US20050161843A1 - Process of producing microcapsules and product thereof - Google Patents

Process of producing microcapsules and product thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
US20050161843A1
US20050161843A1 US10/764,411 US76441104A US2005161843A1 US 20050161843 A1 US20050161843 A1 US 20050161843A1 US 76441104 A US76441104 A US 76441104A US 2005161843 A1 US2005161843 A1 US 2005161843A1
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microcapsules
microparticles
stabilizer
premix
polymer
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Yongcai Wang
Paul Hoderlein
Dennis Smith
Peter Rochester
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Eastman Kodak Co
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Eastman Kodak Co
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Priority to US10/764,411 priority Critical patent/US20050161843A1/en
Assigned to EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY reassignment EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HODERLEIN, PAUL M., WANG, YONGCAI, ROLLINSON, PETER D., SMITH, DENNIS E.
Priority to PCT/US2005/001579 priority patent/WO2005073808A2/fr
Publication of US20050161843A1 publication Critical patent/US20050161843A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
    • G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
    • G03F7/002—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor using materials containing microcapsules; Preparing or processing such materials, e.g. by pressure; Devices or apparatus specially designed therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
    • B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
    • B01J13/04—Making microcapsules or microballoons by physical processes, e.g. drying, spraying

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method of making microcapsules containing a hydrophobic core material. It more specifically relates to a light sensitive and heat or pressure developable imaging element comprising an image forming unit comprising photosensitive microcapsules.
  • Microencapsulation is the envelopment of an active agent or a core material within a solid coating.
  • the active or core material can be in the form of a solid particle, a liquid droplet, or a gas bubble.
  • the solid coating used to form the capsule may be, for example, an organic polymer, a wax, or an inorganic oxide.
  • a capsule is characterized in general by parameters such as particle size and distribution, particle geometry, active contents and distribution, release mechanism, and storage stability.
  • Microcapsule-based products are used in the graphic arts, adhesives, pharmaceutical, food, and pesticide industries. Carbonless copy paper is by far the largest use for microcapsules. Microcapsules containing solvents, liquid epoxy, or acrylate monomers are also manufactured commercially and used in adhesive formulations.
  • Microcapsules described in the art for use in imaging applications are almost exclusively prepared by interfacial and in-situ polymerization processes.
  • interfacial polymerization the materials used to form the capsule wall are in separate phases, one in the aqueous phase and the other in the oil phase. Polymerization occurs at the phase boundary. Wall formation of polyester, polyamides, and polyurea proceeds by interfacial polymerization. Polyurea capsule walls can also be made by dissolving a polyisocyanate adduct in the oil phase. Hydrolysis of the isocyanate groups at the phase boundary form amine groups that in turn react with isocyanate groups to form urea linkages.
  • the capsule wall forming materials are dissolved in the aqueous phase as resin precursors that, upon further polymerization reaction, form the walls of the microcapsules.
  • Resin precursors used in this process include melamine-formaldehyde, urea-formaldehyde, and urea-melamine-formaldehyde polymers.
  • the particle size and size distributions are controlled by mechanical shear, aqueous phase viscosity, and oil phase viscosity.
  • the degree of shear and amount of shear energy produced depend significantly on the geometry of a particular shear device and residence time. For example, a higher shear rate and longer residence time would produce a finer microcapsule size.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,506 describe a continuous process of generating microcapsules using a conventional LP. Gaulin colloid mill device. Such a device is capable of generating a high shear rate by driving the conical motor at a very high rpm.
  • the final microcapsule size is controlled by how fast the motor rotates, the viscosity of the oil and aqueous phases, and the ratio of the organic phase to aqueous phase. It is well known in the art that microcapsules generated by the above process have a broad size distribution and poor batch-to-batch reproducibility. There is a broad distribution of the shell thickness within the same batch of microcapsules especially when the shell forming materials are added to the oil phase. Larger particles have a thicker shell, and smaller particles have a thinner shell. This undoubtedly produces a distribution in the microcapsule permeability or the degree of impermeability.
  • microcapsules When microcapsules are used in imaging systems such as carbonless paper or light sensitive pressure developable or heat developable image media, the microcapsule shell must be impermeable to the core materials. They must also have very low permeability to oxygen if the physical characteristics of the microcapsules are changed by free radical initiated reactions, since oxygen is an inhibitor.
  • the microcapsule shell functions as a barrier material to prevent oxygen from infiltrating the light sensitive composition. Upon exposing the material to light, free radicals consume the oxygen present inside the capsule and the polymerization reaction proceeds. If the oxygen re-infiltrates the light sensitive composition, the photographic speed of the media is very poor.
  • Microcapsules need to be resistant to low pressure during normal storage and handling process, otherwise premature release of the core material will occur.
  • microcapsules used for imaging applications need to be capable of withstanding temperatures up to 100° C. since during the manufacturing process the coating may be dried by heating. It is believed that the ability to control microcapsule size and size distribution is crucial to meet those requirements.
  • This invention provides a process for preparing microcapsules containing a hydrophobic liquid core material, the process comprising:
  • FIG. 1 depicts a pictomicrograph of a drop of microcapsule solution made by the comparative process of Example 1.
  • FIG. 2 depicts a pictomicrograph of a drop of microcapsule solution made by the comparative process of Example 2.
  • FIG. 3 depicts a pictomicrograph of a drop of microcapsule solution made by the inventive process of Example 3.
  • FIG. 4 depicts a pictomicrograph of a drop of microcapsule solution made by the inventive process of Example 4.
  • FIG. 5 depicts a pictomicrograph of a drop of microcapsule solution made by the inventive process of Example 5.
  • FIG. 6 depicts a pictomicrograph of a drop of microcapsule solution made by the inventive process of Example 6.
  • the process is used to produce microcapsules used in imaging materials including, for example, carbonless papers, heat sensitive imaging materials, light sensitive and heat developable imaging materials, light sensitive and pressure developable imaging materials, and ink jet image recording materials.
  • the process is used to produce microcapsules used in optical and electronic display applications, such as electrophoretic display, ferroelectric liquid crystal display, or any display based on glass or plastic or paper-like flexible substrates.
  • the process of forming microcapsules comprises the steps of
  • the first step of the process is the mixing of an organic liquid phase comprising a hydrophobic core material with an aqueous phase comprising a stabilizer to form a premix.
  • This step is preferably carried out in a mixing device which is capable of imparting intense agitation to the mixture.
  • the mixing can be done in a batch process or in a continuous fashion. Any type of propeller mixers or ultrasonic mixers can be used in the batch process.
  • the organic liquid phase and aqueous phase can also be fed to a mixer continuously by a dosing apparatus.
  • Mixers that can be used include impingement mixers, stator rotor mixers, colloid mill mixers, and the like.
  • the volume ratio of the organic liquid phase to the aqueous phase is preferably less than 60:40, more preferably less than 50:50.
  • hydrophobic core materials can be used. If the hydrophobic core material is liquid it may itself form the organic liquid phase. If the hydrophobic core materials are solid, they can be dissolved in an organic solvent to form the organic liquid phase. Organic solvent can also be used to modulate the organic phase viscosity.
  • Examples of useful organic solvents include; propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, ethyl acetate, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloroethane, methyl isobutyl ketone, isopropanol, isobutanol, toluene, xylene, dichloromethane, high boiling aromatic hydrdrocarbons, phthalate ester, cholorinated paraffins, alkylnaphthalenes, alkylated biphenyls, and the like.
  • the hydrophobic core materials to be encapsulated can be dyestuff precursors such as leuco dyes, perfume oils, scents, flavors, foodstuffs, colorants, paints, catalysts, nutritional formulations for plants or animals, adhesives, paraffin oils, pharmaceuticals, insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and repellents.
  • the hydrophobic core material is a color precursor which can react with a developer to form color, such as a leuco dye.
  • the stabilizer useful for the practice of the present invention is dissolved in the aqueous phase by methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • the amount of the stabilizer typically ranges from 0.01% to 20% of the organic phase, and preferably from 0.01% to 10% by weight.
  • the stabilizers are preferably polymeric stabilizers.
  • the stabilizer is a water soluble polymer.
  • Stabilizers that can be used in the present invention include, for example, a sulfate, a sulfonate, a cationic compound, an amphoteric compound, and a polymeric protective colloid.
