US20060266727A1 - Bottle seal - Google Patents

Bottle seal Download PDF

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Publication number
US20060266727A1
US20060266727A1 US10/556,435 US55643505A US2006266727A1 US 20060266727 A1 US20060266727 A1 US 20060266727A1 US 55643505 A US55643505 A US 55643505A US 2006266727 A1 US2006266727 A1 US 2006266727A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
closure
bottle
bottleneck
opening
thread
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US10/556,435
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Günter Spatz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Closure Systems International Deutschland GmbH
Original Assignee
Alcoa Deutschland GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alcoa Deutschland GmbH filed Critical Alcoa Deutschland GmbH
Assigned to ALCOA DEUTSCHLAND GMBH reassignment ALCOA DEUTSCHLAND GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SPATZ, GUNTER
Publication of US20060266727A1 publication Critical patent/US20060266727A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B67—OPENING, CLOSING OR CLEANING BOTTLES, JARS OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; LIQUID HANDLING
    • B67B—APPLYING CLOSURE MEMBERS TO BOTTLES JARS, OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; OPENING CLOSED CONTAINERS
    • B67B3/00—Closing bottles, jars or similar containers by applying caps
    • B67B3/02—Closing bottles, jars or similar containers by applying caps by applying flanged caps, e.g. crown caps, and securing by deformation of flanges
    • B67B3/10—Capping heads for securing caps
    • B67B3/12—Capping heads for securing caps characterised by being movable axially relative to cap to deform flanges thereof, e.g. to press projecting flange rims inwardly
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D41/00—Caps, e.g. crown caps or crown seals, i.e. members having parts arranged for engagement with the external periphery of a neck or wall defining a pouring opening or discharge aperture; Protective cap-like covers for closure members, e.g. decorative covers of metal foil or paper
    • B65D41/02—Caps or cap-like covers without lines of weakness, tearing strips, tags, or like opening or removal devices
    • B65D41/04—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation
    • B65D41/0435—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation with separate sealing elements
    • B65D41/0464—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation with separate sealing elements the screw-thread or the like being formed by conforming the cap-skirt to the thread or the like formation on a container neck
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D41/00—Caps, e.g. crown caps or crown seals, i.e. members having parts arranged for engagement with the external periphery of a neck or wall defining a pouring opening or discharge aperture; Protective cap-like covers for closure members, e.g. decorative covers of metal foil or paper
    • B65D41/32—Caps or cap-like covers with lines of weakness, tearing-strips, tags, or like opening or removal devices, e.g. to facilitate formation of pouring openings
    • B65D41/34—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers provided with tamper elements formed in, or attached to, the closure skirt
    • B65D41/348—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers provided with tamper elements formed in, or attached to, the closure skirt the tamper element being rolled or pressed to conform to the shape of the container, e.g. metallic closures
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B67—OPENING, CLOSING OR CLEANING BOTTLES, JARS OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; LIQUID HANDLING
    • B67B—APPLYING CLOSURE MEMBERS TO BOTTLES JARS, OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; OPENING CLOSED CONTAINERS
    • B67B3/00—Closing bottles, jars or similar containers by applying caps
    • B67B3/02—Closing bottles, jars or similar containers by applying caps by applying flanged caps, e.g. crown caps, and securing by deformation of flanges
    • B67B3/10—Capping heads for securing caps
    • B67B3/14—Capping heads for securing caps characterised by having movable elements, e.g. hinged fingers, for applying radial pressure to the flange of the cap
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B67—OPENING, CLOSING OR CLEANING BOTTLES, JARS OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; LIQUID HANDLING
    • B67B—APPLYING CLOSURE MEMBERS TO BOTTLES JARS, OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; OPENING CLOSED CONTAINERS
    • B67B3/00—Closing bottles, jars or similar containers by applying caps
    • B67B3/20—Closing bottles, jars or similar containers by applying caps by applying and rotating preformed threaded caps

