US20060068036A1 - Extract of Dioscorea sp. and the medical uses thereof - Google Patents

Extract of Dioscorea sp. and the medical uses thereof Download PDF

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US20060068036A1
US20060068036A1 US11/274,775 US27477505A US2006068036A1 US 20060068036 A1 US20060068036 A1 US 20060068036A1 US 27477505 A US27477505 A US 27477505A US 2006068036 A1 US2006068036 A1 US 2006068036A1
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dioscorea
extract
cells
dioscorea species
tuber
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Rong-Tsun Wu
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National Yang Ming University NYMU
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National Yang Ming University NYMU
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Priority claimed from US10/335,278 external-priority patent/US20040126447A1/en
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Priority to US11/274,775 priority Critical patent/US20060068036A1/en
Assigned to NATIONAL YANG-MING UNIVERSITY reassignment NATIONAL YANG-MING UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: WU, RONG-TSUN
Publication of US20060068036A1 publication Critical patent/US20060068036A1/en
Priority to CA2629977A priority patent/CA2629977C/fr
Priority to EP06837661.5A priority patent/EP1978983B1/fr
Priority to PCT/US2006/044336 priority patent/WO2007059209A2/fr
Priority to KR1020087014503A priority patent/KR20080071599A/ko
Priority to US12/324,076 priority patent/US8597700B2/en
Priority to US12/327,162 priority patent/US8668908B2/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/88—Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
    • A61K36/894—Dioscoreaceae (Yam family)
    • A61K36/8945—Dioscorea, e.g. yam, Chinese yam or water yam
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
    • A61P19/10—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease for osteoporosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

  • Dioscorea also known as “wild yam,” is a member of the monocotyledonous family Dioscoreaceae, which is distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions. There are about 650 species in the world, of which 93 species and 9 varieties are found in China, and 14 species and 5 varieties are found in Taiwan.
  • Dioscorea is one of the very important pharmaceutical plants used in traditional Chinese medicine, and the medicinal effects thereof have been studied for years.
  • Tsukamoto et al isolated diosgenin, a steroid saponin of Dioscorea , from Dioscoreacea family of plants and then use it as raw material for rapid synthesis of medicinal steroids.
  • diosgenin promotes the growth of epithelial cells of rat mammary glands.
  • diosgenin induces morphological and biochemical changes in characteristic of megakaryocyte cells when diosgenin is added to human erythroleukemia (HEL) cell cultures and, thus, diosgenin can be used as a megakaryotic differentiation inducer of HEL cells.
  • HEL human erythroleukemia
  • DHEA Dehydroepiandrosterone
  • Dioscorea has a similar chemical structure to diosgenin, and is known to have anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, and anti-diabetic effects, as well as an effect on the regulation of bone mass.
  • the serum levels of DHEA gradually decrease as age increases, and are related to aging. It was speculated from various studies that the diosgenin extract of Dioscorea might be converted into DHEA in the human body and thus supplements the DHEA which decreases with aging.
  • DHEA-S DHEA and its sulfate derivative
  • ALP alkaline phosphatase
  • the extract of a particular Dioscorea species (sp.) and the further extracted fractions possess biological activity on cell regeneration.
  • the extract of the Dioscorea sp. and the further extracted fractions per se without the presence of any bone cell modulating agent, can stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of the osteoprogenitor cells so as to supplement the osteoprogenitor cells in the bone and promote maturity of osteoblastic cells and mineralization of osteoblastic cells, thereby achieving bone repair, restoration and reproduction and in turn preventing and treating osteoporosis.
  • GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
  • the present invention provides a method for treating osteoporosis in a subject in need of such treatment, comprising administering orally to the subject an effective amount of an extract product of a Dioscorea species capable of promoting proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow cells in the subject, wherein the Dioscorea species is characterized by a RAPD fingerprint comprising at least 14 DNA bands ranging from 428 bp, 452 bp, 537 bp, 602 bp, 723 bp, 817 bp, 934 bp, 1140 bp, 1242 bp, 1478 bp, 1641 bp, 1904 bp, 2151 bp and 2918 bp, respectively, when the genomic DNA of the Dioscorea species is amplified with a primer of SEQ ID NO: 9, and wherein the extract is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: (a) extracting a tuber of the Dioscorea species using an alcohol-based solvent in the presence of ace
  • the present invention also provides an extract product of a Dioscorea species characterized by a RAPD fingerprint comprising at least 14 DNA bands ranging from 428 bp, 452 bp, 537 bp, 602 bp, 723 bp, 817 bp, 934 bp, 1140 bp, 1242 bp, 1478 bp, 1641 bp, 1904 bp, 2151 bp and 2918 bp, respectively, when the genomic DNA of the Dioscorea species is amplified with a primer of SEQ ID NO: 9, and wherein the extract product is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: (a) extracting a tuber of the Dioscorea species using an alcohol-based solvent in the presence of acetic acid; (b) subjecting the resultant product obtained in step (a) to a separating treatment to obtain a soluble fraction; and (c) removing solvent from the soluble fraction obtained in step (b).
  • FIG. 1 show bar graphs identified as FIGS. 1A and 1B .