  • Preferred stabilizers include is pectin, polystyrene sulfonate, polyvinyl alcohol, alginate, xanthan gum, poly(vinyl methyl ether), or poly(vinyl pyrrolidone).
  • the more preferred stabilizers used for the practice of the invention are sulfonated polystyrene (particularly sodium polystyrene sulfonate), maleic acid/sulfonated styrene copolymers, and pectin.
  • the most preferred stabilizer for the practice of the invention is a mixture of sulfonated polystyrenes.
  • the stabilizer is an anionic polymer mixture comprising a mixture of a first sulfonated polystyrene polymer and a second sulfonated polystyrene polymer wherein the ratio of the weight average polymer molecular weight of the first polymer to the second polymer is greater than 2 and preferably greater than 4.
  • the weight average molecular weight of the first polymer is greater than 500,000 and more preferably the molecular weight of the first polymer is greater than 1,000,000.
  • the weight average molecular weight of the second polymer is less than 300,000.
  • Stabilizers useful for the practice of the invention also include colloidal particles, such as latex particles and colloidal inorganic oxide particles.
  • colloidal particles such as latex particles and colloidal inorganic oxide particles.
  • the most preferred inorganic oxide particles are colloidal silica particles having a mean size of less than 100 nm.
  • the stabilizer is other than pectin and further comprises pectin.
  • the preferred stabilizers for the practice of the invention are a mixture of sulfonated polystyrenes and pectin.
  • the second step of the process is the homogenizing of the premix by forcing the premix under pressure through a high pressure passage into a low pressure area to produce a microparticle dispersion having a mean size of greater than 1.0 micron.
  • the high-pressure homogenizer which may be used in the present invention, it is considered that the dispersion into fine particles is generally achieved by dispersion forces such as (a) “shear force” generated at the passage of a dispersoid through a narrow slit under a high pressure at a high speed, and (b) “cavitation force” generated at the time of the release of the dispersoid from the high pressure so as to be under normal pressure.
  • the high pressure passage may be, but is not limited to, a hole, a gap, a slit, a pipe or tube, or a channel.
  • the passage is narrower than the low pressure (low pressure includes normal atmospheric pressure) area in order to provide the pressure differential.
  • the low pressure area may be, but is not limited to, a container, or a wider pipe, tube or channel.
  • a typical high pressure homogenizer consists of a pump and a homogenizing valve.
  • An example of such as apparatus has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,383,769, incorporated herein by reference.
  • the premix is forced through a narrow gap between a valve seat and a valve plate. Through the gap, the premix undergoes extremely rapid acceleration as well as an extreme drop in pressure.
  • the pressure drop occurs in a very short time, for example, less than 50 microseconds, which produce a large amount of energy in the liquid.
  • the high energy density produced in the premix causes the premix emulsion droplet to disrupt fairly uniformly into primary particles of less than 1 micron in size provided that the homogenization pressure is sufficiently high and that the organic phase has a viscosity of less than, for example, 200 cps.
  • the primary particles then coalesce in a controlled manner to form particles having a mean size greater than 1.0 micron, and preferably greater than 2.0 microns.
  • the homogenization pressure is preferably higher than 4000 psi, and more preferably higher than 5000 psi.
  • the pressure differential between the high pressure passage and the low pressure area is greater than 2000 psi and more preferably the pressure differential is greater than 4000 psi. If the viscosity of the organic phase is high, for example, greater than 200 cps, a higher homogenization pressure is needed to disrupt the droplets of the premix to particles of less than 1 micron.
  • a suitable apparatus includes the Gauline homogenizer.
  • the solution to be dispersed is transported under a high pressure and converted into a high-speed flow through a narrow slit on a cylinder surface, and the energy of the flow allows collision of the flow against the peripheral wall surface to achieve emulsification and dispersion.
  • some apparatuses are designed wherein a part of a high flow velocity is formed into a serrated shape to increase the frequency of collision.
  • Apparatuses capable of dispersion under a higher pressure and at a higher flow velocity have been developed in recent years, and examples include Microfluidizer (manufactured by Microfluidex International Corporation) and Nanomizer (manufactured by Tokusho Kika Kogyo KK).
  • Examples of other dispersing apparatus which can be suitably used in the present invention include Microfluidizer M-110S-EH (with G10Z interaction chamber), M-110Y (with H10Z interaction chamber), M-140K (with G10Z interaction chamber), HC-5000 (with L30Z or H230Z interaction chamber) and HC-8000 (with E230Z or L30Z interaction chamber), all manufactured by Microfluidex International Corporation.
  • the premix is transported under a positive pressure by means of a high-pressure pump or the like into the pipeline, and the solution is passed though a narrow slit provided inside the pipeline to apply a desired pressure. Then, the pressure in the pipeline is rapidly released to the atmospheric pressure to apply a rapid pressure change to the dispersion to obtain an optimal dispersion for use in the present invention.
  • microcapsules have a mean size (volume average) of less than 50 microns, preferably less than 20 microns and most preferably less than 15 microns.
  • the size distribution index of microcapsules is measured by the ratio of the volume average size to the number average size.
  • the microcapsules of the invention has a size distribution index of less than 2, more preferably less than 1.8, most preferably less than 1.6.
  • the stabilizers used in the aqueous phase are “slow moving” stabilizers.
  • slow moving stabilizer it means that the interfacial tension (or dynamic surface tension) drops slowly with interfacial age for a newly created interface. This type of stabilizer will allow smaller particles ( ⁇ 1 micron) to have a sufficient amount of time to coalesce to form larger particles (>1 micron) in a controlled fashion.
  • Typical “slow moving” stabilizers include particulate stabilizers such as latex particles and colloidal inorganic oxide particles such colloidal silica particles.
  • Other slow moving stabilizers include salted egg yolk, lacprodan-60, pectin, and the like.
  • the types of encapsulating materials (also known as wall-forming materials) useful for the invention depend on the intended application, which in turn dictates the releasing mechanism of the encapsulated core materials.
  • the capsule wall can be formed by a coacervation process utilizing a hydrophilic wall-forming material described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,800,457 and 2,800,458; an interfacial polymerization process as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,287,154, U.K. Patent 990,443, and JP-B Nos. 38-19574, 42-446, and 42-771; a polymer deposition process as described in U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • the encapsulating method is not limited to the methods listed above. However, for use in the imaging material of the present invention, it is particularly preferable to employ the interfacial polymerization method wherein the reactants that form the capsule wall polymers, the encapsulating materials, are added to the liquid organic phase prior to forming of the premix (inside the microparticle) or to the mixture after the homogenization step (outside of the droplets).
  • capsule wall polymers examples include polyurethane, polyurea, polyamide, polyester, polycarbonate, urea/formaldehyde resins, melamine resins, polystyrene, styrene/methacrylate copolymers, styrene/acrylate copolymers, and so on.
  • polyurethane, polyurea, polyamide, polyester, and polycarbonate are preferable, and polyurethane and polyurea are particularly preferable.
  • the above-listed polymeric substances may be used in combinations of two or more kinds.
  • the encapsulating material may be added at any time prior to the curing step. It is preferably added prior to or during the formation of the premix, after the homogenizing step, or at both times.
  • the encapsulating material may the same or different when it is added at two different times.
  • a mixture of encapsulated materials may be utilized at any of the steps noted above.
  • the encapsulation material is cured using any suitable method, such as heat, pH change or a chemical reaction. In one embodiment the encapsulation material is cured by a condensation polymerization reaction.
  • a wall forming material or a reactant such as a polyisocyanate, optionally together with a chain extender is added to the liquid organic phase prior to forming the premix, and a polyamine soluble in the aqueous phase is added to the homogenized mixture.
  • a polyurea wall is formed by heating the mixture for a period of time.
  • a second wall forming material can be added during or after the first wall formation.
  • melamine formaldehyde precondensate can be added to the above mixture to form a melamine-formaldehyde shell by controlling pH and reaction temperature.
  • the invention further comprises an imaging element comprising a support having a light sensitive and heat developable image forming unit or a light sensitive and pressure developable image forming unit provided thereon, wherein the image forming unit comprises microcapsules made by the method of the invention.
  • the element comprises an image forming unit which is light sensitive and pressure developable i.e. it is exposed by light and developed by applying pressure.
