (en) * 2015-03-03 2016-09-07 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Methods for solid freeform fabrication
US9695280B2 (en) 2015-03-03 2017-07-04 Ricoh Co., Ltd. Methods for solid freeform fabrication
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US10066119B2 (en) 2015-03-03 2018-09-04 Ricoh Co., Ltd. Method for solid freeform fabrication
US10675808B2 (en) 2015-03-03 2020-06-09 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Method for solid freeform fabrication
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