  • FIG. 1A illustrates the effects of the extract of Dioscorea sp (DioMs) and DHEA and
  • FIG. 1B illustrates the effects of each further extracted portion (DioMPw, DioMPb and DioMPe) on the proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells of C3H mice;
  • FIG. 2 includes bar graphs identified as FIGS. 2A and 2B .
  • FIG. 2A shows the effects of the extract of Dioscorea sp and
  • FIG. 2B illustrates the effects of each further extracted fraction on the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into matured osteoblastic cells of mice in vitro determined by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity;
  • ALP alkaline phosphatase
  • FIG. 3 is a bar graph showing the in vitro effects of the extract of Dioscorea sp on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of the bone marrow cells derived from a patient suffering from glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis;
  • ALP alkaline phosphatase
  • FIG. 4 includes bar graphs identified as FIGS. 4A and 4B .
  • FIG. 4A shows the in vivo effects of the extract of Dioscorea sp on the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into matured osteoblastic cells of mice determined by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity
  • FIG. 4B shows the effects of the extract on the mineralization of the bone mass in the bone marrow cells of the healthy mice determined by the nodule formation;
  • FIG. 5 includes bar graphs identified as FIGS. 5A and 5B .
  • FIG. 5A shows the in vivo effects of the extract of Dioscorea sp on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity
  • FIG. 5B shows the effects of the extract on the mineralization of the bone mass in the bone marrow cells of ovariectomized mice;
  • FIG. 6 shows the RT-PCR result of cytokines in bone marrow cells isolated from mice which are orally administered the extract of Dioscorea sp. according to the present invention
  • FIG. 7 consists of FIGS. 7A-7E , which are phase contrast micrograph images showing the effect of the extract of Dioscorea sp. on morphological changes of the primary cultured mouse bone marrow cells in the presence of epithelial growth factor (EGF);
  • EGF epithelial growth factor
  • FIG. 8 is a graph that shows the in vivo effect of the extract of Dioscorea sp. on the leukocyte count in the peripheral blood of leucopenia mice induced by cyclophophamide (CY);
  • FIG. 9 is a bar graph showing the in vivo effect of the extract of Dioscorea sp. on red blood cell (RBC) count in the peripheral blood of cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced leukopenic mice suffering from severe anemia;
  • FIG. 10 is a bar graph showing the in vivo effect of the extract of Dioscorea sp. on hemoglobin content in the peripheral blood of cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced leukopenic mice suffering from severe anemia;
  • CP cyclophosphamide
  • FIG. 11 is a composite photographic image showing electrophoretic marker profiles of amplification products for a test panel of 14 Dioscorea species amplified with a single randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primer of SEQ ID NO: 9; and
  • RAPD polymorphic DNA
  • FIG. 12 is a dendrogram illustrating a phylogenetic tree of 14 Dioscorea species based on their genetic similarity determined by RAPD analysis.
  • primer refers to a nucleic acid fragment or sequence that is complementary to at least one section along a strand of the sample nucleic acid, wherein the purpose of the primer is to sponsor and direct nucleic acid replication of a portion of the sample nucleic acid along that string.
  • RAPD amplification single arbitrary primers are used to amplify non-targeted segments of nucleic acid which are located between the primer sequence sites in opposing DNA strands.
  • test panel is herein defined as a particular group of organisms of individuals selected on the basis of their genetic similarity to each other, or their genetic dissimilarity to another group (i.e., another genus, species, subspecies).
  • RAPD refers to “random amplified polymorphic DNA”.
  • RAPD amplification refers to a method of single primer directed amplification of nucleic acids using short primers of arbitrary sequence to amplified non-targeted, random segments of nucleic acid as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,126,239, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • RAPD method or “RAPD analysis” refers to a method for the detection of genetic polymorphisms involving the non-targeted amplification of nucleic acids using short primers of arbitrary sequence, whereby the profile or fingerprint of “RAPD” amplification products is compared between samples to detect polymorphisms.
  • RAPD primers refers to primers of about 8 bp to about 13 bp, of arbitrary sequence, useful in the RAPD amplification or RAPD analysis according to the instant method.
  • the Dioscorea species from which the extract product is made is characterized by a randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprint with a random primer, such as primer OPA-18 having an oligonucleotide sequence of AGGTGACCGT (SEQ ID NO: 9).
  • the RAPD fingerprint is generated by a RAPD analysis, which involves amplifying genomic DNA of a plurality of Dioscorea species in the test panel with the OPA-18 primer.
  • genomic DNA is amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • a similarity index that is defined as a ratio of total RAPD bands shared between two species in a cluster analysis.
  • F 2 n xy /n x +n y
  • n xy is the number of common DNA bands in Dioscorea species x and y
  • n x and n y are the total DNA bands in Dioscorea species x and y respectively.
  • the present invention is based on the discovery of the biological activities of the extract of the new Dioscorea species as characterized in the invention, in particular the activity on cell regeneration. It was confirmed by the experiments that the extract and the further extracted fractions of the Dioscorea sp. prepared in accordance with the method of this invention include active substances that enhance the proliferation and differentiation of mouse bone marrow progenitor cells. Specifically, the extract and the further extracted fractions of the Dioscorea sp. per se enhance cell proliferation of functional osteoprogenitor cells and even extensively induce the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into osteoblastic cells and enhance the mineralization of osteoblastic cells. Moreover, the extract of the Dioscorea sp.