  • the image forming unit of the various element types may comprise one layer or more than one layer. At least one layer comprises a color-forming component that is preferably enclosed in the microcapsule of the invention. At least one layer comprises a color developer.
  • the microcapsules and the developer may be in the same layer or in different layers.
  • the microcapsules are light sensitive. More preferably the microcapsules are both light and pressure sensitive.
  • the microcapsules are photohardenable.
  • the hydrophobic core of the light sensitive microcapsules of the invention comprises a color-forming component, a polymerizable compound, and a photopolymerization initiator.
  • exposure to light according to a desired image causes the polymerizable compound present inside the microcapsules to harden the microcapsule interior by a polymerization reaction due to the radical generated from the photopolymerization initiator upon exposure so that a latent image in a desired shape is formed. That is, in the exposed portions, the color-forming reaction with the developer particles present outside the microcapsules is inhibited.
  • the light sensitive and pressure developable image-imaging element is a positive-type, light sensitive and pressure developable imaging element in which the image formation is performed such that color formation is not made in exposed portions but color formation is made in the unexposed portions that do not harden.
  • the color-forming component is mixed together with a photopolymerization composition to form the microcapsule core, or microcapsule internal phase.
  • the microcapsule shell or the microcapsule wall material is a polyurea, or polyurethane-urea.
  • the microcapsule shell or the microcapsule wall material comprises a polyurea shell or a polyurethane-urea shell and a melamine-formaldehyde or urea-formaldehyde shell.
  • the microcapsule containing the color-forming component is prepared by the steps of dissolving the color-forming component (hydrophobic core) and a wall forming material such as a polyisocyanate in an auxiliary organic solvent such as ethyl acetate, or a thermal solvent, to form a solution, mixing the solution with an aqueous phase comprising a stabilizer to form a premix; homogenizing the premix by forcing the premix under pressure through a high pressure passage into a low pressure area to produce a microparticle dispersion, adding a curing agent to react with the wall forming material; and curing the wall forming materials at an elevated temperature to form microcapsules.
  • auxiliary organic solvent such as ethyl acetate, or a thermal solvent
  • an aqueous solution of melamine and formaldehyde or a precondensate is added to the above microcapsule dispersion.
  • the melamine-formaldehyde shell is formed by raising the temperature of the resulting mixture at neutral or acidic pH, e.g. pH of 7 or less.
  • the temperature of encapsulation is maintained at about 20 to 95° C., preferably about 30 to 85° C., ad more preferably about 45 to 80° C.
  • the mean particle diameter of the microcapsules for use in the imaging material of the present invention is preferably 20 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 10 ⁇ m or less and most preferably 6 ⁇ m or less from the standpoint of obtaining high resolution.
  • the mean particle diameter is preferably 1.0 ⁇ m or greater because, if the average particle diameter of the microcapsules is too small, the surface area per unit amount of the solid components becomes larger and a lager amount of wall-forming materials is required.
  • the color-forming components useful for the practice of the invention include an electron-donating, colorless dye such that the dye reacts with a developer (i.e. compound B, compound C, or compound E) to develop a color.
  • a developer i.e. compound B, compound C, or compound E
  • color-forming components include those described in Chemistry and Applications of Leuco Dye, Edited by Ramaiah Muthyala, Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1997.
  • Representative examples of such color formers include substantially colorless compounds having in their partial skeleton a lactone, a lactam, a sultone, a spiropyran, an ester or an amido structure.
  • examples include triarylmethane compounds, bisphenylmethane compounds, xanthene compounds, thiazine compounds and spiropyran compounds.
  • Typical examples of the color formers include Crystal Violet lactone, benzoyl leuco methylene blue, Malachite Green Lactone, p-nitrobenzoyl leuco methylene blue, 3-dialkylamino-7-dialkylamino-fluoran, 3-methyl-2,2′-spirobi(benzo-f-chrome), 3,3-bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)phthalide, 3-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-3-(1,2 dimethylindole-3-yl)phthalide, 3-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-3-(2-methylindole-3-yl)phthalide, 3-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-3-(2-phenylindole-3-yl)phthalide, 3,3-bis(1,2-dimethyl
  • the polymerizable compound is an addition polymerizable compound selected from among the compounds having at least one, preferably two or more, ethylenically unsaturated bond at terminals.
  • Such compounds are well known in the industry and they can be used in the present invention with no particular limitation.
  • Such compounds have, for example, the chemical form of a monomer, a prepolymer, i.e., a dimer, a trimer, and an oligomer or a mixture and a copolymer of them.
  • unsaturated carboxylic acids e.g., acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid; crotonic acid, isocrotonic acid, maleic acid, etc.
  • esters and amides thereof can be exemplified, and preferably esters of unsaturated carboxylic acids and aliphatic polyhydric alcohol compounds, and amides of unsaturated carboxylic acids and aliphatic polyhydric amine compounds are used.
  • the addition reaction products of unsaturated carboxylic esters and amides having a nucleophilic substituent such as a hydroxyl group, an amino group and a mercapto group with monofunctional or polyfunctional isocyanates and epoxies, and the dehydration condensation reaction products of these compounds with monofunctional or polyfunctional carboxylic acids are also preferably used.
  • ester monomers of aliphatic polyhydric alcohol compounds and unsaturated carboxylic acids include, as acrylates, ethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, 1,3-butanediol diacrylate, tetramethylene glycol diacrylate, propylene glycol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane tri(acryloyloxypropyl)ether, trimethylolethane triacrylate, hexanediol diacrylate, 1,4-cyclohexanediol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, pentaerythritol diacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol diacrylate, dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, sorbitol tri
  • examples include tetramethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, trimethylolethane trimethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate, hexanediol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate, dipentaerythritol dimethacrylate, dipentaerythritol hexamethacrylate, sorbitol trimethacrylate, sorbitol tetramethacrylate, and bis[p-(3-methacryloxy-2-hydroxy-propoxy)phenyl]dimethylmethane, bis[p-(methacrylate, bis
  • examples include ethylene glycol diitaconate, propylene glycol diitaconate, 1,3-butanediol diitaconate, 1,4-butanediol diitaconate, tetramethylene glycol diitaconate, pentaerythritol diitaconate, and sorbitol tetraitaconate.
  • examples include ethylene glycol dicrotonate, tetramethylene glycol dicrotonate, pentaerythritol dicrotonate, and sorbitol tetradicrotonate.
  • examples include ethylene glycol diisocrotonate, pentaerythritol diisocrotonate, and sorbitol tetraisocrotonate.
  • examples include ethylene glycol dimaleate, triethylene glycol dimaleate, pentaerythritol dimaleate, and sorbitol tetramaleate. Further, the mixtures of the above-described ester monomers can also be used.
  • amide monomers of aliphatic polyhydric amine compounds and unsaturated carboxylic acids include methylenebis-acrylamide, methylenebis-methacrylamide, 1,6-hexamethylenebis-acrylamide, 1,6-hexamethylenebis-methacrylamide, diethylenetriaminetris-acrylamide, xylylenebis-acrylamide, and xylylenebis-methacrylamide.
  • urethane-based addition polymerizable compounds which are obtained by the addition reaction of an isocyanate and a hydroxyl group are also preferably used in the present invention.
  • a specific example is a vinyl urethane compound having two or more polymerizable vinyl groups in one molecule, which is obtained by the addition of a vinyl monomer having a hydroxyl group represented by the following formula (V) to a polyisocyanate compound having two or more isocyanate groups in one molecule.
  • V vinyl monomer having a hydroxyl group represented by the following formula (V) to a polyisocyanate compound having two or more isocyanate groups in one molecule.
  • polyfunctional acrylates and methacrylates such as polyester acrylates, and epoxy acrylates obtained by reacting epoxy resins with (meth)acrylic acids.
  • photo-curable monomers and oligomers listed in Sartomer Product Catalog by Sartomer Company Inc. (1999) can be used as well.
  • the details in usage of the addition polymerizable compound can be optionally set up according to the final design of the characteristics of the photosensitive material.
  • the conditions are selected from the following viewpoint.
  • a structure containing many unsaturated groups per molecule is preferred and in many cases bifunctional or more functional groups are preferred.
  • bifunctional or more functional groups are preferred.
  • trifunctional or more functional groups are preferred.
