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  • C07D317/48—Methylenedioxybenzenes or hydrogenated methylenedioxybenzenes, unsubstituted on the hetero ring
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  • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel isotopologues of Compound 1, its acceptable acid addition salts, solvates, hydrates and polymorphs thereof, substituted with deuterium on the methylene carbon atom situated between the oxygens of the benzodioxol ring, and optionally substituted with additional deuterium and 13 C atoms in place of the normally abundant hydrogen and 12 C, respectively.
• the compounds of this invention are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and are poorer substrates for metabolism by cytochrome 2D6, and possess unique pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutical properties compared to the corresponding non-isotopically substituted compounds.
• the invention also provides compositions comprising a compound of this invention and the use of such compositions in methods of treating diseases and conditions beneficially treated by SSRIs, particularly those relating to major depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
• the invention further provides methods for the use of a compound of this invention to determine concentrations of Compound 1, particularly in biological fluids, and to determine metabolism patterns of Compound 1.
• SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
• Compound 1 includes methods of inhibiting cancer cell growth, stimulating bone formation by osteoblast stimulation, treatment of dermatological diseases or disorders such as hyperproliferative or inflammatory skin diseases, and treatment of premature female orgasm: see US Patent Applications 20040127573 (Telerman A et. al.); 20040127573 (Stashenko P and Battaglino R); 20050013853 and 20040029860 (Gil-Ad I and Weizman A); and 20050054688 (May K E and Quinn P).
• Compound 1 extends or enhances its utility in the treatment or prevention of depression, hypertension, generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, posttraumatic stress syndrome, avoidant personality disorder, sexual dysfunction, eating disorders (including bulimia, anorexia nervosa, and binge eating), obesity, chemical dependencies, cluster headache, migraine, pain (including neuropathic pain, diabetic nephropathy, post-operative pain, psychogenic pain disorders, and chronic pain syndrome), Alzheimer's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, memory disorders, Parkinson's diseases, endocrine disorders, vasospasm, cerebellar ataxia, gastrointestinal tract disorders, negative symptoms of schizophrenia, premenstrual syndrome, Fibromyalgia Syndrome, urinary incontinence (including stress incontinence), Tourette's syndrome, trichotillomania, kleptomania, male impotence, cancer, chronic paroxysmal hemicrania and headache in a mammal,
• Compound 1 with other agents extending or enhancing its utility in the treatment or prevention of autism, dyskinesia, disthymic disorder; obesity due to genetic or environmental causes, polycystic ovary disease, craniopharyngeoma, Prader-Willi Syndrome, Frohlich's Syndrome, Type II diabetes, growth hormone deficiency, Turner's Syndrome; pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion or production, jet lag, insomnia, hypersomnia, nocturnal enuresis, restless-legs syndrome, vaso-occlusive events, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinaemia, hyperlipidaemia, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes, insulin resistance, impaired glucose metabolism, conditions of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), conditions of impaired fasting plasma glucose, glomerulosclerosis, syndrome X, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, vascular restenosis, endothelial dysfunction, impaired vascular compliance, or congestive heart failure; or to increase the onset of action of
• Compound 1 has been characterized by in vitro studies of binding to rat cortical membranes, wherein radiolabeled Compound 1 was found to bind to a single, high affinity, saturable site. See e.g. Habert E et. al., Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1985 118: 107.
• Compound 1 has also been characterized in a number of animal model systems. For instance, in models of depression, obesity, and anxiety, treatment with Compound 1 accurately produced results that are correlated with human clinical effects. See, e.g. Akegawa Y et. al. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1999 21: 599; Lassen J B, U.S. Pat. No. 4,745,122 to Ferrosan; and Hascoet M et. al., Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2000 65: 339.
• Compound 1 demonstrated good tolerability and statistical efficacy in patients suffering from major depression, minor depression and dysthymia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
• Compound 1 is highly effective, for instance demonstrating superior antidepressant effects to other compounds with the same mechanism of action in a number of direct comparison studies. See, e.g. US Food and Drug Administration product label for New Drug Application (NDA) Nos. 020031, 020710, and 020936; Wagstaff A J et. al., Drugs 2002 62: 655; Katona C and Livingston G, J. Affect. Disord. 2002 69: 47.
• NDA New Drug Application
• cytochrome 2D6 cytochrome 2D6
• Compound 1 also acts as a highly potent, mechanism based inactivator of CYP2D6, possibly through formation of a carbene intermediate during the metabolic oxidation step or by formation of an ortho-quinone and subsequent reaction with active-site nucleophiles.
• Compound 1 displays significantly non-linearity pharmacokinetics, with steady state doses several times the levels expected from a single dose as a result of auto-inhibition of its metabolism.
• Compound 1 also causes a dose-dependent, highly significant reduction in CYP2D6 activity.
• CYP2D6 comprises the main metabolic pathway for a number of other clinically important drugs, including for instance anti-cancer agents, other anti-depressants, and antipsychotics; as well as drugs of abuse such as the widely used drug “Ecstasy”.
• Co-dosing Compound 1 with those agents causes clinically significant increases in their blood levels, leading to the potential for increased toxicity. Jeppesen U et.
• Compound 1 is subject to substantial inter-patient variation. Patients possessing relatively low and relatively high levels of CYP2D6 activity have been shown to metabolize Compound 1 at substantially different rates, leading to an approximately 3-fold longer half-life in a European cohort of poor metabolizers (PMs) with low CYP2D6-mediated oxidative efficiency versus extensive metabolizers (EMs) with higher CYP2D6 activity; Sindrup S H et. al., Clin. Pharmacol. 1992 51: 278.
• PMs poor metabolizers
• EMs extensive metabolizers
• CYP2D6 is the source of substantial variability in the pharmacokinetics of a number of drugs due to well-known polymorphisms resulting in low CYP2D6 activity in a substantial percentage of the population, including about 2% of Asians and 7-8% of Caucasians (Wolf C R and Smith G, IARC Sci. Publ. 1999 148: 209 (chapter 18); Mura C et. al., Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1993 35: 161; Shimizu T et. al., Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 2003 18: 48).
• CYP2D6 polymorphisms exist across racial types, and it is possible that the even greater variability may exist in other patient populations with different pharmacogenomic backgrounds. Shimada T et. al., Pharmacogenetics 2001 11: 143.
• a compound of Formula I reduces the efficiency of benzodioxol ring cleavage by CY2D6 and beneficially decreases the rate of mechanism-based CYP2D6 inhibition relative to Compound 1. This beneficially decreases the rates of clearance as compared to Compound 1 and produces a corresponding increase in pharmacokinetic half-life.
• the decreased CYP2D6 inhibition is important in reducing the pharmacokinetic interactions between Compound 1 and other drugs metabolized by that enzyme. This provides increased safety as compared to Compound 1.
• the compounds of the present invention comprising additional deuterium for hydrogen replacement at the methylenedioxy carbon demonstrate the added benefit of reduced metabolism by other cytochrome P450 enzymes. This is important for poor metabolizers of Compound 1, wherein the main metabolic pattern of Compound 1 proceeds largely by scission of the benzodioxol ring, likely due to oxidative attack by another cytochrome enzyme.
• the compounds of this invention, and compositions comprising them, are useful for treating or lessening the severity of disorders characterized by reduced serotonin-dependent neurological activity.
• Preferred applications for compounds of formula I include methods of use in treating depression, anxiety, stress, phobias, panic, dysphoria, and other psychiatric disorders, and pain.
• Compound 1 refers to a compound wherein all hydrogen and all carbon atoms are present at their natural isotopic abundance percentages. It is recognized that some variation of natural isotopic abundance occurs depending upon the origin of chemical materials. The concentration of naturally abundant stable hydrogen and carbon isotopes, notwithstanding this variation, is small and immaterial with respect to the degree of stable isotopic substitution of compounds of this invention. See for instance Wada E and Hanba Y, Seikagaku 1994 66: 15; Ganes L Z et. al., Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 1998 119: 725.
• N-nitrosamines substituted with deuterium can display increased, decreased, or unchanged carcinogenicity depending on where in the compound hydrogen is replaced with deuterium and on the identity of the compound to which substitutions are made (Lijinsky W et. al., Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1982 20: 393; Lijinsky W et. al., JCNI 1982 69: 1127).
• Deuterium tracers including as deuterium-labeled drugs and doses, in some cases repeatedly, of thousands to tens of thousands of milligrams of deuterated water, are also used in healthy humans of all ages including neonates and pregnant women, without reported incident (e.g. Pons G and Rey E, Pediatrics 1999 104: 633; Coward W A et. al., Lancet 1979 7: 13; Schwarcz H P, Control. Clin. Trials 1984 5 (4 Suppl): 573; Eckhardt C L et. al. Obes. Res. 2003 11: 1553; Rodewald L E et. al., J. Pediatr. 1989 114: 885; Butte N F et. al., Br.
