Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/24—Antidepressants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D491/10—Spiro-condensed systems

Definitions

• This invention relates generally to substituted spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidin]-3-ones and 3H-spiroisobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidines that are modulators of mammalian neuropeptide Y 5 (NPY5) receptors, and to the use of such compounds for treating a variety of physiological disorders associated with NPY5 receptor activation, such as feeding disorders, psychiatric disorders and cardiovascular diseases.
• the invention further relates to the use such compounds as probes for the detection and localization of NPY5 receptors.
• Neuropeptide Y is a 36 amino acid peptide that mediates a variety of physiological effects in humans and other mammals. This is largely conserved across mammalian species, and belongs to a large family of peptides that includes, among others, peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic peptide (PP). NPY is the most abundant peptide in the mammalian brain, and is also present in sympathetic neurons. In addition, NPY-containing fibers have been found in peripheral tissues, such as around the arteries in the heart, the respiratory track, the gastrointestinal tract and the genitourinary tract.
• NPY Central injection of NPY elicits a multitude of physiological responses, such as stimulation of feeding, increase in fat storage, elevation of blood sugar and insulin, anxiolytic behaviors, reduction in locomotor activity, hormone release, increase in blood pressure, reduction in body temperature and catalepsy.
• various NPY receptors which currently include the Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , Y 4 , Y 5 and Y 6 subtypes, as well as the hypothetical Y 1-like subtype (e.g., Wahlestedt and Reis (1993) Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol . 33:309; Gehlert and Hipskind (1995) Curr. Pharm. Design , 1:295; Michel et al. (1998) Pharmacol. Rev . 50:143).
• the Y 5 receptor subtype (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,024) appears to be involved in appetite regulation, including the modulation of food intake and energy expenditure.
• studies of seizure-prone mice have suggested that the NPY 5 receptor may have an anti-epileptic activity in the control of limbic seizures.
• NPY 5 -hike receptors have also been implicated in attenuation of morphine withdrawal symptoms, enhancement of diuresis and natriuresis, lowering of blood glucose, inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion, and reduction of acetylcholine release in the ileum.
• NPY receptor subtypes Selective peptide agonists and antagonists have been identified for most of the NPY receptor subtypes. Peptides, however, generally have serious shortcomings for therapeutic use including, poor metabolic stability, low oral bioavailability and poor brain permeability. To date, few non-peptide antagonists have been reported. WO 01/14376 describes certain spiro NPY receptor antagonists, but additional antagonists with improved properties are needed as therapeutic agents for the treatment of physiological disorders associated with NPY5 receptor activation, such as feeding disorders (e.g., obesity and bulemia), psychiatric disorders, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (such as hypertension). The present invention fulfills this need, and provides further related advantages.
• feeding disorders e.g., obesity and bulemia
• psychiatric disorders e.g., diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (such as hypertension).
• the present invention fulfills this need, and provides further related advantages.
• NPY5 receptor modulators that inhibit or enhance NPY binding to NPY5 receptor.
• Such modulators generally comprise a substituted spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidin]-3-one or 3H-spiroisobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidine characterized by one of the following formulas (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof):
• X is oxygen or H 2 ;
• A, D, V, W, Y and Z are each independently N or CR 1 ;
• B is N or CR 2 ;
• E is N or CR 3 .
• R 1 is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino, nitro, cyano, —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —COOH and groups of the formula L-R A -Q-G.
• L is a bond, —O—, —C( ⁇ O)—, —OC( ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —O—C( ⁇ O)O—, —S(O) n —, —NR B —, —C( ⁇ O)NHR B —, —NHR B C( ⁇ O)—, —NR B S(O) n — or —S(O) n NR B —.
• n is independently chosen at each occurrence from 0, 1 or 2.
• R A is (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkynyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkenyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkynyl or (C 3 -C 8 )heterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halogen, amino, cyano, nitro, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl.
• Q is a bond, —O—, —C( ⁇ O)—, —OC( ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —O—C( ⁇ O)O—, —S(O) n —, —CHR B —, —NR B —, —C( ⁇ O)NHR B —, —NHR B C( ⁇ O)—, —NR B S(O) n — or —S(O) n NR B .
• R B is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl and (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalky.
• G is: (i) hydrogen; or (ii) (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkynyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, or a 3- to 10-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic group, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halogen, amino, cyano, nitro, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, halo(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 8 )alkoxy, —NH(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, —N((C 1 -C 8 )alkyl) 2 , —NHC( ⁇ O)(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, —N(C 1 -C 8 )alkylC( ⁇ O
• R 1 is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkynyl, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, mono and di(C 1 -C 6 )alkylamino, amino(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and mono- and di(C 1 -C 6 )alkylamino(C 1 -C 6 )
• R 2 and R 3 are independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino, nitro, cyano, —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —COOH; and groups of the formula T-R C -U-M.
• T is a bond, —O—, —C( ⁇ O)—, —OC( ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —O—C( ⁇ O)O—, —S(O) n —, —NR D —, —C( ⁇ O)NHR D —, —NHR D C( ⁇ O)—, —NR D S(O) n — or —S(O) n NR D —.
• R C is (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkynyl or a 3- to 10-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic group, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halogen, amino, cyano, nitro, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl.
• U is a bond, —O—, —C( ⁇ O)—, —OC( ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —O—C( ⁇ O)O—, —S(O) n —, —CHR D —, —NR D —, —C( ⁇ O)NHR D —, —NHR D C( ⁇ O)—, —NR D S(O) n — or —S(O) n NR D —.
• R D is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl and (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl.
• M is: (i) hydrogen; or (ii) (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkynyl or a 3- to 10-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic group, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halogen, amino, cyano, nitro, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, halo(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 8 )alkoxy, —NH(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, —N((C 1 -C 8 )alkyl) 2 , —NHC( ⁇ O)(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, —N(C 1 -C 8 )alkylC( ⁇ O)(alkyl), —NHS(O) s (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl,
• R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from: (i) hydrogen and halogen; and (ii) T-R C , wherein T is a bond, —O—, —C( ⁇ O)—, —OC( ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O— or —S(O) 2 —; and R C is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or a 5- to 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, each of which is optionally substituted as described above.
• positions designated V, W, Y and Z are as described above, and J is a bond or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl.
• R G , M or both are aromatic, then J is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl.
• R G of Formulas III and IV is (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkynyl or a 3- to 10-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic group, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from: (i) hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino, nitro, cyano, —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 and —COOH; and (ii) groups of the formula T-R C -U-M.
• T is a bond, —O—, —C( ⁇ O)—, —OC( ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —O—C( ⁇ O)O—, —S(O) n —, —NR D —, —C( ⁇ O)NHR D —, —NHR D C( ⁇ O)—, —NR D S(O) n — or —S(O) n NR D —.
• n is independently chosen at each occurrence from 0, 1 or 2.
• R C is (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkynyl or a 3- to 10-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic group, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halogen, amino, cyano, nitro, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl.
• U is a bond, —O—, —C( ⁇ O)—, —OC( ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —O—C( ⁇ O)O—, —S(O) n —, —CHR D —, —NR D —, —C( ⁇ O)NHR D —, —NHR D C( ⁇ O)—, —NR D S(O) n — or —S(O) n NR D —.
• R D is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl and (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl.
• M is: (i) hydrogen; or (ii) (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkynyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl or a 3- to 10-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic group, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 9 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halogen, amino, cyano, nitro, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, halo(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 8 )alkoxy, —NH(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, —N((C 1 -C 8 )alkyl) 2 , —NHC( ⁇ O)(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, —N(C
• R G is: (i) (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl or (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halogen, amino, cyano and nitro; or (ii) a 3- to 10-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic group, optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from: (a) hydroxy, halogen, amino, cyano and nitro; and (b) (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, (C 5 -C 7 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanesulfonyl, (C 5 -C 7 )cycloalkan
• R G is: wherein A, B, E, D and F are independently N or CR 2 ; and R 2 is independently selected at each occurrence from: hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino, nitro, cyano, —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —COOH and groups of the formula T-R C -U-M, as described above.
• substituted spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidin]-3-ones or 3H-spiroisobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidines provided herein exhibit a K i of 1 micromolar or less, 100 nanomolar or less, or 10 nanomolar or less in an NPY5 receptor ligand binding assay.
• the ligand e.g., NPY or PYY
• in such assays may be radiolabeled.
• the present invention further provides NPY5 receptor modulators, comprising a compound as described above associated with (i.e., linked to or combined with) an additional components such as a drug, targeting moiety or carrier.
• compositions comprising a compound or modulator as described above in combination with a physiologically acceptable carrier or excipient.
• a pharmaceutical composition provided herein may further comprise one or more additional active agents (i.e., drugs).
• Pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be formulated, for example, as an injectible fluid, an aerosol, a cream, a gel, a pill, a capsule, a syrup or a transdermal patch.
• the present invention further provides, within other aspects, methods for treating a disease or disorder associated with NPY5 receptor activation, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound or modulator as described above.
• diseases and disorders include, for example, eating disorders (e.g., obesity and bulimia nervosa), psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular disorders and diabetes.
• the compound or modulator may be administered orally, or via another means such as intranasally, intravenously or topically.
• the patient is a human.
• the present invention provides compounds as described above, wherein the compounds are radiolabeled.
• Methods are provided, within other aspects, for determining the presence or absence of NPY5 receptor in a sample, comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a sample with an agent comprising a compound as described above under conditions that permit binding of the agent to NPY5 receptor; and (b) detecting a level of agent bound to NPY5 receptor.
• the agent is a radiolabeled compound
• the step of detection comprises the steps of: (i) separating unbound agent from bound agent; and (ii) detecting the presence or absence of bound agent in the sample. Detection may be achieved, for example, using autoradiography.
• the present invention further provides, within other aspects, methods for modulating binding of NPY to NPY5 receptor.
• Certain such methods are performed in vitro, and comprise contacting NPY5 receptor with a compound or modulator as described above under conditions and in an amount sufficient to detectably modulate NPY binding to NPY5 receptor.
• Methods are further provided for modulating binding of NPY to NPY5 receptor in a patient, comprising administering to a patient (i.e., a human or non-human animal) a compound or modulator as described above.
• Patients may include, for example, companion animals such as dogs.
• the modulation is inhibition and/or the NPY5 receptor is a human NPY5 receptor.
• the present invention provides methods for modulating the signal-transducing activity of NPY5 receptor, comprising contacting an NPY5 receptor, either in vivo or in vitro, with a sufficient amount of an NPY5 receptor modulator, under conditions suitable for binding of NPY to NPY5 receptor.
• packaged pharmaceutical preparations comprising: (a) a pharmaceutical composition as described above in a container; and (b) instructions for using the composition to treat a patient suffering from a disease or disorder associated with NPY5 receptor activation.
