US20040242618A1 - Antiandrogens with marginal agonist activity and methods of use - Google Patents

Antiandrogens with marginal agonist activity and methods of use Download PDF

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US20040242618A1
US20040242618A1 US10/814,503 US81450304A US2004242618A1 US 20040242618 A1 US20040242618 A1 US 20040242618A1 US 81450304 A US81450304 A US 81450304A US 2004242618 A1 US2004242618 A1 US 2004242618A1
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substituted
unsubstituted
compound
unsubstituted lower
group
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Henry Lardy
Ashok Marwah
Padma Marwah
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HARBOR DIVERSIFIED Inc
NEURMEDIX Inc
Harbor Biosciences Inc
Biovie Inc
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Individual
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Assigned to HOLLIS-EDEN PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. reassignment HOLLIS-EDEN PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LARDY, HENRY A., MARWA, ASHOK, MARWA, PADMA
Publication of US20040242618A1 publication Critical patent/US20040242618A1/en
Priority to US11/837,508 priority patent/US7462610B2/en
Priority to US11/838,154 priority patent/US7514420B2/en
Priority to US11/862,153 priority patent/US7550450B2/en
Priority to US12/406,033 priority patent/US7842680B2/en
Priority to US12/405,970 priority patent/US7638509B2/en
Priority to US12/905,778 priority patent/US20110028711A1/en
Assigned to HARBOR DIVERSIFIED, INC. reassignment HARBOR DIVERSIFIED, INC. CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HARBOR BIOSCIENCES, INC.
Assigned to BIOVIE INC. reassignment BIOVIE INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NEURMEDIX, INC.
Assigned to NEURMEDIX, INC. reassignment NEURMEDIX, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NEURMEDIX, LLC
Assigned to NEURMEDIX, LLC reassignment NEURMEDIX, LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NEURMEDIX, INC.
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J1/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen, not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, androstane
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A61P5/24—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the sex hormones
    • A61P5/28—Antiandrogens
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J1/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen, not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, androstane
    • C07J1/0003—Androstane derivatives
    • C07J1/0011—Androstane derivatives substituted in position 17 by a keto group
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J21/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen having an oxygen-containing hetero ring spiro-condensed with the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J21/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen having an oxygen-containing hetero ring spiro-condensed with the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton
    • C07J21/005—Ketals
    • C07J21/008—Ketals at position 17

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to low molecular weight compounds, useful as antiandrogens, and in particular as antiandrogens with low androgenic activity.
  • the invention further relates to methods for inhibiting androgen receptors and in treating androgen receptor-mediated conditions, such as prostate cancer, with compounds and compositions provided herein.
  • Androgens play a major role in promoting the development and progression of prostate cancer. Consequently, since the first observation by Huggins and Hodges in 1941 ( Cancer Res., 1941, 1:293-297), endocrine therapy remains the critical therapeutic option for advanced forms of prostate cancer.
  • This therapy consists of androgen ablation by medical or surgical castration and/or inhibiting the receptor level action of androgens from both the testes and adrenal glands by antiandrogens.
  • antiandrogens are generally used in conjunction with castration as combined androgen blockade (CAB).
  • prostate cancer is the most common malignancy and is the second leading cause of cancer-related death.
  • Antiandrogens include a number of compounds that are able to compete with androgens, such as dihydrotestosterone (DHT), an active metabolite of testosterone in the prostate, for the binding to the androgen receptor (AR).
  • DHT dihydrotestosterone
  • AR active metabolite of testosterone in the prostate
  • flutamide flutamide
  • bicalutamide casodex
  • nilutamide nilutamide
  • PSA prostate-specific antigen
  • AR I0 responsive gene an AR I0 responsive gene
  • the instant invention provides potent antiandrogen compounds and methods for their use in the prevention and treatment of biological conditions mediated by androgen receptors.
  • compounds of the invention are useful in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer.
  • compounds of the invention are useful in the prevention and treatment of androgen-independent cancers such as androgen-independent prostrate cancer.
  • inventive compounds may be used to treat antiandrogen induced withdrawal syndrome.
  • A is —C(O)—, ⁇ CR 9 —, or —CR 9 R 10 —;
  • E is —C(O)—, ⁇ CR 5 —, or —CR 5 R 6 —, wherein A and E are not both —C(O);
  • G is —C(O)—, ⁇ CR 3 —, or —CR 3 R 4 —;
  • K is —C(O)—, ⁇ CR 1 —, or —CR 1 R 2 —;
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of —OR 11 , substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkene, substituted and unsubstituted alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl, —C(O)—R 12 , —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , —C(O)—OR 12 , —C(S)—R 12 , —C(S)—OR 12 , —NR 12 R 13 , —NR 12 —C(O)—R 13 , —NR 12 —C(O)—OR 13 , —NR 12 —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , and —S(O) 0-2 —R 12 ;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne;
  • R 3 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —CN, —COOR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 15 , —NO 2 , —NR 14 R 15 , —NR 14 —C(O)—R 15 , —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and —S(O) 0-2 R 14 ;
  • R 4 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —CN, —COOR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 15 , —NO 2 , —NR 14 R 15 , —NR 14 —C(O)—R 15 , —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and —S(O) 0-2 R 14 ;
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl group;
  • R 9 and R 10 are independently selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —OH, wherein R 9 and R 10 are not both —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and substituted and unsubstituted —S(O) 0-2 (lower alkyl), or R 9 and R 10 , together with the carbon to which they are attached, form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membereterocyclyl or cycloalkyl group;
  • R 11 is selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkene, substituted and unsubstituted alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl, —C(O)—R 12 , —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , —C(O)—OR 12 , —C(S)—R 12 , —NR 12 R 13 , —S(O) 2 —R 12 , —S(O) 2 —OR 12 , or —P(O)(OR 12 )(OR 13 ) 0-1 ;
  • R 12 and R 13 are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkene, substituted and unsubstituted alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclyl, and substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl;
  • R 14 and R 15 are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted C 6-10 aryl, and substituted and unsubstituted C 7112 arylalkyl;
  • R and R′ are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —CN, —COOR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 15 , —NO 2 , —NR 14 R 15 , —NR 14 —C(O)—R 15 , —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and —S(O) 0-2 R 14 ;
  • n and n′ are independently 0, 1, or 2;
  • dashed lines in structure I represent carbon-carbon double bonds or carbon-carbon single bonds contained within the fused four-ring system, such that the compound comprises a 1,6-diene, 1,7-diene, 1,8-diene, 1,15-diene, 1,16-diene, 4,8-diene, 3,16-diene, 1,3,5-triene, 1,3,16-triene, 1,5,7-triene, 1,5,15-triene, 1,8,15-triene, 1,5,16-triene, or 1,5,7,15-tetraene, within the fused four-ring system.