• the compounds of this invention are less effective substrates for CYP2D6 than Compound 1 and therefore display a reduced rate of oxidative metabolism and decreased mechanism-based inactivation of CYP2D6. This reduces the extent of undesirable metabolic drug-drug interactions observed with Compound 1, reducing the need for dose adjustments of other drugs taken by patients treated with these agents.
• the altered properties of the compounds of this invention will not obliterate their ability to bind to their protein target. This is because such binding is primarily dependent upon non-covalent binding between the protein and the inhibitor which may be impacted both positively and negatively by isotopic substitution, depending on the specific substitution involved, and any negative effects that a heavy atom of this invention may have on the highly optimized non-covalent binding between compounds of formula I and serotonin uptake proteins will be relatively minor.
• Major factors contributing to the noncovalent recognition of small molecules by proteins and the binding strength between them include: Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, molecular reorganization, desolvation energy of the small molecule, hydrophobic interactions and, in certain instances, displacement energy for pre-existing bound ligands.
• the compounds of this invention possess molecular topology that is very similar to Compound 1, since exchange of deuterium for hydrogen does not alter molecular shape and exchange of 13 C for 12 C is conformationally neutral (Holtzer M E et. al., Biophys. J. 2001 80: 939). Deuterium replacement does cause a slight decrease in Van der Waals radius (Wade D, Chem. Biol. Interact. 1999 117: 191); but applicant believes that such decrease will not greatly reduce binding affinity between the molecule and its receptor. Furthermore, the slightly smaller size of the deuterated compounds of this invention prevents their being involved in new undesirable steric clashes with the binding protein relative to the Compound 1.
• deuterium nor 13 C atoms in the compounds of this invention contribute significantly to hydrogen bonding or ionic interactions with the protein receptors. This is because the major hydrogen bond and ionic interactions formed by Compound 1 with serotonin uptake proteins are mediated by the oxygens, nitrogens, and the amine-bound hydrogens within Compound 1. Any deuterium atoms attached to the amine nitrogen will be rapidly exchanged with bulk solvent protons under physiological conditions. Protein reorganization or side chain movement will be identical between a compound of this invention and Compound 1. Desolvation energy of a compound of this invention will be equivalent to or less than that of Compound 1, resulting in neutral or increased binding affinity for the receptor; Turowski M et. al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003 125: 13836. The replacement of 13 C in place of 12 C in compounds of this invention will have no practical change in desolvation.
• a compound of this invention advantageously retains substantial binding to serotonin uptake proteins and is an active inhibitor of serotonin uptake.
• the present invention provides an isolated compound of formula I:
• Y 1 is deuterium
• At least one of Y 2 and Y 3 is independently deuterium. More preferably, both Y 2 and Y 3 are deuterium.
• each of Y 1 , Y 2 and Y 3 is deuterium.
• each hydrogen atom on the fluorophenyl ring is replaced with deuterium.
• the term “compound” as used herein, is intended to include salts, prodrugs, and prodrug salts of a compound of formula I.
• the term also includes any solvates, hydrates, and polymorphs of any of the foregoing.
• the specific recitation of “prodrug,” “prodrug salt,” “solvate,” “hydrate,” or “polymorph” in certain aspects of the invention described in this application shall not be interpreted as an intended omission of these forms in other aspects of the invention where the term “compound” is used without recitation of these other forms.
• a salt of a compound of this invention is formed between an acid and a basic group of the compound, such as an amino functional group, or a base and an acidic group of the compound, such as a carboxyl functional group.
• the compound is a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt.
• prodrug means a derivative of a compound that can hydrolyze, oxidize, or otherwise react under biological conditions (in vitro or in vivo) to provide a compound of this invention. Prodrugs may only become active upon such reaction under biological conditions, or they may have activity in their unreacted forms.
• prodrugs contemplated in this invention include, but are not limited to, analogs or derivatives of compounds of any one of the formulae disclosed herein that comprise biohydrolyzable moieties such as biohydrolyzable amides, biohydrolyzable esters, biohydrolyzable carbamates, biohydrolyzable carbonates, biohydrolyzable ureides, and biohydrolyzable phosphate analogues.
• Other examples of prodrugs include derivatives of compounds of any one of the formulae disclosed herein that comprise —NO, —NO 2 , —ONO, or —ONO 2 moieties.
• Prodrugs can typically be prepared using well-known methods, such as those described by Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery (1995) 172-178, 949-982 (Manfred E. Wolff ed., 5th ed); see also Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed., McGraw-Hill, Int. Ed. 1992, “Biotransformation of Drugs”.
• biohydrolyzable amide As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the terms “biohydrolyzable amide”, “biohydrolyzable ester”, “biohydrolyzable carbamate”, “biohydrolyzable carbonate”, “biohydrolyzable ureide” and “biohydrolyzable phosphate analogue” mean an amide, ester, carbamate, carbonate, ureide, or phosphate analogue, respectively, that either: 1) does not destroy the biological activity of the compound and confers upon that compound advantageous properties in vivo, such as uptake, duration of action, or onset of action; or 2) is itself biologically inactive but is converted in vivo to a biologically active compound.
• biohydrolyzable amides include, but are not limited to, lower alkyl amides, ⁇ -amino acid amides, alkoxyacyl amides, and alkylaminoalkylcarbonyl amides.
• biohydrolyzable esters include, but are not limited to, lower alkyl esters, alkoxyacyloxy esters, alkyl acylamino alkyl esters, and choline esters.
• biohydrolyzable carbamates include, but are not limited to, lower alkylamines, substituted ethylenediamines, amino acids, hydroxyalkylamines, heterocyclic and heteroaromatic amines, and polyether amines.
• a prodrug salt is a compound formed between an acid and a basic group of the prodrug, such as an amino functional group, or a base and an acidic group of the prodrug, such as a carboxyl functional group.
• the prodrug salt is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
• the counterion to the saltable prodrug of the compound of formula I is pharmaceutically acceptable.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable counterions include, for instance, those acids and bases noted herein as being suitable to form pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• Particularly favored prodrugs and prodrug salts are those that increase the bioavailability of the compounds of this invention when such compounds are administered to a mammal (e.g., by allowing an orally administered compound to be more readily absorbed into the blood) or which enhance delivery of the parent compound to a biological compartment (e.g., the brain or central nervous system) relative to the parent species.
• Preferred prodrugs include derivatives where a group that enhances aqueous solubility or active transport through the gut membrane is appended to the structure of formulae described herein. See, e.g., Alexander, J. et al. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 1988, 31, 318-322; Bundgaard, H.
• pharmaceutically acceptable refers to a component that is, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and other mammals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt means any non-toxic salt that, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing, either directly or indirectly, a compound or a prodrug of a compound of this invention.
• pharmaceutically acceptable counterion is an ionic portion of a salt that is not toxic when released from the salt upon administration to a recipient.
• Acids commonly employed to form pharmaceutically acceptable salts include inorganic acids such as hydrogen bisulfide, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, sulfuric and phosphoric acid, as well as organic acids such as para-toluenesulfonic, salicylic, tartaric, bitartaric, ascorbic, maleic, besylic, fumaric, gluconic, glucuronic, formic, glutamic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, lactic, oxalic, para-bromophenylsulfonic, carbonic, succinic, citric, benzoic and acetic acid, and related inorganic and organic acids.
• inorganic acids such as hydrogen bisulfide, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, sulfuric and phosphoric acid
• organic acids such as para-toluenesulfonic, salicylic, tartaric, bitartaric, as
• Such pharmaceutically acceptable salts thus include sulfate, pyrosulfate, bisulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, phosphate, monohydrogenphosphate, dihydrogenphosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, propionate, decanoate, caprylate, acrylate, formate, isobutyrate, caprate, heptanoate, propiolate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, suberate, sebacate, fumarate, maleate, butyne-1,4-dioate, hexyne-1,6-dioate, benzoate, chlorobenzoate, methylbenzoate, dinitrobenzoate, hydroxybenzoate, methoxybenzoate, phthalate, terephathalate, sulfonate, xylenesulfonate, phenylacetate, phenylpropionate
• Suitable bases for forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with acidic functional groups of prodrugs of this invention include, but are not limited to, hydroxides of alkali metals such as sodium, potassium, and lithium; hydroxides of alkaline earth metal such as calcium and magnesium; hydroxides of other metals, such as aluminum and zinc; ammonia, and organic amines, such as unsubstituted or hydroxy-substituted mono-, di-, or trialkylamines; dicyclohexylamine; tributyl amine; pyridine; N-methyl,N-ethylamine; diethylamine; triethylamine; mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-hydroxy-lower alkyl amines), such as mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, 2-hydroxy-tert-butylamine, or tris-(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, N,N-di-lower alkyl-N-(hydroxy lower alkyl)-
• hydrate means a compound which further includes a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of water bound by non-covalent intermolecular forces.
