US20090253581A1 - High Throughput Detection of Molecular Markers Based on AFLP and High Throughput Sequencing - Google Patents

High Throughput Detection of Molecular Markers Based on AFLP and High Throughput Sequencing Download PDF

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US20090253581A1
US20090253581A1 US12/296,009 US29600907A US2009253581A1 US 20090253581 A1 US20090253581 A1 US 20090253581A1 US 29600907 A US29600907 A US 29600907A US 2009253581 A1 US2009253581 A1 US 2009253581A1
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sample
restriction fragments
restriction
ligated
sequence
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Michael Josephus Theresia Van Eijk
Rene Cornelis Josephus Hogers
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Keygene NV
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6844—Nucleic acid amplification reactions
    • C12Q1/6853—Nucleic acid amplification reactions using modified primers or templates
    • C12Q1/6855—Ligating adaptors
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6844—Nucleic acid amplification reactions
    • C12Q1/6853—Nucleic acid amplification reactions using modified primers or templates

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of molecular biology and biotechnology.
  • the invention relates to the field of nucleic acid detection identification.
  • the invention relates to methods for the detection and identification of markers, in particular molecular markers.
  • the invention is concerned with the provision of high throughput methods for the detection and identification of molecular markers.
  • the invention further relates to the application of the method in the identification of and/or detection of nucleotide sequences that are related to a wide variety of genetic traits, genes, haplotypes and combinations thereof.
  • the invention can be used in the field of high throughput detection and identification of molecular markers from any origin, be it plant, animal, human, artificial or otherwise.
  • Genomic DNA holds the key to identification, diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease.
  • exploration of genomic DNA may provide significant advantages in plant and animal breeding efforts, which may provide answers to food and nutrition problems in the world.
  • Markers i.c. genetic markers
  • a genetic typing method i.e. to connect a phenotypic trait to the presence, absence or amount of a particular part of DNA (gene).
  • AFLP AFLP
  • AFLP technology Zabeau & Vos, 1993; Vos et al., 1995
  • AFLP AFLP technology
  • a cornerstone of AFLP ensures that the number of amplified fragments can be brought in line with the resolution of the detection system, irrespective of genome size or origin.
  • AFLP fragments are commonly carried out by electrophoresis on slab-gels (Vos et al., 1995) or capillary electrophoresis (van der Meulen et al., 2002).
  • the majority of AFLP markers scored in this way represent (single nucleotide) polymorphisms occurring either in the restriction enzyme recognition sites used for AFLP template preparation or their flanking nucleotides covered by selective AFLP primers.
  • the remainder of the AFLP markers are insertion/deletion polymorphisms occurring in the internal sequences of the restriction fragments and a very small fraction on single nucleotide substitutions occurring in small restriction fragments ( ⁇ approximately 100 bp), which for these fragments cause reproducible mobility variations between both alleles which can be observed upon electrophoresis; these AFLP markers can be scored co-dominantly without having to rely on band intensities.
  • the AFLP markers therefore constitute the minority of amplified fragments (less than 50 percent but often less than 20 percent), while the remainder are commonly referred to as constant AFLP fragments.
  • the latter are nevertheless useful in the gel scoring procedure as they serve as anchor points to calculate fragments mobilities of AFLP markers and aid in quantifying the markers for co-dominant scoring.
  • Co-dominant scoring scoring for homo- or heterozygosity
  • AFLP markers currently is restricted to the context of fingerprinting a segregating population. In a panel of unrelated lines, only dominant scoring is possible.
  • Electrophoresis allows unique identification of the majority of amplified fragments based on the combination of restriction enzyme combinations (EC), primer combinations (PC) and mobility, but electrophoresis is only capable to distinguish the amplified fragments based on differences in mobility. Fragments of similar mobility are often found as so-called ‘stacked bands’ and with electrophoresis, no attention can be given to the information that is contained in so-called ‘constant bands’, i.e. amplified restriction fragments that do not appear to differ between compared species. Furthermore on a typical gel-based system, or on a capillary system such as a MegaBACE, samples must be run in parallel and only about 100-150 bands per lane on a gel or per capillary can be analysed. These limitations also hamper throughput.
  • the detection system should be capable of determining the entire sequence of the amplified fragments to capture all amplified restriction fragments.