  • the addition polymerizable compound may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • photoinitiators can be selected for use in the above-described imaging systems.
  • the most useful photoinitators consist of an organic dye and an organic borate salt such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,112,752; 5,100,755; 5,057,393; 4,865,942; 4,842,980; 4,800,149; 4,772,530 and 4,772,541.
  • the photoinitiator is preferably used in combination with a disulfide coinitiator as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,230,982 and an autoxidizer which is capable of consuming oxygen in a free radical chain process.
  • the amount of organic dye to be used is preferably in the range of from 0.1 to 5% by weight based on the total weight of the photoplymerization composition, preferably from 0.2 to 3% by weight.
  • the amount of borate compound contained in the photopolymerization composition of the invention is preferably from 0.1% to 20% by weight based on the total amount of photopolymerization composition, more preferably from 0.3 to 5% by weight, and most preferably from 0.3% to 2% by weight.
  • the ratio between the organic dye and organoborate salt is important from the standpoint of obtaining high sensitivity and sufficient decolorization by the irradiation of light in the fixing step of the recording process described later.
  • the weight ratio of the organic dye to the organoborate salt is preferably in the range of from 2/1 to 1/50, more preferably less than 1/1 to 1/20, most preferably from 1/1 to 1/10.
  • the organic dyes for use in the present invention may be suitably selected from conventionally known compounds having a maximum absorption wavelength falling within a range of 300 to 1000 nm. High sensitivity can be achieved by selecting a desired dye having the wavelength range within described above and adjusting the sensitive wavelength to match the light source to be used. Also, it is possible to suitably select a light source such as blue, green, or red, or infrared LED (light emitting diode), solid state laser, OLED (organic light emitting diode) or laser, or the like for use in image-wise exposure to light.
  • a light source such as blue, green, or red, or infrared LED (light emitting diode), solid state laser, OLED (organic light emitting diode) or laser, or the like for use in image-wise exposure to light.
  • organic dyes include 3-ketocoumarin compounds, thiopyrylium salts, naphthothiazolemerocyanine compounds, merocyanine compounds, and merocyanine dyes containing thiobarbituric acid, hemioxanole dyes, and cyanine, hemicyanine, and merocyanine dyes having indolenine nuclei.
  • organic dyes include the dyes described in Chemistry of Functional Dyes (1981, CMC Publishing Co., Ltd., pp. 393-416) and Coloring Materials (60[4], 212-224, 1987).
  • organic dyes include cationic methine dyes, cationic carbonium dyes, cationic quinoimine dyes, cationic indoline dyes, and cationic styryl dyes.
  • examples of the above-mentioned dyes include keto dyes such as coumarin dyes (including ketocoumarin and sulfonocoumarin), merostyryl dyes, oxonol dyes, and hemioxonol dyes; nonketo dyes such as nonketopolymethine dyes, triarylmethane dyes, xanthene dyes, anthracene dyes, rhodamine dyes, acridine dyes, aniline dyes, and azo dyes; nonketopolymethine dyes such as azomethine dyes, cyanine dyes, carbocyanine dyes, dicarbocyanine dyes, tricarbocyanine dyes, hemicyanine dyes, and
  • the organic dye useful for the invention is a cationic dye-borate anion complex formed from a cationic dye and an anionic organic borate.
  • the cationic dye absorbs light having a maximum absorption wavelength falling within a range from 300 to 1000 nm and the anionic borate has four R groups, of which three R groups each represents an aryl group which may have a substitute, and one R group is an alkyl group, or a substituted alkyl group.
  • Such cationic dye-borate anion complexes have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,112,752, 5,100,755, 5,075,393, 4,865,942, 4,842,980, 4,800,149, 4,772,530, and 4,772,541, which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the cationic dye-borate anion complex When used as the organic dye in the photopolymerization compositions of the invention, it does not require to use the organoborate salt. However, to increase the photopolymerization sensitivity and to reduce the cationic dye stain, it is prefered to use an organoborate salt in combination with the cationic dye-borate complex.
  • the organic dye can be used singly or in combination.
  • the borate salt useful for the photosensitive composition of the present invention is represented by the following general formula (I).
  • [BR 4 ] ⁇ Z + [I] where Z represents a group capable of forming cation and is not light sensitive, and [BR 4 ] ⁇ is a borate compound having four R groups which are selected from an alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group, an aralkyl group, a substituted aralkyl group, an alkaryl group, a substituted alkaryl group, an alkenyl group, a substituted alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, a substituted alkynyl group, an alicyclic group, a substituted alicyclic group, a heterocyclic group, a substituted heterocyclic group, and a derivative thereof.
  • Plural Rs may be the same as or different from each other.
  • two or more of these groups may join together directly or via a substituent and form a boron-containing heterocycle.
  • Z + does not absorbe light and represents an alkali metal, quaternary ammonium, pyridinium, quinolinium, diazonium, morpholinium, tetrazolium, acridinium, phosphonium, sulfonium, oxosulfonium, iodonium, S, P, Cu, Ag, Hg, Pd, Fe, Co, Sn, Mo, Cr, Ni, As, or Se.
  • a reducing agent such as an oxygen scavenger or a chain-transfer aid of an active hydrogen donor, or other compound can be used to accelerate the polymerization.
  • An oxygen scavenger is also known as an autoxidizer and is capable of consuming oxygen in a free radical chain process. Examples of useful autoxidizers are N,N-dialkylanilines.
  • N,N-dialkylanilines are dialkylanilines substituted in one or more of the ortho-, meta-, or para-position by the following groups: methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, 3,4-tetramethylene, phenyl, trifluoromethyl, acetyl, ethoxycarbonyl, carboxy, carboxylate, trimethylsilymethyl, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, trimethylgermanyl, triethylgermanyl, trimethylstannyl, triethylstannyl, n-butoxy, n-pentyloxy, phenoxy, hydroxy, acetyl-oxy, methylthio, ethylthio, isopropylthio, thio-(mercapto-), acetylthio, fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.
  • N,N-dialkylanilines useful in the present invention are 4-cyano-N,N-dimethylaniline, 4-acetyl-N,N-dimethylaniline, 4-bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline, ethyl 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzoate, 3-chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline, 3-ethoxy-N,N-dimethylaniline, 4-fluoro-N,N-dimethylaniline, 4-methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline, 4-ethoxy-N,N-dimethylaniline, N,N-dimethylaniline, N,N-dimethylthioanicidine, 4-amino-N,N-dimethylaniline, 3-hydroxy-N,N-dimethylaniline, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,4-dianiline, 4-acetamido-N, 4-cyan
  • disulfides examples include U.S. Pat. No. 5,230,982 which is incorporated herein by reference. Two of the most preferred disulfides are mercaptobenzothiazo-2-yl disulfide and 6-ethoxymercaptobenzothiazol-2-yl disulfide.
  • the amount of the photoinitiators used in the microcapsules can be reduced to levels such that the background coloration or residual stain can be reduced significantly. At these low levels, the low-density image area coloration of the imaging layer does not detract unacceptably from the quality of the image.
  • thiols thioketones, trihalomethyl compounds, lophine dimer compounds, iodonium salts, sulfonium salts, azinium salts, organic peroxides, and azides, are examples of compunds useful as polymerization accelerators.
  • additives which can be incorporated into the photopolymerization composition of the invention include various ultraviolet ray absorbers and hindered amine light stabilizers, photostabilizers as described in detail by J. F. Rabek in “Photostabilization of Polymers, Principles and Applications” published by Elsevier Applied Science in 1990.
  • the substantially colorless compound which reacts with the color-forming component to develop a color, may or may not have a polymerizable group.
  • Color developers useful for the invention include inorganic solids such as clay and attapulgite, substituted phenols and biphenols, polyvalent metal salts of modified p-substituted phenol-formaldehyde resins, and polyvalent metal salts of aromatic carboxylic acids.
  • the color developers used to practice of the invention are metal salts of modified p-substituted phenol-formaldehyde resins and polyvalent metal salts of aromatic carboxylic acid derivatives such as multivalent polyvalent metal salts of 3,5-disubstituted salicylic acid derivatives or multivalent polyvalent metal salts of a salicylic acid resin obtained by reacting salicylates with styrene.
  • the color developer is a polyvalent metal salt of salicylic acid/styrene copolymer developer which comprises multivalent salt of a salicylic acid derivative and a styrenic compound.