  • A is —C(O)— or —CR 9 R 10 —;
  • E is —C(O)— or —CR 5 R 6 —, wherein A and E are not both —C(O)—;
  • G is —C(O)—, ⁇ CR 3 —, or —CR 3 R 4 —;
  • K is ⁇ C(OR 11 )—, or —C(OR 11 )R 2 —;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne;
  • R 3 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —CN, —COOR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 15 , —NO 2 , —NR 14 R 15 , —NR 14 —C(O)—R 15 , —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and —S(O) 0-2 R 14 ;
  • R 4 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —CN, —COOR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 15 , —NO 2 , —NR 14 R 15 , —NR 14 —C(O)—R 15 , —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and —S(O) 0-2 R 14 ;
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl group;
  • R 9 and R 10 are independently selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —OH, wherein R 9 and R 10 are not both —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and substituted and unsubstituted —S(O) 0-2 (lower alkyl), or R 9 and R 10 , together with the carbon to which they are attached, form a 5-, 6-, or 7-member heterocyclyl or cycloalkyl group;
  • R 11 is selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkene, substituted and unsubstituted alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl, —C(O)—R 12 , —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , —C(O)—OR 12 , —C(S)—R 12 , —NR 12 R 13 , —S(O) 2 -R 12 , —S(O) 2 —OR 12 , or —P(O)(OR 12 )(OR 13 ) 0-1 ;
  • R 12 and R 13 are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkene, substituted and unsubstituted alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclyl, and substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl;
  • R 14 and R 15 are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted C 6-10 aryl, and substituted and unsubstituted C 7-12 arylalkyl;
  • R and R′ are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —CN, —COOR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 15 , —NO 2 , —NR 14 R 15 , —NR 14 —C(O)—R 15 , —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and —S(O) 0-2 R 14 ;
  • n and n′ are independently 0, 1, or 2;
  • dashed lines in structure II represent carbon-carbon double bonds or carbon-carbon single bonds contained within the fused four-ring system, such that the compound comprises a 1,3-diene, 1,5-diene, or 1,4,6-triene within the fused four-ring system.
  • A is —C(O)—, ⁇ CR 9 —, or —CR 9 R 10 —;
  • E is —C(O)—, ⁇ CR 5 —, or —CR 5 R 6 —, wherein A and E are not both —C(O);
  • G is —C(O)—, ⁇ CR 3 —, or —CR 3 R 4 —;
  • K is —C(O)—, ⁇ CR 1 —, or —CR 1 R 2 —;
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of —OR 11 , substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkene, substituted and unsubstituted alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl, —O—C(O)—R 12 , —C(O)—R 12 , —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , —C(O)—OR 12 , —C(S)—R 12 , —C(S)—OR 12 , —NR 12 R 13 , —NR 12 —C(O)—R 13 , —NR 12 —C(O)—OR 13 , —NR 12 —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , and —S(O) 0-2
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne;
  • R 3 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —CN, —COOR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 15 , —NO 2 , —NR 14 R 15 , —NR 14 —C(O)—R 15 , —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and —S(O) 0-2 R 14 ;
  • R 4 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —CN, —COOR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 15 , —NO 2 , —NR 14 R 15 , —NR 14 —C(O)—R 15 , —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and —S(O) 0-2 R 14 ;
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl group;
  • R 9 and R 10 are independently selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —OH, wherein R 9 and R 10 are not both —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and substituted and unsubstituted —S(O) 0-2 (lower alkyl), or R 9 and R 10 , together with the carbon to which they are attached, form a 5-, 6-, or 7-member heterocyclyl or cycloalkyl group;
  • R 11 is selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkene, substituted and unsubstituted alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl, —C(O)—R 12 , —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , —C(O)—OR 12 , —C(S)—R 12 , —NR 12 R 13 , —S(O) 2 -R 12 , —S(O) 2 —OR 12 , or —P(O)(OR 12 )(OR 13 ) 0-1 ;
  • R 12 and R 13 are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkene, substituted and unsubstituted alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclyl, and substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl;
  • R 14 and R 15 are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted C 6-10 aryl, and substituted and unsubstituted C 7-12 arylalkyl;
  • R and R′ are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —CN, —COOR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 15 , —NO 2 , —NR 14 R 15 , —NR 14 —C(O)—R 15 , —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and —S(O) 0-2 R 14 ;
  • n and n′ are independently 0, 1, or 2;
  • dashed lines in structure III represent carbon-carbon double bonds or carbon-carbon single bonds contained within the fused four-ring system, such that the compound comprises a 1,3-diene, 1,5-diene, 1,6-diene, 1,7-diene, 1,8-diene, 1,15-diene, 1,16-diene, 3,16-diene, 4,8-diene, 1,3,5-triene, 1,4,6-triene, 1,3,16-triene, 1,5,7-triene, 1,5,15-triene, 1,8,15-triene, 1,5,16-triene, or 1,5,7,15-tetraene, within the fused four-ring system.