• solvate means a compound which further includes a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of solvent such as water, acetone, ethanol, methanol, dichloromethane, 2-propanol, or the like, bound by non-covalent intermolecular forces.
• polymorph means solid crystalline forms of a compound or complex thereof which may be characterized by physical means such as, for instance, X-ray powder diffraction patterns or infrared spectroscopy. Different polymorphs of the same compound can exhibit different physical, chemical and/or spectroscopic properties. Different physical properties include, but are not limited to stability (e.g., to heat, light or moisture), compressibility and density (important in formulation and product manufacturing), hygroscopicity, solubility, and dissolution rates and solubility (which can affect bioavailability).
• Differences in stability can result from changes in chemical reactivity (e.g., differential oxidation, such that a dosage form discolors more rapidly when comprised of one polymorph than when comprised of another polymorph) or mechanical characteristics (e.g., tablets crumble on storage as a kinetically favored polymorph converts to thermodynamically more stable polymorph) or both (e.g., tablets of one polymorph are more susceptible to breakdown at high humidity).
• chemical reactivity e.g., differential oxidation, such that a dosage form discolors more rapidly when comprised of one polymorph than when comprised of another polymorph
• mechanical characteristics e.g., tablets crumble on storage as a kinetically favored polymorph converts to thermodynamically more stable polymorph
• both e.g., tablets of one polymorph are more susceptible to breakdown at high humidity.
• Different physical properties of polymorphs can affect their processing. For example, one polymorph might be more likely to form solvates or might be more difficult to filter or wash free of impurities than another
• the compounds of the present invention contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms.
• a compound of this invention can exist as the individual stereoisomers (enantiomers or diastereomers) as well a mixture of stereoisomers.
• a compound of the present invention will include not only a stereoisomeric mixture, but also individual respective stereoisomers substantially free from one another stereoisomers.
• substantially free means less than 25% of other stereoisomers, preferably less than 10% of other stereoisomers, more preferably less than 5% of other stereoisomers and most preferably less than 2% of other stereoisomers, are present.
• Methods of obtaining or synthesizing diastereomers are well known in the art and may be applied as practicable to final compounds or to starting material or intermediates. Other embodiments are those wherein the compound is an isolated compound.
• the compounds of the invention may be synthesized by well-known techniques.
• the starting materials and certain intermediates used in the synthesis of the compounds of this invention are available from commercial sources or may themselves be synthesized using reagents and techniques known in the art, including those synthesis schemes delineated herein. See, for instance, Christensen J A and Squires R F, U.S. Pat. No. 4,007,196, to Ferrosan; Ward N, U.S. Pat. No. 6,172,233, to SmithKline Beecham; Liu L T et. al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,833,458 to Development Center for Biotechnology; Jacewicz V W et. al., U.S. Pat. No.
• a convenient method for producing a compound of formula I is shown graphically in scheme II, wherein D represents deuterium, each Y is independently selected from hydrogen or deuterium, and W is a nitrogen protecting group.
• Nitrogen protecting groups are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to methyl, ethyl benzyl, substituted benzyl, allyl; and C 1-6 alkylene carbamates such as phenyl carbamate, substituted phenyl carbamate, benzyl carbamate, substituted benzyl carbamate, vinyl carbamate, or allyl carbamate.
• Preferred nitrogen protecting groups are methyl, ethyl benzyl, 4-substituted benzyl, tert-butyl carbamate, benzyl carbamate, methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamate, propyl carbamate, vinyl carbamate, and allyl carbamate are preferred. More preferred W groups include methyl, ethyl benzyl, methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamate, vinyl carbamate, allyl carbamate, phenyl carbamate, benzyl carbamate, and tert-butyl carbamate.
• Suitable benzyl substituents include, for instance, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl-O—, fluoro, chloro, and nitro.
• Each of compounds of formula II, II and VI may optionally be further substituted with deuterium in place of hydrogen and 13 C in place of 12 C.
• Y 1 is preferably deuterium.
• Reaction of compounds of formula VI with compounds of formula II may be carried out in a single step, for instance by the Mitsunobu reaction (see e.g. Mitsunobu O, Synthesis 1981, 1) using a suitable phosphine such as triphenylphosphine or tributylphosphine, among others, and an azodicarboxylates such as, for instance, diethylazodicarboxylate, diisopropylazodicarboxylate, or dibenzylazodicarboxylate.
• a suitable phosphine such as triphenylphosphine or tributylphosphine, among others
• an azodicarboxylates such as, for instance, diethylazodicarboxylate, diisopropylazodicarboxylate, or dibenzylazodicarboxylate.
• the alcohol may be converted to a displaceable electrophile, for instance by producing a sulfate ester or by replacing the oxygen with a halogen such as chloride, bromide, or iodide.
• Suitable sulfate esters include, but are not limited to, tosylate, mesylate, brosylate, nosylate, and triflate.
• a preferred route to compounds of formula III is reaction of compounds of formula VI, wherein W is methyl, with thionyl chloride to give the primary chloride, and displacement with the compound of formula II under basic conditions using an alkali metal base such as sodium or potassium, e.g. in the form of sodium methoxide or sodium ethoxide.
• Compounds of formula III wherein W is methyl or ethyl may be N-deprotected by a 2-step sequence involving first a chloroformate (e.g. phenyl chloroformate, methyl chloroformate, ethyl chloroformate, or vinyl chloroformate, among others) to simultaneously N-dealkylate the piperidine ring and form the carbamate corresponding to the chloroformate used.
• a chloroformate e.g. phenyl chloroformate, methyl chloroformate, ethyl chloroformate, or vinyl chloroformate, among others
• the resulting carbamate is then hydrolyzed with strong base, such as aqueous KOH, to yield the compound of formula I.
• Vinyl carbamates produced upon reacting compounds of formula III with vinyl chloroformate, may be decomposed with acid, such as HCl, to yield the product of formula I.
• acid such as HCl
• W is benzyl or substituted benzyl
• the compound of formula III may be N-deprotected by hydrogenation, for instance using a palladium catalyst such as palladium metal or Pd(OH) 2 on carbon together with either hydrogen gas or an alternate hydrogen donor, such as formic acid or ammonium formate.
• W is benzyl carbamate it may be deprotected in a manner similar to a benzyl group, or removed by acidolysis, for instance using hydrogen bromide.
• the compound of formula III may be N-deprotected by treatment with acid (for example, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, trifluoroacetic acid, or p-toluenesulfonic acid).
• acid for example, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, trifluoroacetic acid, or p-toluenesulfonic acid.
• deuterated benzodioxols of formula V are readily available by means known in the art of organic synthesis. For instance, reaction of a deuterated methylenation reagent with an appropriate catechol of formula IV, such as 3,4-dihydroxybromobenzene, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-oxo-alkanes, or 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-oxo-arenes, will result in ring closure to the corresponding benzodioxol.
• catechol of formula IV such as 3,4-dihydroxybromobenzene, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-oxo-alkanes, or 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-oxo-arenes
• deuterated methylenation reagents include, for instance, mono and di-deuterated forms of dihalomethanes such as dichloromethane, dibromomethane, bromochloromethane, or diiodomethane.
• dihalomethanes such as dichloromethane, dibromomethane, bromochloromethane, or diiodomethane.
• benzodioxols from catechol (o-dihydroxyphenyl) precursors is well known in the art and is described for instance by Cabedo N et. al., J. Med. Chem. 2001 44: 1794; Walz A J and Sundberg R J, J. Org. Chem. 2000 65: 8001; Or ⁇ s L et. al., J. Med. Chem. 2002 45: 4128; Chang J et. al., Helv.
• R represents a halide such as bromo, chloro, or iodo; or an oxo group such as formyl, methyl ketone, ethyl ketone, or phenyl ketone;
• D is deuterium;
• Y is hydrogen or deuterium;
• X and X′ are independently halide such as bromo, chloro, or iodo; and
• Z is hydrogen, lower alkyl such as C 1-4 alkyl, or aryl such as phenyl or substituted phenyl.
• deuterium substitution can be accomplished in compounds of formula II.