• disorders include, for example, eating disorders, psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular disorders (such as hypertension) and diabetes.
• NPY5 receptor modulators comprising small molecule NPY5 receptor ligands that are substituted spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidin]-3-ones or 3H-spiroisobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidines.
• Such modulators may be used in vitro or in vivo, to inhibit or enhance NPY binding to NPY5 receptor in a variety of contexts, discussed in further detail below.
• C 1 -C 8 alkyl refers to straight or branched chain alkyl groups having 1-8 carbon atoms such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, 2-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl and 3-methylpentyl.
• a C 1 -C 8 alkyl substituent may be bonded to an atom within a molecule of interest via any chemically suitable portion of the C 1 -C 8 alkyl group.
• Preferred alkyl groups are C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups, especially methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl. Particularly preferred are C 1 -C 3 alkyl groups.
• C 2 -C 8 alkenyl refers to straight or branched chain alkene groups having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, with C 2 -C 6 groups preferred, and C 2 -C 4 alkenyl groups particularly preferred.
• an alkenyl group one or more unsaturated carbon-carbon double bonds are present, and may occur at any stable point along the chain (e.g., ethenyl, allyl and isopropenyl).
• C 2 -C 8 alkynyl refers to straight or branched chain alkyne groups having 2 to 8 carbon atom), with C 2 -C 6 groups preferred, and C 2 -C 4 alkynyl groups particularly preferred.
• an alkynyl group one or more unsaturated carbon-carbon triple bonds are present, and may occur at any stable point along the chain (e.g., ethynyl and propargyl).
• a “stable point” is bond that, when unsaturated, results in a chemically stable compound (i.e., a compound that can be isolated, characterized and tested for biological activity).
• C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl is meant alkyl groups having 3-10 carbon atoms forming a mono-, bi-, or polycyclic ring system, such as, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and norbomyl.
• C 3 -C 8 cycloatkyl groups in which 3-8 carbon atoms form a single ring are preferred within certain embodiments and C 5 -C 6 cycloalkyl rings are particularly preferred.
• cycloalkenyl or “C 3 -C 10 cycloalkenyl” refers to hydrocarbon groups having 3-10 carbon atoms forming a mono-, bi, or polycyclic ring system and containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds which may occur at any stable point in the ring (e.g., cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl or cycloheptenyl).
• Cycloalkynyl or “C 3 -C 10 cycloalkynyl” refers to hydrocarbon groups having 3-10 carbon atoms forming a mono-, bi, or polycyclic ring system and containing one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds which may occur at any stable point in the ring.
• (cycloalkyl)alkyl or “(C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl” refers to a straight or branched alkyl substituent having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, that is further attached to a mono-, bi, or polycyclic ring system having 3-10 carbon atoms (e.g., cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl and cycloheptylmethyl).
• C 2 -C 8 alkanoyl refers to an acyl group with 2 to 8 carbon atoms in a linear, branched or cycloalkyl arrangement.
• C 2 -C 6 alkanoyl groups are preferred, with C 2 -C 4 alkanoyl groups particularly preferred.
• C 2 -C 8 alkanone refers to a ketone substituent with 2 to 8 carbon atoms in a linear, branched or cyclic arrangement.
• C 2 -C 6 alkanone groups are preferred, with C 2 -C 4 alkanone groups particularly preferred.
• C 1 -C 8 alkoxy in the present invention, is meant an alkyl group of 1 to 8 carbon atoms attached via an oxygen bridge.
• C 1 -C 8 alkoxy groups include, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, n-pentoxy, 2-pentoxy, 3-pentoxy, isopentoxy, neopentoxy, hexoxy, 2-hexoxy, 3-hexoxy, and 3-methylpentoxy.
• C 1 -C 6 alkoxy groups are generally preferred, with C 1 -C 4 alkoxy groups particularly preferred, especially ethoxy and methoxy.
• C 1 -C 8 alkylthio refers to an alkyl group of 1 to 8 carbon atoms attached via a sulfur bridge.
• C 3 -C 10 aryloxy refers to aryl groups of 3 to 10 carbon atoms attached via an oxygen bridge (e.g., phenoxy).
• C 1 -C 8 alkoxycarbonyl refers to an alkoxy group linked via a carbonyl.
• an alkoxycarbonyl group has the general structure —C( ⁇ O)—O-alkyl.
• C 1 -C 6 alkoxycarbonyl groups are generally preferred, with C 1 -C 4 alkoxycarbonyl groups particularly preferred.
• C 1 -C 8 alkanoyloxy refers to an alkanoyl group linked via an oxygen bridge.
• an alkanoyloxy group has the general structure —O—C( ⁇ O)-alkyl.
• C 1 -C 6 alkanoyloxy groups are generally preferred, with C 1 -C 4 alkanoyloxy groups particularly preferred.
• C 1 -C 8 carbonate refers to an alkoxycarbonyl group linked via an oxygen bridge.
• a carbonate group has the general structure —O—C( ⁇ O)—O-alkyl.
• C 1 -C 6 carbonate groups are generally preferred, with C 1 -C 4 carbonate groups particularly preferred.
• C 2 -C 8 alkyl ether refers to an ether substituent with 2 to 8 carbon atoms, positioned such that at least one carbon atom is located on either side of the oxygen atom.
• C 2 -C 6 ether groups are preferred, with C 2 -C 4 ether groups particularly preferred.
• halogen includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
• a “haloalkyl” may be a branched or straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group, substituted with I or more halogen atoms.
• Halo(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl groups have 1 to 8 carbon atoms; “halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl” groups have 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• haloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, mono-, di- or tri-fluoromethyl; mono-, di- or tri-chloromethyl; mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- or penta-fluoroethyl; and mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- or penta-chloromethyl.
• Typical haloalkyl groups are trifluoromethyl and difluoromethyl.
• haloalkoxy refers to a haloalkyl group as defined above attached via an oxygen bridge. “Halo(C 1 -C 8 )alkoxy” groups have 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
• hydroxy(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl refers to aliphatic group having from 1 to 8 (or 1 to 6) carbon atoms, and further comprising at least one hydroxyl group on the main carbon chain and/or on a side chain.
• Hydroxy(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl groups include, for example, 2-hydroxy-1,1-dimethyl-ethyl, 1-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-propyl and 2-hydroxy-propyl.
• C 1 -C 8 carbamate refers to a group having the general structure —N—C( ⁇ O)—O-alkyl.
• C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups are generally preferred, with C 1 -C 4 alkyl groups particularly preferred.
• Suitable substituents include, for example, halogens, cyano, nitro, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, C 2 -C 8 alkynyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, C 1 -C 8 alkylthio, hydroxy, amino, mono or di(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl amino, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl(C 0 -C 3 )alkyl, halo(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, halo(C 1 -C 8 )alkoxy, C 1 -C 8 alkanoyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxycarbonyl, —COOH, —CONH 2 , mono- or di-(C 1 -C 8 ) alkylcarboxamido, —SO 2 NH
• a “heteroatom,” as used herein, is oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen.
• a “carbocyclic group” comprises at least one ring formed entirely by carbon-carbon bonds. Such a group generally has from 1 to 3 fused or pendant rings, preferably one ring or two fused rings. Typically, each ring contains from 3 to 10 ring members, preferably from 5 to 8 ring members. Unless otherwise specified, such a ring may be aromatic or non-aromatic.
• Representative examples of carbocyclic groups are cycloalkyl groups (e.g., cyclopentane and cyclohexane), cycloalkenes and cycloalkynes, as well as aromatic groups such as phenyl, benzyl, naphthyl, phenoxyl, benzoxyl and phenylethanonyl.
• Carbon atoms present within a carbocyclic group may, of course, be further bonded to a variety of ring substituents, such as hydrogen, a halogen, cyano, nitro, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, C 2 -C 8 alkynyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, C 1 -C 8 alkylthio, hydroxy, amino, mono or di(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl amino, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl(C 0 -C 3 )alkyl, halo(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, halo(C 1 -C 8 )alkoxy, C 1 -C 8 alkanoyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxycarbonyl, —COOH, —CONH 2 , mono- or di-(C 1 -C 8 )alkylcarboxamido, —SO 2 NH 2
• a “heterocyclic group” comprises at least one ring in which at least one ring atom is a heteroatom (i.e., N, O or S), and the remainder of the ring atoms are carbon.
• a heterocyclic group comprises 1-4 heteroatoms; within certain embodiments 1 or 2 heteroatoms is preferred.
• a heterocyclic group generally has from 1 to 3 fused or pendant rings, preferably one ring or two fused rings.
• each ring contains from 3 to 10 ring members, preferably from 5 to 8 ring members, and may be optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents such as halogen, cyano, nitro, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, C 2 -C 8 alkynyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, C 1 -C 8 alkylthio, hydroxy, amino, mono or di(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl amino, halo(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, halo(C 1 -C 8 )alkoxy, hydroxy(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, hydroxy(C 1 -C 8 )alkoxy C 2 -C 8 alkanoyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxycarbonyl, —COOH, —SO 2 NH 2 , mono or dialkylsulfonamido, —C(O)NH 2 or mono or di substituent
• a heterocyclic ring may be attached to a pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure.
• the heterocyclic rings described herein may be substituted on carbon or on a nitrogen atom if the resulting compound is stable.
• a nitrogen in the heterocycle may optionally be quaternized.
• heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to, acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothio-furanyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzotetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazolinyl, carbazolyl, NH-carbazolyl, carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, dithiazinyl, dihydrofiirotetrahydrofiuran, fliranyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, is
• Preferred heterocyclic groups include, for example, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl (e.g., pyrimidin-2-yl), pyridinyl (pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl and pyridin-4-yl), morpholinyl (eg., morpholin-4-yl), piperidinyl (e.g., piperidin-1-yl), pyrrolidinyl (e.g., pyrrolidin-1-yl), tetrazolyl, triazinyl, thienyl, coumarinyl, irmidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, indolyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, thiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, furyl, thienyl, benzothienyl,
• heterocycloalkyl is a nonaromatic heterocyclic group having 3-10 carbon atoms, and at least one heteroatom.
• Preferred heterocycloalkyls are (C 3 -C 8 ) heterocycloalkyls such as piperidine and pyrrolidine.
• a “substituent,” as used herein, refers to a molecular moiety that is covalently bonded to an atom within a molecule of interest.
• a “ring substituent” may be a moiety such as a halogen, alkyl group, haloalkyl group or other group as discussed herein, that is covalently bonded to an atom (preferably a carbon or nitrogen atom) that is a ring member.
• substitution refers to replacing a hydrogen atom in a molecular structure with a substituent as described above, such that the valence on the designated atom is not exceeded, and such that a chemically stable compound (i.e., a compound that can be isolated, characterized, and tested for biological activity) results from the substitution.
