US20100101181A1 - Lightweight construction having a fractally structured supporting structure - Google Patents

Lightweight construction having a fractally structured supporting structure Download PDF

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Publication number
US20100101181A1
US20100101181A1 US12/530,293 US53029308A US2010101181A1 US 20100101181 A1 US20100101181 A1 US 20100101181A1 US 53029308 A US53029308 A US 53029308A US 2010101181 A1 US2010101181 A1 US 2010101181A1
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Prior art keywords
lightweight construction
supporting structure
construction according
fractal
reinforcing ribs
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US12/530,293
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English (en)
Inventor
Christian Hamm-Dubischar
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Alfred Wegener Insitut fuer Polar und Meeresforschung
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Alfred Wegener Insitut fuer Polar und Meeresforschung
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Assigned to STIFTUNG ALFRED-WEGENER-INSTITUT FUER POLAR-UND MEERESFORSCHUNG reassignment STIFTUNG ALFRED-WEGENER-INSTITUT FUER POLAR-UND MEERESFORSCHUNG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HAMM-DUBISCHAR, CHRISTIAN
Publication of US20100101181A1 publication Critical patent/US20100101181A1/en
Assigned to ALFRED-WEGENER-INSTITUT HELMHOLTZ-ZENTRUM FUER POLAR- UND MEERESFORSCHUNG reassignment ALFRED-WEGENER-INSTITUT HELMHOLTZ-ZENTRUM FUER POLAR- UND MEERESFORSCHUNG CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: STIFTUNG ALFRED-WEGENER-INSTITUT HELMHOLTZ-ZENTRUM FUER POLAR- UND MEERESFORSCHUNG
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
    • B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
    • B62D29/00—Superstructures, understructures, or sub-units thereof, characterised by the material thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
    • B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
    • B62D29/00—Superstructures, understructures, or sub-units thereof, characterised by the material thereof
    • B62D29/008—Superstructures, understructures, or sub-units thereof, characterised by the material thereof predominantly of light alloys, e.g. extruded

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to lightweight constructions whose superficial surface is mechanically reinforced by a supporting structure having a regular, periodic design.
  • Lightweight constructions follow a construction philosophy whose aim is to maximally economize on weight while providing optimal stability.
  • the reasons for lightweight design may vary in nature.
  • a principal argument for lightweight design is raw material savings, both in the manufacturing of the product, as well as in the use thereof
  • the fuel consumption decreases, and the weight ratio between the means of transport and the cargo improves.
  • the total installation, the engine and the fuel reserve can be dimensioned to be smaller.
  • Lightweight design is very important in vehicle manufacturing, aircraft manufacturing and in aeronautics. In aeronautics, in particular, every kilogram transported costs several thousand euros, so that a lightweight design can provide substantial savings.
  • the lightweight construction method also constitutes a cost-effective and very flexible alternative in building construction, most notably in industry for building production shops, assembly shops and warehouses.
  • Aluminum, magnesium, high-strength steels and titanium are metallic, lightweight construction materials.
  • Plastics, wood and paper materials and fiber composite materials are also classic lightweight construction materials.
  • plastics and special fiber-plastic composites have gained in importance. Their high specific stiffness and strength make them well suited as lightweight construction materials. They offer an abundance of novel processing and design options.
  • U.S. Patent Application 2002/0108349 A1 describes a plate-shaped lightweight construction having two superficial surfaces between which corrugated or half honeycomb-shaped metal bands extend as reinforcing ribs of a supporting structure.
  • the German Patent Application DE 10 2004 025 667 A1 describes a supporting structure for lightweight constructions having a multilayer design where reinforcing ribs are disposed as closed rectangles in a wall-like, offset configuration and are filled with a filling material.
  • the German Patent Application DE 10 2004 031 823 A1 describes a lightweight construction plate where a plurality of regions of variably corrugated reinforcing ribs are defined.
  • German Patent Application DE 101 19 020 A1 describes curved honeycomb latticeworks having supporting structures of different forms.