  • most high throughput sequencing technologies cannot yet provide sequencing reads that encompass entire AFLP fragments, which are typically 100-500 bp in length.
  • the polymers or oligomers may be heterogenous or homogenous in composition, and may be isolated from naturally occurring sources or may be artificially or synthetically produced.
  • the nucleic acids may be DNA or RNA, or a mixture thereof, and may exist permanently or transitionally in single-stranded or double-stranded form, including homoduplex, heteroduplex, and hybrid states.
  • An AFLP marker is an amplified adaptor-ligated restriction fragment that is different between two samples that have been amplified using AFLP (fingerprinted), using the same set of primers. As such, the presence or absence of this amplified adaptor-ligated restriction fragment can be used as a marker that is linked to a trait or phenotype.
  • an AFLP marker shows up as a band in the gel located at a certain mobility.
  • Other electrophoretic techniques such as capillary electrophoresis may not refer to this as a band, but the concept remains the same, i.e. a nucleic acid with a certain length and mobility.
  • Absence or presence of the band may be indicative of (or associated with) the presence or absence of the phenotype.
  • AFLP markers typically involve SNPs in the restriction site of the endonuclease or the selective nucleotides. Occasionally, AFLP markers may involve indels in the restriction fragment.
  • Constant band a constant band in the AFLP technology is an amplified adaptor-ligated restriction fragment that is relatively invariable between samples.
  • a constant band in the AFLP technology will, over a range of samples, show up at about the same position in the gel, i.e. has the same length/mobility.
  • these are typically used to anchor the lanes corresponding to samples on a gel or electropherograms of multiple AFLP samples detected by capillary electrophoresis.
  • a constant band is less informative than an AFLP marker. Nevertheless, as AFLP markers customary involve SNPs in the selective nucleotides or the restriction site, constant bands may comprise SNPs in the restriction fragments themselves, rendering the constant bands an interesting alternative source of genetic information that is complementary to AFLP markers.
  • the subset With each added selective base, the subset reduces the amount of amplified adaptor-ligated restriction fragments in the subset by a factor of about 4.
  • the number of selective bases used in AFLP is indicated by +N+M, wherein one primer carries N selective nucleotides and the other primers carries M selective nucleotides.
  • an Eco/Mse +1/+2 AFLP is shorthand for the digestion of the starting DNA with EcoRI and MseI, ligation of appropriate adaptors and amplification with one primer directed to the EcoRI restricted position carrying one selective base and the other primer directed to the MseI restricted site carrying 2 selective nucleotides.
  • a primer used in AFLP that carries at least one selective nucleotide at its 3′ end is also depicted as an AFLP-primer. Primers that do not carry a selective nucleotide at their 3′ end and which in fact are complementary to the adaptor and the remains of the restriction site are sometimes indicated as AFLP+0 primers.
  • Clustering is meant the comparison of two or more nucleotide sequences based on the presence of short or long stretches of identical or similar nucleotides. Several methods for alignment of nucleotide sequences are known in the art, as will be further explained below. Sometimes the terms “assembly” or “alignment” are used as synonyms.
  • Identifier a short sequence that can be added to an adaptor or a primer or included in its sequence or otherwise used as label to provide a unique identifier.
  • the origin of a PCR sample can be determined upon further processing.
  • the different nucleic acid samples are generally identified using different identifiers.
  • one end of the adaptor molecule is designed such that it is compatible with the end of a restriction fragment and can be ligated thereto; the other end of the adaptor can be designed so that it cannot be ligated, but this need not be the case (double ligated adaptors).
  • Adaptor-ligated restriction fragments restriction fragments that have been capped by adaptors.
  • primers in general, the term primers refer to DNA strands which can prime the synthesis of DNA.
  • DNA polymerase cannot synthesize DNA de novo without primers: it can only extend an existing DNA strand in a reaction in which the complementary strand is used as a template to direct the order of nucleotides to be assembled.
  • primers we will refer to the synthetic oligonucleotide molecules which are used in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as primers.
  • DNA amplification the term DNA amplification will be typically used to denote the in vitro synthesis of double-stranded DNA molecules using PCR. It is noted that other amplification methods exist and they may be used in the present invention without departing from the gist.