• 2 hydrogens on the atom are replaced.
• Keto substituents are not present on aromatic moieties.
• Groups that are “optionally substituted” are unsubstituted or are substituted by other than hydrogen at one or more available positions, typically 1, 2, 3 or 4 positions, by one or more suitable groups (which may be the same or different) as disclosed herein.
• NPY receptor refers to a protein comprising any NPY receptor polypeptide sequence, with mammalian and especially human and monkey sequences generally preferred.
• NPY5 receptor refers to a protein comprising a NPY receptor subtype Y 5 sequence, such as those described within U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,024 and herein.
• An NPY or NPY5 receptor may consist entirely of a naturally-occurring sequence, or may comprise additional components (e.g., N-terminal leader sequence) that do not substantially inhibit the receptor's ability to bind ligand (i.e., at least 50% of the binding affinity of the receptor for NPY and/or PYY is retained).
• a chimeric NPY5/NPY1 receptor is considered to be an NPY5 receptor.
• truncated NPY receptor sequences, or sequences containing amino acid deletions, substitutes, additions or modifications may be used, provided that NPY receptor binding properties are not substantially diminished (i.e., at least 50% of the endogenous ligand-binding affinity is retained).
• the binding affinity of a candidate NPY receptor for ligand may be evaluated using a standard binding assay as provided herein.
• a “NPY5 receptor modulator,” also referred to herein as a “modulator,” is a compound that modulates (i.e., increases or decreases) ligand binding to NPY5 receptor.
• a modulator may be an NPY5 receptor antagonist or agonist.
• Modulators comprise a compound that is a substituted spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidin]-3-one or 3H-spiroisobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidine having NPY5 receptor modulating activity.
• a modulator may consist entirely of such a compound, or may further comprise one or more additional moieties, provided that the modulating activity of the active compound is not substantially diminished (i.e., the ability to increase or decrease ligand binding to NPY5 receptor, as determined using a binding assay provided herein, is not diminished by more than 50%).
• additional moieties include, for example, targeting moieties, other active agents and carriers, any of which may be linked to the active compound via a variety of standard techniques including direct condensation, or by way of bi- or multi-functional linkers. Alternatively, such additional moieties may be combined with the active compound, without covalent linking.
• a modulator binds “specifically” to NPY5 receptor if it binds human NPY5 receptor (total binding minus nonspecific binding) with a Ki that is 10-fold, preferably 100-fold, and more preferably 1000-fold, less than the Ki measured for modulator binding to other NPY receptors, such as NPY1.
• a modulator binds with “high affinity” if the K i at an NPY receptor is less than 1 micromolar, preferably less than 100 nanomolar or 10 nanomolar. Binding assays for evaluating Ki may be performed, for example, using the human in vitro NPY5 binding assay provided in Example 676, herein.
• Ligand binding to NPY1 receptor may be inhibited within such assays using well known techniques, such as through the use of Thomae compound, as described herein. It will be apparent that either NPY or PYY may be used as the ligand within binding assays.
• a “targeting moiety,” as used herein, is a substance (e.g., a compound or a cell) that increases the local concentration of a modulator in the vicinity of a target site in a patient.
• targeting moieties known in the art, including antibodies and fragments thereof, receptors, ligands and other molecules that bind to cells of, or close to, a target tissue.
• a “carrier,” “carrier group” or “carrier molecule” is a substance that may be associated with an active compound prior to administration to a patient, generally for the purpose of controlling stability or bioavailability of the compound.
• Carriers for use within such formulations are generally biocompatible, and may also be biodegradable.
• Carriers include, for example, multivalent or multivalent molecules such as serum albumin (e.g., human or bovine), egg albumin, peptides, polylysine and polysaccharides such as aminodextran and polyamidoamines.
• Carriers also include solid support materials such as beads and microparticles comprising, for example, polylactate polyglycolate, poly(lactide-co-glycolide), polyacrylate, latex, starch, cellulose or dextran.
• a carrier may bear the compounds in a variety of ways, including covalent bonding either directly or via a linker group, noncovalent interaction or admixture.
• a moiety is “associated with” an active compound if the moiety is linked to (covalently or noncovalently) or combined with the active compound.
• a “linker,” as used herein, is any molecule that does not comprise a compound that modulates NPY binding to an NPY5 receptor, and that can be covalently linked to at least two chemical moieties. Linkers may be used to link another moiety to a compound that modulates NPY binding to an NPY5 receptor. In general, a linker is bi-functional or multi-functional (e.g., a branched structure). Numerous linkers are known in the art, and may be incorporated into an NPY receptor modulator using any appropriate method, which will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• a “prodrug” is a compound that does not fully satisfy the structural requirements of the compounds provided herein, but is modified in vivo, following administration to a patient, to produce an active compound of the present invention.
• a prodrug may be an acylated derivative of a compound as provided herein.
• Prodrugs include compounds wherein hydroxy, amine or sulfhydryl groups are bonded to any group that, when administered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to form a free hydroxyl, amino, or sulfhydryl group, respectively.
• Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of alcohol and amine functional groups within the compounds provided herein.
• a “patient” is any individual treated with a NPY5 receptor modulator as provided herein. Patients include humans, as well as other animals such as companion animals and livestock. Patients may be afflicted with a condition associated with undesirable NPY5 receptor activation, or may be free of such a condition (i.e., treatment may be prophylactic).
• the present invention provides neuropeptide Y 5 (NPY5) receptor modulators (i.e., agents that detectably modulate both ligand binding to NPY5 and NPY5 receptor-mediated signal transduction).
• NPY5 receptor modulators may be specific for NPY5 (i.e., do not detectably modulate ligand binding to other NPY receptors), or may also inhibit or enhance ligand binding to one or more additional NPY receptors, such as NPY1.
• NPY5 receptor modulators may be used to modulate NPY binding to NPY5 in vivo, especially in the treatment of feeding disorders (e.g., obesity and bulemia), psychiatric disorders, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in humans, domesticated companion animals and livestock animals.
• Modulators may also be used within a variety of in vitro assays, such as assays for receptor activity, as probes for detection and localization of NPY5 receptors and as standards in assays of NPY binding and NPY-mediated cellular functions.
• the NPY5 receptor modulators provided herein comprise active compounds that are substituted derivatives of spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidin]-3-one or 3H-spiroisobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidine, which detectably modulate the binding of ligand to NPY5 receptor at nanomolar concentrations, preferably at subnanomolar concentrations. Certain active compounds bind specifically and/or with high affinity to NPY5 receptor. Active compounds may include receptor agonists and antagonists.
• the present invention is based, in part, on the discovery that small molecules satisfying any one of Formulas I-IV (as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof) modulate NPY binding to NPY5 receptor.
• X is oxygen or H 2 ;
• A, D, W, V, Y and Z are 10 independently N or CR 1 , B is N or CR 2 and E is N or CR 3 .
• at least two of V, W, Y and Z are CR 1 ; preferably at least two of W, V, Y and Z (especially Y and Z) are CH, with the remainder CR 1 .
• W, V, Y and Z are all CH.
• a and D are preferably independently selected from N, CH and C-halogen; alternatively A and D are preferably CR 1 , B is preferably CR 2 and E is preferably CR 3 .
• positions designated W, V, Y and Z are CR 1 ; more preferably at least two.
• R 1 is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino, nitro, cyano, —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 and —COOH and groups of the formula L-R A -Q-G.
• L is a bond, —O—, —C( ⁇ O)—, —OC( ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —O—C( ⁇ O)O—, —S(O) n —, —NR B —, —C( ⁇ O)NHR B —, —NHR B C( ⁇ O)—, —NR B S(O) n — or —S(O) n NR B —; preferably L is —O—, —C( ⁇ O)—, —OC( ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O— or —NR B .
• R A is (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkynyl, (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkenyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkynyl or (C 3 -C 8 )heterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halogen, amino, cyano, nitro, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl.
• R A is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, (C 5 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, or (C 5 -C 7 )heterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halogen, amino, cyano, nitro, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl.
• Q is a bond, —O—, —C( ⁇ O)—, —OC( ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —O—C( ⁇ O)O—, —S(O) n —, —CHR B —, —NR B —, —C( ⁇ O)NHR B —, —NHR B C( ⁇ O)—, —NR B S(O) n — or —S(O) n NR B ; preferably Q is a bond, —O— or —NR B —.
• R B is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl and (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl (preferably hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or (C 5 -C 7 )cycloalkyl).
• G is: hydrogen; or (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 8 ) alkynyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, or a 3- to 10-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic group, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halogen, amino, cyano, nitro, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, halo(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 8 )alkoxy, —NH(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, —N((C 1 -C 8 )alkyl) 2 , —NHC( ⁇ O)(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, —N(C 1 -C 8 )alkylC( ⁇ O)(alkyl),
• G is (i) hydrogen; or (ii) (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, (C 5 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, (C 5 -C 7 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or (C 5 -C 7 )heterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, halogen, amino, cyano and nitro. More preferably G is hydrogen.
• R 1 is preferably independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, (C 1 -C 6 )allyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy substituted with amino or mono- or di-(C 1 -C 6 )alkylamino, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkynyl, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, mono and di(C 1 -C 6 ) alkylamino, amino(C 1 -C 6
• R 1 groups include hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy; especially hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, and halogenated derivatives of the foregoing such as trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy and difluoromethoxy.
• R 2 and R 3 are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino, nitro, cyano, —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 and —COOH and groups of the formula T-R C -U-M.
• T is a bond, —O—, —C( ⁇ O)—, —OC( ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —O—C( ⁇ O)O—, —S(O) n —, —NR D —, —C( ⁇ O)NHR D —, NHR D C( ⁇ O)—, —NR D S(O) n — or —S(O) n NR D —, wherein n is 0, 1 or 2.
• T is —O—, —C( ⁇ O)—, —OC( ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —S(O) n — or —NR D —.
• R C is (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkynyl or a 3- to 10-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic group, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halogen, amino, cyano, nitro, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl.
• R C groups include phenyl, pyridyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, piperazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyranyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl and morpholinyl, each of which is substituted with from 0 to 2 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halogen, amino, cyano, nitro, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy and halo(C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy.
• R C may be linked to form a cyclic substituent.
• two alkoxy substituents may join to form a five- or six-membered heterocyclic ring (i.e., a dioxalane or dioxane ring).
• R A group has the structure:
• U (within the formula T-R C -U-M) is a bond, —O—, —C( ⁇ O)—, —OC( ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —O—C( ⁇ O)O—, —S(O) n —, —CHR D —, —NR D —, —C( ⁇ O)NHR D —, —NHR D C( ⁇ O)—, —NR D S(O) n — or —S(O) n NR D —; preferably a bond, —O—, —C( ⁇ O)—, —OC( ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —S(O) n —, —CHR D — or —NR D — and more preferably a bond, —C( ⁇ O)—, —CHR D — or —NR D —.