  • the condition is prostate cancer, and in particular, prostate cancer at an androgen-independent stage.
  • the condition is antiandrogen induced withdrawal syndrome, and the subject may be afflicted with prostate cancer.
  • the compound comprises a 1,5-diene within the fused four-ring system.
  • K is —CR 1 R 2 —
  • R 1 is —OR 11
  • R 11 is —H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, —C(O)—R 12 , —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , or —C(O)—OR 12 .
  • the compound comprises a 1,5-diene within the fused four-ring system, and R 11 is —H, or—C(O)—R 12 .
  • the present invention also provides methods of inhibiting androgen receptors in vitro or in vivo comprising contacting an androgen receptor with an effective amount of a compound having the structure III, as described above. In some embodiments of such methods, the transactivation of androgen receptor is suppressed. In other embodiments, the androgen receptor is mutant or native androgen receptor.
  • the compound comprises a 1,5-diene within the fused four-ring system.
  • K is —CR 1 R 2 —
  • R 1 is —OR 11
  • R 11 is —H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, —C(O)—R 12 , —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , or —C(O)—OR 12 .
  • the compound comprises a 1,5-diene within the fused four-ring system, and R 11 is —H, or —C(O)—R 12 .
  • ADEK is 3 ⁇ -acetoxy-17,17-ethylenedioxyandrost-1,5-diene-17-one (3 ⁇ -acetoxyandrost-1,5-diene-17-ethylene ketal), adiol is ⁇ 5 -androstenediol (3 ⁇ ,17 ⁇ -dihydroxyandrost-5-ene), AR is androgen receptor, DHEA is dehydroepiandrosterone, DHT is dihydrotestosterone, ER is estrogen receptor, EtOH is ethanol, HF is hydroxyflutamide, Luc is luciferase, MMTV is mouse mammary tumor virus, PR is progesterone receptor, PSA is prostrate specific antigen, R1881 is the synthetic androgen methyltrienolone (17 ⁇ -methyl-17 ⁇ -hydroxyestra-4,9(10),11-trien-3-one) and RBA is relative binding affinity.
  • reference to a certain element such as hydrogen or —H is meant to include all isotopes of that element.
  • an R group is defined to include hydrogen or —H, it also includes deuterium and tritium.
  • unsubstituted alkyl refers to alkyl groups that do not contain heteroatoms.
  • the phrase includes straight chain alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and the like.
  • the phrase also includes branched chain isomers of straight chain alkyl groups, including but not limited to, the following which are provided by way of example: —CH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH(CH 3 )(CH 2 CH 3 ), —CH(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , —C(CH 3 ) 3 , —C(CH 2 CH 3 ) 3 , —CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )(CH 2 CH 3 ), —CH 2 CH(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 , —CH 2 C(CH 2 CH 3 ) 3 , —CH(CH 3 )CH(CH 3 )(CH 2 CH 3 ), —CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )(CH 2 CH 3 ), —CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2
  • the phrase also includes cyclic alkyl groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl and such rings substituted with straight and branched chain alkyl groups as defined above.
  • the phrase also includes polycyclic alkyl groups such as, but not limited to, adamantyl, norbornyl, and bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl and such rings substituted with straight and branched chain alkyl groups as defined above.
  • the phrase unsubstituted alkyl groups includes primary alkyl groups, secondary alkyl groups, and tertiary alkyl groups.
  • Unsubstituted alkyl groups may be bonded to one or more carbon atom(s), oxygen atom(s), nitrogen atom(s), and/or sulfur atom(s) in the parent compound.
  • Preferred unsubstituted alkyl groups include straight and branched chain alkyl groups and cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and more preferred such groups have from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Even more preferred such groups, also known as unsubstituted lower alkyl groups, have from 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
  • Most preferred unsubstituted alkyl groups include straight and branched chain alkyl groups having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms and include methyl, ethyl, propyl, and —CH(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • substituted alkyl refers to an unsubstituted alkyl group as defined above in which one or more bonds to a carbon(s) or hydrogen(s) are replaced by a bond to non-hydrogen and non-carbon atoms such as, but not limited to, a halogen atom in halides such as F, Cl, Br, and I; and oxygen atom in groups such as hydroxyl groups, alkoxy groups, aryloxy groups, and ester groups; a sulfur atom in groups such as thiol groups, alkyl and aryl sulfide groups, sulfone groups, sulfonyl groups, and sulfoxide groups; a nitrogen atom in groups such as amines, amides, alkylamines, dialkylamines, arylamines, alkylarylamines, diarylamines, N-oxides, imides, and enamines; a silicon atom in groups such as in trialky
  • Substituted alkyl groups also include groups in which one or more bonds to a carbon(s) or hydrogen(s) atom is replaced by a bond to a heteroatom such as oxygen in carbonyl, carboxyl, and ester groups; nitrogen in groups such as imines, oximes, hydrazones, and nitriles.
  • Preferred substituted alkyl groups include, among others, alkyl groups in which one or more bonds to a carbon or hydrogen atom is/are replaced by one or more bonds to fluorine atoms.
  • One example of a substituted alkyl group is the trifluoromethyl group and other alkyl groups that contain the trifluoromethyl group.
  • alkyl groups include those in which one or more bonds to a carbon or hydrogen atom is replaced by a bond to an oxygen atom such that the substituted alkyl group contains a hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy group, or heterocyclyloxy group.
  • Still other alkyl groups include alkyl groups that have an amine, alkylamine, dialkylamine, arylamine, (alkyl)(aryl)amine,diarylamine, heterocyclylamine, (alkyl)(heterocyclyl)amine, (aryl)(heterocyclyl)amine, or diheterocyclylamine group.
  • unsubstituted aryl refers to aryl groups that do not contain heteroatoms.
  • the phrase includes, but is not limited to, groups such as phenyl, biphenyl, anthracenyl, naphthenyl by way of example.