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a closure for closing a bottle having a bottleneck with an opening in the vicinity of which is provided an outer thread.
  • the invention also relates to a bottle, particularly a beverage bottle, having a bottleneck with an opening in the vicinity of which is provided an outer thread.
  • the invention also relates to a method for closing a bottle, particularly a beverage bottle, having a bottleneck with an opening in the vicinity of which is provided an outer thread, the bottle being provided with an afore-described closure.
  • the invention also relates to a device for closing a bottle, particularly a beverage bottle, having a bottleneck with an opening in the vicinity of which is provided an outer thread, with an afore-described closure.
  • twist-closures contain internally an inner thread that is configured in a manner essentially complementary to the outer thread of the bottle. Also known are crown caps with an inner thread which, however, because of their outer shape are difficult to handle and which when the closure is twisted off or on can lead to injuries to the hand of the user.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a closure according to the preamble of claim 1 which is easy to handle and inexpensive to fabricate.
  • the closure In the case of a closure for closing a bottle with a bottleneck having an opening in the vicinity of which there is provided an outer thread, this objective is reached by providing the closure with one, and particularly with several, deformation regions that are plastically deformed so that in the outer peripheral surface they form indentations and internally they are adapted to the thread.
  • the thread is not formed in its entirety, but only in the deformation regions of the closure.
  • the closure is made of a plastically deformable material. This material can be, for example, a metal or a plastic material.
  • the closure can be made of a single material or of several different materials.
  • the deformation regions are deformed in a manner such that, seen from the outside, indentations are formed in the closure and, seen from the inside, elevations are formed.
  • the external indentations ensure better packing than does a smooth outer surface.
  • the purpose of the internal elevations is to form the bottle thread.
  • the bottle thread is not formed in its entirety but only partly, namely in the deformation regions.
  • a preferred embodiment of the closure is characterized in that the deformation regions are of elongated shape and are disposed essentially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the bottle.
  • the longitudinal axis of the bottle corresponds to the rotational axis of the closure when the bottle is in the closed condition.
  • said regions are disposed essentially at an angle to the flight of the threads.
  • one deformation region extends over several threads. In other words, in a deformation region, neighboring sections of different threads are formed.
  • the closure is characterized in that the deformation regions are in the form of elongated tongues or creases disposed in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the bottle. In this manner, the closure assumes a crown cap-like shape.
  • the deformation regions partly forming the bottle thread ensure that the closure can be repeatedly twisted off and twisted on.
  • the closure has an outer jacket made of, in particular, plastically deformable sheet metal, particularly aluminum, on the inside of which is provided, in particular, a plastically deformable sealing material, particularly a plastic material.
  • the jacket has the function of a carrier for the sealing material.
  • the jacket protects the bottle mouth from damage.
  • the jacket is provided with longitudinal creases.
  • the sealing material serves the purpose of sealing the interface between the bottle opening and the closure.
  • parts of the bottle thread are formed in the sealing material in the deformation regions.
  • the jacket is shaped in the form of a cap that surrounds an essentially cylinder jacket-shaped body one face of which is closed by a circular disk-shaped lid.
  • Yet another preferred embodiment of the closure is characterized in that the sealing material is disposed internally at the cylinder jacket-shaped body.
  • the thread is only partly formed.
  • the threads formed in the sealing material are not complete but consist of only short adjacent pieces.
  • Still another preferred embodiment of the closure is characterized in that the sealing material is disposed in the region of the interface between the body and the lid.
  • the sealing material in the region of the interface between the body and the lid serves to seal the bottle opening in radial and axial direction.
  • closure is characterized in that a safety element, particularly a safety ring, is provided at the closure.
  • the safety element is intended for the purpose of proving that the closure was not tampered with. In its place, however, the closure can be covered by shrink film.
  • the object of the invention is also to provide a bottle with a closure that is easy to handle and inexpensive to fabricate.
  • the objective is reached by closing the bottle opening with an afore-described closure.
  • the closure resembles a crown cap.
  • the closure of the invention has the advantage that it can be repeatedly opened and again tightly closed by twisting it on and off. With the aid of a safety ring provided at the closure or with the aid of shrink film, a tamper-evident closure can be obtained.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a method for closing a bottle with an afore-described closure that can be carried out in simple fashion and inexpensively.