  • the extract restores the leukocytes and erythrocytes present in the peripheral blood of the mice treated with cyclophosphamide (CY). Therefore, the extract of the Dioscorea sp. would be useful in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, a common disease in the aging process, and may be used in combination with an anti-cancer drug as a chemotherapeutic adjuvant.
  • Stem cells are cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation. Stem cells are present at the maximal level during the embryonic period, and gradually decrease in number with aging. Thus, it was speculated that there is an important correlation or association between stem cells and aging. The stem cells in adults can generate a specific response toward a specific message transmitted through a microenvironment change generating new stem cells or differentiating into specific cells. When the stem cells receive a differentiation message, the stem cells rapidly reproduce in large amounts, and then finally proceed to differentiation. These stem cells are used for maintaining the balance of cells in adults, and replenish the number of cells that die due to natural causes or injuries.
  • the stem cells in bone marrow are divided into two types, the hematopoietic stem cells, which produce two more specialized types of stem cells, lymphoid progenitor cells (which give rise to T and B lymphocytes) and myeloid progenitor cells (which give rise to leukocytes, erythrocytes, and megakaryocytes), and stromal cells, which are the source of the cells making up the supporting structure in the bone marrow.
  • the stromal cells have the characteristic of adhering to the bottom of plastic culture plates during culturing, and can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and even myoblasts. Stromal cells are required for the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells.
  • osteoporosis The production and number of stem cells will be greatly reduced as aging occurs, leading to various problems of aging, in which osteoporosis is the most common.
  • the causes of osteoporosis include the loss of balance between bone formation and resorption.
  • the osteoblastic cells derived from the osteoprogenitor cells are responsible for bone formation consisted of the formation of the bone matrix and skeletal mineralization.
  • Osteoprogenitor cells come from the stromal cells in the bone marrow. Dexamethasone and ascorbic acid can promote the proliferation growth of osteoprogenitor cells, and enable the cells to differentiate into matured osteoblasts.
  • alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is expressed.
  • Alkaline phosphatase is widely used as a biochemical marker for identification of osteoblast activity, but its actual function is yet unknown, though currently it is believed that it participates in the skeletal mineralization process. After continuous culture to 21 days, the cells will secrete osteocalcein, and finally mineralize to form bone nodules.
  • the extract of the Dioscorea sp. or the further extracted fractions can be used to enhance the proliferation and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells in the absence of any bone cell modulating agent, and thus, a composition comprising the active extract can be used in the treatment of the osteoporosis.
  • the extract is prepared from the root tuber part of Dioscorea sp. and is obtained using methanol as the extracting solution.
  • the preparation process involves (a) extracting a tuber of Dioscorea sp. with an alcohol-based solvent in the presence of an acid, preferably in the presence of 1% acetic acid, in which the alcohol-based solvent is a methanol-based solvent, an ethanol-based solvent, or mixtures thereof.
  • the obtained extract may be further extracted on the basis of polarity, so as to obtain the pharmacologically active fractions.
  • the extract is further subjected to partition chromatography comprising the steps of: (b) mixing a solvent mixture of ethyl acetate and water with the extract obtained from step (a) so as to separate an ethyl acetate from a water extract existing in the water phase; (c) adding n-butanol solvent into the water phase to perform further extraction so as to separate a butanol extract from the remainder of water extract remaining in the water phase; and (d) adding 75% alcohol solvent into the water phase obtained from step (c) to extract and further remove polysaccharide so as to obtain a purified water extract.
  • the inventor further confirmed the effect on abnormal bone marrow cells derived from a human patient suffering from glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.
  • Glucocorticoids are essential therapies for a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, prolonged glucocorticoid use is one of the most common iatrogenic causes of osteoporosis.
  • Glucocorticoids may increase bone loss through a variety of effects on osteobalsts, i.e., inhibition of the replication of the osteoblastic lineage, reduction of the genesis of new osteoblastic cells. From the results shown in FIG.
  • the active extract of the present invention increases the amount of the expressed alkaline phosphatase in such cells, and thus, the function of osteoblastic cells may be recovered by treating a patient suffering from glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis with the active extract.
  • the inventor conducted experiments on normal mice and the mice that are ovariectomized to induce osteoporosis, which are orally administered with the extract of the present invention.
  • the results demonstrate that the extract of Dioscorea sp., in vivo, increases the amount of the expressed alkaline phosphatase and the mineralization of the osteoblastic cells derived from normal mice and ovariectomized mice. Therefore, the extract of Dioscorea sp. not only regulates the proliferation and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells but also controls bone formation and remodeling, and thus, the active extract can prevent and treat osteoporosis.
  • BMP-2 bone morphogenetic protein-2
  • TGF- ⁇ transforming growth factor- ⁇
  • IL-4 interlukin-4
  • EGF epidermal growth factor
  • GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
  • the extract of Dioscorea sp. stimulates the differentiation of the mouse bone marrow cells in the presence of EGF.
  • the further extracted fraction of the extract, DioMPw enhances the proliferation of mouse bone marrow cells.
  • GM-CSF can act on a specific receptor complex present on hematopoietic progenitor cells to stimulate myelopoiesis, and thus, can promote the proliferation and differentiation of the hematopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow into monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, etc. Therefore, it is believed that GM-CSF has potential in therapy for restoring macrophages of a patient treated with chemotherapy.