  • the salicylic acid derivative include, but not limited to, salicylic acid, 3-methylsalicylic acid, 6-ethylsalicylic acid, 5-isopropylsalicylic acid, 5-sec-butylsalicylic acid, 5-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 5-tert-amylsalicylic acid, 5-cyclohexylsalicylic acid, 5-n-octylsalicylic acid, 5-tert-octylsalicylic acid, 5-isononylsalicylic acid, 3-isododecylsalicylic acid, 5-isododecylsalicylic acid, 5-isopentadecylsalicylic acid, 4-methoxysal
  • styrenic compound examples include, but not limited to, styrene, o-methylstyrene, m-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, o-ethylstyrene, p-ethylstyrene, o-isopropylstyrene, m-isopropylstyrene, p-isopropylstyrene, p-ter-butylstyrene, and ⁇ -methylstyrene, divinylbenzene, and styrene dimmers having the chemical formula:
  • R 3 is a hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms
  • R 4 to R 6 represent a hydrogen or a methyl group.
  • the multivalent polyvalent metal salt of salicylic acid resin can be produced by reacting salicylic acid with a benzyl alcohol derivative at elevated temperature as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,754,063. Or they can be produced by reacting salicylic acid with a styrene derivative at elevated temperature as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,929,710, or reacting salicylate ester with a styrene derivative at low temperature as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,952,648. Some of the processes form small molecules having a ratio of styrene to salicylic acid of 1:1 to 2:1.
  • the salicylic acid/styrene polyvalent metal salt be a zinc salt, although other multivalent metals such as aluminum, barium, lead, cadmium, calcium, chromium, iron, gallium, cobalt, copper, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, mercury, silver, strontium, tantalum, titanium, vanadium, tungsten, tin and zirconium may be utilized. Other preferred metals are aluminum, titanium, vanadium, and tin.
  • the composition may further comprise additives that are compatible with the salicylic acid/styrene polyvalent metal salt.
  • additives include antooxidants, light stabilizers such as UV absorbers, hindered amine light stabilizers, singlet oxygen quenchers, inorganic fillers, water insoluble resins such as epoxy resin, flow promoters or rheology modifiers, a hydrophobe such as hexadecane, and the like.
  • the color developer is incorporated into the imaging forming unit of the invention as particles which have a mean size from about 0.5 microns to about 5 microns, more preferably from about 0.7 microns to about 3 microns.
  • Many methods of forming particles of a polyvalent polyvalent metal salt of salicylic acid/styrene copolymer are known in the art.
  • the composition is made by the method of forming an aqueous dispersion of the developer composition by means of an organic solvent dispersion, which comprises the following steps.
  • the auxiliary organic solvent may be any solvent which will dissolve the polyvalent polyvalent metal salt of salicylic acid/styrene copolymer developer.
  • the amount of low boiling organic solvent used to dissolve the developer composition is not particularly limiting, however a minimum amount of solvent is preferred in order to facilitate evaporation of the solvent after droplet formation.
  • Useful ranges of organic solvent to developer composition on a weight basis varreis from about 0.2:1 to 20:1, more preferably, from about 0.5:1 to 10:1 and most preferably, from about 0.5:1 to about 5:1.
  • Examples of useful organic solvents include; propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, ethyl acetate, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloroethane, methyl isobutyl ketone, isopropanol, isobutanol, toluene, xylene, dichloromethane, and the like.
  • Preferred solvents include propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloroethane, toluene, dichloromethane. Any combination of low boiling organic solvents may be used to dissolve the developer composition and the mixture may be heated to below the boiling point of the organic solvent to achieve complete dissolution of the developer composition.
  • the surfactant may be dissolved in the organic to control the average particle size, width of the distribution of particles, and colloidal stability of the aqueous suspension.
  • the amount of dispersant used to prepare the aqueous dispersion is not particularly restricted. Typical amount ranges from 0.01% to 10% of the organic phase, and prefereably from 0.01% to 5%, and more preferably from 0,1% to 5%.
  • Surfactants that can be used include, for example, a sulfate, a sulfonate, a cationic compound, or an amphoteric compound, and an oil soluble polymeric protective colloid.
  • the preferred surfactant is an alkali salt of an alkylsulfosuccinic acid.
  • the water soluble polymeric dispersants include, but are not limited to, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sulfonated polyvinyl alcohol, carboxylated polyvinyl alcohol, sulfonated polystyrene, polyacrylic acid, maleic anydride-vinyl copolymers, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, gelatin, and the like.
  • the preferred water soluble polymeric dispersant is polyvinyl alcohol.
  • the organic phase may be dispersed into the aqueous phase using any known high sheer method, preferably by means of a mechanical mixer such as a rotor-stator mixer, a homogenizer, a microfluidizer, and the like.
  • a mechanical mixer such as a rotor-stator mixer, a homogenizer, a microfluidizer, and the like.
  • the pH utilized in the process for the developer dispersion making is preferably greater than 6.
  • the pH value of the finished dispersion is greater than 6.
  • the organic solvent is then removed using suitable temperature and pressure so as to evaporate the solvent from the aqueous dispersion. It is highly preferred that there be nearly complete removal of the organic solvent in order to achieve good stability of the particles of the developer composition of the present invention.
  • the residual volatile organic solvent must be less than about 2%, more preferably less than 1% and most preferably less than about 0.5% by weight of the final aqueous dispersion.
  • a pH adjustment step follows the solvent evaporation step whereby the pH of the resulting aqueous dispersion of the developer composition is raised to above 9.0.
  • This may be accomplished with any suitable base including, for example, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, triethanol amine, N,N-dimethyl ethanolamine, triethylamine, and the like.
  • the final concentration of solids in the aqueous dispersion is about 50% solids or less and can be achieved by further distillation of water from the dispersion once the volatile organic solvent is removed.
  • the imaging element of the invention comprises a support and above the support a light sensitive and heat developable image forming unit or light and pressure developable image forming unit.
  • a multicolor image can be realized using an imaging element produced by producing a plurality of single-color image forming layers within the image forming unit, each of which contains microcapsules enclosing a color-forming component designed to form a different color, and irradiating the imaging element with a plurality of light sources each having a different wavelength.
  • the light sensitive and heat developable imaging layer or light sensitive and pressure developable imaging layer has a structure produced by providing on a support a first imaging layer which contains microcapsules containing a color-forming component for developing a yellow color and a photopolymerization composition sensitive to a light source having a central wavelength of ⁇ 1 , providing on top of the first imaging layer a second imaging layer which contains microcapsules containing a color-forming component for developing a magenta color and a photopolymerization composition sensitive to a light source having a central wavelength of ⁇ 2 , and providing on top of second imaging layer a third imaging layer which contains microcapsules containing a color-forming component for developing a cyan color and a photopolymerization composition sensitive to a light source having a central wavelength of ⁇ 3 .
  • the imaging layer may have an intermediate layer between the different colored imaging layers.
  • the above-mentioned central wavelengths ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , and ⁇ 3 of the light sources differ
  • the light sensitive and heat developable image forming unit layer or light sensitive and pressure developable image forming unit of the present invention may have any number of the imaging layers.
  • the imaging layer may contain first to i th layers, each layer is sensitive to light having a central wavelength different from the light having a central wavelength to which other layers are sensitive, and each layer develops a color different from that of other layers.
  • the first imaging layer is sensitive to light having a central wavelength of ⁇ 1 and develops a color
  • a second imaging layer is sensitive to light having a central wavelength of ⁇ 2 and develops a color different from the color of the first imaging layer
  • an ith imaging layer is sensitive to light having a central wavelength of ⁇ i and develops a color different from the colors of i ⁇ 1 th imaging layer.
  • the multicolor image can also be realized using an imaging element by producing a multicolor image forming unit in which all of the microcapsules are in one layer.
  • the layer contains microcapsules of which each type contains a color-forming component of a different color, is sensitive to light having a central wavelength different from the light having a central wavelength to which other types of microcapsules are sensitive, and develops a color different from the color other types develop.
  • the first type of microcapsule is sensitive to light having a central wavelength of ⁇ 1 and develops a color
  • a second type is sensitive to light having a central wavelength of ⁇ 2 and develops a color different from the color of the first type of microcapsules
  • an i th type of microcapsules is sensitive to light having a central wavelength of ⁇ i and develops a color different from the colors of i ⁇ 1 th type of microcapsules.