  • a preferred embodiment of the method is characterized by the following steps: First, pressure is applied to the closure to ensure sealing between the closure and the bottleneck; then, the deformation regions of the closure are deformed. This ensures especially good sealing between the closure and the bottle opening.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a device for closing a bottle with an afore-described closure that is easy to handle and inexpensive to fabricate.
  • a preferred embodiment of the device is characterized in that the form fingers are supported in swiveling manner.
  • the form fingers can, however, also be stationary.
  • Another preferred embodiment of the device is characterized by a conical sleeve the purpose of which is to press the form fingers onto the deformation regions of the closure so as to achieve plastic deformation of the deformation regions.
  • Yet another preferred embodiment of the device is characterized by a plunger intended for the purpose of exerting pressure on the closure so as to press the closure against the bottle opening. This ensures unusually good sealing between the closure and the bottle opening.
  • Still another preferred embodiment of the device is characterized in that the form fingers are disposed on the plunger in swiveling manner. Within the framework of the present invention, this proved to be particularly advantageous from a constructive standpoint.
  • Another preferred embodiment of the device is characterized in that the form fingers are held together by an elastic ring. This prevents undesirable movement of the form fingers during the operation of the device.
  • each of the form fingers is provided with a recess for receiving a section of the elastic ring. This prevents the elastic ring from sliding during the operation of the device.
  • Still another preferred embodiment of the device is characterized in that in the end region of the form fingers there is provided a nose for the purpose of forming a safety ring.
  • the safety ring is connected with the closure, for example, by a multiplicity of connectors.
  • the safety ring can be fastened with the same tool that is used to deform the deformation regions.
  • Another preferred embodiment of the device is characterized in that the conical sleeve is displaceable relative to the plunger in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the plunger. This ensures simple hand-ling of the device.
  • FIG. 1 shows a partly sectional representation of the upper end of a bottleneck with the closure in place
  • FIG. 2 shows a partial view of a section through a closure similar to that of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 3 shows a lateral view of the closure of FIG. 2 ;
  • FIG. 4 shows a lateral view of a closure similar to that of FIG. 3 ;
  • FIG. 5 shows in longitudinal section a device for closing a bottle in sealing position
  • FIG. 6 shows the device of FIG. 5 in deformation position
  • FIG. 7 shows in longitudinal section a device for closing a bottle with swivelably disposed form fingers.
  • FIG. 1 shows a bottleneck 1 of a beverage bottle in partial longitudinal section. In the region of the bottleneck opening there is formed an outer thread with two thread flights. Moreover, a circumferential bulge 8 is formed on bottleneck 1 .
  • closure 2 comprising a lid 10 that is essentially in the form of a circular disk from the periphery of which extends a body 12 essentially having the shape of a cylindrical jacket. Body 12 widens slightly in conical fashion.
  • Closure 2 is connected with a safety ring 16 by connectors 14 regularly distributed over the periphery.
  • Safety ring 16 has a multiplicity of bent regions 17 , 18 , 19 that surround bulge 8 so as to keep closure 2 on the bottle opening.
  • Closure 2 is provided with a multiplicity of deformation regions uniformly distributed over the periphery, said deformation regions when observed from the outside being in the form of elongated indentations 21 , 22 .
  • Indentations 21 , 22 extend from lid 10 to shortly ahead of the connectors 14 .
  • Internally, inden-tations 21 , 22 are adapted to the shape of the thread flights, as shown in cross-section at 25 and 26 . In other words, each external indentation or inner elevation 21 , 22 forms two adjacent sections of thread flights 5 , 6 .
  • Axial sealing region 28 provides sealing between bottleneck 1 and closure 2 in the axial direction.
  • Radial sealing region 29 provides sealing between bottleneck 1 and closure 2 in the radial direction.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 show a bottleneck similar to that closed by a closure as depicted in FIG. 1 .
  • Equal parts are identified by equal reference numerals. To prevent repetition, the reader is referred to the preceding statements made in reference to FIG. 1 . In the following, only the differences between the two embodiments will be dealt with.
  • closure 2 has an outer jacket 32 made of sheet metal, such as aluminum. On the inside of jacket 32 there is disposed a sealing material 34 . Both the outer jacket 32 and the sealing material 34 that is firmly connected therewith are plastically deformable in at least some regions.
  • the deformation regions are in the form of creases 20 , 21 .
  • sealing material 34 is pressed against thread flights 5 , 6 .
  • safety ring 16 is not bent in only some of the regions, but is completely bent, as can be seen in FIG. 3 .
  • the bent edge of safety ring 16 is indicated by reference numeral 19 . Bent edge 19 rests entirely on bulge 8 .
  • closure 2 is fastened to bulge 8 of bottleneck 1 by means of a plastic film 42 or a plastic ring.