  • the inventor found that, in the presence of GM-CSF, the proliferation of the bone marrow cells was enhanced under the stimulation of the extract and the further extracted fractions of Dioscorea sp. (see Table 3).
  • the results show that the differentiation of the stem cells was enhanced by the further extracted fractions of Dioscorea sp.
  • DHEA exhibits the effect of enhancing cell differentiation, but cannot enhance cell proliferation. Therefore, this study suggests that the extract and the further extracted fractions of Dioscorea sp. prepared according to the present invention may assist GM-CSF in restoring the number of macrophages reduced by chemotherapy through the proliferation and differentiation of the bone marrow cells, and may be used as a chemotherapeutic adjuvant.
  • Cyclophosphamide is a drug used to treat a number of cancers; however, it destroys the bone marrow function, decreases the blood cells such as leukocytes, macrophages, and erythrocyte, and causes many other adverse side effects.
  • cyclophosphamide is employed to cause leucopenia in mice to develop an animal model used to determine the function of the active extract of the present invention as a chemotherapeutic adjuvant.
  • the active extract of the present invention prevented a decrease of leukocyte count and maintained the red blood cell count and hemoglobin content at normal level, and thus, accelerated recovery from leucopenia in CY-treated mice. Therefore, the active extract of the present invention can be used as a chemotherapeutic adjuvant to alleviate adverse side effects induced by an anti-cancer drug.
  • the experiments performed in accordance with the present invention clearly demonstrate that the extract of Dioscorea sp. and the further extracted fractions thereof enhance the proliferation and differentiation of the osteoprogenitor cells in the absence of any bone cell modulation agent, and thus, the present invention provides an application of Dioscorea sp. in the treatment of osteoporosis.
  • the extracts prepared according to the present invention increase and restore the number of the macrophages, leukocytes and erythrocytes which have been reduced by chemotherapy, and can thus be used as a chemotherapeutic adjuvant.
  • DioMs was further subjected to partition chromatography, comprising the steps of: using a solvent mixture of ethyl acetate and water (1:1) to extract DioMs so as to separate an ethyl acetate extract (referred as DioMPe) from a water extract existing in the water phase; adding n-butanol solvent into the water phase to perform further extraction so as to separate an butanol extract (referred as DioMPb) from the water extract remaining in the water phase; and adding 75% (v/v) alcohol solvent into the water phase to extract and further remove polysaccharide so as to obtain a purified water extract (referred as DioMPw).
  • DioMPe ethyl acetate extract
  • DioMPb butanol extract
  • DioMPw a purified water extract
  • Purina Chow 5001 a commercially available mouse feed, was ground into powder.
  • the lyophilized methanol extract of Dioscorea sp. was added in the ground feed in an amount to replace the same amount from the ground feed, to form a feed mixture.
  • the feed mixture was uniformly mixed with distilled water, re-shaped by extrusion molding, baked for 2 min. in a microwave oven at proper power, and refrigerated at ⁇ 70° C. after cooling to room temperature. After lyophilization, the feed mixture was formed into pellets very similar to the properties of the Purina Chow feed.
  • the formed pellets are stored in ⁇ 20° C. refrigerator.
  • the pellets were warmed to room temperature on the day of feeding, and were sterilized by UV lamp irradiation on a sterile work table. Feed mixtures having different concentrations of methanol extract were prepared.
  • femoral bones of the SPF grade of C3H/HeN mouse were obtained and injected with DMEM/F12.
  • the bone marrow cells were flushed out and filtered through No. 53 sterile nylon mesh.
  • the single cell suspension obtained was mixed with DMEM/F12 culture medium containing 15% FCS to adjust the concentration of the cells.
  • the cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 medium containing 15% FCS, 50 ⁇ g/ml ascorbic acid, 10 mM sodium ⁇ glycerophosphate and 10 nM dexamethasone in a T-flask for 6 days.
  • the culture medium was renewed every 3 days.
  • the cell concentration was 10 6 cells/cm 2 .
  • the suspended cells and culture medium were drawn out.
  • the adhering cell layer was washed with 1 ⁇ PBS that had been warmed to room temperature, and then treated with 0.01% EDTA at 37° C. for 5 to 10 minutes. The EDTA was removed and the reaction was stopped in a culture medium containing FCS.
  • the cells were all collected and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 1000 rpm.
  • the cells obtained in preparatory step 4 were dispersed using a 22 G gauge needle and suspended in DMEM/F12 medium containing 15% FCS, 50 ⁇ g/ml ascorbic acid, 10 mM sodium ⁇ -glycerophosphate and 10 nM dexamethazone to form a concentration of 4.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/ml.
  • 225 ⁇ l cell suspension was added into each well of a 96-well microplate. After 3 hours, to the cell suspension in each well was added 25 ⁇ l methanol extract, each of the further extracted fractions and DHEA and incubated for 72 hours.
  • MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
  • Osteoprogenitor cells collected in preparatory step 4 were incubated in a T-flask for 6 days.
  • the cells were dispersed with 22 G gauge needle, and the cell concentration was adjusted to 5 ⁇ 10 3 cell/cm 2 .
  • the cells were then incubated in 6-well plates, in which 4.5 ml of cell culture medium was added in each well, and 0.5 ml methanol extract and each of the extracted fractions were added the next day. After incubation for 14 days, alkaline phosphatase activity assay was conducted thereon, as described below.