  • the German Patent Application DE 100 37 589 A1 describes a truncated pyramidal supporting structure for a design of lightweight construction in the form of a dome light.
  • Examined Patent Application EP 0 618 842 B1 describes a honeycomb body having an inner structure held by a supporting structure.
  • the honeycomb body may be configured in a tube.
  • the supporting structure may be composed of superposed corrugated sheet-metal sections having different radii.
  • a lightweight hollow-body structural component is described in the German Patent Application DE 198 48 516 A1.
  • the tub-shaped lightweight construction has an interior space.
  • the supporting structure made of reinforcing ribs extending in a grid form is disposed in the wall between the two surfaces.
  • German Patent Application DE 100 47 753 A1 describes a lightweight construction having a regularly, periodically designed supporting structure that mechanically reinforces its superficial surface.
  • the supporting structure is composed of reinforcing ribs configured in a star pattern.
  • the lightweight construction has a tubular design and includes a useful interior space.
  • the supporting structure is configured on the exterior of the tube between an inner superficial surface and an outer superficial surface which serves as an outer skin. Relatively small wall thicknesses can be used for the outer skin, the inner skin, and for the reinforcing ribs, a very lightweight construction being thereby obtained which, nevertheless, exhibits high strength due to the complex supporting structure.
  • the notch effect subjects the known supporting structure to high mechanical loads and thus to stress peaks at the acute-angled intersecting points of the reinforcing ribs.
  • triangular regions having no further support are disposed between the individual reinforcing ribs, so that these locations must not be subject to greater pressure forces. This could only be remedied by increasing the wall and reinforcing-rib thicknesses, which, however, is not consistent with material savings in lightweight constructions.
  • the present invention provides a lightweight construction including a superficial surface and a regularly, periodically configured supporting structure that mechanically reinforces the superficial surface.
  • the supporting structure has fractal structuring into at least two fractal planes which have integrated fluid transitions therebetween.
  • FIG. 1 is a photograph of plan view of a shell of an ammonite having suture lines
  • FIG. 2 is a photograph of a view into the shell of the ammonite in accordance with FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram for developing ever more complex suture lines
  • FIG. 4 illustrates simulations of various suture lines according to the prior art
  • FIG. 5 is a photograph of a view into a shell of another ammonite
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a fractal supporting structure
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a halved longitudinal section of the supporting structure according to FIG. 6 in a tube
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a second fractal supporting structure
  • FIG. 9 illustrates a housing having a third fractal supporting structure in honeycomb form
  • FIG. 10 , 11 , 12 are microscopic images of microalgae.
  • FIG. 13 illustrates the evolutionary development of ammonites having simulated stress diagrams.
  • Patent Application DE 100 47 753 A1 an embodiment of the present invention provides a lightweight construction in such a way that both a material savings as well as an enhanced system reliability are achieved in connection with the parameter “pressure resistance of hollow bodies and sealing and coupling elements.”
  • the combination of the parameters system reliability, material savings and pressure resistance is of particular importance, for example, for lightweight constructions for airplanes, ships' hulls and submersibles, as well as, for example, for aircraft bulkheads and dome lights.
  • the lightweight construction according to an embodiment of the present invention may be described as a fractal structuring of the supporting structure into at least two fractal planes whereby the configuration of the supporting contour is repeated in itself at least one further time.
  • the number of self-similar repetitions that become smaller by one dimension is given as a function of the number of fractal planes.
  • the transitions are fluid and integrated. Advantages associated with the use of a fractal supporting structure are that notch stress peaks are reliably prevented by the direct, fluid transitions (in the Z direction) among the integrated structures in the various fractal planes of the supporting structure not having any notch or fracture edges, and that, given the same strength, lighter structures, which provide more effective supporting action, may be used.
  • the strength is derived from the proper formation of the fractal supporting structure, both in small support regions, as well as in relatively large support regions and in fairly large support regions.
  • the structuring of the supporting structure increases with the size of the support region and is able to be readily adapted thereto.
  • the structure may be fabricated from a casting material, thereby eliminating the need for special connections or adhesive bonds and ruling out the problems associated therewith.