  • the phrase “unsubstituted aryl” includes groups containing condensed rings such as naphthalene, it does not include aryl groups that have other groups such as alkyl or halo groups bonded to one of the ring members, as aryl groups such as tolyl are considered herein to be substituted aryl groups as described below.
  • a preferred unsubstituted aryl group is phenyl.
  • Unsubstituted aryl groups may be bonded to one or more carbon atom(s), oxygen atom(s), nitrogen atom(s), and/or sulfur atom(s) in the parent compound, however.
  • substituted aryl group has the same meaning with respect to unsubstituted aryl groups that substituted alkyl groups had with respect to unsubstituted alkyl groups.
  • a substituted aryl group also includes aryl groups in which one of the aromatic carbons is bonded to one of the non-carbon or non-hydrogen atoms described above and also includes aryl groups in which one or more aromatic carbons of the aryl group is bonded to a substituted and/or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group as defined herein.
  • unsubstituted alkenyl refers to straight and branched chain and cyclic groups such as those described with respect to unsubstituted alkyl groups as defined above, except that at least one double bond exists between two carbon atoms.
  • Examples include, but are not limited to vinyl, —CH ⁇ C(H)(CH 3 ), —CH ⁇ C(CH 3 ) 2 , —C(CH 3 ) ⁇ C(H) 2 , —C(CH 3 ) ⁇ C(H)(CH 3 ), —C(CH 2 CH 3 ) ⁇ CH 2 , cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexadienyl, butadienyl, pentadienyl, and hexadienyl among others.
  • substituted alkenyl has the same meaning with respect to unsubstituted alkenyl groups that substituted alkyl groups had with respect to unsubstituted alkyl groups.
  • a substituted alkenyl group includes alkenyl groups in which a non-carbon or non-hydrogen atom is bonded to a carbon double bonded to another carbon and those in which one of the non-carbon or non-hydrogen atoms is bonded to a carbon not involved in a double bond to another carbon.
  • unsubstituted alkynyl refers to straight and branched chain groups such as those described with respect to unsubstituted alkyl groups as defined above, except that at least one triple bond exists between two carbon atoms. Examples include, but are not limited to —C ⁇ C(H), —C ⁇ C(CH 3 ), —C ⁇ C(CH 2 CH 3 ), —C(H 2 )C ⁇ C(H), —C(H) 2 C ⁇ C(CH 3 ), and —C(H) 2 C ⁇ C(CH 2 CH 3 ) among others.
  • substituted alkynyl has the same meaning with respect to unsubstituted alkynyl groups that substituted alkyl groups had with respect to unsubstituted alkyl groups.
  • a substituted alkynyl group includes alkynyl groups in which a non-carbon or non-hydrogen atom is bonded to a carbon triple bonded to another carbon and those in which a non-carbon or non-hydrogen atom is bonded to a carbon not involved in a triple bond to another carbon.
  • unsubstituted aralkyl refers to unsubstituted alkyl groups as defined above in which a hydrogen or carbon bond of the unsubstituted alkyl group is replaced with a bond to an aryl group as defined above.
  • methyl —CH 3
  • a hydrogen atom of the methyl group is replaced by a bond to a phenyl group, such as if the carbon of the methyl were bonded to a carbon of benzene, then the compound is an unsubstituted aralkyl group (i.e., a benzyl group).
  • the phrase includes, but is not limited to, groups such as benzyl, diphenylmethyl, and 1-phenylethyl (—CH(C 6 H 5 )(CH 3 )) among others.
  • substituted aralkyl has the same meaning with respect to unsubstituted aralkyl groups that substituted aryl groups had with respect to unsubstituted aryl groups.
  • a substituted aralkyl group also includes groups in which a carbon or hydrogen bond of the alkyl part of the group is replaced by a bond to a non-carbon or a non-hydrogen atom. Examples of substituted aralkyl groups include, but are not limited to, —CH 2 C( ⁇ O)(C 6 H 5 ), and —CH 2 (2-methylphenyl) among others.
  • unsubstituted heterocyclyl refers to both aromatic and nonaromatic ring compounds including monocyclic, bicyclic, and polycyclic ring compounds such as, but not limited to, quinuclidyl, containing 3 or more ring members of which one or more is a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, N, O, and S.
  • unsubstituted heterocyclyl includes condensed heterocyclic rings such as benzimidazolyl, it does not include heterocyclyl groups that have other groups such as alkyl or halo groups bonded to one of the ring members as compounds such as 2-methylbenzimidazolyl are substituted heterocyclyl groups.
  • heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to: unsaturated 3 to 8 membered rings containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms such as, but not limited to pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, dihydropyridinyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazolyl (e.g. 4H-1,2,4-triazolyl, 1H-1,2,3-triazolyl, 2H-1,2,3-triazolyl etc.), tetrazolyl, (e.g.
  • saturated 3 to 8 membered rings containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms such as, but not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl; condensed unsaturated heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms such as, but not limited to, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, benzimidazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl; unsaturated 3 to 8 membered rings containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms such as, but not limited to, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl (e.g.
  • unsaturated 3 to 8 membered rings containing 1 to 3 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms such as, but not limited to, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl (e.g.
  • 1,3-benzodioxoyl, etc. unsaturated 3 to 8 membered rings containing an oxygen atom and 1 to 2 sulfur atoms such as, but not limited to, dihydrooxathiinyl; saturated 3 to 8 membered rings containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 2 sulfur atoms such as 1,4-oxathiane; unsaturated condensed rings containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms such as benzothienyl, benzodithiinyl; and unsaturated condensed heterocyclic rings containing an oxygen atom and 1 to 2 oxygen atoms such as benzoxathiinyl.