• halogenation ortho to the hydroxyl group e.g. using N-bromosuccinimide in an ionic liquid, followed by O-protection (for instance with a silyl group such as triethylsilyl or tert-butyldimethylsilyl, among others), halogen-metal exchange and deuterium quench such as with D 2 O, or alternatively catalytic hydrogenation under deuterium gas, produces the 6-deuterobenzodioxol derivative (see e.g. Yadav J S et. al., Adv. Synth. Catal. 2004 346: 77; Kirefu T, et. al.
• 1,3-propanediol is commercially available in numerous isotopic forms, e.g. 1,3-propanediol- 13 C 3 (Sigma Aldrich (ISOTEC), St. Louis, Mo.); 1,3-propanediol-2- 13 C (Sigma Aldrich (ISOTEC), St.
• Deprotection of the secondary alcohol e.g. as a tetrahydropyran ether, by reaction with dihydropyran
• O-deprotection of the primary alcohol e.g. a fluoride source such as KF in dimethylformamide if silyl protection is used
• activation of the resulting primary alcohol e.g. as a chloride using triphenylphosphine/carbon tetrachloride
• reaction with p-anisidine followed by oxidation of the protected secondary alcohol to a ketone
• a ketone e.g. direct oxidation of the THP ether using an acidic oxidizing agent, or hydrolytic removal of the THP ether followed by oxidation
• P represents a suitable oxygen protecting group known in the art of organic synthesis.
• Useful oxygen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, C 1-4 alkylene, benzyl, C 1-2 -oxymethyl, or tri-C 1-6 -silyl.
• PMP represent 4-methoxyphenyl.
• Boc represents tert-butyoxycarbonyl.
• Different molecular positions are labeled to indicate sources of potential isotopic substitution: “*” shows 13 C substitution arising from labeled 1,3-propanediol.
• the piperidine 5 and 6 positions can be deuterium labeled from 1,3-propanediol as well.
• “ ⁇ >” shows deuterium substitution from labeled 4-bromo-fluorobenzene (e.g.
• “ ⁇ ” indicates 13 C or, at the piperidine 3 position, deuterium labels arising from the labeled diethyl malonate (e.g. Aldrich); “ ⁇ ” indicates 13 C or deuterium labels arising, respectively, from carrying out installation of the hydroxymethyl group using a 13 C-labeled acylating group such as dimethyl carbonate- 13 C (readily produced from 13 C-phosgene (e.g. Isotec) and methanol), or by reduction of the resulting ester group with a suitable deuterated “hydride” donor such as deuteroborane (see e.g. Kinugawa Y and Kawashima E, Nucleic Acids Res. Suppl. 2002: 19; Turecek F and Hanus V, Org. Mass Spec. 1980 15: 8).
• a 13 C-labeled acylating group such as dimethyl carbonate- 13 C (readily produced from 13 C-phosgene (e.g. Isotec) and m
• reaction schemes and protocols may be determined by the skilled artisan by use of commercially available structure-searchable database software, for instance, SciFinder® (CAS division of the American Chemical Society), STN® (CAS division of the American Chemical Society), CrossFire Beilstein® (Elsevier MDL), or internet search engines such as Google® or keyword databases such as the US Patent and Trademark Office text database.
• reaction optimization and scale-up may advantageously utilize high-speed parallel synthesis equipment and computer-controlled microreactors (e.g. Design And Optimization in Organic Synthesis, 2 nd Edition , Carlson R, Ed, 2005; Elsevier Science Ltd.; Jähnisch, K et al, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2004 43: 406; and references therein).
• the synthetic methods described herein may also additionally include steps, either before or after any of the steps described in Schemes II or III, to add or remove suitable protecting groups in order to ultimately allow synthesis of the compound of the formulae described herein.
• the methods delineated herein contemplate converting compounds of one formula to compounds of another formula.
• the process of converting refers to one or more chemical transformations, which can be performed in situ, or with isolation of intermediate compounds.
• the transformations can include reacting the starting compounds or intermediates with additional reagents using techniques and protocols known in the art, including those in the references cited herein.
• Intermediates can be used with or without purification (e.g., filtration, distillation, sublimation, crystallization, trituration, solid phase extraction, chromatography).
• the invention provides an intermediate compound of formula II or formula III, wherein each hydrogen and carbon atom is optionally substituted by deuterium and 13 C, respectively.
• stable refers to compounds which possess stability sufficient to allow manufacture and which maintain the integrity of the compound for a sufficient period of time to be useful for the purposes detailed herein (e.g., formulation into therapeutic products, intermediates for use in production of therapeutic compounds, isolatable or storable intermediate compounds, treating a disease or condition responsive to enhanced serotonin neurotransmission).
• isotopologue refers to species that differ from a specific compound of this invention only in the isotopic composition of their molecules or ions.
• 11 C is not referred to as a light isotope of carbon.
• a specific compound of this invention may also be referred to as a “heavy atom isotopic compound” to distinguish it from its lighter isotopologues when discussing mixtures of isotopologues. This is because a specific compound and all of its lighter isotopologues, except for Compound 1, are compounds of Formula I.
• Compound 1 refers to the free base form of the active serotonin reuptake inhibiting agent of the drug approved by the US FDA in NDA nos. 020710, and 020936.
• Compound 1 inherently comprises small amounts of deuterated and/or 13 C-containing isotopologues.
• the present invention distinguishes such forms having minor amounts of such isotopologues from its scope in that the term “compound” as used in this invention refers to a composition of matter that is predominantly a specific isotopologue.
• a compound, as defined herein, in embodiments contains less than 10%, preferably less than 6%, and more preferably less than 3% of all other isotopologues, including the Compound 1.
• compositions of matter that may contain greater than 10% of all other specific isotopologues combined are referred to herein as mixtures and must meet the parameters set forth below.
• heavy atom refers to isotopes of higher atomic weight than the predominant naturally occurring isotope.
• stable heavy atom refers to non-radioactive heavy atoms.
• Stepoisomer refers to both enantiomers and diastereomers
• PDE refers to cyclic guanosine monophosphate-specific phosphodiesterase
• cGMP refers to cyclic guanosine monophosphate
• 5′-GMP refers to guanosine-5′-monophosphate
• cAMP refers to cyclic adenosine monophosphate
• 5′-AMP refers to adenosine-5′-monophosphate
• EM refers to extensive metabolizer
• AIBN refers to 2,2′-azo-bis(isobutyronitrile)
• Boc refers to tert-butoxycarbonyl
• THP refers to tetrahydropyran
• THF tetrahydrofuran
• DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
• alkylene refers to a straight, branched, or partially or wholly cyclic alkyl group which may contain one or more degrees of unsaturation in the form of cis, trans, or mixed cis, trans-double bonds, or triple bonds
• tert refers to tertiary
• NDA refers to New Drug Application
• AUC refers to area under the plasma-time concentration curve
• CYP3A4 refers to cytochrome P450 oxidase isoform 3A4
• M-4R refers to the human melanocortin-4 receptor
• 5-HT refers to 5-hydroxytryptamine or serotonin
• NEP neutral endopeptidease
• HMG-CoA refers to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A
• ETA refers to endothelin subtype A receptors
• ETB refers to endothelin subtype B receptors
• SSRI refers to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
• PPAR refers to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
• compositions comprising a mixture of a compound of this invention and its lighter isotopologues. These mixtures may occur, for instance, simply as the result of an inefficiency of incorporating an isotope at a given position; intentional or inadvertent exchange of protons for deuterium, e.g. exchange of bulk solvent for heteroatom-attached deuterium; or intentional mixtures of pure compounds.
• such mixtures comprise at least about 50% of the heavy atom isotopic compound (i.e., less than about 50% of lighter isotopologues). More preferable is a mixture comprising at least 80% of the heavy atom isotopic compound. Most preferable is a mixture comprising 90% of the heavy atom isotopic compound.
• the mixture comprises a compound of Formula I and its lighter isotopologues in relative proportions such that at least about 50%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95% and most preferably at least 98% of the compounds in said mixture comprise a heavy atom isotope at each position containing a stable heavy atom isotope in the heavy atom isotopic compound.
• the following exemplifies this definition.
• a hypothetical compound of the invention contains deuterium at positions Y 1 , Y 2 and Y 3 .
• a mixture comprising this compound and all of its potential lighter isotopologues and the relative proportion of each is set forth in the table below.
• the compound plus lighter isotopologues 1, 2 and 4 comprise the isotope deuterium at position Y 1 . These compounds are present in the mixture at relevant amounts of 40%, 15%, 14% and 6%. Thus, 75% of the mixture comprises the isotope at Y 1 that is present in the compound.