  • Other variants (not shown) to provide a tamper-evident closure are also possible.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 show a device for applying closure 2 to bottleneck 1 .
  • a plunger 51 which can be actuated with the aid of a piston 52 , is placed on closure 2 .
  • Plunger 51 is shaped so that the radial and axial sealing region between closure 2 and the opening of the bottleneck are sealed. To this end, a certain pressure is applied to closure 2 by means of plunger 51 .
  • a pressure sleeve 55 is displaceable relative to plunger 51 in the axial direction.
  • pressure sleeve 55 is shaped like a cylinder and is provided with a constriction 56 .
  • Constriction 56 forms a stop for the end of compression spring 58 the other end of which rests on the side of plunger 51 facing away from closure 2 .
  • the initial stressing force of compression spring 58 corresponds to the contact pressure exerted by plunger 51 onto closure 2 .
  • From pressure sleeve 55 extend in axial direction form fingers 60 , 61 .
  • a multiplicity of form fingers 60 , 61 are uniformly distributed over the periphery of pressure sleeve 55 .
  • form fingers 60 , 61 can be pushed beyond plunger 51 when the pressure applied to pressure sleeve 55 exceeds the initial stressing force of compression spring 58 . In that case, form fingers 60 , 61 deform the deformation regions 21 , 62 in closure 2 . The deformation leads to the formation of creases in closure 2 on the inside of which the sealing material is pressed against the bottleneck thread.
  • FIG. 7 shows another embodiment of a device for closing bottleneck 1 with closure 2 .
  • the device comprises a plunger 71 that cooperates with a clamping sleeve 72 .
  • Plunger 71 is fitted with an annular groove having an essentially semicircular cross-section.
  • annular groove 73 are swivelably supported a multiplicity of form fingers 74 , 75 .
  • Form fingers 74 , 75 are uniformly distributed over the circumference of annular groove 73 .
  • On each of form fingers 74 , 75 are present thread-forming cheeks 76 , 77 which are pressed against the deformation regions of closure 2 when conical sleeve 72 is displaced relative to plunger 71 in axial direction.
  • each form finger 74 , 75 is provided a bending nose 78 , 79 , for the purpose of bending safety ring 16 around bulge 8 in some regions.
  • Form fingers 74 , 75 are held together by elastic ring 80 .
  • An essential feature of the present invention is the combination of the deformation regions, each of which forms only one section of adjacent thread flights, with a safety element such as a safety ring or a safety film that ensures a tamper-evident closure.
  • a safety element such as a safety ring or a safety film that ensures a tamper-evident closure.
  • the use of aluminum has the advantage of pre-venting undesirable rusting.
  • the closure of the kind described herein has special advantages: It comprises a lid that closes the region of a bottle opening. To said lid is connected a cylindrical jacket-shaped body that extends over the outer threads of a bottleneck 1 .
  • the closure is made of a single piece and preferably consists of a deep-drawable metal, particularly aluminum.
  • cylinder jacket-shaped body In the cylinder jacket-shaped body are provided several deformation regions distributed over the periphery which, seen from the outside, appear as elongated indentations, namely they protrude in the direction of bottleneck 1 .
  • On the inside of cylindrical jacket-shaped body 12 in the region of the elongated indentations, there are formed projections into which the threads engage.
  • the body of the closure in the region of the indentations, the body of the closure is adapted to the outer thread of a bottleneck.
  • body 12 is approximately equally thick in the region of the indentations, as in the region of the ribs disposed thereinbetween.
  • the body seen in the circumferential direction, has a practically constant wall thickness.
  • the outstanding feature of the closure is that in the region of the indentations the body is optimally adapted or fitted to the outer thread of a bottleneck. This offers the advantage that after the first opening of the closure, said closure again optimally fits on the outer thread of a bottleneck.
  • This constitutes an essential difference compared to a closure devoid of threads on the inside when such a closure is placed on a bottle for the first time.
  • the outer thread of a bottle fits into the inner surface of closure 2 which, for example, can have protruding ribs.
  • the adaptation here occurs through the deformation and/or displacement of the material without any forces being exerted onto the outside of the closure or onto the outside of its body. In particular, the body when it is put in place for the first time is not deformed from the outside.
  • the closure of the invention stands out by the fact that in some regions an adaptation to the outer thread of a bottleneck takes place as a result of the fact that forces are applied to the body from the outside.
  • a force is applied to certain regions from the inside.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)
  • Sealing Devices (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)
  • Lift Valve (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Pyrane Compounds (AREA)
  • Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
  • Sealing Of Jars (AREA)
US10/556,435 2003-05-13 2004-05-05 Bottle seal Abandoned US20060266727A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10322374A DE10322374A1 (de) 2003-05-13 2003-05-13 Verschluss
DE10322374.6 2003-05-13
PCT/EP2004/004745 WO2004101379A1 (de) 2003-05-13 2004-05-05 Flaschenverschluss