  • the cell layer was washed several times with PBS. 0.5% Triton X-100 in PBS was added into each well. The resultant suspension was subjected to a freezing and thawing process at a temperature of 70° C. and 37° C., respectively. The treatment was done twice so as to obtain a test sample. 50 ⁇ l of the test sample was transferred from each well to an ELISA plate.
  • AMP-substrate buffer (2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP, 0.5M) in distilled water, pH 10; 2 mM magnesium chloride and 9 mM p-nitrophenyl phosphate) was then added inot the ELISA plate so as to be reacted with the test sample at room temperature for 10-20 min.
  • AMP amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
  • the protein concentration of each well was measured quantitatively. The measure alkaline phosphatase activity is expressed in unit/ ⁇ g.
  • alkaline phosphatase which is the expressed marker specific to a matured osteoblast.
  • the methanol extract of Dioscorea sp. and each of further extracted fractions of the methanol extract significantly increase the amount of the expressed alkaline phosphatase, in which the methanol extract at 0.1 ⁇ g/ml, DioMPb at 0.1 ⁇ g/ml, DioMPe at 0.01-0.1 ⁇ g/ml, and DioMPw at 0.1 ⁇ g/ml showed the strongest enhancement effect.
  • the patient's bone marrow cells obtained from the Taipei Veterans General Hospital were cultured in DMEM/F12 medium containing 15% FCS, 50 ⁇ g/ml ascorbic acid, 10 mM sodium ⁇ -glycerophosphate and 10 nM dexamethasone for 7 days. Alkaline phosphatase activity assay was conducted thereon.
  • mice were sacrificed to obtain marrow cells thereof.
  • mice obtained were cultured in 96-well microplates at 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells/well, in which 250 ⁇ l of ⁇ -MEM medium containing 15% FCS, 50 ⁇ g/ml ascorbic acid, 10 mM sodium ⁇ -glycerophosphate and 10 nM dexamethasone was added, and incubated in a 5% CO 2 incubator at 37° C. for 2 days.
  • 125 ⁇ l/well of culture medium was drawn out and replaced by 125 ⁇ l/well of fresh medium containing 15% FCS, 50 ⁇ g/ml ascorbic acid, 10 mM sodium ⁇ -glycerophosphate, and 10 nM dexamethasone. After 4 days incubation, an alkaline phosphatase activity assay was conducted thereon.
  • the methanol extract of Dioscorea sp. increases the amount of the expressed alkaline phosphatase, in which the methanol extract at 1000 mg/kg reaches up to 3 times enhancement as compared with the control group.
  • This assay is used to analyze the mineralization of the bone mass.
  • the bone marrow cells obtained from the mice orally administered different dosages (0, 40, 200, and 1000 mg/kg) of methanol extract were seeded in 24-well plates at 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells/well, cultured in ⁇ -MEM medium containing 15% FCS, 50 ⁇ g/ml ascorbic acid, 10 mM sodium ⁇ -glycerophosphate and 10 nM dexamethasone, and incubated in a 5% CO 2 incubator at 37° C. for 24 hrs.
  • 500 ⁇ l/well of culture medium was drawn out and replaced by 500 ⁇ l/well of fresh medium containing 15% FCS, 50 ⁇ g/ml ascorbic acid, 10 mM sodium ⁇ -glycerophosphate and 10 nM dexamethasone.
  • the cells were further incubated for 15 days to analyze the mineralization of the bone mass, and the culture medium renewed every 4 days. Nodule formation assay was conducted thereon, as described below.
  • the cells were fixed by reacting them with 500 ⁇ l/well formalin for 30 minutes in a 5% CO 2 incubator at 37° C. After removing formalin and rinsing the cells with sterilized water three times, 200 ⁇ l/well of 2% Alizarine Red S solution, which reacts with calcium, was added into the wells and the cells were further incubated in a 5% CO 2 incubator at 37° C. for 10 minutes. Then, the Alizarine solution was removed and the cells were rinsed three times with absolute alcohol. The mineralized area of the bone mass was measured by Meta Image.
  • the methanol extract of Dioscorea sp. promotes mineralization of the bone mass, in which the methanol extract at 1000 mg/kg dosage showed the strongest enhancement effect of up to 3.5 times.
  • mice Under sterile conditions, a group of SPF grade C57BL/6j mice were subjected to a surgical operation to remove their ovaries so as to induce the occurrence of osteoporosis and another group was merely operated on without removal of the ovary for use as a control group (referred to as pseudo operated mice).
  • Different dosages (0, 40, 200, and 1000 mg/kg) of methanol extract were prepared for oral administration. After being orally administered with different dosages of the methanol extract for 42 days, the mice were sacrificed to obtain bone marrow cells thereof.
  • the bone marrow cells obtained from the mice orally administered with different dosages (0, 40, 200, and 1000 mg/kg) of methanol extract and the pseudo operated mice were cultured in 96-well microplate at 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells/well, in which 250 ⁇ l of ⁇ -MEM medium containing 15% FCS, 50 ⁇ g/ml ascorbic acid, 10 mM sodium ⁇ -glycerophosphate and 10 nM dexamethasone was added, and incubated in a 5% CO 2 incubator at 37° C. for 2 days.
  • FIG. 5A expression of alkaline phosphatase was noted.