  • i is preferably any integer selected from 1 to 10, more preferably any integer selected from 2 to 6, and most preferably any integer selected from 2 to 4.
  • the exposure step consists of image-wise exposure using plural light sources whose wavelengths match the absorption wavelengths of the imaging layers, respectively, and are different from each other.
  • This exposure enables the imaging layers whose absorption wavelengths match the wavelengths of the respective light sources to form latent images selectively. Because of this, multicolor images can be formed with a high sensitivity and in high sharpness.
  • the background which is colored with such compounds as a spectral sensitizing compound and a photopolymerization initiator, can be decolorized by irradiating the imaging layer surface with light, high-quality images having a high contrast can be formed.
  • the light sensitive and heat developable or light sensitive and pressure developable image forming unit or imaging layers of the invention also contain a binder material.
  • a binder material includes, for example, water-soluble polymers, water dispersible polymers, and latex. Specific examples include proteins, protein derivatives, cellulose derivatives (e.g.
  • cellulose esters polysaccharides, casein, and the like, and synthetic water permeable colloids such as poly(vinyl lactams), acrylamide polymers, poly(vinyl alcohol) and its derivatives, hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetates, polymers of alkyl and sulfoalkyl acrylates and methacrylates, polyamides, polyvinyl pyridine, acrylic acid polymers, maleic anhydride copolymers, polyalkylene oxide, methacrylamide copolymers, polyvinyl oxazolidinones, maleic acid copolymers, vinyl amine copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, acryloyloxyalkyl sulfonic acid copolymers, vinyl imidazole copolymers, vinyl sulfide copolymers, and homopolymer or copolymers containing styrene sulfonic acid.
  • poly(vinyl lactams) acrylamide
  • Binder also include dispersions made of solvent soluble polymers such as polystyrene, polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl butyral, acrylic resins, e.g., polymethyl acrylate, polybutyl acrylate, polymethyl methacrylate, polybutyl methacrylate, and copolymers thereof, phenol resins, styrene-butadiene resins, ethyl cellulose, epoxy resins, and urethane resins, and latices of such polymers.
  • solvent soluble polymers such as polystyrene, polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl butyral, acrylic resins, e.g., polymethyl acrylate, polybutyl acrylate, polymethyl methacrylate, polybutyl methacrylate, and copolymers thereof, phenol resins, styrene-butadiene resins, ethyl cellulose, epoxy resins, and urethane resins, and latices
  • the binder is preferably cross-linked so as to provide a high degree of cohesion and adhesion.
  • Cross-linking agents or hardeners which may effectively be used in the coating compositions of the present invention include aldehydes, epoxy compounds, polyfunctional aziridines, vinyl sulfones, methoxyalkyl melamines, triazines, polyisocyanates, dioxane derivatives such as dihydroxydioxane, carbodiimides, chrome alum, zirconium sulfate, and the like.
  • the light sensitive and heat developable or light sensitive and pressure developable image forming unit or imaging layer thereof may also contain various surfactants for such purposes as a coating aid, an antistatic agent, an agent to improve sliding properties, an emulsifier, an adhesion inhibitor.
  • the surfactant that can be used include nonionic surfactants such as saponin, polyethylene oxide, and polyethylene oxide derivatives, e.g., alkyl ethers of polyethylene oxide; anionic surfactants such as alkylsulfonates, alkylbenzenesulfonates, alkylnaphthalenesulfonates, alkylsulfuric esters, N-acyl-N-alkyltaurines, sulfosuccinic esters, and sulfoalkylpolyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ethers; amphoteric surfactants such as alkylbetaines and alkylsulfobetaines; and cationic surfactants such as ali
  • the light and heat sensitive or light sensitive and pressure developable image forming unit or an imaging layer thereof may contain additives other than those described above.
  • additives for example, dyes, ultraviolet absorbing agents, plasticizers, fluorescent brightenesr, matting agents, coating aids, hardeners, antistatic agents, and sliding property-improving agents.
  • dyes, ultraviolet absorbing agents, plasticizers, fluorescent brightenesr, matting agents, coating aids, hardeners, antistatic agents, and sliding property-improving agents are described in Research Disclosure, Vol. 176 ( 1978 , December, Item 17643) and Research Disclosure, Vol. 187 (1979, November, Item 18716).
  • Examples of the support for use in the imaging material of the present invention include paper; coated paper; synthetic paper such as laminated paper; films such as polyethylene terephthalate film, cellulose triacetate film, polyethylene film, polystyrene film, and polycarbonate film; plates of metals such as aluminum, zinc, and copper; and these supports whose surface is treated with a surface treatment, a subbing layer or metal vapor deposition.
  • a further example is the support described in Research Disclosure, Vol. 200 (1980, December, Item 20036 XVII). These supports may contain a fluorescent brightener, a bluing dye, a pigment, or other additives.
  • the support itself may be made of an elastic sheet such as a polyurethane foam or rubber sheet.
  • a layer which comprises a polymer such as gelatin, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), or the like having a low oxygen transmission rate, can be provided.
  • PVA polyvinyl alcohol
  • the image element of the present invention can contain at least one electrically conductive layer, which can be either surface protective layer or a sub layer.
  • the surface resistivity of at least one side of the support is preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 12 ⁇ overscore ( ⁇ ) ⁇ /square, more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 11 ⁇ /square at 25° C. and 20 percent relative humidity.
  • a preferred method is to incorporate at least one type of electrically conductive material in the electrically conductive layer.
  • Such materials include both conductive metal oxides and conductive polymers or oligomeric compounds. Such materials have been described in detail in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,203,769; 4,237,194; 4,272,616; 4,542,095; 4,582,781; 4,610,955; 4,916,011; and 5,340,676.
  • the image element of the invention can contain a curl control layer or a backing layer located opposite of the support to the imaging forming unit for the purposes of improving the machine-handling properties and curl of the recording element, controlling the friction and resistivity thereof, and the like.
  • the backing may comprise a binder and a filler and optionally a lubricant.
  • Typical fillers include amorphous and crystalline silicas, poly(methyl methacrylate), hollow sphere polystyrene beads, micro-crystalline cellulose, zinc oxide and talc.
  • the filler loaded in the backing is generally less than 5 percent by weight of the binder component and the average particle size of the filler material is in the range of 1 to 30 ⁇ m.
  • binders used in the backing are polymers such as polyacrylates, gelatin, polymethacrylates, polystyrenes, polyacrylamides, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers, poly(vinyl alcohol), gelatin and cellulose derivatives.
  • Lubricants can be same as those incorporated in the outer protective layer located in the opposite side to the backing layer.
  • an antistatic agent also can be included in the backing to prevent static hindrance of the image element.
  • Particularly suitable antistatic agents are compounds such as dodecylbenzenesulfonate sodium salt, octylsulfonate potassium salt, oligostyrenesulfonate sodium salt and laurylsulfosuccinate sodium salt, and the like.
  • the antistatic agent may be added to the binder composition in an amount of 0.1 to 15 percent by weight, based on the weight of the binder.
  • An image forming unit may also be coated on the backside, if desired.
  • Visible images can be made by heat development if the imaging element of the present invention is a light sensitive and heat-developable imaging element or by pressure development if the imaging element of the present invention is a light sensitive and pressure developable imaging material.
  • the heat or pressure development can be carried out either simultaneously with the exposure for latent image formation or after the exposure.
  • a conventionally known heating method can be employed for the heat development.
  • the heating temperature is preferably 80 to 200° C., more preferably 83 to 160° C. and most preferably 85 to 130° C.
  • the duration of heating is preferably in the range of 3 seconds to 1 minute, more preferably in the range of 4 to 45 seconds and most preferably in the range of 5 to 30 seconds.
  • the pressure development can be accomplished with a pressure applicator device.
  • the imaging material is developed by passing an exposed imaging media between a pair of calendar rollers that rupture the microcapsules, thereby allowing contact between the color-forming component and a developer that react to develop the image.
  • the imaging material can also be developed by moving a point contact which is resiliently biased into engagement with the imaging sheet.
  • the imaging sheet is secured to a cylinder and the point contact is positioned in resilient pressure contact with the imaging sheet.