• R D is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl and (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl (preferably each R D is independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or (C 5 -C 7 )cycloalkyl).
• M is: hydrogen; or (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkynyl or a 3- to 10-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic group, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halogen, amino, cyano, nitro, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, halo(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 8 )alkoxy, —NH(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, —N((C 1 -C 8 )alkyl) 2 , —NHC( ⁇ O)(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, —N(C 1 -C 8 )alkylC( ⁇ O)(alkyl), —NHS(O) s (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, —S(O)
• Preferred M groups are (i) hydrogen; and (ii) (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 ) alkynyl and 3- to 10-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halogen, amino, cyano, nitro, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, halo(C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy NH(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and N((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl) 2 .
• R 2 and R 3 groups are: (i) hydrogen and halogen; and (ii) (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 5 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkynyl, (C 5 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 5 -C 7 )heterocycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 7 )heterocycloalkyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and 3- to 10-membered carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halogen, amino, cyano, nitro, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, —NH(C 1
• substituted and unsubstituted carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups include benzhydryl, phenyl, pyridyl (e.g., 4-pyridyl or 3-pyridyl), thiazolyl, oxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, piperazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyranyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl and morpholinyl, each of which is substituted with from 0 to 2 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halogen, amino, cyano, nitro, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 )
• Substituted groups include, for example, 2-alkyl-4-pyridyl and 2-alkyl-3-pyridyl.
• Particularly preferred R 2 and R 3 groups are selected from hydrogen, halogen, cyano and T-R C , wherein T is a bond, —O—, —C( ⁇ O)—, —OC( ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O— or —S(O) 2 — and R C is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from hydroxyl, halogen, cyano, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl and halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl.
• Such R 2 and R 3 groups include, for example, benzoyl, phenoxy, benzyloxy and substituted derivatives thereof.
• R 2 and R 3 are independently selected at each occurrence from: (i) trifluoromethoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluorosulfonyl, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, haloalkyl and —COOH; and (ii) benzoyl, benzhydryl, phenoxy, benzyloxy, phenyl, pyridyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, piperazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyranyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl and morpholinyl, each of which is substituted with from 0 to 2 substituents independently selected from:
• R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from: (i) hydrogen, halogen and cyano; and (ii) (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylaminocarbonyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylsulfonyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiophenyl, triazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, phenyl, benzyl, phenoxy, benzyloxy and
• At least one of R 2 and R 3 is selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy and halo(C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy.
• R 1 is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy and halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy; either one of R 2 or R 3 is selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy and halo(C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy; and the other of R 2 or R 3 is selected from hydroxy, halogen, cyano, and (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 5 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy; hal
• Representative compounds of Formula I include, but are not limited to, (1) 1′-(6-trifluoromethyl-3-H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-2-yl)-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidin]-3-one; (2) 1′-(7-chloro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidin]-3-one; (3) 1′-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidin]-3-one; (4) 1′-(5-n-propylsulfonyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidin]-3-one; (5) 1′-(5-cyano-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperid
• Representative compounds of Formula II include, but are not limited to, 1′-(6-iodo-1H-quinazolin-4-on-2-yl)spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′piperidin]-3-one, which has structure 29:
• positions designated W, V, Y and Z are as described above; J is a bond or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl; and R G is (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 8 ) alkenyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkynyl or a 3- to 10-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic group, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino, nitro, cyano, —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 and —COOH and groups of the formula T-R C -U-M.
• M is (i) hydrogen; or (ii) (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkynyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl or a 3- to 10-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic group, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 9 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halogen, amino, cyano, nitro, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, halo(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 8 )alkoxy, —NH(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, —N((C 1 -C 8 )alkyl) 2 , —NHC
• R G is preferably a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic ring such as cyclohexyl or phenyl, or a heterocyclic ring such as thiadiazolyl, optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halogen, amino, cyano, nitro, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, halo(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 8 )alkoxy, —COOH, —NH(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, —N((C 1 -C 8 )alkyl) 2 , —NHC( ⁇ O)(C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, —N(C 1 -C 8 )alkylC( ⁇ O)(alkyl), —NHS(O) s (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, —S(O) s (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl,
• Preferred substituents for R G include (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, —COOH, halogen, —SO 2 -alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl and cyano.
• R G is: wherein A, B, E, D and F are independently N or CR 2 ; and R 2 is independently selected at each occurrence from: hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino, nitro, cyano, —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 and —COOH; and (ii) groups of the formula T-R C -U-M, as described above.
• D and F are both CR 2 , wherein R 2 is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, halogen, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy, and A, B and E are all CR 2 , wherein R 2 is independently selected from: (i) hydrogen, halogen and cyano; and (ii) (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, halo(C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkylaminocarbonyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylsulfonyl
• A, B, E, D and F are independently CR 2 ;
• T is a bond, —O—, —C( ⁇ O)—, —OC( ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —S(O) n — or —NR D —;
• n is 0 or 1;
• U is a bond, —O—, —C( ⁇ O)—, —OC( ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —S(O) n —, —CHR D — or —NR D —;
• M is: (i) hydrogen or (ii) (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkynyl or a 3- to 10-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic group, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halogen, amino,
• J is a bond
• R G is a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy.
• Representative compounds of Formula III include, but are not limited to, 1′-(4-t-butyl-phenylcarbamoyl)-spiroisobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidine; 1′-(4-isopropyl-phenylcarbamoyl)-spiroisobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidine; and 1′-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenylcarbamoyl)-spiroisobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidine; which are represented by structures 30-32:
• positions V, W, Y, Z, J and R G are as described above, with the proviso that if R G , M or both are aromatic, then J is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl.
• R G is a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic group such as optionally substituted cyclohexyl.
• Representative compounds of Formula IV include, but are not limited to, 1′-(4′-carboxycyclohexylmethyl-carbamoyl)-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidine]-3-one; 1′-(1,4-dioxa-spiro[4,5]dec-8-yl-carbamoyl)-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidine]-3-one; 1′-(3-phenylethyl-carbamoyl)-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidine]-3-one; 1′-(cyclohexyl-carbamoyl)-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidine]-3-one; and 1′-(4-bromo-3-phenylethyl-carbamoyl)-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidine]-3-one
• compounds provided herein satisfy one of Formulas Ia, IIIa, IIIa or IVa, wherein each variable position is defined as described above.
• A, D, Y and Z of Formulas Ia, IIa, IIIa and IVa are all CR 1
• B is CR 2 and E is CR 3 ; more preferably Y and Z are both CH, and A and D are CR 1 , wherein R 1 is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, halogen, methyl, and ethyl.
• Substituted spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidin]-3-ones and 3H-spiroisobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidines detectably alter (modulate) NPY binding to NPY5 receptor, as determined using standard in vitro NPY5 receptor ligand binding assays and/or signal transduction assays.
• References herein to an “NPY5 receptor ligand binding assay” are intended to refer to the protocol provided in Example 676. Briefly, a competition assay may be performed in which an NPY5 receptor preparation is incubated with labeled (e.g., 125 I) NPY and unlabeled test compound.
• the NPY5 receptor used is preferably a mammalian NPY5 receptor, more preferably a human or monkey NPY5 receptor.
• the receptor may be recombinantly expressed or naturally expressed, and may comprise a native sequence or a modified sequence (e.g., truncated and/or fused to a non-native N-terminal sequence).
• the NPY5 receptor preparation may be, for example, a membrane preparation from Sf9 cells or Bowes Melanoma cells that recombinantly express human NPY5 receptor or a human chimeric NPY5/NPY1 receptor.
• a compound that detectably modulates NPY binding to NPY5 receptor will result in a decrease or increase in the amount of label bound to the IPY5 receptor preparation, relative to the amount of label bound in the absence of the compound.
• a compound will exhibit a K i at an NPY5 receptor of less than 1 micromolar, more preferably less than 500 nM, 100 nM, 20 nM or 10 nM, within an assay performed as described in Example 676.
• NPY5 receptor antagonists and decrease NPY5 receptor activity (as measured by calcium mobilization, as described in Example 677) by at least 20%, preferably by at least 50%, and most preferably by at least 80%.
• preferred compounds also decrease food intake and weight gain in one or more animal models, such as food deprivation models (as described, for example, in published PCT application PCT/US00/26887) and the bovine pancreatic polypeptide antagonism model, as described in Example 678.
• animal models such as food deprivation models (as described, for example, in published PCT application PCT/US00/26887) and the bovine pancreatic polypeptide antagonism model, as described in Example 678.
• compounds provided herein may be evaluated for certain pharmacological properties including, but not limited to, oral bioavailability, serum protein binding and in vitro and in vivo half-life.
• penetration of the blood brain barrier may be desirable for compounds used to treat CNS disorders, while low brain levels of compounds used to treat peripheral disorders may be preferred.
• Routine assays that are well known in the art may be used to assess these properties, and identify superior compounds for a particular use.
• assays used to predict bioavailability include transport across human intestinal cell monolayers, including Caco-2 cell monolayers.
• Penetration of the blood brain barrier of a compound in humans may be predicted from the brain levels of the compound in laboratory animals given the compound intravenously.
• Serum protein binding may be predicted from albumin binding assays.
• Compound half-life is inversely proportional to the frequency of dosage of a compound, and may be predicted from assays of microsomal half-life.
• a person of ordinary skill in the art could use such routine techniques to select a compound that displays optimal properties for a particular purpose.
• NPY5 receptor modulators may comprise, in addition to an active compound of any one of Formulas I-IV, one or more additional associated moieties.
• Such moieties may be linked directly (i.e., via a bond) or by way of a linker, may be noncovalently linked or may be combined with the compound.
• additional moieties may be used, for example, to facilitate delivery, targeting or detection of the compound.
• compounds provided herein may sufficiently target a desired site in vivo; however, it may be beneficial for certain applications to include an additional targeting moiety to facilitate targeting to one or more specific tissues.
• Preferred targeting moieties include those that target to brain regions associated with NPY5 activity.
• drug refers to any bioactive agent intended for administration to a mammal to prevent or treat a disease or other undesirable condition. Drugs include hormones, growth factors, proteins, peptides and other compounds.
• modulators for treatment of eating disorders may comprise an agent such as sibutramine, dexenfluramine, leptin, a growth hormone secretagogue, a melanocortin agonist, a beta-3 agonist, a 5HT-2 agonist, an orexin antagonist, a melanin concentrating hormone antagonist, a galanin antagonist, a CCK agonist, a GLP-1 agonist, a corticotropin-releasing hormone agonist or a NPY 1 antagonist.
• Moieties that facilitate detection include radionuclides, luminescent groups, fluorescent groups and enzymes, all of which may be associated with a compound via standard methods.