  • the present invention applies a principle not employed under known methods heretofore of a fractally structured peripheral region having integrated fluid transitions disposed perpendicularly to the superficial surface (Z direction) to support superficial surfaces.
  • Fractal (adjective or noun) was coined by Benoit Mandelbrot (1975) and is derived from the Latin word ‘fractus’ meaning ‘broken.’ Fractals denote natural or artificial formations or geometric patterns which exhibit a high degree of scale invariance or self-similarity. This is the case, for example, when an object is composed of a plurality of reduced-scale copies of itself. Each reduction in size then defines a fractal plane. Observed throughout is the fluid transition between the structural elements in the various fractal planes. Geometric objects of this type differ in important aspects from ordinary smooth figures.
  • the self-similarity does not need to be perfect, as exhibited by the successful application of the fractal geometry methods to natural formations such as trees, clouds, coastlines, etc.
  • the mentioned objects are self-similarly structured to a greater or lesser degree (a tree branch roughly resembles a tree on a smaller scale).
  • the similarity is not strict, but rather stochastic. In contrast to shapes of Euclidian geometry, which, when enlarged, often become flatter and flatter and thus simpler (for example, a circle), in the case of fractals, ever more complex and new details appear.
  • Fractal patterns are often generated by recursive operations. Even simple generating rules produce complex patterns following a few recursive steps. This is evident in the example of a Pythagoras tree. Such a tree is a fractal which is constructed from squares that are arranged in a configuration as defined by the pythagorean theorem. Another fractal is the Newton fractal. It is calculated by applying Newton's method for calculating zero points. A fractal in three-dimensional space is the Menger sponge. Fractal concepts are also found in nature. In this context, however, the number of planes of self-similar structures is limited and is often only 3-5.
  • Typical examples from biology are the strictly fractal structures that occur in the cultivation of the green cauliflower, romanesco, in ferns and in ammonites.
  • microalgae also often exhibit fractally constructed supporting structures in a plurality of planes. Fractal structures having statistical self-similarity are also widespread. These include trees, the blood circuit, river systems and coastlines.
  • An embodiment of the fractally structured supporting structure according to the present invention may be practical when the interior space of lightweight construction is or is not completely intended for one use (for example, bumpers, ships' decks, ships' hulls and airplane parts for storing liquids (fuels, thus tankers and airfoils)).
  • the supporting structures may be provided both on the outside, as well as on the inside of the superficial surface. Constructions that are to be built to be particularly stable may also have supporting structures on both sides of the outer skin.
  • a supporting structure may have an exceptionally variable design and, on the other hand, be adapted to load and space conditions.
  • reinforcing rib An element that frequently occurs in a supporting structure is the reinforcing rib.
  • Other elements include supporting arches, supporting bridges, supporting struts, supporting columns, supporting walls and supporting plates.
  • Reinforcing ribs are typically known from construction engineering as not having a continuous, integrated design.
  • the reinforcing ribs forming a type of dividing wall in no way need to have an impervious form; rather, they may absolutely be provided, as needed, with single or multiple openings to allow the passage of fluids.
  • the supporting structure may be fabricated from a broad array of materials, for example, from wood, cardboard, plastics, fiber and other composite materials and from metal materials.
  • Countless fields of application are conceivable: beginning with weight savings for supertankers, which would then be able to transport more freight; spanning submarines submersible to greater depths, lighter airfoils and airplane fuselages, bumpers and side-impact protection of vehicles; all the way to new designs for seating furniture.
  • a specific example of an application is also the air bulkhead of airplanes, which, comparably to the outermost dividing wall of the ammonites, is subject to a distinct pressure difference.
  • the fractal form of the reinforcing ribs may also have a meander-shaped configuration of the reinforcing ribs superposed thereon, thereby providing an especially uniform supporting of the superficial surface.
  • Meander shapes are understood in the context of an embodiment of the present invention not as being orthogonal, but rather as rounded forms featuring changes in direction in the characteristic line formations, thus in the sense of undulations.