• the compound plus lighter isotopologues 1, 3 and 5 comprise the isotope deuterium at position Y 2 . These compounds are present in the mixture at relevant amounts of 40%, 15%, 13% and 5%. Thus, 73% of the mixture comprises the isotope at Y 2 that is present in the compound.
• the compound plus lighter isotopologues 2, 3 and 6 comprise the isotope deuterium at position Y 3 .
• this mixture comprises a compound and its lighter isotopologues in relative proportions such that 71% of the compounds in said mixture comprise an isotope at each position containing a stable heavy atom isotope in the full isotopic compound.
• compositions comprising an effective amount of a compound of any one of formulae I, II or III or a salt thereof; or a prodrug or a salt of a prodrug thereof; or a solvate, hydrate, or polymorph thereof, if applicable; an acceptable carrier.
• the carrier(s) must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation.
• the invention provides a composition comprising a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug salt thereof; or a solvate, hydrate or polymorph of any of the foregoing and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein said composition is formulated for pharmaceutical use (“a pharmaceutical composition”).
• a pharmaceutical composition is a carrier that is compatible with the other ingredients of the composition and not deleterious to the recipient thereof in amounts typically used in medicaments.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles that may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.
• ion exchangers alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin
• serum proteins such as human serum albumin
• buffer substances such as phosphat
• compositions of the invention include those suitable for oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous and intradermal) administration.
• the compound of the formulae herein is administered transdermally (e.g., using a transdermal patch or iontophoretic techniques).
• Other formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., tablets and sustained release capsules, and in liposomes, and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. See, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Philadelphia, Pa. (17th ed. 1985).
• Such preparative methods include the step of bringing into association with the molecule to be administered ingredients such as the carrier that constitutes one or more accessory ingredients.
• ingredients such as the carrier that constitutes one or more accessory ingredients.
• the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers, liposomes or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then if necessary shaping the product.
• compositions of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, sachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or packed in liposomes and as a bolus, etc.
• Soft gelatin capsules can be useful for containing such suspensions, which may beneficially increase the rate of compound absorption.
• a tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
• Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, surface-active or dispersing agent.
• Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
• the tablets optionally may be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein.
• carriers that are commonly used include lactose and corn starch.
• Lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added.
• useful diluents include lactose and dried cornstarch.
• emulsifying and suspending agents include lactose and dried cornstarch.
• certain sweetening and/or flavoring and/or coloring agents may be added.
• Surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate may be useful to enhance dissolution and absorption.
• compositions suitable for topical administration include lozenges comprising the ingredients in a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; and pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia.
• compositions suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
• the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example, sealed ampules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use.
• Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets.
• Such injection solutions may be in the form, for example, of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension.
• This suspension may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents (such as, for example, Tween80) and suspending agents.
• the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
• the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are mannitol, water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
• any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
• Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
• These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant such as Ph. Helv or a similar alcohol.
• compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal or vaginal administration.
• These compositions can be prepared by mixing a compound of Formula I with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at the rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the active components.
• suitable non-irritating excipient include, but are not limited to, cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
• Topical administration of the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention is especially useful when the desired treatment involves areas or organs readily accessible by topical application.
• the pharmaceutical composition will be formulated with a suitable ointment containing the active components suspended or dissolved in a carrier.
• Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petroleum, white petroleum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water.
• the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated with a suitable lotion or cream containing the active compound suspended or dissolved in a carrier.
• Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also be topically applied to the lower intestinal tract by rectal suppository formulation or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches and iontophoretic administration are also included in this invention.
• compositions of this invention may be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation.
• Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art.
• Such administration is known to be effective with erectile dysfunction drugs: Rabinowitz J D and Zaffaroni A C, U.S. Pat. No. 6,803,031, assigned to Alexza Molecular Delivery Corporation.
• Application of the subject therapeutics may be local, so as to be administered at the site of interest.
• Various techniques can be used for providing the subject pharmaceutical compositions at the site of interest, such as injection, use of catheters, trocars, projectiles, pluronic gel, stents, sustained drug release polymers or other device which provides for internal access.
• a compound of Formula I may be incorporated into a pharmaceutical composition for coating an implantable medical device, such as prostheses, artificial valves, vascular grafts, stents, or catheters.
• an implantable medical device such as prostheses, artificial valves, vascular grafts, stents, or catheters.
• Suitable coatings and the general preparation of coated implantable devices are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,099,562; 5,886,026; and 5,304,121.
• the coatings are typically biocompatible polymeric materials such as a hydrogel polymer, polymethyldisiloxane, polycaprolactone, polyethylene glycol, polylactic acid, ethylene vinyl acetate, and mixtures thereof.
• coatings are optionally further covered by a suitable topcoat of fluorosilicone, polysaccharides, polyethylene glycol, phospholipids or combinations thereof to impart controlled release characteristics in the composition.
• Coatings for invasive devices are to be included within the definition of pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or vehicle, as those terms are used herein.
• the invention provides a method of coating an implantable medical device comprising the step of contacting said device with the coating composition described above. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the coating of the device will occur prior to implantation into a mammal.
• the invention provides a method of impregnating or filling an implantable drug release device comprising the step of contacting said drug release device with a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutical composition of this invention.
• Implantable drug release devices include, but are not limited to, biodegradable polymer capsules or bullets, non-degradable, diffusible polymer capsules and biodegradable polymer wafers.
• the invention provides an implantable medical device coated with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutical composition of this invention, such that said compound is therapeutically active.
• the invention provides an implantable drug release device impregnated with or containing a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutical composition of this invention, such that said compound is released form said device and is therapeutically active.
• organ or tissue may be bathed in a medium containing a pharmaceutical composition of this invention
• a pharmaceutical composition of this invention may be painted onto the organ, or a pharmaceutical composition of this invention may be applied in any other convenient way.
• the present invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of one or more compound of Formula I, in combination with an effective amount of one or more second therapeutic agents useful for treating or preventing a condition selected from depression, hypertension, generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, posttraumatic stress syndrome, avoidant personality disorder, sexual dysfunction; eating disorders including bulimia, anorexia nervosa, and binge eating; obesity, chemical dependencies, cluster headache, migraine; pain, including neuropathic pain, diabetic nephropathy, post-operative pain, psychogenic pain disorders, and chronic pain syndrome; Alzheimer's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, memory disorders, Parkinson's diseases, endocrine disorders, vasospasm, cerebellar ataxia, gastrointestinal tract disorders, negative symptoms of schizophrenia, premenstrual syndrome, Fibromyalgia Syndrome; urinary incontinence, including stress incontinence; Tourette's syndrome, trichotillomania, kleptomania, male im
• compositions comprising an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or a prodrug or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug thereof; or a solvate, hydrate, or polymorph thereof; in combination with an effective amount of a second therapeutic agent useful for reducing the side effects of Compound 1, for enhancing or potentiating the activity of Compound 1, or for increasing the duration of pharmacological action of Compound 1; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Additional therapeutic agents useful in combination with the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to: 5-HT 1A antagonist or ligand; an NK 1 -receptor antagonist; a serotonin receptor antagonist; 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-6-propylamino-benzothiazole (pramipexole), the (+)- or ( ⁇ )-enantiomer thereof; a sulfamate anticonvulsant agent; a precursor or prodrug of serotonin, or an intermediate in the biosynthesis of serotonin; selective agonists and antagonists of one or both of the 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 1D receptors; a composition containing dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), omega 3-fatty acids, betaine, oligomeric proanthocyanidins, folic acid, vitamins C, E, B 12 , B 6 , B 5 and beta-carotene and minerals (calcium, magnesium, zinc and selenium); naltrexone; cyclo
• 5-HT 1A antagonists and ligands include, but are not limited to, alprenolol, WAY 100135, WAY 100635, spiperone, pindolol, (S)-UH-301, penbutolol, propranolol, tertatolol; (R)-5-carbamoyl-8-fluoro-3-N,N-disubstituted-amino-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran; and those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.
• NK 1 -receptor antagonists include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,162,805; 6,878,732; US Patent Application 20050137208; as well as CNS-penetrant agents capable of inhibiting NK-1 receptor agonist-induced foot tapping in the gerbil, or attenuating separation-induced vocalizations by guinea-pig pups.
• sulfamate anticonvulsant agents include, but are not limited to, topiramate and those disclosed in and referenced by U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,327.