  • the methanol extract of Dioscorea sp. is shown to increase the amount of the expressed alkaline phosphatase, in which the methanol extract at 1000 mg/kg showed the strongest enhancement effect.
  • the bone marrow cells obtained from the mice orally administered with different dosages (0, 40, 200, and 1000 mg/kg) of methanol extract were seeded in 24-well plates at 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells/well, cultured in ⁇ -MEM medium containing 15% FCS, 50 ⁇ g/ml ascorbic acid, 10 mM sodium ⁇ -glycerophosphate and 10 nM dexamethasone, and incubated in a 5% CO 2 incubator at 37° C. for 24 hrs.
  • 500 ⁇ l/well of culture medium was drawn out and replaced by 500 l/well of fresh medium containing 15% FCS, 50 ⁇ g/ml ascorbic acid, 10 mM sodium ⁇ -glycerophosphate and 10 nM dexamethasone.
  • the cells were further incubated for 15 days to analyze the mineralization of the bone mass, and the culture medium renewed every 4 days. A nodule formation assay was conducted thereon.
  • the methanol extract of Dioscorea sp. promotes mineralization of the bone mass, in which the methanol extract at 1000 mg/kg showed the strongest enhancement effect.
  • RNA was extracted from he bone marrow cells obtained from Example 4 using an UltraspecTM RNA isolation kit (Biotex laboratories Inc, U.S.A.). 5 ⁇ g total RNA and 2.5 ⁇ g oligo dT were heated at 70° C. for 10 minutes, cooled to room temperature for 10 minutes, then added with 4 ⁇ l 10 mM dNTP, 0.5 ⁇ l rRNasin, 1 ⁇ l (10 units) AMV (Avian Myeloblastosis virus) reverse transciptase and the buffer thereof, and the final reaction volume was 26.5 ⁇ l. The cDNA was obtained by reacting the previous reaction solution at 42° C. for 60 minutes and then at 90° C. for 5 minutes.
  • UltraspecTM RNA isolation kit Biotex laboratories Inc, U.S.A.
  • each of the wells was added with 1 mg/ml MTT solution and, after 4 hours of reaction, MTT lysis buffer (20% SDS-50% DMF) was added thereinto in an amount of 150 ⁇ l/well. The resultant mixture was allowed to be reacted for 16 hours. The absorbance was measured at O.D. 570 nm.
  • the methanol extract of Dioscorea sp. was found to further stimulate the bone marrow progenitor cells to differentiate significantly. It can be noted that a more desirable optimum result was obtained when the concentration of the methanol extract used was at 10 ⁇ g/ml. It is further shown in Table 2 that when 10 ⁇ g/ml of DioMPw was used as stimulation, the cells exhibited significantly enhanced proliferative effect. Where that 100 ⁇ g/ml of DioMPw were used, the proliferation rate of the cell might reach up to 1.9 times that of the control as manifested in Table 2.
  • mice obtained in preparatory step 3 1 ⁇ 10 4 cells/well bone marrow cells of mice obtained in preparatory step 3 were seeded in each well of the 96-well microplate, cultured in DMEM/F12 culture medium containing N2, and 4 ng/ml mGM-CSF.
  • Methanol extracts of Dioscorea sp. with different concentrations were respectively added into the resultant cultured cells in the different wells.
  • the resultant methanol extract containing cultured cells in different wells were then incubated in a 5% CO 2 incubator at 37° C. for 14 days.
  • the cells cultured in DMEM/F12 medium containing N2 and 20 ng/ml mGM-CSF is used as positive control.
  • a MTT assay was performed.
  • MTT solution 1 mg/ml MTT solution was added in each well so as to react with the cultured cells therein for 4 hours.
  • MTT lysis buffer (20% SDS-50% DMF) was added in a n amount of 150 ⁇ l/well. The resultant mixture was allowed to react for 16 hours. The absorbance was measured at O.D. 570 nm.
  • the fractions resulting from further extraction of the methanol extract are all found to have the ability to enhance cell proliferation.
  • DioMPb and DioMPe were particularly found to have excellent effect on the enhancement of proliferation.
  • the 20-week adult mouse bone marrow cells were found to be able to differentiate upon stimulation by the methanol extract of Dioscorea sp. at concentrations of 1 ⁇ g/ml-10 ⁇ g/ml.
  • the extracted fractions of the methanol extract which were extracted by a solvent mixture of water and ethyl acetate extracted fraction and the 75% alcohol extracted fraction resulting from further extracting the water extract with the 75% alcohol, are found to accelerate the differentiation of 20-week old adult mouse bone marrow cells. Under the same conditions, however, DHEA, in contrast, exhibits only the effect of enhancing cell proliferation. Therefore, the extracts of Dioscorea sp. which exhibit excellent effect on both the regeneration and differentiation of stem cells may assist GM-CSF in restoring the number of macrophages reduced by chemotherapy, and may be used as a chemotherapeutic adjuvant.
  • mice were intraperitoneally injected with 200 and 100 mg/kg of cyclcophosphamide (CY) on day 0 and day 5 to cause leucopenia, and blood was drawn periodically to cause an anemia condition.
  • CY cyclcophosphamide
  • the mice were orally administered different dosages of the methanol extract on day 1 until the mice were sacrificed.