  • the meander-shaped configuration may also be asymmetrical.
  • the outer, meandering regions of the supporting structures are typically asymmetrically configured, i.e., acute in one direction and arcuate in the other. From a technical standpoint, this is useful in the case of a pressure difference between two chambers separated by these structures when the maximum tensile strength of the material significantly differs from the pressure resistance.
  • the reinforcing ribs may also extend in a closed form, for example, as a square- or preferably honeycomb-shaped structure.
  • the fractal form is then derived from the integrated configuration of honeycomb reinforcing ribs that become ever smaller and lower. It is brought to bear in this context that the surface pressure and the material cross section both scale to the square of the linear scale. Therefore, the width and height of the honeycomb structures are scaled down to the same degree as the diameter thereof.
  • the outer skins of pressure housings may be formed to any desired thinness as a function of the number of fractal planes.
  • the integrated honeycombs may be applied both on the interior as well as on the exterior. Each fractal plane is defined by a small-scale form of the supporting structure. It is likewise advantageously possible to combine the fractal supporting structure with a non-fractal, conventional supporting structure, for example, a simple rib structure.
  • the superficial surface of the lightweight construction may take the form of outer skin. It may be a question then, for example, of an airfoil or a bulkhead of an airplane or of a ship's hull. Lightweight constructions of this kind, which are more likely to be plate-shaped in design, but in some instances are formed with a curvature, typically have a useful interior space. Therefore, the supporting structure is not able to traverse the entire interior space, but rather may only be configured in the region of the outer skin.
  • the interior space may also be a tube. In this case, the supporting structure may preferably be configured in the tube.
  • the reinforcing ribs may then traverse the entire tube and include recesses if a fluid is to flow within the tube.
  • the fractally extending reinforcing ribs may preferably be formed as an axially coiled radial plane or as a plurality of planar radial planes.
  • FIG. 1 shows the suture lines of an ammonite (Amphipopanoceras medium) on a steinkern of a phosphatized specimen having calcite filling found on Spitsbergen.
  • the suture line represents the line of contact of the inner supporting structure, respectively of the reinforcing ribs (septa) with the outer shell wall.
  • the fractally structured form of the suture lines is only limited to the peripheral region; toward the inner portion, the form smooths out (compare FIG. 2 ) and exhibits the integrated fluid transitions between the fractal planes.
  • the fractal structuring acts to optimally support the thin outer skin.
  • FIG. 4 shows various simulations of ammonite septa (above left: by corrugated sheet; above right: by wire loop and soap bubble; bottom left: by wire loop and paper; bottom right: by wire loop and rubber skin).
  • the fractal supporting structure is clearly discernible in a plurality of fractal planes. It is also clearly discernible that the shape of the supporting structures is configured in response to a lateral compressive stress—via the outer housing wall.
  • FIG. 5 shows a fractally structured supporting structure having a treelike pattern (found in Lytoceras siemensi).
  • FIG. 6 shows a detail from a first fractally structured (or in shortened form: fractal) supporting structure FSS 1 for placement in a tube.
  • Reinforcing ribs SR extend on the one side S 1 in a superordinated, high-level wave form WV 11 and are undulated a second time within this superordinated wave form WV 11 , so that a subordinate, secondary wave form WV 12 approximately having an order of magnitude of dimensions smaller than the superordinated wave form WV 11 thereby results.
  • the superordinated wave form WV 11 forms a first fractal plane FE 1 ; the subordinate wave form WV 12 forms a second fractal plane FE 2 .
  • the period of superordinated wave form WV 21 is offset by one half period from superordinated wave form WV 11 on first side S 1 , so that, on first side S 1 , the wave maxima oppose the wave minima on second side S 2 .
  • FIG. 7 shows fractally structured supporting structure FSS 1 in the configuration in a lengthwise, cut-away view of tube RO.
  • fractally structured supporting structure FSS 1 again has fluid, integrated transitions in the direction of the tube axis and optimally supports tube RO on the inner side thereof
  • Tube RO has a usable interior space NI through which fluid may flow, for example.