  • unsaturated 3 to 8 membered rings containing an oxygen atom and 1 to 2 sulfur atoms such as, but not limited to, dihydrooxathiinyl
  • saturated 3 to 8 membered rings containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 2 sulfur atoms such as 1,4-oxathiane
  • Heterocyclyl group also include those described above in which one or more S atoms in the ring is double-bonded to one or two oxygen atoms (sulfoxides and sulfones).
  • heterocyclyl groups include tetrahydrothiophene oxide and tetrahydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide.
  • Preferred heterocyclyl groups contain 5 or 6 ring members.
  • More preferred heterocyclyl groups include morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, imidazole, pyrazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, tetrazole, thiophene, thiomorpholine, thiomorpholine in which the S atom of the thiomorpholine is bonded to one or more O atoms, pyrrole, homopiperazine, oxazolidin-2-one, pyrrolidin-2-one, oxazole, quinuclidine, thiazole, isoxazole, furan, and tetrahydrofuran.
  • substituted heterocyclyl refers to an unsubstituted heterocyclyl group as defined above in which one or more of the ring members is bonded to a non-hydrogen atom such as described above with respect to substituted alkyl groups and substituted aryl groups.
  • examples include, but are not limited to, 2-methylbenzimidazolyl, 5-methylbenzimidazolyl, 5-chlorobenzthiazolyl, 1-methyl piperazinyl, 2-phenoxy-thiophene, and 2-chloropyridinyl among others.
  • substituted heterocyclyl groups also include heterocyclyl groups in which the bond to the non-hyrogen atom is a bond to a carbon atom that is part of a substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted arylalkyl, or unsubstituted heterocyclyl group.
  • Examples include but are not limited to 1-benzylpiperdinyl, 3-phenythiomorpholinyl, 3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-pyrrolidinyl, and 4-(piperidin-1-yl)-piperidinyl.
  • unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl refers to unsubstituted alkyl groups as defined above in which a hydrogen or carbon bond of the unsubstituted alkyl group is replaced with a bond to a heterocyclyl group as defined above.
  • methyl —CH 3
  • methyl is an unsubstituted alkyl group.
  • a hydrogen atom of the methyl group is replaced by a bond to a heterocyclyl group, such as if the carbon of the methyl were bonded to carbon 2 of pyridine (one of the carbons bonded to the N of the pyridine) or carbons 3 or 4 of the pyridine, then the compound is an unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl group.
  • substituted heterocyclylalkyl has the same meaning with respect to unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl groups that substituted aralkyl groups had with respect to unsubstituted aralkyl groups.
  • a substituted heterocyclylalkyl group also includes groups in which a non-hydrogen atom is bonded to a heteroatom in the heterocyclyl group of the heterocyclylalkyl group such as, but not limited to, a nitrogen atom in the piperidine ring of a piperidinylalkyl group.
  • a substituted heterocyclylalkyl group also includes groups in which a carbon bond or a hydrogen bond of the alkyl part of the group is replaced by a bond to a substituted and unsubstituted aryl or substituted and unsubstituted arylalkyl group. Examples include but are not limited to phenyl-(piperidin-1-yl)-methyl and phenyl-(morpholin-4-yl)-methyl.
  • unsubstituted alkoxy refers to a hydroxyl group (—OH) in which the bond to the hydrogen atom is replaced by a bond to a carbon atom of an otherwise unsubstituted alkyl group as defined above.
  • substituted alkoxy refers to a hydroxyl group (—OH) in which the bond to the hydrogen atom is replaced by a bond to a carbon atom of an otherwise substituted alkyl group as defined above.
  • hydroxyl groups, amine groups, and sulfhydryl groups refers to forms of these functionalities which are protected from undesirable reaction with a protecting group known to those skilled in the art such as those set forth in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Greene, T. W.; Wuts, P. G. M., John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, (3rd Edition, 1999) which can be added or removed using the procedures set forth therein.
  • Examples of protected hydroxyl groups include, but are not limited to, silyl ethers such as those obtained by reaction of a hydroxyl group with a reagent such as, but not limited to, t-butyldimethyl-chlorosilane, trimethylchlorosilane, triisopropylchlorosilane, triethylchlorosilane; substituted methyl and ethyl ethers such as, but not limited to methoxymethyl ether, methythiomethyl ether, benzyloxymethyl ether, t-butoxymethyl ether, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl ether, tetrahydropyranyl ethers, 1-ethoxyethyl ether, allyl ether, benzyl ether; esters such as, but not limited to, benzoylformate, formate, acetate, trichloroacetate, and trifluoracetate.
  • a reagent such as, but not limited to
  • protected amine groups include, but are not limited to, amides such as, formamide, acetamide, trifluoroacetamide, and benzamide; imides, such as phthalimide, and dithiosuccinimide; and others.
  • protected sulfhydryl groups include, but are not limited to, thioethers such as S-benzyl thioether, and S-4-picolyl thioether; substituted S-methyl derivatives such as hemithio, dithio and aminothio acetals; and others.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” includes a salt with an inorganic base, organic base, inorganic acid, organic acid, or basic or acidic amino acid.
  • the invention includes, for example, alkali metals such as sodium or potassium; alkaline earth metals such as calcium and magnesium or aluminum; and ammonia.
  • the invention includes, for example, trimethylamine, triethylamine, pyridine, picoline, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, and triethanolamine.
  • the instant invention includes, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydroboric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.
  • the instant invention includes, for example, formic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid.
  • salts of basic amino acids the instant invention includes, for example, arginine, lysine and ornithine.
  • Acidic amino acids include, for example, aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
  • Prodrugs as used in the context of the instant invention, includes those derivatives of the instant compounds which undergo in vivo metabolic biotransformation, by enzymatic or nonenzymatic processes, such as hydrolysis, to form a compound of the invention.
  • Typical prodrugs include ester and ether moieties.
  • Prodrugs can be employed to improve pharmaceutical or biological properties, as for example solubility, melting point, stability and related physicochemical properties, absorption, pharmacodynamics and other delivery-related properties.