  • the pressure that is to be applied is preferably 10 to 300 kg/cm 2 , more preferably 80 to 250 kg/cm 2 and most preferably 130 to 200 kg/cm 2 . If the pressure is less than 10 kg/cm 2 , sufficient density of developed color may not be obtained, whereas, if the pressure exceeds 300 kg/cm 2 , the discrimination of the images may not be sufficient because even the hardened microcapsules are broken.
  • the imaging element of the present invention comprises a photopolymerization initiator or the like such as a spectral sensitizing. Therefore, the imaging element of the present invention is colored with the photopolymerization initiator or the like. Since background is also colored with the compound, it is very important for the method of the present invention that the colored background is decolorized by irradiation after heat development.
  • the image forming unit surface is irradiated with light to fix the images formed and to decolorize, decompose, or deactivate the components such as a spectral sensitizing compound which remain in the imaging layer and decrease the whiteness of the background.
  • the imaging element of the invention is exposed image-wise to light according to the pattern of a desired image shape so that the photopolymerization forms a latent image.
  • the color development step is accomplished by heat or/and pressure so that the color-forming components develop colors according to the latent image to thereby produce images.
  • the fixing step in which the imaging layer surface is irradiated with light so as to fix the image formed and decolorize the organic dyes.
  • the light source for use in the exposure step may be any light source selected from the light sources having wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet to infrared light if the light sensitive and heat developable imaging layer contains a light-absorbing material such as a spectral sensitizing compound that exhibits an absorption in a specific wavelength region. More specifically, a light source providing maximum absorption wavelengths ranging from 300 to 1000 nm is preferable. It is preferable to select and use a light source whose wavelength matches the absorption wavelength of the light-absorbing material such as an organic dye to be used.
  • Such light-absorbing material enables the use of a blue to red light source and the use of a small-sized, inexpensive infrared laser device and consequently not only broadens the use of the imaging material of the present invention but also raises sensitivity and image sharpness.
  • a laser light source such as a blue, green, or red laser light source or an LED from the viewpoint of simplicity, downsizing, and low cost of the device.
  • the image forming unit surface is subjected to a fixing step in which the whole imaging layer surface is irradiated with light from a specific light source to fix the images formed and to decolorize photopolymerization initiator components remaining in the imaging layer.
  • a specific light source such as a mercury lamp, an ultrahigh pressure mercury lamp, an electrodeless discharge-type mercury lamp, a xenon lamp, a tungsten lamp, a metal halide lamp, and a fluorescent lamp.
  • the method of irradiating the image forming unit with light from the light source in the fixing step is not particularly limited.
  • the whole image forming unit surface may be irradiated with light at one time or the image forming unit surface may be gradually irradiated with light by scanning or the like until the irradiation of the surface finally ends. That is, any method that finally enables the irradiation of the entire surface of the image forming unit material after image formation with nearly uniform light may be employed.
  • the irradiation of the entire image forming unit layer is preferable from the standpoint of the enhancement of the effects of the present invention.
  • the duration of the irradiation with light from the light source needs to be the time period that allows the produced images to be fixed and the background to be sufficiently decolorized. In order to perform sufficient fixing of images and decolorization, the duration of the irradiation is preferably in the range of several seconds to tens of minutes and more preferably in the range of several seconds to several minutes.
  • the following organic phase and aqueous phase are used to form microcapsules using different dispersion equipments (Example 1 through 6).
  • the organic phase is formed by mixing together 50 grams of trimethylolpropane triacrylate, 4 grams of desmodur N-100 from Mobay (hexamethylene-1,6-diisocyanate (HMDI), and 0.02 grams of dibutyltin dilaurate.
  • the aqueous phase is formed by mixing together 110 grams of water, 4 grams of pectin, and 2 grams of a mixure of sodium polystyrene sulfonate TL502 and TL130 (National Starch Chemical) at a weight ration of 100/0, 30/70, 20/80, and 0/100.
  • the aqueous phase formed was pH adjusted to 6 with sodium carbonate.
  • the organic phase and aqueous phase (Versa TL 502/TL130: 100/0) were mixed using a Cowles mixer at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes at room temperature. The mixing speed was then dropped to and maintained atl 500 rpm. The resultant mixture was heated in a 60° C. bath for 10 minutes before a melamine formaldehyde prepolymer solution was added.
  • the prepolymer was formed by reacting 3.9 grams of melamine and 6.5 grams of 37% formaldehyde solution in 44 grams of water (pH>8).
  • the pH was adjusted to pH 6 with H 3 PO4 and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 C for 2 hours while mixing at 1500 rpm. A solution of 2.5 grams of urea in 7 grams of water was then added to the reaction mixture and reaction was allowed to continue at 70° C. for 40 minutes.
  • the stirring was adjusted to 500 rpm.
  • the pH was adjusted to 9 using a 10% NaOH solution.
  • microcapsule solution A drop of microcapsule solution was place on a cover glass and its photomicrograph was taken.
  • the microcapsules made by this process have a very broad size distribution ( FIG. 1 )
  • the organic phase and aqueous phase (Versa TL 502 /TL130: 100/0) were mixed using a propeller mixer at 1000 rpm for 10 minutes at room temperature to form a premix.
  • the premix was then passed through a Gaulin mill at a speed of 3200 rpm three times.
  • the resultant mixture was heated in a 60° C. bath for 10 minutes before a melamine formaldehyde prepolymer solution was added.
  • the prepolymer was formed by reacting 3.9 grams of melamine and 6.5 grams of 37% formaldehyde solution in 44 grams of water (pH>8).
  • the pH was adjusted to pH 6 with H 3 PO4 and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 C for 2 hours while mixing at 1500 rpm.
  • a solution of 2.5 grams of urea in 7 grams of water was then added to the reaction mixture and reaction was allowed to continue at 70° C. for 40 minutes.
  • the stirring was adjusted to 500 rpm.
  • the pH was adjusted to 9 using
  • microcapsule solution A drop of microcapsule solution was place on a cover glass and its photomicrograph was taken.
  • the microcapsules made by this process have a very broad size distribution. ( FIG. 2 ).
  • the organic phase and aqueous phase (Versa TL 502 /TL130: 100/0) were mixed using a propeller mixer at 1000 rpm for 10 minutes at room temperature to form a premix.
  • the premix was then passed through a homogenizer (Microfluidizer) once at a pressure greater than 6000 psi.
  • the resultant mixture was heated in a 60° C. bath for 10 minutes before a melamine formaldehyde prepolymer solution was added.
  • the prepolymer was formed by reacting 3.9 grams of melamine and 6.5 grams of 37% formaldehyde solution in 44 grams of water (pH>8).
  • the pH was adjusted to pH 6 with H 3 PO4 and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 C for 2 hours while mixing at 1500 rpm. A solution of 2.5 grams of urea in 7 grams of water was then added to the reaction mixture and reaction was allowed to continue at 70° C. for 40 minutes. The stirring was adjusted to 500 rpm. The pH was adjusted to 9 using a 10% NaOH solution.
  • microcapsule solution A drop of microcapsule solution was place on a cover glass and its photomicrograph was taken.
  • the microcapsules made by this process have a narrow size distribution. ( FIG. 3 ).
  • the organic phase and aqueous phase were mixed using a propeller mixer at 1000 rpm for 10 minutes at room temperature to form a premix.
  • the premix was then passed through a homogenizer once at a pressure greater than 6000 psi.
  • the resultant mixture was heated in a 60° C. bath for 10 minutes before a melamine formaldehyde prepolymer solution was added.
  • the prepolymer was formed by reacting 3.9 grams of melamine and 6.5 grams of 37% formaldehyde solution in 44 grams of water (pH>8).
  • the pH was adjusted to pH 6 with H 3 PO4 and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 C for 2 hours while mixing at 1500 rpm.
  • a solution of 2.5 grams of urea in 7 grams of water was then added to the reaction mixture and reaction was allowed to continue at 70° C. for 40 minutes.
  • the stirring was adjusted to 500 rpm.
  • the pH was adjusted to 9 using a 10% NaOH solution.
  • microcapsule solution was place on a cover glass and its photomicrograph was taken.
  • the microcapsules made by this process have a narrow size distribution. ( FIG. 4 ).
  • the organic phase and aqueous phase were mixed using a propeller mixer at 1000 rpm for 10 minutes at room temperature to form a premix.