  • the peripheral blood collected from the retro-orbital sinus was sampled on days 0, 4, 8, and 12.
  • the blood (0.1 ml) obtained on days 0, 4, 8, and 12 was added with 25 ⁇ l EDTA solution (72 mg/ml) to prevent blood coagulation, and diluted 10 ⁇ or 20 ⁇ with Turk's solution (2% acetic acid with 0.01% crystal violet). The number of leukocytes were counted by microscope.
  • Hemoglobin (Hbg) content was determined as described by Worthington R E et al., Experimental Hematology, 15:85-92, 1987.
  • the active extract of the present invention mitigates reduction of leukocyte number in peripheral blood and accelerates recovery of leukocytes, and maintains the red blood cells and Hbg content at normal levels.
  • Dioscorea species from which the extracts were produced and administered as described above was harvested from the Yang-Ming Mountain in Taiwan.
  • the unknown Dioscorea species (shown in duplicate as Sample No. 100 or 102) was characterized along with a test panel of 13 known Dioscorea species, including Dioscorea alata L. cv. (cultivated variety) Tainung No. 1 (Sample No. 1), Dioscorea esculenta (Sample No. 3), Dioscorea bulbifera (Sample No. 4), Dioscorea alata L. cv. 8702 (Sample No. 5), Dioscorea alata L. cv. Sanzhi A (Sample No.
  • Dioscorea alata L. cv. Sanzhi B (Sample No. 7), Dioscorea alata L. cv. Dayeshoufeng (Sample No. 9), Dioscorea alata L. cv. Tainung No. 2 (Sample No. 10), Dioscorea alata L. cv. Jifa (Sample No. 67), Dioscorea alata L. cv. Zhanger No. 2 (Sample No. 64), Dioscorea alata L. cv. Dashan No. 3 (Sample No. 13), Dioscorea alata L. cv. Dashan No. 2 (Sample No. 12) and Dioscorea alata L. cv. Taidong (Sample No. 1), all of which were grown in Taiwan.
  • 0.2 g of fresh leaf of each Dioscorea sample was collected and ground in a mortar mixed with liquid nitrogen.
  • the ground tissue was mixed with 900 ⁇ l of 2% CTAB extraction buffer (containing 1.4 M NaCl, 100 mM Tris-HCl at pH 8.0, 20 mM EDTA and 0.2% ⁇ -mecaptoethanol) in a 1.5 ml centrifuge tube, followed by incubating in a 65° C. water bath for 30 minutes. The sample was then centrifuged, and the supernatant was transferred to a clean tube added with 600 ⁇ l of chloroform/isoamylalcohol (24:1) and vortexed until the sample was in an emulsified state.
  • the sample was further centrifuged, and the supernatant was transferred to a clean tube and mixed with 40 ⁇ l of 10% CTAB (containing 0.7M NaCl) and 400 ⁇ l of chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1).
  • CTAB containing 0.7M NaCl
  • 400 ⁇ l of chloroform/isoamyl alcohol 24:1
  • the sample was centrifuged again, and the supernant (400 ⁇ l) was transferred in a clean tube and mixed with 400 ⁇ l of CTAB precipitation buffer and left on ice for about 15-20 minutes to precipitate DNA.
  • the DNA sample was rinsed with 400 ⁇ l of high-salt TE (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0; 1 mM EDTA; and 1M NaCl) and 800 ⁇ l of 95% alcohol.
  • the DNA sample was centrifuged, and the pellet was further rinsed with 400 ⁇ l of 75% alcohol before re-suspending the DNA pellet in distilled and deionized
  • a random RAPD primer of SEQ ID NO: 9, in this case OPA-18 (AGGTGACCGT) (Operon Technologies, USA) was used to amplify genomic DNA of the Dioscorea species in the RAPD analysis.
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was carried out in a 25 ⁇ l volume containing 10 ⁇ buffer, 2.5 mM of each dNTP (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP), 2.0 ⁇ M of primer (Operon), 5 units of Taq DNA polymerase (TaKaRa Biomedicals), and 5 ng template DNA.
  • both first lane (on the far left) and last lane (on the far right) of the gel were loaded with DNA molecular weight marker (M), such as FX174 DNA/HaeIII marker (Promega Co., USA) to provide reference bands of different sizes, such as 500 bp, 1000 bp, 1500 bp, 2000 bp, 2500 bp, 3000 bp, 3500 bp and 4000 bp, followed by loading the PCR sample of each Dioscorea species in each lane.
  • M DNA molecular weight marker
  • FX174 DNA/HaeIII marker Promega Co., USA
  • the RAPD fingerprint of the Dioscorea species of the invention was determined to distinguish from other Dioscorea species.
  • FIG. 11 there are 14 DNA bands ranging from 428 bp, 452 bp, 537 bp, 602 bp, 723 bp, 817 bp, 934bp, 1140 bp, 1242 bp, 1478 bp, 1641 bp, 1904 bp, 2151 bp and 2918 bp for characterizing the unknown Dioscorea species (shown in duplicate as samples No. 100 or 102) when genomic DNA of the Dioscorea species is amplified with the OPA-18 primer of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a cluster analysis or pair analysis was also carried out using Gel-Compar software to calculate a similarity index between two Dioscorea species. Parameters subjected to the analysis were from RAPD fingerprints.