  • Tautomers refers to isomeric forms of a compound that are in equilibrium with each other.
  • concentrations of the isomeric forms will depend on the environment the compound is found in and may be different depending upon, for example, whether the compound is a solid or is in an organic or aqueous solution.
  • ketones are typically in equilibrium with their enol forms.
  • ketones and their enols are referred to as tautomers of each other.
  • tautomers of each other As readily understood by one skilled in the art, a wide variety of functional groups and other structures may exhibit tautomerism, and all tautomers of compounds having structures I, II, or III are within the scope of the present invention.
  • Compounds of the present invention include enriched or resolved optical isomers at any or all asymmetric atoms as are apparent from the depictions. Both racemic and diastereomeric mixtures, as well as the individual optical isomers can be isolated or synthesized so as to be substantially free of their enantiomeric or diastereomeric partners, and these are all within the scope of the invention.
  • A is —C(O)—, ⁇ CR 9 —, or —CR 9 R 10 —;
  • E is —C(O)—, ⁇ CR 5 —, or —CR 5 R 6 —, wherein A and E are not both —C(O)—;
  • G is —C(O)—, ⁇ CR 3 —, or —CR 3 R 4 —;
  • K is —C(O)—, ⁇ CR 1 —, or —CR 1 R 2 —.
  • A is —CR 9 R 10 —, E is —CR 5 R 6 —, G is —CR 3 R 4 —, or K is —C(OR 11 )R 2 —.
  • A is —CR 9 R 10 — and K is —CR 1 R 2 —.
  • E is —CR 5 R 6 —, G is —CR 3 R 4 —, and K is —CR 1 R 2 —.
  • A is —CR 9 R 10 —, E is —CR 5 R 6 —, G is —CR 3 R 4 —, and K is —CR 1 R 2 —.
  • A is —C(O)—, E is —C(O)—, G is —C(O)—, or K is —C(O)—.
  • A is ⁇ CR 9 —
  • G is ⁇ CR 3 —
  • E is ⁇ CR 5 —
  • A is ⁇ CR 9 — and E is ⁇ CR 5 —.
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of —OR 11 , substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkene, substituted and unsubstituted alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl, —C(O)—R 12 , —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , —C(O)—OR 12 , —C(S)—R 12 , —C(S)—OR 12 , —NR 12 R 13 , —NR 12 —C((O)—R 13 , —NR 12 —C(O)—OR 13 , —NR 12 —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , and —S(O) 0-2 —R 12 .
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of —OR 11 , substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, —C(O)—R 12 , —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , —C(O)—OR 12 , —C(S)—R 12 , —C(S)—OR 12 , —NR 12 R 13 , —NR 12 —C(O)—R 13 , —NR 12 —C(O)—OR 13 , —NR 12 —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , and —S(O) 0-2 —R 12 .
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of —OR 11 , substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, —NR 12 R 13 , —NR 12 —C(O)—R 13 , and —NR 12 —C(O)—OR 13 . In yet other embodiments, R 1 is —OR 11 .
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne. In other embodiments, R 2 is —H.
  • R 3 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —CN, —COOR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 15 , —NO 2 , —NR 14 R 15 , —NR 14 —C(O)—R 15 , —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and —S(O) 0-2 R 14 .
  • R 3 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —CN, —COOR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 15 , —NR 14 R 15 , —NR 14 —C(O)—R 15 , —OH, and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy.
  • R 3 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —OH, and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy.
  • R 3 or R 5 is —H, or both are —H.
  • R 4 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —CN, —COOR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 15 , —NO 2 , —NR 14 R 15 , —NR 14 —C(O)—R 15 , —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and —S(O) 0-2 R 14 .
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from the group consisting of -H and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl. In some such embodiments, R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from unsubstituted lower alkyl. In other embodiments, R 7 or R 8 is methyl, or both are methyl.
  • R 9 and R 10 are independently selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —OH, wherein R 9 and R 10 are not both —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and substituted and unsubstituted —S(O) 0-2 (lower alkyl), or R 9 and R 10 , together with the carbon to which they are attached, form a 5-, 6-, or 7-member heterocyclyl or cycloalkyl group.
  • R 9 is a —OH or substituted alkoxy, such as an acetyl and the like.
  • X and Y are independently selected from the group consisting of —NR 14 —, —O—, —S—, and substituted and unsubstituted C, alkyl;
  • Z is substituted or unsubstituted C 2-4 alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted —(CR 14 R 15 ) 2-3 —;
  • R 2 is as defined herein.
  • R 9 and R 10 together with the carbon to which they are attached, form a 5-, 6-, or 7-member heterocyclyl.
  • the heterocycle is a 5- or 6-member heterocycle such as a ketal or thioketal
  • R 11 is selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkene, substituted and unsubstituted alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl, —C(O)—R 12 , —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , —C(O)—OR 12 , —C(S)—R 12 , —NR 12 R 13 , —S(O) 2 —R 12 , —S(O) 2 —OR 12 , and —P(O)(OR 12 )(OR 13 ) 0-1 .
  • R 11 is selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkene, substituted and unsubstituted alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl, —C(O)—R 12 , —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , —C(O)—OR 12 , —C(S)—R 12 , —NR 12 R 13 , —S(O) 2 —R 12 , —S(O) 2 —OR 12 , or —P(O)(OR 12 )(OR 13 ) 0-1 .
  • R 11 is selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, —C(O)—R 12 , —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , and —C(O)—OR 12 . In still other embodiments, R 11 is selected from the group consisting of —H, —C(O)—R 12 and —C(O)—OR 12 . In some embodiments, R 11 is —C(O)—R 12 .
  • R 12 and R 13 are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkene, substituted and unsubstituted alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclyl, and substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl.
  • R 12 and R 13 are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkene, and substituted and unsubstituted alkyne.