• precursors or prodrugs of serotonin, and intermediates in the biosynthesis of serotonin include but are not limited to, L-tryptophan, L-5-hydroxytryptophan, diethyl N-benzyloxycarbonyl-5-benzyloxycarbonyloxy-L-tryptophyl-L-aspartate, dibenzyl N-benzyloxycarbonyl-5-hydroxy-L-tryptophanylaspartate, 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophyl-L-aspartic acid trihydrate, diethyl N-benzyloxycarbonyl-5-hydroxy-L-tryptophyl-L-glutamate, diethyl 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophyl-L-glutamate hydrochloride, dibenzyl L-benzyloxycarbonyl-5-hydroxytryptophyl-L-glutamate, 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophyl-L-glutamic acid, pentachlorophenyl ester
• an atypical antipsychotic agents include, but are not limited to, risperidone, clozapine, seroquel, sertindole, ziprasidone, zotepine, olanzapine, iloperidone, Org 5222, melperone, amperozide, SM-9018, JL-13, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• aldose reductase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, fidarestat, epalrestat, minalrestat, SPR-210, and zenarestat or zopolrestat, or a prodrug thereof.
• Examples of selective agonists and antagonists of one or both of the 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 1D receptors include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,562,813.
• Type III phosphodiesterase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, bipyridines such as amrinone, milrinone and olprinone; anagrelide, bemoradan, ibudilast, isomazole, lixazinone, motapizone, olprinone, phthalazinol, pimobendan, quazinone, siguazodan and trequinsin
• calcium channel blockers examples include, but are not limited to, amlodipine diltiazem, felodipine, isradipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, and verapamil.
• mixed type III-type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, anagrelide, bemoradan, ibudilast, isomazole, lixazinone, motapizone, olprinone, phthalazinol, pimobendan, quazinone, siguazodan and trequinsin.
• type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinones, in particular rolipram; quinazolinediones, xanthine derivatives, phenyl ethyl pyridines, tetrahydropyrimidones, diazepine derivatives, oxime carbamates, naphthyridinones, benzofurans, naphthalene derivatives, purine derivatives, imidazolidinones, cyclohexane carboxylic acids, benzamides, pyridopyridazinones, benzothiophenes, etazolate, S-(+)-glaucine, substituted phenyl compounds and substituted biphenyl compounds as further disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,597.
• type V phosphodiesterase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, sildenafil, vardenafil, tadalafil, zaprinast, dipyridamole, 3-isobutyl-8-(6-methoxy-isoquinolin-4-ylmethyl)-1-methyl-3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione; and those disclosed in US Patent Applications 20030055070; 20040044005; 20030139429.
• substituted indole estrogenic agents include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in and referenced by U.S. Pat. No. 6,369,051.
• DRD2-specific dopamine agonist includes, but is not limited to, bromocriptine.
• 5HT 4 receptor antagonists include, but are not limited to, A-85380, SB 204070, SB 207226, SB 207058, SB 207710, SB 205800, SB 203186, SDZ 205557, N 3389, FK 1052, SC 56184, SC 53606, DAU 6285, GR 125487, GR 113808, RS 23597, RS 39604, LY-353433 and R 50595.
• cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors include, but are not limited to, celecoxib, valdecoxib, deracoxib, rofecoxib, etoricoxib, tilmacoxib, cimicoxib, and those disclosed in and referenced by US Patent Applications 20050080084 and 20050085477.
• 5-HT 2a receptor antagonists include, but are not limited to, those disclosed and referenced by US Patent application 20050070577.
• CB 1 receptor antagonists include, but are not limited to, rimonabant and those disclosed in and referenced by US Patent applications 20040248956, 20050009870, 20050014786, 20050054659, 20050080087, and 20050143381.
• selective MCH-1R receptor antagonists include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in and referenced by US Patent applications 20050009815 and 20050026915.
• tetra-substituted pyrimidopyrimidines include, but are not limited to, dipyridamole, mopidamole, dipyridamole monoacetate, 2,6-di-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-methoxy-4,8-di-piperidinopyrimido-pyrimidine; 2,6-bis-(2,3-dimethyoxypropoxy)-4,8-di-piperidinopyrimidopyrimidine; 2,6-bis[N,N-di(2-methoxy)ethyl]-4,6-di-piperidinopyrimidopyrimidine-; and 2,6-bis(diethanolamino)-4,8-di-4-methoxybenzylaminopyrimidopyrimidine-.
• selective dopamine D 4 receptor ligands include, but are not limited to, pipamperone, fananserin, L-745,870, PNU-101387G and U-101387.
• NMDA partial receptor agonist includes, but is not limited to, D-cycloserine.
• NMDA receptor antagonists include, but are not limited to, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, amantadine, and memantine.
• cholinesterase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, tacrine, donepezil, edrophonium, galantamine, physostigmine, eptastigmine, pyridostigmine, neostigmine, ganstigmine, rivastigmine, demecarium, ambenonium, sarin, metrifonate, soman, tabun, and diisopropyl fluorophosphates.
• GSK-3 inhibitors include, but are not limited to, those disclosed and referenced in US Patent Application 20050026946.
• alpha-2-delta ligands include, but are not limited to, gabapentin, pregabalin, [(1R,5R,6S)-6-(aminomethyl)bicyclo[-3.2.0]hept-6-yl]acetic acid, 3-(1-aminomethylcyclohexylmethyl)-4H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazol-5-one, C-[1-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethyl)-cycloheptyl]-methylamine, (3S,4S)-(1-aminomethyl-3,4-dimethylcyclopentyl)-acetic acid, (1 ⁇ ,3 ⁇ ,5 ⁇ )(3-aminomethyl-bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-3-yl)-acetic acid, (3S,5R)-3-aminomethyl-5-methyloctanoic acid, (3S,5R)-3-amino-5-methylheptanoic acid, (3S,5R)-3-amino
• norephinephrine reuptake inhibitors include, but are not limited to, desipramine, imipramine, amoxapine, nortriptyline, protriptyline, atomoxetine, oxaprotiline, maprotiline, reboxetine, 1-[1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)ethyl]cyclohexanol; and those disclosed in US Patent Application 20050014848.
• corticosteroids examples include, but are not limited to, prednisolone, budesonide, cortisone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, fluticasone, prednisone, triamcinolone, and diflorasone.
• non-steroidal immunophilin-dependent immunosuppressants include, but are not limited to, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, ISAtx247, ascomycin, pimecrolimus, rapamycin, and everolimus.
• selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in US Patent Application 20040229911.
• An example of a selective oxytocin antagonist includes, but is not limited to, L-368,899.
• nicotine receptor antagonists include, but are not limited to, mecamylamine, amantadine, pempidine, dihydro-beta-erythroidine, hexamethonium, erysodine, chlorisondamine, trimethaphan camsylate, tubocurarine chloride, d-tubocurarine, and their optical isomers.
• adenosine A2a receptor antagonists include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in US Patent Application 20030139395.
• 5-HT 2C receptor antagonists examples include, but are not limited to, ketanserin, SB 242084, SB 206553, SB 243213, SB 228356, ritanserin, deramciclane, mirtazepine, mianserine, sertindole, YM 35 992, Ro 60-0795, Org 38457, Org 12962, EGIS 8465 and RS 102221.
• AMPA receptor potentiators include, but are not limited to, [(methylethyl)sulfonyl] ⁇ 2-[4-(4- ⁇ 2-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]ethyl ⁇ phenyl)phenyl]propyl ⁇ amine, ⁇ (2R)-2-[4-(4- ⁇ 2-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]ethyl ⁇ phenyl)phenyl]propyl ⁇ [(methylethyl)sulfonyl]amine, N-2-(4-(3-thienyl)phenylpropyl-2-propanesulfonamide, [2-fluoro-2-(4- ⁇ 3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenyl ⁇ phenyl)propyl][(methylethyl)sulfonyl]amine, and, separately, each enantiomer of [2-fluoro-2-(4- ⁇ 3-[(methylsulfon
• Examples of nicotine receptor partial agonists include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in US Patent Applications 20010036943 and 20030109544.
• delta opioid receptor ligands include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in and referenced by US Patent Application 20020077323.
• growth hormone secretagogues examples include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in US Patent Applications 20020002137 and 20020086865.
• the invention provides separate dosage forms of a compound of Formula I and a second therapeutic agent, wherein said compound and said second therapeutic agent are associated with one another.
• association with one another means that the separate dosage forms are packaged together in the same container (e.g., in separate blister packs attached to one another, in separate compartments of a compartmentalized container, in separate vessels contained in the same box, etc.), or otherwise attached to one another such that it is readily apparent that the separate dosage forms are intended to be sold and administered together (within less than 24 hours of one another, consecutively or simultaneously).
• a compound of Formula I is present in an effective amount.