  • the present inventors have found that by incorporation of a sample-specific identifier in the adaptor-ligated restriction fragment and/or the determination of only part of the sequence of the restriction fragment provides for a very efficient and reliable improvement of the existing technologies. It was found that by incorporation of a sample-specific identifier, multiple samples can be sequenced in a single run and by sequencing only part of the restriction fragment, adequate identification of the restriction fragment can be achieved.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the embodiment wherein a recognition sequence for a type IIs restriction endonuclease is incorporated in the adaptor.
  • type IIs compatible adaptors can be ligated to one or both of the restricted fragments A and B.
  • the type IIs adaptor comprises an optional primer binding (or anchoring) sequence, an identifier and a section containing (degenerate) nucleotides (NN) to hybridize to the overhang of the IIs restriction site.
  • the associated primer may contain one or more selective nucleotides (XYZ) at its 3′ end.
  • the present inventors have also found that detection of markers via sequencing is preferably performed with sufficient redundancy (depth) to sample all amplified fragments at least once and accompanied by statistical means which address the issue of sampling variation in relation to the accuracy of the genotypes called. Furthermore, just as with AFLP scoring, in the context of a segregating population, the simultaneous scoring of the parent individuals in one experiment, will aid in determining the statistical threshold.
  • the redundancy of the tagged amplified adaptor-ligated restriction fragments is at least 6, preferably at least 7, more preferably at least 8 and most preferably at least 9.
  • the sequence of each adaptor-ligated restriction fragment is determined at least 6, preferably at least 7, more preferably at least 8 and most preferably at least 9 fold.
  • the redundancy is selected such, assuming a 50/50 overall chance of identifying the locus correctly as homozygous, that the chance of correct identification of the locus is more than 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%.
  • a sample nucleic acid is provided.
  • the nucleic acids in the sample will usually be in the form of DNA.
  • the nucleotide sequence information contained in the sample may be from any source of nucleic acids, including e.g. RNA, polyA+ RNA, cDNA, genomic DNA, organellar DNA such as mitochondrial or chloroplast DNA, synthetic nucleic acids, DNA libraries (such as BAC libraries/pooled BAC clones), clone banks or any selection or combinations thereof.
  • the DNA in the nucleic acid sample may be double stranded, single stranded, and double stranded DNA denatured into single stranded DNA.
  • the DNA sample can be from any organism, whether plant, animal, synthetic or human.
  • the nucleic acid sample is restricted (or digested) with at least one restriction endonuclease to provide for a set of restriction fragments.
  • at least one restriction endonuclease to provide for a set of restriction fragments.
  • two or more endonucleases can be used to obtain restriction fragments.
  • the endonuclease can be a frequent cutter (a recognition sequence of 3-5 bp, such as MseI) or a rare cutter (recognition sequence of >5 bp, such as EcoRI).
  • a combination of a rare and a frequent cutter is preferred.
  • a third enzyme IR or frequent cutter
  • an endonuclease of which the recognition sequence is located distant from the restriction site i.e such as AceIII, AlwI, AlwXI, Alw26I, BbvI, BbvII, BbsI, BccI, Bce83I, BcefI, BcgI, BinI, BsaI, BsgI, BsmAI, BsmFl, BspMI, EarI, EciI, Eco3lI, Eco57I, Esp3I, FauI, FokI, GsuI, HgaI, HinGUII, HphI, Ksp632I, MboII, MmeI, MnlI, NgoVIII, PleI, RleAI, SapI, SfaNI, TaqJI and Zthll lII.
  • the use of this type of restriction endonuclease leads to certain adaptations to the method as will be described herein elsewhere.
  • Restriction fragments can be blunt-ended or have protruding ends, depending on the endonuclease used.
  • adaptors can be ligated.
  • the adaptors used in the present invention have a particular design.
  • the adaptors used in the present invention may comprise a 5′-primer compatible sequence, which may be optional to provide for sufficient length of the adaptor for subsequent primer annealing, followed by a sample-specific identifier section that may comprise from 4-16 nucleotides.
  • the sample-specific identifier does not contain 2 or more consecutive identical bases to prevent readthroughs during the sequencing step.
  • a difference between the sample-specific identifiers of at least 2, preferably 3 bp. This allows for improved discrimination between the different sample-specific identifiers within a combined pool of samples.