  • support ribs SR have a plurality of openings DB.
  • the superficial surface of tube RO may be conceived as outer skin AH and thus be subject to environmental influences, in particular also compressive loads.
  • Tube RO represents a lightweight construction LBK since, instead of a thick, material-intensive wall, it features a filigreed, fractally structured supporting structure FSS 1 .
  • FIG. 8 shows a second fractal supporting structure FSS 2 in a halved longitudinal section which corresponds to first fractally structured supporting structure FSS 1 , but has a different period.
  • FIG. 9 shows a housing GH having a fractally structured supporting structure FSS 3 in honeycomb form.
  • Fractally structured supporting structure FSS 3 has two fractal planes: a first fractal plane FE 1 having individual honeycombs WB 1 ; located within each honeycomb WB 1 are five increasingly smaller honeycombs WB 2 that form second fractal plane FE 2 . Other honeycombs within these small honeycombs would form a third fractal plane.
  • fractally structured supporting structure FSS 3 is superposed by another non-fractal supporting structure NFS (in this case, however, outside of supporting structure FSS 3 ; a direct superposition of the structures is likewise possible).
  • NFS non-fractal supporting structure
  • FIG. 10 The model found in nature for the fractally structured supporting structure FSS 3 in accordance with FIG. 9 is shown in FIG. 10 : These microalgae in the form of benthic kiesel algae show a fractal structuring into three fractal planes.
  • FIG. 11 shows another very striking, fractally structured kiesel algae shell.
  • FIG. 12 shows a fractally structured kiesel algae (Isthmia) having a non-fractal rib structure that directly superposes the fractal structuring.
  • FIG. 13 shows the evolution of an ammonite exhibiting increasing complexity of the supporting structure.
  • the ammonite on the right shows a fractal supporting structure.
  • the corresponding stress diagrams (prepared in accordance with the finite element method FEM) show an enhanced performance in the region of the outer skin due to the fractal structuring (the core region of intense stresses (dark coloration) has become smaller; the entire region of the stress application (light gray coloration) has become larger and thus more uniform).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Conveying And Assembling Of Building Elements In Situ (AREA)
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US12/530,293 2007-03-05 2008-02-14 Lightweight construction having a fractally structured supporting structure Abandoned US20100101181A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102007011107A DE102007011107B4 (de) 2007-03-05 2007-03-05 Technische Leichtbaukonstruktion mit einer fraktal gegliederten Stützstruktur
DE102007011107.1 2007-03-05
PCT/DE2008/000287 WO2008106925A1 (de) 2007-03-05 2008-02-14 Leichtbaukonstruktion mit einer fraktal gegliederten stützstruktur

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EP (1) EP2114755B1 (de)
JP (1) JP5016062B2 (de)
AT (1) ATE496818T1 (de)
DE (2) DE102007011107B4 (de)
ES (1) ES2357673T3 (de)
WO (1) WO2008106925A1 (de)

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US10830545B2 (en) 2016-07-12 2020-11-10 Fractal Heatsink Technologies, LLC System and method for maintaining efficiency of a heat sink
US11598593B2 (en) 2010-05-04 2023-03-07 Fractal Heatsink Technologies LLC Fractal heat transfer device

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DE102015017034A1 (de) 2015-12-31 2017-07-06 Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung Stützende Membranhalterung für eine semipermeable Membran, Verfahren zur Herstellung und Anwendung einer solchen stützenden Membranhalterung

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US10830545B2 (en) 2016-07-12 2020-11-10 Fractal Heatsink Technologies, LLC System and method for maintaining efficiency of a heat sink
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WO2008106925A1 (de) 2008-09-12
EP2114755B1 (de) 2011-01-26
JP2010517818A (ja) 2010-05-27
ATE496818T1 (de) 2011-02-15
EP2114755A1 (de) 2009-11-11
DE102007011107B4 (de) 2011-05-05
DE102007011107A1 (de) 2008-09-11
JP5016062B2 (ja) 2012-09-05
ES2357673T3 (es) 2011-04-28

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