• compounds provided herein may be isotopically-labeled or radiolabeled. Such compounds are identical to those recited above, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
• isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds provided herein include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine and chlorine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 O, 17 O, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F and 36 Cl.
• substitution with heavy isotopes such as deuterium can afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability (e.g., increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements) and, hence, may be preferred in some circumstances.
• moieties that may be associated with an active compound include carriers. Such substances may modulate bioavailability or stability of the compound.
• Representative carriers include, for example, molecules such as albumin, polylysine, polyamidoamines, peptides, proteins, polystyrene, polyacrylamide, lipids, ceramide and biotin, solid support materials such as beads and microparticles comprising, for example, polylactate polyglycolate, poly(lactide-co-glycolide), polyacrylate, latex, starch, cellulose or dextran.
• Substituted spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidin]-3-ones and 3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidines may generally be prepared using standard synthetic methods, which are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art of organic synthesis. Representative methods are described below, and within Examples 1-674. Such methods may be combined with other known synthetic methods and variations thereon (e.g., modification of starting materials) that will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, to generate all compounds provided herein.
• Bases, in schemes, 1, 4 and 7, include, but are not limited to, alkali metal hydrides (preferably sodium hydride), alkali metal alkoxides (1-6 carbons) (preferably sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, or sodium tert-butoxide), alkaline earth metal hydrides, alkali metal dialkylamides (preferably lithium diisopropylamide), alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal bicarbonates, alkali metal bis-(trialkylsilyl)amides (preferably lithium or sodium (trimnethylsilyl)amide), trialkylamines (preferably N,N-di-isopropyl-N-ethyl amine or triethylamine), arylamines (preferably 4-dimethyl aniline)
• alkali metal hydrides preferably sodium hydride
• alkali metal alkoxides (1-6 carbons) preferably sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, or sodium tert-butoxid
• suitable bases include, for example, alkali metal alkoxides (1-6 carbons) (preferably sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, or sodium tert-butoxide), alkali metal carbonates (preferably sodium carbonate) or bicarbonates, alkali metal hydroxides, alkali metal phosphates and trialkylamines (preferably N,N-di-isopropyl-N-ethyl amine or triethylamine).
• alkali metal alkoxides 1-6 carbons
• alkali metal carbonates preferably sodium carbonate
• bicarbonates preferably alkali metal hydroxides
• alkali metal phosphates and trialkylamines preferably N,N-di-isopropyl-N-ethyl amine or triethylamine.
• Inert solvents that may be used within schemes 1, 4 and 7 include, but are not limited to, alkyl alcohols (1-8 carbons; preferably methanol, ethanol, or tert-butanol), lower alkanenitriles (1-6 carbons; preferably acetonitrile), dialkyl ethers (preferably diethyl ether), cyclic ethers (preferably tetrahydrofuran or 1,4-dioxane), N,N-dialkylformamides (preferably dimethyl formamide), N,N-dialkylacetamides (preferably dimethyl acetamide), cyclic amides (preferably N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one), dialkylsulfoxides (preferably dimethylsulfoxide), aromatic hydrocarbons (preferably benzene or toluene) and haloalkanes (1-10 carbons and 1-10 halogens) (preferably dichloromethane).
• alkyl alcohols (1-8 carbons; preferably methanol, ethanol, or
• suitable inert solvents include, but are not limited to, lower alkanenitriles (1-6 carbons; preferably acetonitrile), water, dialkyl ethers (preferably diethyl ether), cyclic ethers (preferably tetrahydrofuran or 1,4-dioxane), N,N-dialkylformamides preferably dimethyl formamide), N,N-dialkylacetamides (preferably dimethyl acetamide), cyclic amides (preferably N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one), dialkylsulfoxides (preferably dimethylsulfoxide) and aromatic hydrocarbons (preferably benzene or toluene).
• dialkyl ethers preferably diethyl ether
• cyclic ethers preferably tetrahydrofuran or 1,4-dioxane
• N,N-dialkylformamides preferably dimethyl formamide
• N,N-dialkylacetamides preferably dimethyl acetamide
• Organometallic catalysts that may be used in schemes 2, 3, 5 and 6 include, for example, palladium phosphine complexes (such as Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 ), palladium halides or alkanoates such as PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 or Pd(OAc) 2 ) and nickel complexes (such as NiCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 ).
• palladium phosphine complexes such as Pd(PPh 3 ) 4
• palladium halides or alkanoates such as PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 or Pd(OAc) 2
• nickel complexes such as NiCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2
• compounds of Formula Ia can be prepared from intermediate compounds of formula VI, where L is a leaving group, such as a halogen (preferably chloro or bromo), alkane sulfonyloxy, aryl sulfonyloxy or haloalkane sulfonyloxy, and A, B, E and D are defined above.
• L is a leaving group, such as a halogen (preferably chloro or bromo), alkane sulfonyloxy, aryl sulfonyloxy or haloalkane sulfonyloxy
• A, B, E and D are defined above.
• Compounds of formula VI react with a spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidin]-3-one or a 3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidine of formula VII (Parham et al. (1976) J.Org.Chem.
• reaction temperatures range from ⁇ 78° C. to 250° C. to generate compounds of Formula Ia).
• Preferred reaction temperatures range from 0° C. to 140° C.
• Compounds of formula X can be treated with diphenylphosphoryl azide in dioxane in the presence of triethylamine to produce compounds of formula XI.
• Compounds of formula XI can then be activated with a chlorinating agent, such as phosphorus oxychloride, in the presence of trialkylammonium chloride, preferably trimethylammonium chloride, in the presence or absence of solvent, to produce compounds of formula XII.
• a chlorinating agent such as phosphorus oxychloride
• compounds of Formula IIa can be prepared from intermediate compounds of formula XIII, where L is a leaving group, such as a halogen (preferably chloro or bromo), alkane sulfonyloxy, aryl sulfonyloxy or haloalkane sulfonyloxy, and A, B, E and D are as defined above.
• L is a leaving group, such as a halogen (preferably chloro or bromo), alkane sulfonyloxy, aryl sulfonyloxy or haloalkane sulfonyloxy, and A, B, E and D are as defined above.
• Compounds of formula XVI can be treated with potassium cyanate in acetic acid, followed by sodium hydroxide treatment, to produce compounds of formula XVII.
• Compounds of formula XVII can then be activated with a chlorinating agent, such as phosphorus oxychloride, in the presence of trialkylammonium chloride, preferably trimethylammonium chloride, in the presence or absence of solvent, to produce compounds of formula XVIII.
• a chlorinating agent such as phosphorus oxychloride
• compounds of Formula IIIa can be prepared from isocyanates of formula XIX, or from activated compounds of formula XX where L is a leaving group, such as a halogen (preferably chloro or bromo), 4-nitrophenoxy, pentachlorophenoxy, and A, B, E and D are defined above
• L is a leaving group, such as a halogen (preferably chloro or bromo), 4-nitrophenoxy, pentachlorophenoxy, and A, B, E and D are defined above
• Compounds of formula XIX or XX react with a spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidin]-3-one or a 3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidine of formula VII (where Y, Z and R 1 are defined as above), in the presence or absence of a base in the presence or absence of an inert solvent, at reaction temperatures ranging from ⁇ 78° C. to 250° C. to generate compounds of Formula III
• the compounds of this invention may contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms, so that the compounds can exist in different stereoisomeric forms.
• These compounds can be, for example, racemates or optically active forms.
• all stereoisomers are encompassed by the present invention. Nonetheless, it may be desirable to obtain single enantiomers (i.e., optically active forms).
• Standard methods for preparing single enantiomers include asymmetric synthesis and resolution of the racemates. Resolution of the racemates can be accomplished, for example, by conventional methods such as crystallization in the presence of a resolving agent, or chromatography using, for example a chiral HPLC column.
• a “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is an acid or base salt that is generally considered in the art to be suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings or animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication.
• Such salts include mineral and organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines, as well as alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids.
• Specific pharmaceutical salts include, but are not limited to, salts of acids such as hydrochloric, phosphoric, hydrobromic, malic, glycolic, fumaric, sulfuric, sulfamic, sulfanilic, formic, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, 2-hydroxyethylsulfonic, nitric, benzoic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, citric, tartaric, lactic, stearic, salicylic, glutamic, ascorbic, pamnoic, succinic, fumaric, maleic, propionic, hydroxymaleic, hydroiodic, phenylacetic, alkanoic such as acetic, HOOC—(CH 2 ) n —COOH where n is 0-4, and the like.
• acids such as hydrochloric, phosphoric, hydrobromic, malic, glycolic, fumaric, sulfuric, sulfamic,
• pharmaceutically acceptable cations include, but are not limited to sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminum, lithium and ammonium.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminum, lithium and ammonium.
• Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize further pharmaceutically acceptable salts for the compounds provided herein, including those listed by Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences , 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., p. 1418 (1985). Accordingly, the present disclosure should be construed to include all pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds specifically recited.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable salt can be synthesized from a parent compound that contains a basic or acidic moiety by any conventional chemical method. Briefly, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred.
• the present invention also encompasses prodrugs of the compounds of Formulas I-III, which may be modified (either in routine manipulation or in vivo) to generate an active agent encompassed by Formulas I-III.
• Such prodrugs may be prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compounds in such a way that the modifications are cleaved to the parent compounds.
• Prodrugs include compounds wherein hydroxy, amine or sulfhydryl groups are bonded to any group that, when administered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to form a free hydroxyl, amino, or sulfhydryl group, respectively.
• Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of alcohol and amine functional groups within the compounds provided herein.
• Preferred prodrugs include acylated derivatives.
• Additional moieties may be associated with a compound using any suitable procedure.
• Covalent linkage may generally be achieved using suitable functional groups (e.g., hydroxy, carboxy, sulfhydryl or amino groups) on the compound and the moiety to be attached.
• suitable functional groups e.g., hydroxy, carboxy, sulfhydryl or amino groups
• a nucleophilic group such as an amino or sulfhydryl group
• a carbonyl-containing group such as an anhydride or an acid halide
• an alkyl group containing a good leaving group eg., a halide
• the use of bifunctional, multifunctional and/or cleavable linkers may also be desirable for certain applications. Such linkers are well known in the art.
• Compounds associated with carriers may be covalently linked or, preferably, such association does not involve covalent interaction and is achieved by mixing.
• Compounds may be radiolabeled by carrying out their synthesis using precursors comprising at least one atom that is a radioisotope (i.e., an isotopically labeled reagent is substituted for a non-isotopically labeled reagent).
• a radioisotope i.e., an isotopically labeled reagent is substituted for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.
• Numerous radioisotopes are readily available, including isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, iodine, fluorine and chlorine, such as 14 C, 3 H, 35 S or 125 I.