  • R 12 is selected from the group consisting of —H and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl.
  • R 11 is —C(O)—R 12
  • R 12 is unsubstituted lower alkyl.
  • R 13 is —H.
  • R 14 and R 15 are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted C 6-10 aryl, and substituted and unsubstituted C 7-12 arylalkyl.
  • R and R′ are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —CN, —COOR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 15 , —NO 2 , —NR 14 R 15 , —NR 14 —C(O)—R 15 , —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and —S(O) 0-2 R 14 .
  • R and R′ are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —OH, and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy.
  • R and R′ are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of —F and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, —OH, and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy.
  • n and n′ are independently 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, n and n′ are independently 1 or 2. In other embodiments, n and n′ are independently 0 or 1.
  • the A ring of the fused four-ring system of structure I may have one or two R substituents at position 1, one or two R substituents at position 2, and so forth. Alternatively, the A ring may have two R substituents at different positions such as position 2 and 4.
  • the B-ring may have one or two R′ substituents at position 6 or a single R′ at position 9, among other embodiments.
  • the dashed lines in structure I represent carbon-carbon double bonds or carbon-carbon single bonds contained within the fused four-ring system, such that the compound comprises a 1,6-diene, 1,7-diene, 1,8-diene, 1,15-diene, 1,16-diene, 4,8-diene, 3,16-diene, 1,3,5-triene, 1,3,16-triene, 1,5,7-triene, 1,5,15-triene, 1,8,15-triene, 1,5,16-triene, or 1,5,7,15-tetraene, within the fused four-ring system.
  • the 1,8-diene includes both 1,8(9)- and 1,8(14)-dienes, while the 1,8,15-triene includes 1,8(9)- and 1,8(14)-trienes.
  • the compound comprises a 1,6-diene, 1,7-diene, 1,8-diene, 1,15-diene, 1,16-diene, 4,8-diene, or 3,16-diene, within the fused four-ring system.
  • the compound comprises a 1,3,5-triene, 1,3,16-triene, 1,5,7-triene, 1,5,15-triene, 1,8,15-triene, 1,5,16-triene, or 1,5,7,15-tetraene within the fused four-ring system.
  • A is —C(O)— or —CR 9 R 10 —; E is —C(O)— or —CR 5 R 6 —, wherein A and E are not both —C(O)—; G is —C(O)—, ⁇ CR 3 —, or —CR 3 R 4 —; and K is ⁇ C(OR 11 )—, or —C(OR 11 )R 2 —.
  • A is —CR 9 R 10 —
  • E is —CR 5 R 6 —
  • G is —CR 3 R 4 —
  • K is —C(OR 11 )R 2 —.
  • A is —CR 9 R 10 —
  • K is —C(OR 11 )R 2 —.
  • E is —CR 5 R 6 —
  • G is —CR 3 R 4 —
  • K is —C(OR 11 )R 2 —.
  • A is —CR 9 R 10 —
  • E is —CR 5 R 6 —
  • G is —CR 3 R 4 —
  • K is —C(OR 11 )R 2 —.
  • A is —C(O)—
  • E is —C(O)—
  • G is —C(O)—.
  • G is ⁇ CR 3 —.
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne. In other embodiments, R 2 is —H.
  • R 3 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —CN, —COOR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 15 , —NO 2 , —NR 14 R 15 , —NR 14 —C(O)—R 15 , —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and —S(O) 0-2 R 14
  • R 3 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —CN, —COOR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 15 , —NR 14 R 15 ,
  • R 3 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —OH, and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy.
  • R 3 or R 5 is —H, or both are —H.
  • R 4 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —CN, —COOR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 15 , —NO 2 , —NR 14 R 15 , —NR 14 —C(O)—R 15 , —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and —S(O) 0-2 R 14 .
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl. In some such embodiments, R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from unsubstituted lower alkyl. In other embodiments, R 7 or R 8 is methyl, or both are methyl.
  • R 9 and R 10 are independently selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —OH, wherein R 9 and R 10 are not both —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and substituted and unsubstituted —S(O) 0-2 (lower alkyl); or R 9 and R 10 , together with the carbon to which they are attached, form a 5-, 6-, or 7-member heterocyclyl or cycloalkyl group.
  • R 9 and R 10 together with the carbon to which they are attached, form a 5-, 6-, or 7-member heterocyclyl or cycloalkyl group. In some embodiments, R 9 and R 10 , together with the carbon to which they are attached, form a 5-, 6-, or 7-member heterocyclyl.
  • the heterocycle is a 5- or 6-member heterocycle such as a ketal.
  • R 11 is selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkene, substituted and unsubstituted alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl, —C(O)—R 12 , —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , —C(O)—OR 12 , —C(S)—R 12 , —NR 12 R 13 , —S(O) 2 —R 12 , —S(O) 2 —OR 12 , and —P(O)(OR 12 )(OR 13 ) 0-1 .
  • R 11 is selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, —C(O)—R 12 , —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , and —C(O)—OR 12 . In other embodiments, R 11 is selected from the group consisting of —C(O)—R 12 and —C(O)—OR 12 . In still other embodiments, R 11 is —C(O)—R 12 .
  • R 12 and R 13 are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkene, substituted and unsubstituted alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclyl, and substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl.
  • R 12 and R 13 are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkene, and substituted and unsubstituted alkyne.
  • R 12 is selected from the group consisting of —H and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl.
  • R 11 is —C(O)—R 12
  • R 12 is unsubstituted lower alkyl.
  • R 13 is —H.
  • R 14 and R 15 are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted C 6-10 aryl, and substituted and unsubstituted C 7-12 arylalkyl.
  • R and R′ are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —CN, —COOR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 15 , —NO 2 , —NR 14 R 15 , —NR 14 —C(O)—R 15 , —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and —S(O) 0-2 R 14 .