  • a phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the similarity index between 14 Dioscorea species in the test panel.
  • the unknown Dioscorea species has a similarity index of about 88.9% with Dioscorea alata L. cv. Sanzhi A or Dioscorea alata L. cv. Zhanger No. 2.
  • the Dioscorea species has a similarity index of about 37.5% with Dioscorea bulbifera or Dioscorea esculenta .
  • the unknown Dioscorea species has a similarity index of more than 75.5% with Dioscorea Dioscorea alata L. cv.

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EP06837661.5A EP1978983B1 (fr) 2005-11-15 2006-11-15 Extrait de dioscorea sp. et ses utilisations medicales
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US12/324,076 US8597700B2 (en) 2002-12-31 2008-11-26 Method of treating osteoporosis with extract of Dioscorea sp
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WO2007146427A3 (fr) * 2006-06-14 2008-02-14 Univ Nat Yang Ming Méthode de traitement de complications vasculaires diabétiques
EP1978983A2 (fr) * 2005-11-15 2008-10-15 National Yang-Ming University Extrait de dioscorea sp. et ses utilisations medicales
US20090041803A1 (en) * 2003-12-01 2009-02-12 Academia Sinica Dioscorea Extracts
US20090136600A1 (en) * 2002-12-31 2009-05-28 National Yang Ming University Method for alleviating chemotherapy side effects using extract of dioscorea sp.
CN101361881B (zh) * 2008-09-09 2011-02-16 上海沈李科工贸有限公司 蛋白药物溶菌酶肠道吸收促进剂的制备方法
CN101500586B (zh) * 2006-06-14 2012-05-30 国立阳明大学 用于治疗糖尿病血管并发症的方法
US9230185B1 (en) * 2012-03-30 2016-01-05 Pierce Biotechnology, Inc. Analysis of electrophoretic bands in a substrate
US11298480B2 (en) 2018-10-23 2022-04-12 Resmed Inc. Systems and methods for setup of CPAP systems
CN115120600A (zh) * 2022-05-19 2022-09-30 东北林业大学 薯蓣皂苷元及其类似物在制备预防或治疗糖尿病药物中的应用

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CN109938260B (zh) * 2019-05-08 2022-02-11 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 一种毛薯保健米粉的制备方法

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US3620919A (en) * 1967-08-30 1971-11-16 Nat Res Dev Extraction of steroidal materials from vegetable materials
JPS615746A (ja) * 1984-06-18 1986-01-11 Burankeneeze Kk 山芋の乾燥粉末食品及びその製造方法
US5407684A (en) * 1988-12-30 1995-04-18 Virginia Commonwealth University Use of DHEA as a medicinal
JPH051234A (ja) * 1991-06-26 1993-01-08 Nippon Mektron Ltd ジオスコレア・アラ−タからの抽出色素
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Cited By (17)

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US8597700B2 (en) 2002-12-31 2013-12-03 National Yang-Ming University Method of treating osteoporosis with extract of Dioscorea sp
US20090098229A1 (en) * 2002-12-31 2009-04-16 National Yang Ming University Method of treating osteoporosis with extract of dioscorea sp.
US20090136600A1 (en) * 2002-12-31 2009-05-28 National Yang Ming University Method for alleviating chemotherapy side effects using extract of dioscorea sp.
US8668908B2 (en) 2002-12-31 2014-03-11 National Yang-Ming University Method for alleviating chemotherapy side effects using extract of Dioscorea sp
US20090041803A1 (en) * 2003-12-01 2009-02-12 Academia Sinica Dioscorea Extracts
US7972645B2 (en) * 2003-12-01 2011-07-05 Academia Sinica Dioscorea extracts for enhancing immune system
EP1978983A2 (fr) * 2005-11-15 2008-10-15 National Yang-Ming University Extrait de dioscorea sp. et ses utilisations medicales
EP1978983A4 (fr) * 2005-11-15 2010-05-12 Univ Nat Yang Ming Extrait de dioscorea sp. et ses utilisations medicales
KR101101253B1 (ko) 2006-06-14 2012-01-04 내셔널 양밍 유니버시티 당뇨병 혈관성 합병증 치료방법
CN101500586B (zh) * 2006-06-14 2012-05-30 国立阳明大学 用于治疗糖尿病血管并发症的方法
WO2007146427A3 (fr) * 2006-06-14 2008-02-14 Univ Nat Yang Ming Méthode de traitement de complications vasculaires diabétiques
CN101361881B (zh) * 2008-09-09 2011-02-16 上海沈李科工贸有限公司 蛋白药物溶菌酶肠道吸收促进剂的制备方法
US9230185B1 (en) * 2012-03-30 2016-01-05 Pierce Biotechnology, Inc. Analysis of electrophoretic bands in a substrate
US9552529B2 (en) * 2012-03-30 2017-01-24 Pierce Biotechnology, Inc. Analysis of electrophoretic bands in a substrate
US11298480B2 (en) 2018-10-23 2022-04-12 Resmed Inc. Systems and methods for setup of CPAP systems
US11819595B2 (en) 2018-10-23 2023-11-21 Resmed Inc. Systems and methods for setup of CPAP systems
CN115120600A (zh) * 2022-05-19 2022-09-30 东北林业大学 薯蓣皂苷元及其类似物在制备预防或治疗糖尿病药物中的应用

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