  • the premix was then passed through a homogenizer once at a pressure greater than 6000 psi.
  • the resultant mixture was heated in a 60° C. bath for 10 minutes before a melamine formaldehyde prepolymer solution was added.
  • the prepolymer was formed by reacting 3.9 grams of melamine and 6.5 grams of 37% formaldehyde solution in 44 grams of water (pH>8).
  • the pH was adjusted to pH 6 with H 3 PO4 and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 C for 2 hours while mixing at 1500 rpm.
  • a solution of 2.5 grams of urea in 7 grams of water was then added to the reaction mixture and reaction was allowed to continue at 70° C. for 40 minutes.
  • the stirring was adjusted to 500 rpm.
  • the pH was adjusted to 9 using a 10% NaOH solution.
  • microcapsule solution was place on a cover glass and its photomicrograph was taken.
  • the microcapsules made by this process have a narrow size distribution. ( FIG. 5 ).
  • the organic phase and aqueous phase (Versa TL 502/TL130: 0/100) were mixed using a propeller mixer at 1000 rpm for 10 minutes at room temperature to form a premix.
  • the premix was then passed through a homogenizer once at a pressure greater than 6000 psi.
  • the resultant mixture was heated in a 60° C. bath for 10 minutes before a melamine formaldehyde prepolymer solution was added.
  • the prepolymer was formed by reacting 3.9 grams of melamine and 6.5 grams of 37% formaldehyde solution in 44 grams of water (pH>8).
  • the pH was adjusted to pH 6 with H 3 PO4 and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 C for 2 hours while mixing at 1500 rpm.
  • a solution of 2.5 grams of urea in 7 grams of water was then added to the reaction mixture and reaction was allowed to continue at 70° C. for 40 minutes.
  • the stirring was adjusted to 500 rpm.
  • the pH was adjusted to 9 using
  • microcapsule solution was place on a cover glass and its photomicrograph was taken.
  • the microcapsule made by this process have a narrow size distribution. ( FIG. 6 ).
  • the following organic phase and aqueous phase are used to form microcapsules at different homogenization conditions and stabilizer concentrations.
  • the organic phase was formed by mixing together 198.2 grams of trimethylolpropane triacrylate, 23.8 grams of Pergascript Red from Ciba-Geigy, 0.6 grams of Altax from J. D. Vanderbilt, and 10 grams of Irganox 1010 from Ciba-Geigy at 85° C., followed by cooling down to 70° C. before 10 grams of Desmodur N-100 and 10 grams of Desmodur from Mobay were added.
  • the aqueous phase was formed by mixing together 440 grams of water, pectin, and a mixture of sodium polystyrene sulfonate TL502 and poly(styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) (3:1) sodium salt at different concentrations and weight ratios which will be described in the following examples.
  • the mixture was heated to 85° C. for an hour, the pH was adjusted to 5.5 with a 10% sodium carbonate solution, and cooled down to room temperature.
  • the prepared organic phase and aqueous phase were mixed using a propeller mixer at 1000 rpm for 10 minutes to form a premix.
  • the aqueous phase comprised 6 grams of pectin, 6 grams of Versa TL 502, and 5 grams of poly(styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) (3:1) sodium salt (MW 20,000).
  • the premix was then passed through a homogenizer once at a pressure of 8000 psi.
  • the resultant mixture was stirred at 500 rpm for 20 minutes before a mixture containing 15.2 grams of diethylene tetraamine (DETA) in 120 grams of water was added, which was followed by addition of a mixture containing 5 grams of poly(styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) (3:1) sodium salt, 0.16 grams of NaOH, and 16 grams of water. After curing for an hour at 40° C., the reaction mixture was heated to 70 C for curing for an additional 40 minutes before a melamine-formaldehyde prepolymer solution was added over 20 minutes.
  • DETA diethylene tetraamine
  • the melamine-formaldehyde prepolymer solution was formed by reacting 19.5 grams of melamine, 12.6 grams of paraformaldehyde in 196 grams of water in the presence of a trace amount of NaOH. The reaction mixture was stirred at 70° C. for another 2 hours followed by addition of 100 grams of 10% aqueous Airvol 205 (Air Product) solution and 48.6 grams of 26% aqueous urea solution. After curing for an additional 40 minutes, the reaction mixture of cooled down to room temperature. The pH was adjusted to 9 using a 10% NaOH solution.
  • the microcapsules prepared had a mean size of about 4 micron and a size distribution index of about 1.26 as measured by Beckman Coulter Multisizer.
  • the size distribution index is expressed as the ratio of volume average size to number average size.
  • microcapsules were prepared in a similar manner as in Example 7 except that the homogenization pressure was dropped to 4000 psi.
  • microcapsules had a mean size of about 4 microns and a size distribution index of about 1.36 as measured by Beckman Coulter Multisizer.
  • microcapsules were prepared in a similar manner as in Example 8 except that the aqueous phase comprised 6 grams of pectin, 3.6 grams of Versa TL 502, and 4.5 grams of poly(styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) (3:1) sodium salt (MW 20,000).
  • microcapsules had a mean size of about 5 microns and a size distribution index of about 1.26 as measured by Beckman Coulter Multisizer.
  • Example 7 Example 8, and Example 9 clearly demonstrate that the particle size and size distribution of microcapsules prepared by the process of the invention is controlled by the stabilizer composition and is insensitive to changes in homogenization pressure.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Micro-Capsules (AREA)
US10/764,411 2004-01-23 2004-01-23 Process of producing microcapsules and product thereof Abandoned US20050161843A1 (en)

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US20130330292A1 (en) * 2009-09-18 2013-12-12 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Polyurea capsules prepared with a polyisocyanate and cross-linking agent
US9687424B2 (en) 2009-09-18 2017-06-27 International Flavors & Fragrances Polyurea capsules prepared with aliphatic isocyanates and amines
US9816059B2 (en) 2009-09-18 2017-11-14 International Flavors & Fragrances Stabilized capsule compositions
CN107864634A (zh) * 2015-06-22 2018-03-30 S.P.C.M.股份公司 两性共聚物作为胶体稳定剂的用途
US10085925B2 (en) 2009-09-18 2018-10-02 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Polyurea capsule compositions
US10226405B2 (en) 2009-09-18 2019-03-12 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Purified polyurea capsules, methods of preparation, and products containing the same
CN112079993A (zh) * 2020-09-22 2020-12-15 肇庆市海特复合材料技术研究院 一种环氧树脂潜伏型固化剂的制备方法
US11195481B2 (en) * 2013-05-14 2021-12-07 E Ink Corporation Color electrophoretic displays using same polarity reversing address pulse
CN114618406A (zh) * 2022-04-24 2022-06-14 南京航空航天大学 一种单分散胆甾相液晶微胶囊的制备方法
US12048755B2 (en) 2018-12-18 2024-07-30 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Microcapsule compositions prepared from polysaccharides

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Cited By (18)

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US10092486B2 (en) * 2009-09-18 2018-10-09 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Polyurea or polyurethane capsules
US20160193122A1 (en) * 2009-09-18 2016-07-07 Yabin Lei Polyurea or polyurethane capsules
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US10842721B2 (en) * 2009-09-18 2020-11-24 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Purified polyurea capsules, methods of preparation, and products containing the same
US11311467B2 (en) * 2009-09-18 2022-04-26 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Polyurea capsules prepared with a polyisocyanate and cross-linking agent
US11195481B2 (en) * 2013-05-14 2021-12-07 E Ink Corporation Color electrophoretic displays using same polarity reversing address pulse
CN107864634A (zh) * 2015-06-22 2018-03-30 S.P.C.M.股份公司 两性共聚物作为胶体稳定剂的用途
CN107864634B (zh) * 2015-06-22 2021-03-23 S.P.C.M.股份公司 两性共聚物作为胶体稳定剂的用途
US12048755B2 (en) 2018-12-18 2024-07-30 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Microcapsule compositions prepared from polysaccharides
CN112079993A (zh) * 2020-09-22 2020-12-15 肇庆市海特复合材料技术研究院 一种环氧树脂潜伏型固化剂的制备方法
CN114618406A (zh) * 2022-04-24 2022-06-14 南京航空航天大学 一种单分散胆甾相液晶微胶囊的制备方法

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