  • a section is located that is complementary to the remains of the recognition sequence of the restriction endonuclease. For instance, EcoRI recognises 5′-GAATTC-3′ and cuts between G and AATTC.
  • the section complementary to the remains of the recognition sequence of the restriction endonuclease hence is a C-nucleotide.
  • the adaptor is ligated (covalently connected) with one or both sides of the restriction fragment.
  • different adaptors may be used which will give rise to different sets of adaptor-ligated restriction fragments.
  • the amplification of the adapter-ligated restriction fragments lead to a set of amplified adapter-ligated restriction fragments, sometimes referred to as amplicons.
  • the amplicons are subjected to a step that comprises at least the determination of the sequence of the sample specific identifier to determine the origin of the fragment and of part of the sequence of the restriction fragment. In practice this amounts also to the determination of the sections located in-between such as the remains of the recognition sequence of the restriction endonuclease.
  • sequencing is performed using the apparatus and/or method disclosed in WO 03/004690, WO 03/054142, WO 2004/069849, WO 2004/070005, WO 2004/070007, and WO 2005/003375 (all in the name of 454 Life Sciences), which are herein incorporated by reference.
  • the technology described allows sequencing of 40 million bases in a single run and is 100 times faster and cheaper than competing technology.
  • the sequencing technology roughly consists of 5 steps: 1) fragmentation of DNA and ligation of specific adaptors to create a library of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA); 2) annealing of ssDNA to beads, emulsification of the beads in water-in-oil microreactors and performing emulsion PCR to amplify the individual ssDNA molecules on beads; 3) selection of/enrichment for beads containing amplified ssDNA molecules on their surface 4 ) deposition of DNA carrying beads in a PicoTiterTMPlate; and 5) simultaneous sequencing in 100,000 wells by generation of a pyrophosphate light signal.
  • the method will be explained in more detail below.
  • sequencing adaptors are ligated to fragments within the combination library.
  • Said sequencing adaptor includes at least a “key” region for annealing to a bead, a sequencing primer region and a PCR primer region.
  • adapted fragments are obtained.
  • adapted fragments are annealed to beads, each bead annealing with a single adapted fragment.
  • beads are added in excess as to ensure annealing of one single adapted fragment per bead for the majority of the beads (Poisson distribution).
  • the beads are emulsified in water-in-oil microreactors, each water-in-oil microreactor comprising a single bead.
  • PCR reagents are present in the water-in-oil microreactors allowing a PCR reaction to take place within the microreactors.
  • the microreactors are broken, and the beads comprising DNA (DNA positive beads) are enriched.
  • the beads are loaded in wells, each well comprising a single bead.
  • the wells are preferably part of a PicoTiterTMPlate allowing for simultaneous sequencing of a large amount of fragments.
  • the sequence of the fragments is determined using pyrosequencing.
  • the PicoTiterTMplate and the beads as well as the enzyme beads therein are subjected to different deoxyribonucleotides in the presence of conventional sequencing reagents, and upon incorporation of a deoxyribonucleotide a light signal is generated which is recorded. Incorporation of the correct nucleotide will generate a pyrosequencing signal which can be detected.
  • the amplicons can be sequenced.
  • the adaptor sequence in this embodiment generally follows: 5′-primer binding site—sample identifier sequence—degenerate type IIs cohesive end sequence-3′.
  • the associated PCR primer generally follows: primer sequence—sample identifier sequence—degenerate type IIs cohesive end sequence—selective nucleotides-3′.
  • the primer used to initiate the sequencing-by-synthesis then generally has the structure: 5′-primer binding site-3′.
  • a size selection step may be preferred after digesting with the IIs enzyme to remove the smaller fragments. As in this embodiment the remains of the restriction site are for this type of enzyme typically in the order of 2-4 bp, this results in combination with a 6 bp sample identifier in the sequencing of 15-17 bp of a restriction fragment.
  • the complexity of the mixture is reduced by a selective preamplification using +1 primers (i.e. containing one randomly selective nucleotide at the 3′ end, using 96 EcoRI+1 primers and one MseI+1 primer (or one tag-degenerated EcoRI+1 primer and one MseI+1 primer).
  • +1 primers i.e. containing one randomly selective nucleotide at the 3′ end, using 96 EcoRI+1 primers and one MseI+1 primer (or one tag-degenerated EcoRI+1 primer and one MseI+1 primer).

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