• the term “effective amount” refers to an amount which, when administered in a proper dosing regimen, is sufficient to reduce or ameliorate the severity, duration or progression, or enhance function compromised by a disorder associated with insufficient neurotransmission of serotonin, prevent the advancement of a disorder characterized by insufficient neurotransmission of serotonin, cause the regression of a disorder characterized by insufficient neurotransmission of serotonin, or enhance or improve the prophylactic or therapeutic effect(s) of another therapy.
• treatment according to the invention provides a reduction in or prevention of at least one symptom or manifestation of a disorder that has been linked insufficient neurotransmission of serotonin, as determined in vivo or in vitro inhibition of at least about 10%, more preferably 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% of cellular serotonin uptake.
• the term “effective amount” means an amount that results in a detectable increase in the amount or concentration serotonin in a patient or in a biological sample, the correction of or relief from a behavior, deficit, symptom, syndrome or disease that has been linked to reduced or insufficient neurotransmission of serotonin, alone or in combination with another agent or agents; or the induction of a behavior, activity or response that has been linked to normalized or increased neurotransmission of serotonin.
• An effective amount of a compound of Formula I can range from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 500 mg/kg, more preferably 0.01 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, yet more preferably 0.025 mg/kg to about 1.5 mg/kg.
• Effective doses will also vary, as recognized by those skilled in the art, depending on the diseases treated, the severity of the disease, the route of administration, the sex, age and general health condition of the patient, excipient usage, the possibility of co-usage with other therapeutic treatments such as use of other agents and the judgment of the treating physician.
• an effective amount of that second therapeutic agent is between about 20% and 100% of the dosage normally utilized in a monotherapy regime using just that additional agent.
• an effective amount is between about 70% and 100% of the normal monotherapeutic dose.
• the normal monotherapeutic dosages of these second therapeutic agents are well known in the art. See, e.g., Wells et al., eds., Pharmacotherapy Handbook, 2nd Edition, Appleton and Lange, Stamford, Conn. (2000); PDR Pharmacopoeia, Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2000, Deluxe Edition, Tarascon Publishing, Loma Linda, Calif. (2000), each of which references are entirely incorporated herein by reference.
• the present invention provides a method of inhibiting the uptake of serotonin in a subject comprising the step of administering to said subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, preferably as part of a composition additionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• this method is employed to treat a subject suffering from or susceptible to one or more disease or disorder selected from depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety, post-traumatic stress, major depression, panic disorder, social phobia, premenstrual syndrome, cardiac disorders, non-cardiac chest pain; smoking addiction (to cause cessation or prevent relapses); reducing platelet activation states, alcoholism and alcohol dependence; psychiatric syndromes including anger, rejection sensitivity, and lack of mental of physical energy; late luteal phase dysphoric disorder, premature ejaculation, senile dementia, obesity, Parkinson's disease, or canine affective aggression.
• depression obsessive-compulsive disorder
• generalized anxiety post-traumatic stress
• major depression panic disorder
• social phobia social phobia
• premenstrual syndrome cardiac disorders, non-cardiac chest pain
• smoking addiction to cause cessation or prevent relapses
• reducing platelet activation states alcoholism and alcohol dependence
• psychiatric syndromes
• the method can also be employed to treat a subject suffering from or susceptible to inhibition of cancer cell growth, methods for stimulating bone formation by osteoblast stimulation, treatment of dermatological diseases or disorders such as hyperproliferative or inflammatory skin diseases, and treatment of premature female orgasm.
• Other embodiments include any of the methods herein wherein the subject is identified as in need of the indicated treatment.
• this method is employed to treat a subject suffering from or susceptible to one or more disease or disorder selected from major depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder
• Another aspect of the invention is a compound of formula I for use in inhibiting the uptake of serotonin in a subject.
• that use is in the treatment or prevention in a subject of a disease, disorder or symptom set forth above.
• Another aspect of the invention is the use of a compound of formula I in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting the uptake of serotonin in a subject.
• the medicament is used for treatment or prevention in a subject of a disease, disorder or symptom set forth above.
• the method of treatment further comprises the step of administering to said patient one or more additional therapeutic agents which, alone or in combination with Compound 1, are effective to treat depression, hypertension, generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, posttraumatic stress syndrome, avoidant personality disorder, sexual dysfunction; eating disorders including bulimia, anorexia nervosa, and binge eating; obesity, chemical dependencies, cluster headache, migraine; pain, including neuropathic pain, diabetic nephropathy, post-operative pain, psychogenic pain disorders, and chronic pain syndrome; Alzheimers disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, memory disorders, Parkinson's diseases, endocrine disorders, vasospasm, cerebellar ataxia, gastrointestinal tract disorders, negative symptoms of schizophrenia, premenstrual syndrome, Fibromyalgia Syndrome; urinary incontinence, including stress incontinence; Tourette's syndrome, trichotillomania, kleptomania, male impotence, cancer, chronic paroxysmal
• the method of treatment comprises the further step of administering to said patient one or more therapeutic agents which, alone or in combination with Compound 1, are effective to treat one or more of autism, dyskinesia, disthymic disorder; obesity due to genetic or environmental causes, polycystic ovary disease, craniopharyngeoma, Prader-Willi Syndrome, Frohlich's Syndrome, Type II diabetes, growth hormone deficiency, Turner's Syndrome; pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion or production, jet lag, insomnia, hypersomnia, nocturnal enuresis, restless-legs syndrome, vaso-occlusive events, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinaemia, hyperlipidaemia, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes, insulin resistance, impaired glucose metabolism, conditions of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), conditions of impaired fasting plasma glucose, glomerulosclerosis, syndrome X, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, vascular restenosis, endothelial dysfunction, impaired vascular compliance
• the second therapeutic agent or agents may be administered together with a compound of Formula I as part of a single dosage form or as separate dosage forms.
• the second therapeutic agent or agents may be administered prior to, consecutively with, or following the administration of a compound of Formula I.
• both the compounds of this invention and the second therapeutic agent(s) are administered by conventional methods.
• the administration of the second therapeutic agent(s) may occur before, concurrently with, and/or after the administration of the compound of Formula I.
• the two (or more) agents may be administered in a single dosage form (such as a composition of this invention comprising a compound of Formula I, a second therapeutic agent or agents as described above, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier), or in separate dosage forms.
• a composition of this invention comprising both a compound of Formula I and a second therapeutic agent(s) to a subject does not preclude the separate administration of said second therapeutic agent(s), any other therapeutic agent or any compound of this invention to said subject at another time during a course of treatment.
• Effective amounts of second therapeutic agent or agents useful in the methods of this invention are well known to those skilled in the art and guidance for dosing may be found in patents referenced herein, as well as in Wells et al., eds., Pharmacotherapy Handbook, 2 nd Edition, Appleton and Lange, Stamford, Conn. (2000); PDR Pharmacopoeia, Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2000, Deluxe Edition, Tarascon Publishing, Loma Linda, Calif. (2000), and other medical texts. However, it is well within the skilled artisan's purview to determine the optimal effective-amount range of the additional agent(s).
• the effective amount of the compound of Formula I is less than its effective amount would be where the second therapeutic agent(s) are not administered.
• the effective amount of the second therapeutic agent is less than its effective amount would be where the compound of Formula I is not administered (i.e., the amount of each second therapeutic agent(s) administered in a monotherapy). In this way, undesired side effects associated with high doses of either agent may be minimized.
• Other potential advantages including without limitation improved dosing regimens and/or reduced drug cost) will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
• Second therapeutic agents useful in the method of treatment are the same as those described above as part of combination compositions.
• the invention provides a compound of formula I and one or more of the above-described second therapeutic agents, either in a single composition or as separate dosage forms for use in the treatment or prevention in a subject of a disease, disorder or symptom set forth above.
• the invention provides the use of a compound of formula I and one or more of the above-described second therapeutic agents in the manufacture of a medicament, either as a single composition or as separate dosage forms, for treatment or prevention in a subject of a disease, disorder or symptom set forth above.
• the compounds of this invention may be readily assayed for biological activity by known methods. For instance, in vitro methods of determining binding to the serotonin transporter are available using recombinant cell lines, e.g. see Poss M A et. al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,324 to Bristol-Myers Squibb; and ex-vivo brain tissue, e.g. see Young J W et. al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,396 to Sepracor; and Habert E et. al., Eur. J. Pharmacol 1985 118: 107.
• in vitro methods of determining binding to the serotonin transporter are available using recombinant cell lines, e.g. see Poss M A et. al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,324 to Bristol-Myers Squibb; and ex-vivo brain tissue, e.g. see Young J W et. al., U.S. Pat
• the rate of metabolism of compounds of this invention may be determined and compared to that of Compound 1 in the presence, for instance, of heterologously expressed CYP2D6, or human liver microsomes (both available from BD Gentest, Woburn, Mass.).