• Synthesis of radiolabeled compounds may be conveniently performed by a radioisotope supplier specializing in custom synthesis of radiolabeled probe compounds, such as Amersham Corporation, Arlington Heights, Ill; Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.
• Tritium labeled compounds are also conveniently prepared catalytically via platinum-catalyzed exchange in tritiated acetic acid, acid-catalyzed exchange in tritiated trifluoroacetic acid, or heterogeneous-catalyzed exchange with tritium gas. Such preparations may also be performed as a custom radiolabeling by any of the suppliers listed above using the compound as substrate. In addition, certain precursors may be subjected to tritium-halogen exchange with tritium gas, tritium gas reduction of unsaturated bonds, or reduction using sodium borotritide, as appropriate.
• compositions comprising NPY5 receptor modulators, together with at least one physiologically acceptable carrier or excipient.
• Such compositions may comprise, for example, water, buffers (e.g., neutral buffered saline or phosphate buffered saline), ethanol, mineral oil, vegetable oil, dimethylsulfoxide, carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, mannose, sucrose or dextrans), mannitol, proteins, adjuvants, polypeptides or amino acids such as glycine, antioxidants, chelating agents such as EDTA or glutathione and/or preservatives.
• Preferred pharmaceutical compositions are formulated for oral delivery to humans or other animals (e.g., companion animals such as dogs).
• compositions intended for the treatment of eating disorders may further comprise an agent such as sibutramine, dexenfluramine, leptin, a growth hormone secretagogue, a melanocortin agonist, a beta-3 agonist, a 5HT-2 agonist, an orexin antagonist, a melanin concentrating hormone antagonist, a galanin antagonist, a CCK agonist, a GLP-1 agonist and/or a corticotropin-releasing hormone agonist or a NPY 1 antagonist.
• an agent such as sibutramine, dexenfluramine, leptin, a growth hormone secretagogue, a melanocortin agonist, a beta-3 agonist, a 5HT-2 agonist, an orexin antagonist, a melanin concentrating hormone antagonist, a galanin antagonist, a CCK agonist, a GLP-1 agonist and/or a corticotropin-releasing hormone agonist or a NPY 1 antagonist.
• compositions may be formulated for any appropriate manner of administration, including for example, topical, oral, nasal, rectal or parenteral administration.
• parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous injections, intradermal, intravascular (e.g., intravenous), intramuscular, spinal, intracranial, intrathecal, intraperitoneal injection or like injection or infusion techniques.
• compositions in a form suitable for oral use are preferred. Such forms include, for example, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsion, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or eelixirs.
• compositions of the present invention may be formulated as a lyophilizate.
• compositions intended for oral use may further contain one or more components such as sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to provide appealing and palatable preparations.
• Tablets contain the active ingredient(s) in admixture with physiologically acceptable excipients that are suitable for the manufacture of tablets.
• excipients include, for example, inert diluents (e.g., calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate), granulating and disintegrating agents (e.g., corn starch or alginic acid), binding agents (e.g., starch, gelatin or acacia) and lubricating agents (e.g., magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc).
• the tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period.
• a time delay material such as glyceryl monosterate or glyceryl distearate may be employed.
• Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules in which the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent (e.g., calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin), or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium (e.g., peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil).
• an inert solid diluent e.g., calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin
• an oil medium e.g., peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil
• Aqueous suspensions contain the active materials in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions.
• excipients are suspending agents (e.g., sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydropropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia); and dispersing or wetting agents (e.g., naturally-occurring phosphatides such as lecithin, condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids such as polyoxyethylene stearate, condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols such as heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides such as polyethylene sorbitan monooleate).
• Aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and/or one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.
• preservatives for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
• coloring agents for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
• flavoring agents such as sucrose or saccharin.
• sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin.
• Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredients in a vegetable oil (e.g., arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil), or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin.
• the oily suspensions may also contain a thickening agent such as beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol.
• Sweetening agents, such as those set forth above, and/or flavoring agents may be added to provide palatable oral preparations.
• Such suspensions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
• Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and/or one or more preservatives.
• a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and/or one or more preservatives Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients, such as sweetening, flavoring and/or coloring agents, may also be present.
• compositions may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions.
• the oily phase may be a vegetable oil (e.g., olive oil or arachis oil), or a mineral oil (e.g., liquid paraffin) or mixtures thereof.
• Suitable emulsifying agents may be naturally-occurring gums (e.g., gum acacia or gum tragacanth), naturally-occurring phosphatides (e.g., soy bean, lecithin and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol), anhydrides (e.g., sorbitan monoleate) and condensation products of partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol with ethylene oxide (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoleate).
• the emulsions may also contain sweetening and/or flavoring agents.
• Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, such as glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also comprise one or more demulcents, preservatives, flavoring agents and/or coloring agents.
• sweetening agents such as glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose.
• Such formulations may also comprise one or more demulcents, preservatives, flavoring agents and/or coloring agents.
• a pharmaceutical composition may be prepared as a sterile injectible aqueous or oleaginous suspension.
• the modulator depending on the vehicle and concentration used, can either be suspended or dissolved in the vehicle.
• Such a composition may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing, wetting agents and/or suspending agents, such as those mentioned above.
• suitable dispersing, wetting agents and/or suspending agents such as those mentioned above.
• the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, 1,3-butanediol, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• sterile, fixed oils may be used as a solvent or suspending medium.
• any bland fixed oil may be employed, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
• fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectible compositions, and adjuvants such as local anesthetics, preservatives and/or buffering agents can also be dissolved in the vehicle.
• Modulators may also be prepared in the form of suppositories (e.g., for rectal administration).
• Such compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
• suitable excipients include, for example, cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.
• the composition may also be added to animal feed or drinking water. It may be convenient to formulate animal feed and drinking water compositions so that the animal takes in an appropriate quantity of the composition along with its diet. It may also be convenient to present the composition as a premix for addition to feed or drinking water.
• compositions may be formulated as sustained release formulations (i.e., a formulation such as a capsule that effects a slow release of modulator following administration).
• sustained release formulations i.e., a formulation such as a capsule that effects a slow release of modulator following administration.
• Such formulations may generally be prepared using well known technology and administered by, for example, oral, rectal or subcutaneous implantation, or by implantation at the desired target site.
• Carriers for use within such formulations are biocompatible, and may also be biodegradable; preferably the formulation provides a relatively constant level of modulator release.
• the amount of modulator contained within a sustained release formulation depends upon the site of implantation, the rate and expected duration of release and the nature of the condition to be treated or prevented.
• Modulators are generally present within a pharmaceutical composition in a therapeutically effective amount.
• a therapeutically effective amount is an amount that results in a discernible patient benefit, such as increased healing of a disease or disorder associated with pathogenic NPY5 receptor activation, as described herein.
• a preferred concentration is one sufficient to inhibit the binding of ligand (i.e., NPY and/or PYY) to NPY5 receptor in vitro.
• Compositions providing dosage levels ranging from about 0.1 mg to about 140 mg per kilogram of body weight per day are preferred (about 0.5 mg to about 7 g per human patient per day).
• the amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration.
• Dosage unit forms will generally contain between from about 1 mg to about 500 mg of an active ingredient. It will be understood, however, that the optimal dose for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time and route of administration; the rate of excretion; any simultaneous treatment, such as a drug combination; and the type and severity of the particular disease undergoing treatment. Optimal dosages may be established using routine testing, and procedures that are well known in the art.
• compositions may be packaged for treating disorders responsive to NPY5 receptor modulation (e.g., treatment of eating disorders such as obesity or bulimia, psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension or diabetes).
• Packaged pharmaceutical compositions generally include a container holding a therapeutically effective amount of at least one NPY5 receptor modulator as described herein and instructions (e.g., labeling) indicating that the contained composition is to be used for treating a disorder associated with NPY5 receptor activation in the patient.
• the present invention provides methods for inhibiting the development of a disease or disorder associated with NPY5 receptor activation.
• therapeutic methods provided herein may be used to treat an existing disease or disorder, or may be used to prevent or delay the onset of such a disease in a patient who is free of a detectable disease or disorder that is associated with NPY5 receptor activation.
• a disease or disorder is “associated with NPY5 receptor activation” if it is characterized by inappropriate stimulation of NPY5 receptor, regardless of the actual amount of NPY present locally.
• Such conditions include, for example, eating disorders (such as obesity, anorexia, bulimia and metabolic disorders), diseases related to the central nervous system (such as psychiatric disorders), diseases related to abnormal hormone release (such as diabetes) and cardiovascular disorders.
• Diseases related to the central nervous system include cerebral infarction, neurodegeneration, epilepsy, stroke and conditions related to stroke, cerebral vasospasm and hemorrhage, depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and dementia, as well as conditions related to pain or nociception.
• Diseases related to abnormal hormone release include conditions associated with abnormal release of luteinizing hormone, growth hormone, insulin and prolactin.
• Cardiovascular disorders include any disorders or diseases pertaining to the heart, blood vessels or the renal system, such as hypertension, vasospasm, heart failure, shock, cardiac hypertrophy increased blood pressure, angina, myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, arrhythmia, peripheral vascular disease, and abnormal renal conditions such as impaired flow of fluid, abnormal mass transport or renal failure.
• Other diseases and disorders associated with NPY5 receptor activation include conditions related to increased sympathetic nerve activity (e.g., during or after coronary artery surgery, and operations and surgery in the gastrointestinal tract); diseases related to abnormal gastrointestinal motility and secretion (such as different forms of ileus, urinary incontinence and Crohn's disease); diseases related to sexual dysfunction and reproductive disorders; conditions or disorders associated with inflammation; and
• respiratory diseases such as asthma and conditions related to asthma and bronchoconstriction.
• the above conditions may be diagnosed and monitored using criteria that have been established in the art.
• Patients may include humans, domesticated companion animals (pets, such as dogs) and livestock animals, with dosages and treatment regimes as described above.
• Frequency of dosage may vary depending on the compound used and the particular disease to be treated or prevented. In general, for treatment of most disorders, a dosage regimen of 4 times daily or less is preferred. For the treatment of eating disorders, including obesity, a dosage regimen of 1 or 2 times daily is particularly preferred. For the treatment of impotence a single dose that rapidly reaches effective concentrations is desirable. It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy. In general, the use of the minimum dosage that is sufficient to provide effective therapy is preferred. Patients may generally be monitored for therapeutic effectiveness using assays suitable for the condition being treated or prevented, which will be familiar to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• the present invention provides a variety of in vitro uses for the compounds provided herein.
• such compounds may be used as probes for the detection and localization of NPY5 receptors, in samples such as tissue sections, as positive controls in assays for receptor activity, as standards and reagents for determining the ability of a candidate agent to bind to NPY5 receptor, or as radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging or for single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT).
• PET positron emission tomography
• SPECT single photon emission computerized tomography
• a sample may be incubated with a compound as provided herein under conditions that permit binding of the compound to NPY5 receptor.