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20060266727A1 true US20060266727A1 (en) 2006-11-30

Family

ID=33440940

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/556,435 Abandoned US20060266727A1 (en) 2003-05-13 2004-05-05 Bottle seal

Country Status (14)

Country Link
US (1) US20060266727A1 (ja)
EP (1) EP1625078B1 (ja)
JP (1) JP2006528927A (ja)
CN (1) CN1787952A (ja)
AT (1) ATE403609T1 (ja)
AU (1) AU2004238496A1 (ja)
BR (1) BRPI0410312A (ja)
CA (1) CA2525424A1 (ja)
DE (2) DE10322374A1 (ja)
ES (1) ES2311819T3 (ja)
NO (1) NO20055780L (ja)
RU (1) RU2328423C2 (ja)
WO (1) WO2004101379A1 (ja)
ZA (1) ZA200509137B (ja)

Cited By (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100282707A1 (en) * 2006-10-24 2010-11-11 Alcan Packaging Capsules Stopper capsule with multilayer joint
CN108358143A (zh) * 2018-04-25 2018-08-03 东莞市永铠自动化科技有限公司 一种瓶口自动打结机
US10220983B1 (en) * 2015-07-27 2019-03-05 James R. Gilliam Threaded bottle ring and method of fabrication and attachment

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JP4673142B2 (ja) * 2005-06-23 2011-04-20 日本クラウンコルク株式会社 密封方法
ITMI20061079A1 (it) * 2006-06-01 2007-12-02 Mecc Lan S R L Fondello di chiusura di elemento di radiatore, elemento di radiatore, dispositivo di montaggio di fondello su un elemento di radiatore e relativo metodo di montaggio.
IT1399622B1 (it) * 2010-04-14 2013-04-26 Fondital Spa Elemento di radiatore da riscaldamento e metodo e dispositivo per chiudere una parte terminale di un elemento di radiatore da riscaldamento.
PT2459950E (pt) * 2009-07-28 2015-09-18 Fondital Spa Elemento para radiador de aquecimento e método e dispositivo para fechar uma parte terminal de um elemento para radiador de aquecimento
DE102016117756B8 (de) * 2016-09-21 2018-04-19 Universität Stuttgart Drehhandhabe
CN106829826B (zh) * 2017-03-21 2022-07-26 黄山小罐茶业有限公司 覆于罐体的封口膜边缘整理装置及整理方法
CN107640430A (zh) * 2017-09-25 2018-01-30 重庆市潼南区卧佛生态农业发展有限公司 密封盖
CN108502831B (zh) * 2018-04-20 2023-08-22 浙江理工大学科技与艺术学院 一种家用啤酒瓶盖压合装置
CN110615174B (zh) * 2018-06-19 2022-05-06 义乌市易开盖实业公司 具有安全提醒结构的包装容器

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US3648874A (en) * 1970-07-15 1972-03-14 Continental Can Co Press-on, twist-off bottle cap
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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100282707A1 (en) * 2006-10-24 2010-11-11 Alcan Packaging Capsules Stopper capsule with multilayer joint
US10220983B1 (en) * 2015-07-27 2019-03-05 James R. Gilliam Threaded bottle ring and method of fabrication and attachment
CN108358143A (zh) * 2018-04-25 2018-08-03 东莞市永铠自动化科技有限公司 一种瓶口自动打结机

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WO2004101379A9 (de) 2005-01-20
ATE403609T1 (de) 2008-08-15
WO2004101379A1 (de) 2004-11-25
DE10322374A1 (de) 2004-12-23
CA2525424A1 (en) 2004-11-25
BRPI0410312A (pt) 2006-05-23
RU2328423C2 (ru) 2008-07-10
RU2005138492A (ru) 2006-04-27
CN1787952A (zh) 2006-06-14
ZA200509137B (en) 2007-03-28
ES2311819T3 (es) 2009-02-16
JP2006528927A (ja) 2006-12-28
DE502004007784D1 (de) 2008-09-18
EP1625078A1 (de) 2006-02-15
AU2004238496A1 (en) 2004-11-25
NO20055780L (no) 2006-01-16
EP1625078B1 (de) 2008-08-06
NO20055780D0 (no) 2005-12-06

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