• the compounds may also be tested in whole animals e.g. by oral or parenteral administration, measuring the disappearance of the administered compound and, if desired, the appearance of metabolites. Means for such measurements are well known, e.g. see Segura M et. al., Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2003 17: 1455; and Hartter S et. al., Ther. Drug Monit. 1994 16: 400.
• the inactivation of CYP2D6 by compounds of this invention may also be measured by known means to determine relevant enzymatic parameters such as k INACT . See for instance Bertelsen K M et. al., Drug Metab. Dispos. 2003 31: 289.
• the effects of a compound of formula I on other drugs known to be metabolized by cytochrome 2D family enzymes may also be measured and compared to the corresponding effects caused by Compound 1; e.g. see Hashimoto K et. al., Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1993 228: 247. This interaction may be measured after either a single doses of compound 1 and a compound of Formula I, or after repeated doses to measure cumulative cytochrome inactivation.
• the invention provides a method of determining the concentration of Compound 1 in a biological sample, said method comprising the steps of:
• each carbon atom is optionally substituted by 13 C
• Measuring devices that can distinguish Compound 1 from said second compound include any measuring device that can distinguish between two compounds that are of identical structure except that one contains one or more heavy atom isotope versus the other.
• a measuring device is a mass spectrometer.
• At least three combined hydrogen atoms and carbons are, respectively, deuterium and 13 C in said second compound; i.e. (total number of D)+(number of 13 C) ⁇ 3.
• the method comprises the additional step of separating both Compound 1 and said second compound from said biological sample by organic or solid phase extraction prior to step b).
• Compound 1 and the second compound will have similar solubility, extraction, and chromatographic properties, but significantly different molecular mass.
• the second compound is useful as an internal standard in a method that comprises the step of organic or solid phase extraction to measure the efficiency of that extraction and to ensure an accurate determination of the true concentration of Compound 1 (see Tuchman M and McCann M T, Clin. Chem. 1999 45: 571; Leis H J et. al., J. Mass Spectrom. 2001 36: 923; Taylor R L et. al., Clin. Chem. 2002 48: 1511).
• the compounds of the present invention are particularly useful in this method since they are not radioactive and therefore do not pose a hazard to personnel handling the compounds. Thus, these methods do not require precautions beyond those normally applied in clinical sample analysis.
• stably labeled isotopes have long been used to assist in research into the enzymatic mechanism of cytochrome P450 enzymes (e.g. Korzekwa K R et. al., Drug Metab. Rev. 1995 27: 45 and references therein; Kraus J A and Guengerich F P, J. Biol. Chem. 2005 280: 19496; Mitchell K H et. al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003 109: 3784).
• the invention provides a diagnostic kit comprising a) one or more diagnostic compounds having the formula I,
• each carbon atom is optionally substituted by 13 C;
• the invention provides a method of evaluating the metabolic stability of a compound of formula I, comprising the steps of contacting the compound of formula I or its acid addition salt with a metabolizing enzyme source for a period of time; and comparing the amount of said compound and metabolic products of said compounds after said period of time.
• the method comprises an additional step of comparing the amount of said compound and said metabolic products of said compounds at an interval during said period of time. This method allows the determination of a rate of metabolism of said compound.
• the method comprises the additional steps of contacting a compound of formula I with said metabolizing enzyme source; comparing the amount of said compound of formula I and metabolic products of said compound of formula I after said period of time determining a rate of metabolism of said compound of formula I; and comparing the metabolic stability of Compound 1 and said compound of formula I.
• This method is useful in determining whether and at which sites on a compound of formula I additional deuterium or 13 C substitution would cause increases in metabolic stability. It is also useful in comparing the metabolic stability of a compound of formula I with the metabolic stability of Compound 1.
• a metabolizing enzyme source may be a purified, isolated or partially purified metabolic protein, such as a cytochrome P450; a biological fraction, such as a liver microsome fraction; or a piece of a metabolizing organ, such as hepatocytes or a liver slice.
• a cytochrome P450 cytochrome P450
• a biological fraction such as a liver microsome fraction
• a piece of a metabolizing organ such as hepatocytes or a liver slice.
• the determination of the amount of compound and its metabolic products is well known in the art. It is typically achieved by removing an aliquot from the reaction mixture and subjecting it to an analysis capable of distinguishing between the compound and its metabolites, such as reversed-phase HPLC with UV absorption or mass spectroscopic detection. Concentrations of both the metabolizing enzyme and the compound may be varied to determine kinetic parameters, for instance, by using appropriate nonlinear regression software such as is known in the art. By comparing the kinetic parameters of both a compound of formula I and Compound 1 an apparent steady-state deuterium isotope effect ( D (V/K)) can be determined as the ratio of products formed in the hydrogen versus deuterium reactions.
• D (V/K) apparent steady-state deuterium isotope effect
• the determination of a rate of metabolism of a compound of formula I may be achieved in a reaction separate from the reaction for determining the metabolism rate of Compound 1.
• Compound 1 may be admixed with a compound of formula I in a competition experiment to determine rates of disappearance of the two compounds, making use of analytical instrumentation capable of differentiating between the two compounds based on their mass differences.
• pre-steady state kinetics such as V 0
• V 0 pre-steady state kinetics
• the invention provides a kit comprising, in separate vessels: a) Compound 1; and b) a metabolizing enzyme source.
• the kit is useful for comparing the metabolic stability of a compound of formula I with Compound 1, as well as evaluating the effect of deuterium and 13 C replacement at various positions on a compound of formula I.
• the kit further comprises instructions for using Compound 1 and said metabolizing enzyme source to evaluate the metabolic stability of a compound of formula I.
• Deuterodibromomethane A solution of 1.1 mole of sodium deuteroxide in 140 mL of deuterium oxide is treated under argon with 116 mmol of arsenious oxide to form a solution of sodium arsenite.
• Bromoform 190 mmol
• 6.5 mL of ethanol-d CH 3 CH 2 OD
• 1 mL of the sodium arsenite solution warmed briefly (heat gun) to initiate reaction.
• the remainder of the sodium arsenite solution is added via dropping funnel at a rate to maintain gentle reflux, then the mixture is heated in a 100° C. oil bath for an additional 4.5 h.
• the mixture is azeotropically distilled, then the distillate is separated and the aqueous layer extracted with 15 mL of pentane.
• the organic layers are combined, dried over CaCl 2 , and distilled to yield the title compound.
• Example 7 An 11.1 mmol portion of the product of Example 7 is reacted with (3S,4R)-benzyl 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-((methylsulfonyloxy)methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate according to the general procedure set forth in Example 8 to yield the crude product which, on purification by silica gel chromatography using ethyl acetate/hexanes eluant, gives the title compound.
• (3S,4R)-tert-butyl 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate A 6.7 mmol portion of (3S,4R)-benzyl 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (U.S. Pat. No. 6,476,227) is dissolved in 25 mL of dioxane and treated under argon with 7.1 mmol of di-tert-butyl dicarbonate and 200 mg of 10% Pd/C. The mixture is hydrogenated under an atmosphere of hydrogen (balloon) for about 17 h, then filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by silica gel chromatography (methanol/methylene chloride eluant), yielding the title product.
• reaction mixture is partitioned between ether and saturated NH 4 Cl (40 mL each), and the organic layer is washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO 4 , and concentrated in vacuo to yield the title product, which is used without subsequent purification.
• the crude acid chloride is dissolved in 20 mL of ethyl acetate and treated with 7.4 mmol of sodium borodeuteride (Aldrich). The mixture is stirred for 4 h, then cooled in an ice bath and treated dropwise with about 1 mL of 5% KHSO 4 solution. More ethyl acetate is added and the solution is extracted with 5% KHSO 4 , saturated NaHCO 3 , and brine, then dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated in vacuo. Silica gel chromatography (methanol/methylene chloride eluant) yields the title product.
• the mixture is again cooled and the excess LiAlH 4 is quenched by sequential addition of 0.21 mL of water, 0.21 mL of 15% aqueous NaOH, and 0.63 mL of water.
• the resulting suspension is filtered through celite and concentrated in vacuo, and purified by preparative reversed-phase HPLC (water/CH 3 CN gradient with 0.1% TFA) to yield, after formation of the free base (ethyl acetate/saturated NaHCO 3 wash), the title compound.
• Example 11 In vivo antidepressant effects.
• a 15 mg/kg dose of the product of Example 11 (calculated as the free base) causes a statistical reduction in immobility time versus vehicle control animals.

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