• the amount of compound bound to NPY5 receptor in the sample is then detected.
• a compound may be labeled using any of a variety of well known techniques (e.g., radiolabeled with a radionuclide such as tritium, as described herein), and incubated with the sample (which may be, for example, a preparation of cultured cells, a tissue preparation or a fraction thereof).
• a suitable incubation time may generally be determined by assaying the level of binding that occurs over a period of time.
• Detection assays including receptor autoradiography (receptor mapping) of NPY5 receptors in cultured cells or tissue samples may be performed as described by Kuhar in sections 8.1.1 to 8.1.9 of Current Protocols in Pharmacology (1998) John Wiley & Sons, New York.
• Modulators provided herein may also be used within a variety of well known cell culture and cell separation methods.
• modulators may be linked to the interior surface of a tissue culture plate or other cell culture support, for use in immobilizing NPY5-expressing cells for screens, assays and growth in culture. Such linkage may be performed by any suitable technique, such as the methods described above, as well as other standard techniques.
• Modulators may also be used to facilitate cell identification and sorting in vitro, permitting the selection of cells expressing NPY5.
• the modulator(s) for use in such methods are labeled as described herein.
• a modulator linked to a fluorescent marker such as fluorescein, is contacted with the cells, which are then analyzed by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS).
• FACS fluorescence activated cell sorting
• NPY5 receptor ligand such as NPY or PYY
• methods for modulating binding of an NPY5 receptor ligand comprising contacting a sufficient amount of NPY5 receptor with a modulator provided herein, under conditions suitable for binding of NPY5 to the receptor.
• a modulator provided herein
• NPY and/or PYY binding to receptor is inhibited by the modulator.
• the NPY5 receptor may be present in solution, in a cultured or isolated cell preparation or within a patient.
• the amount of compound contacted with the receptor ill vivo should be sufficient to modulate NPY binding to NPY5 receptor in vitro within, for example, a ligand binding assay as described in Example 676.
• NPY 5 receptors used to determine ill vitro binding may be obtained from a variety of sources, for example from preparations of rat brain or from cells expressing cloned human NPY 5 receptors.
• the NPY5 receptor may be present in solution, in a cultured or isolated cell preparation or within a patient.
• the amount of a modulator that is sufficient to alter the signal-transducing activity of NPY5 receptor may be determined via a NPY5 receptor signal transduction assay, such as the assay described in Example 677.
• This Example illustrates the preparation of the representative compound 1′-(5-oxazol-2-yl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidin]-3-one.
• This Example illustrates the preparation of the representative compound 1′-(5-cyano-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidin]-3-one.
• This Example illustrates the preparation of the representative compound 1′-(5-Acetyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidin]-3-one.
• N-(4-trifluoromethylsulfonyl-phenyl)-acetamide (5 g) to an ice-water cooled fuming HNO 3 (30 mL) and stir for 6 hours at ambient temperature. Pour the mixture onto ice-water (500 mL) and collect the precipitate. Purify by flash chromatography (1:1 hexanes/EtOAc) to obtain N-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylsulfonyl-phenyl)-acetamide.
• This Example illustrates the preparation of the representative compound 1′-(6-iodo-1H-quinazolin-4-on-2-yl)-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidin]-3-one.
• This Example illustrare the preparation of the representative compound 1′-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenylcarbamoyl)-spiroisobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidine.
• This Example illustrates the preparation of the representative compound 1′-(6-piperidyl-pyridin-3-yl-carbamoyl)-spiroisobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidine.
• A. (3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-2H-[1,2′]bipyridinyl-5′-yl)-carbamic acid phenyl ester
• 6-Methoxy-pyridin-3-ylamine 1.0 g, 8.06 mmol
• pyridine 18 ml
• phenylchloroformate 1.9 g, 12.0 mmol
• Water and a solution of 1:1 EtOAc/hexanes is added to the mixture and the organic layer is separated.
• the organic layer is washed with 1N HCl three times and with brine once.
• the organic layer is dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and evaporated in vacuo.
• This Example illustrates the preparation of the representative compound 1′-(5-(3,5-dimethyl-isoxazol-4-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidin]-3-one.
• This Example illustrates the preparation of a representative NPY5 receptor for use in assays described herein.
• Human Y5 receptor was cloned from genomic DNA using a 5′ Primer TTTTGGTTGCTGACAAATGTC (SEQ ID NO:1) and a 3′ Primer CCTTGGTAAACAGTGAGAATTATTAC (SEQ ID NO:2).
• the full length PCR product was initially cloned into the vector pCR 2.1 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and then subcloned into pBluescript SK Minus (pBSSKM, Stratagene, La Jolla Calif.). This was designated pNN32
• Bases 197 to 1433 of Y1 receptor (Genbank Accession number M88461, SEQ ID NO:3) were subcloned into pBSSKM and designated pNN22.
• a pBSSKM clone encoding a 5′ truncated form of the Y5 receptor was made which deleted the 5′ end of the coding region to the Nco I site. This was designated pNN39.
• pNN39 was digested with PstI (located at about residues 748-753 of human Y5 receptor sequence (SEQ ID NO:6) and Bgl II (located at about residues 1130-1135 of the human Y5 receptor sequence) removing bases 753 to 1130.
• IC loop 3 from bases 903-964 (TACGCCTAAAAAGGAGAAACAACATGATGGACAAGATGAGAGACAATAAGTACAGGTCCAGT; SEQ ID NO:8) of human Y5 receptor, corresponding to amino acids 236-256 (IRLKRRNNMMDMRDNKYRSS; SEQ ID NO:9) of the human Y5 receptor amino acid sequence, was inserted into Y5 using the HY1L3S sense oligo (SEQ ID NO:10) and the HY1L3AS antisense oligo (SEQ ID NO:11). A reaction mixture containing the 2 oligos was heated to 100° C. and allowed to cool slowly to anneal the oligos.
• the double stranded annealing product was then ligated into the PstI-Bgl II digested pNN39 to yield plasmids pNN100.
• the pNN100 insert was then reintroduced into the full-length human Y5 gene (pNN32) at the Cel 2 site and the resulting plasmid was designated pNN42.
• Y1 C-terminus To add the Y1 C-terminus to Y5, an Eco RI site was added to each gene.
• bases 1173 to 1178 (ACTTCC) of human Y1 receptor SEQ ID NO:3 were mutated to create an Eco RI site via PCR from forward primer HY1R1 (SEQ ID NO:13) to a T3 reverse primer (priming from the multiple cloning site—“MCS”—of pBSSKM).
• the Y1 3′ tail was then isolated by digesting with Eco RI and Xba (which later enzyme cuts out the Y1 3′ tail in the MCS of pBSSKM).
• GGATTA bases 1338 to 1343 of human Y5 receptor were mutated using the PCR reverse primer HY5R1 (SEQ ID NO:14). This primer was paired with a forward primer corresponding to bases 527-551 (GCTACTGTCTGGACACTAGGTTTTG; SEQ ID NO:15) of human Y5 receptor, and PCR carried out with the human Y5 coding sequence as template. The resulting PCR band was cut Pst I to the introduced Eco RI site.
• pNN39 was then opened Pst I to Xba from the MCS of pBSSKM and the mutated Y5 segment Pst1 to Eco RI was mixed with the mutated Y1 3′ fragment Eco RI to Xba from the MCS to set up a three-way ligation.
• the resulting mutated gene fragment was then introduced into the full-length Y5 gene at the Bgl 2 site.
• the IC loop 3+CT tail exchange was obtained by combining the above 2 mutant genes in the following manner.
• Full length hY5 pNN32 was digested with Cel 2 (located at about residues 619-625 of human Y5 receptor) and Xba in the vector MCS.
• the loop 3 mutation pNN42 fragment Cel II to Bgl II was combined with the CT mutation pNN43 fragment Bgl II to Xba from the MCS resulting in pNN44.
• pNN44 encodes a human chimeric NPY 5 /NPY 1 NPY receptor, consisting of N-terminal amino acids 1-442 of the human NPY 5 receptor and C-terminal amino acids 328-384 of the human NPY 1 receptor.
• the amino acid sequence of this chimeric receptor referred to herein as hNPY5 ⁇ Y1IC3/ ⁇ Y1CT is shown in SEQ ID NO17:).
• PNN44 was then digested with Kpn I and Xba I and subcloned into the commercial expression vector pBacPAK9 (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.) for expression in SF9 cells.
• the Baculoviral expression vector was co-transfected along with BACULOGOLD DNA (BD PharMingen, San Diego, Calif.) into Sf9 cells.
• the Sf9 cell culture supernatant was harvested three days post-transfection.
• the recombinant virus-containing supernatant was serially diluted in Hink's TNM-FH insect medium (JRH Biosciences, Kansas City) supplemented Grace's salts and with 4.1 mM L-Gln, 3.3 g/L LAH, 3.3 g/L ultrafiltered yeastolate and 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (hereinafter “insect medium”) and plaque assayed for recombinant plaques.
• insect medium heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum
• recombinant plaques were selected and harvested into 1 ml of insect medium for amplification.
• Each 1 ml volume of recombinant baculovirus (at passage 0) was used to infect a separate T25 flask containing 2 ⁇ 10 6 Sf9 cells in 5 ml of insect medium.
• supernatant medium was harvested from each of the T25 infections for use as passage 1 inoculum.
• Two of the seven recombinant baculoviral clones were then chosen for a second round of amplification, using 1 ml of passage 1 stock to infect 1 ⁇ 10 8 cells in 100 ml of insect medium divided into 2 T175 flasks.
• passage 2 medium from each 100 ml prep was harvested and plaque assayed for titer.
• the cell pellets from the second round of amplification were assayed by affinity binding as described below to verify recombinant receptor expression.
• a third round of amplification was then initiated using an M.O.I. of 0.1 to infect a liter of Sf9 cells.
• the supernatant medium was harvested to yield passage 3 baculoviral stock and the cell pellet assayed for affinity binding.
• Titer of the passage 3 baculoviral stock was determined by plaque assay and an M.O.I. and Incubation Time Course experiment was carried out to determine conditions for optimal receptor expression. Results from the receptor optimization experiment show that an M.O.I. of 0.1 and a 72 hour incubation were the ideal infection parameters in order to achieve optimum Y5 receptor expression in up to 1 liter Sf9 cell infection cultures.
• This Example illustrates the measurement of binding activity for representative compounds.
• the baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells expressing recombinant human chimeric NPY5/NPY1 receptor, as described in Example 675, are harvested at 42-48 hours, at which time batches of 500 mL of cell suspension are pelleted by centrifugation. Each pellet is re-suspended in 30 mL of homogenization buffer (10 mM HEPES, 250 mM sucrose, 0.5 ⁇ g/mL leupeptin, 2 ⁇ g/mL Aprotonin, 200 ⁇ M PMSF and 2.5 mM EDTA, pH 7.4) and homogenized using a POLYTRON homogenizer (setting 5 for 30 seconds). The homogenate is centrifuged at 4° C.
• homogenization buffer 10 mM HEPES, 250 mM sucrose, 0.5 ⁇ g/mL leupeptin, 2 ⁇ g/mL Aprotonin, 200 ⁇ M PMSF and 2.5 mM EDTA, pH 7.4
• Purified P2 membranes are thawed, centrifuged and washed by PBS and re-suspended by Dounce homogenization (tight pestle) in binding buffer (50 mM Tris(HCl), 5 mM KCl, 120 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl 2 , 1 mM MgCl 2 , 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), pH 7.4).
• binding buffer 50 mM Tris(HCl), 5 mM KCl, 120 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl 2 , 1 mM MgCl 2 , 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), pH 7.4
• BSA bovine serum albumin
• membranes (5-50 ⁇ g) are added to polypropylene tubes containing 0.010-0.500 nM [ 125 I]PYY (porcine; New England Nuclear Corp., Boston, Mass.).
• Nonspecific binding is determined in the presence of 1 ⁇ M NPY (human; American Peptide Co., Sunnyvale, Calif.) and accounts for less than 10% of total binding.
• NPY human; American Peptide Co., Sunnyvale, Calif.
• the reaction is terminated by rapid vacuum filtration. Samples are filtered over presoaked (in 1.0% polyethyleneimine for 2 hours prior to use) GF/C WHATMAN filters and rinsed 2 times with 5 mL cold binding buffer without BSA. Remaining bound radioactivity is measured by gamma counting.
• K i and Hill coefficient (“nH”) are determined by fitting the Hill equation to the measured values with the aid of SIGMAPLOT software (SPSS Inc., Chicago).
• the binding affinity for compounds provided herein, expressed as a Ki value ranges from about 0.1 nanomolar to about 10 micromolar. The most active of these compounds have a Ki of less than 100 nanomolar.
• This Example illustrates a representative assay for evaluating the effect of compounds on NPY5 receptor signal transduction.
• Bowes Melanoma cells stably transfected with an expression vector encoding the NPY5/NPY1 chimeric receptor described above are plated at a density of 26,000 cells/well in FALCON black-walled, clear-bottomed 96-well plates (#3904, BECTON-DICKINSON, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) and grown to confluency, approximately 24 hours.
• the culture medium is emptied from the 96 well plate, and Fluo-3 calcium sensitive dye (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.) is added to each well (dye solution: 1 mg FLUO-3 AM, 440 ⁇ L DMSO and 440 ⁇ L 20% pluronic acid in DMSO, diluted 1:2, 50 ⁇ L diluted solution per well). Plates are covered with aluminum foil and incubated at 37° C. for 1-2 hours.
• KRH buffer 0.05 mM KCl, 0.115 M NaCl, 9.6 mM NaH 2 PO 4 , 0.01 mM MgSO 4 , 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4
• 80 ⁇ l KRH buffer with carbachol/Thomae KRH buffer containing 1 mM carbachol, 10 micromolar BIBP 3226 (Sigma RBI, St. Louis Mo.) is added to each well.
• Assay plates are incubated in the dark, 20 minutes.
• the EC 50 of NPY is first determined. An additional 20 ⁇ l of KRH/Thomae buffer and 1 ⁇ l DMSO is added to each well of cells, prepared as described above. 100 ⁇ l human NPY in KRH/Thomae buffer is automatically transferred by the FLIPR instrument to each well. An 8-point concentration response curve, with final NPY concentrations of 1 nM to 3 ⁇ M, is used to determine NPY EC 50 .
• Test compounds are dissolved in 1 ⁇ l DMSO, diluted in 20 ⁇ l KRH buffer with carbachol/Thomae, and added to cells prepared as described above.
• the 96 well plates containing prepared cells and test compounds are incubated in the dark, at room temperature for 0.5-6 hours. It is important that the incubation not continue beyond 6 hours.
• 100 ⁇ l human NPY diluted in KRH/Thomae buffer to 2 ⁇ EC 50 is automatically added by the FLIPR instrument to each well of the 96 well plate for a final sample volume of 200 ⁇ l and a final NPY concentration of EC 50 .
• the final concentration of test compounds in the assay wells is between 1 ⁇ M and 5 ⁇ M.
• NPY neoplasmic plasminogen activator
• NPY5 receptor neoplasmic plasminogen activator
• antagonists of the NPY5 receptor decrease the fluorescence response relative to control cells by about 20%, preferably by about 50%, and most preferably by at least 80% as compared to matched control.
• This Example illustrates the use of representative compounds to decrease food intake.
• Rats Male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 7 weeks are maintained under controlled temperature (23 ⁇ 3° C.), humidity (55 ⁇ 15%) and light-dark cycle (7:00-19:00 light on). Rats are housed individually with ad libitum access to food and water.
• Rats are anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg, i.p.).
• a permanent stainless steel guide cannula for intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection (21 gauge, 10 mm long) is stereotaxically implanted into the right lateral ventricle.
• the stereotaxic coordinates used are as follows: 0.9 mm posterior and 1.2 mm lateral to the bregma and 0.5 mm ventral to the brain surface.
• Animals are allowed to recover at least 6 days postoperatively before the start of the feeding experiment. The day before the experiment, animals are handled and undergo mock injection, and nocturnal food intake is measured. Rats that eat more than 15 g during the night before the experiment are used for the BPP feeding antagonism experiment.
• Test compounds are suspended in 0.5% methylcellulose and orally administered by gavage. Administration of test compounds usually begins at 10:00. Dosing volume is about 5 ml/kg.
• Bovine pancreatic polypeptide Bovine PP 5 ⁇ g/10 ⁇ l/1 min.
• Bovine PP is dissolved in 10 mM PBS containing 0.05% BSA. Two hour post-injection food intake is measured for each rat.
• Test compounds that reduce food intake two hours post-injection relative to food intake of control animals are identified as compounds that antagonize bovine PP induced feeding.
• This Example illustrates the use of representative NPY5 modulators to decrease food intake within a food deprivation model.
• Consumption data is collected while the animals were housed in Nalgene Metabolic cages (Model #650-0100). Each cage is comprised of subassemblies made of clear polymethylpentene (PMP), polycarbonate (PC), or stainless steel (SS). All parts disassemble for quick and accurate data collection and for cleaning. The entire cylinder-shaped plastic and SS cage rests on a SS stand and houses one animal.
• PMP polymethylpentene
• PC polycarbonate
• SS stainless steel
• the animal is contained in the round Upper Chamber (PC) assembly (12 cm high and 20 cm in diameter) and rests on a SS floor.
• the first assembly consists of a SS feeding chamber (10 cm long, 5 cm high and 5 cm wide) with a PC feeding drawer attached to the bottom.
• the feeding drawer has two compartments: a food storage compartment with the capacity for approximately 50 g of pulverized rat chow, and a food spillage compartment.
• the animal is allowed access to the pulverized chow by an opening in the SS floor of the feeding chamber.
• the floor of the feeding chamber does not allow access to the food dropped into the spillage compartment.
• the second assembly includes a water bottle support, a PC water bottle (100 ml capacity) and a graduated water spillage collection tube. The water bottle support funnels any spilled water into the water spillage collection tube.
• the lower chamber consists of a PUT separating cone, PMP collection funnel, PMP fluid (urine) collection tube, and a PMP solid (feces) collection tube.
• the separating cone is attached to the top of the collection funnel, which in turn is attached to the bottom of the Upper Chamber.
• the urine runs off the separating cone onto the walls of the collection funnel and into the urine collection tube.
• the separating cone also separates the feces and funnels it into the feces collection tube. Food consumption, water consumption, and body weight were measured with an Ohaus Portable Advanced scale ( ⁇ 0.1 g accuracy).
• mice Prior to the day of testing, animals were habituated to the testing apparatus by placing each animal in a Metabolic cage for 1 hour. On the day of the experiment, animals that were food deprived the previous night were weighed and assigned to treatment groups. Assignments were made using a quasi-random method utilizing the body weights to assure that the treatment groups had similar average body weight. Animals were then administered either vehicle (0.5% methyl cellulose, MC) or NPY5 modulator. At that time, the feeding drawer filled with pulverized chow, the filled water bottle, and the empty urine and feces collection tubes were weighed. Two hours after modulator treatment, each animal is weighed and placed in a Metabolic Cage. Following a one hour test session, animals are removed and body weight obtained. The food and water containers are then weighed and the data recorded.
• vehicle 0.5% methyl cellulose, MC
• NPY5 modulator NPY5 modulator
• NPY5 modulators (suspended in 0.5% MC) or 0.5% MC are administered orally (PO) using a gavage tube connected to a 3 or 5 ml syringe at a volume of 10 ml/kg. Each modulator was made into a homogenous suspension by stirring and ultrasonicating for at least 1 hour prior to dosing.
• Body weight change is the difference between the body weight of the animal immediately prior to placement in the metabolic cage and its body weight at the end of the one hour test session.
• Food consumption is the difference in the weight of the food drawer prior to testing and the weight following the 1 hour test session.
• Water consumption is the difference in the weight of the water bottle prior to testing and the weight following the 1 hour test session.
• the most potent compounds of the invention significantly reduce food intake and body weight gain.
• SEQ ID NO:1 is a 5′ human NPY5 receptor primer
• SEQ ID NO:2 is a 3′ human NPY5 receptor primer
• SEQ ID NO:3 is human NPY1 receptor
• SEQ ID NO:4 is NPY1 amino acid sequence
• SEQ ID NO:5 is the chimeric DNA sequence designated hNPY5 ⁇ Y1IC3
• SEQ ID NO:6 is human NPY5 receptor nucleotide sequence
• SEQ ID NO:7 is human NPY5 receptor amino acid sequence
• SEQ ID NO:8 is nucleotides 903-964 of human NPY5 receptor
• SEQ ID NO:9 is amino acids 236-256 of human NPY5 receptor
• SEQ ID NO:10 is the HY1L3S sense oligo
• SEQ ID NO:11 is HY1L3AS antisense oligo
• SEQ ID NO:12 is the chimeric DNA sequence designated hNPY5 ⁇ Y1CT
• SEQ ID NO:13 is primer HY1R1
• SEQ ID NO: 14 is primer HY5R1
• SEQ ID NO:15 is forward primer corresponding to bases 527-551 of human Y5 receptor
• SEQ ID NO:16 is the chimeric DNA sequence designated hNPY5 ⁇ Y1IC3/ ⁇ Y1CT
• SEQ ID NO:17 is amino acid sequence of the chimeric receptor hNPY5 ⁇ Y1IC3/ ⁇ Y1CT

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