  • R and R′ are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —OH, and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy.
  • R and R′ are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of —F and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, —OH, and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy.
  • n and n′ are independently 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, n and n′ are independently 1 or 2. In other embodiments, n and n′ are independently 0 or 1.
  • the A ring of the fused four-ring system of structure I may have one or two R substituents at position 1, one or two R substituents at position 2, and so forth. Alternatively, the A ring may have two R substituents at different positions such as position 2 and 4.
  • the B-ring may have one or two R′ substituents at position 6 or a single R′ at position 9, among other embodiments.
  • the dashed lines in structure II represent carbon-carbon double bonds or carbon-carbon single bonds contained within the fused four-ring system, such that the compound comprises a 1,3-diene, 1,5-diene, or 1,4,6-triene within the fused four-ring system.
  • the compound comprises a 1,3-diene or 1,4,6-triene within the fused four-ring system.
  • the compound comprises a 1,5-diene within the fused four-ring system.
  • X and Y are independently selected from the group consisting of —NR 14 —, —O—, —S—, and substituted and unsubstituted C 1 alkyl;
  • Z is substituted or unsubstituted C 2-4 alkyl, e.g., —CH 2 —CH 2 — or —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —, or substituted or unsubstituted —(CR 14 R 15 ) 2-3 —; and
  • R 2 is as previously defined.
  • A is —C(O)—, ⁇ CR 9 —, or —CR 9 R 10 —;
  • E is —C(O)—, ⁇ CR 5 —, or —CR 5 R 6 —, wherein A and E are not both —C(O);
  • G is —C(O)—, ⁇ CR 3 —, or —CR 3 R 4 —;
  • K is —C(O)—, ⁇ CR 1 —, or —CR 1 R 2 —;
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of —OR 11 , substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkene, substituted and unsubstituted alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl, —C(O)—R 12 , —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , —C(O)—OR 12 , —C(S)—R 12 , —C(S)—OR 12 , —NR 12 R 13 , —NR 12 —C(O)—R 13 , —NR 12 —C(O)—OR 13 , —NR 12 —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , and —S(O) 0-2 —R 12 ;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne;
  • R 3 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —CN, —COOR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 15 , —NO 2 , —NR 14 R 15 , —NR 14 —C(O)—R 15 , —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and —S(O) 0-2 R 14 ;
  • R 4 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —CN, —COOR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 15 , —NO 2 , —NR 14 R 15 , —NR 14 —C(O)—R 15 , —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and —S(O) 0-2 R 14 ;
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from the group consisting of —H and substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl group;
  • R 9 and R 10 are independently selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —OH, wherein R 9 and R 10 are not both —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and substituted and unsubstituted —S(O) 0-2 (lower alkyl), or R 9 and R 10 , together with the carbon to which they are attached, form a 5-, 6-, or 7-member heterocyclyl or cycloalkyl group;
  • R 11 is selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkene, substituted and unsubstituted alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl, —C(O)—R 12 , —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , —C(O)—OR 12 , —C(S)—R 12 , —NR 12 R 13 , —S(O) 2 —R 12 , —S(O) 2 —OR 12 , or —P(O)(OR 12 )(OR 13 ) 0-1 ;
  • R 12 and R 13 are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of —H, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkene, substituted and unsubstituted alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclyl, and substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl;
  • R 14 and R 15 are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, substituted and unsubstituted C 6-10 aryl, and substituted and unsubstituted C 7-12 arylalkyl;
  • R and R′ are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkene, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyne, —CN, —COOR 14 , —C(O)NR 14 R 15 , —NO 2 , —NR 14 R 15 , —NR 14 —C(O)—R 15 , —OH, substituted and unsubstituted lower alkoxy, and —S(O) 0-2 R 14 ;
  • n and n′ are independently 0, 1, or 2;
  • dashed lines in structure III represent carbon-carbon double bonds or carbon-carbon single bonds contained within the fused four-ring system, such that the compound comprises a 1,3-diene, 1,5-diene, 1,6-diene, 1,7-diene, 1,8-diene, 1,15-diene, 1,16-diene, 3,16-diene, 4,8-diene, 1,3,5-triene, 1,4,6-triene, 1,3,16-triene, 1,5,7-triene, 1,5,15-triene, 1,8,15-triene, 1,5,16-triene, or 1,5,7,15-tetraene, within the fused four-ring system.
  • the hydrogen atoms at the 8, 9 and 14 positions respectively are typically in the ⁇ -, ⁇ - and ⁇ -configurations.
  • the condition is prostate cancer, and in particular, prostate cancer at an androgen-independent stage.
  • the condition is antiandrogen induced withdrawal syndrome, and the subject may be afflicted with prostate cancer.
  • the condition is benign prostatic hypertrophy, hirsutism, acne, androgenic alopecia, or ovulatory dysfunction in hyperandrogenic women, such as, for example, polycystic ovary syndrome patients.
  • the compounds disclosed herein are used to ameliorate and/or slow the progression of one or more of these conditions.
  • the compound comprises a 1,5-diene within the fused four-ring system.
  • K is —CR 1 R 2 —
  • R 1 is —OR 11
  • R 11 is —H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, —C(O)—R 12 , —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , or —C(O)—OR 12 .
  • the compound comprises a 1,5-diene within the fused four-ring system, and R 11 is —H, or —C(O)—R 12 .
  • the invention provides methods of treating, preventing or ameliorating a condition mediated by an androgen receptor using compounds disclosed herein.
  • compounds include ADEK, 3 ⁇ -hydroxyandrosta-1,5-dien-17,17-ethylene ketal, 3 ⁇ -hydroxyandrosta-1,5-dien-17-one and 3 ⁇ -acetoxyandrosta-1,5-dien-17-one.
  • the compounds of the present invention are advantageously used in treating androgen-receptor mediated conditions because, among other things, they inhibit the activity of Adiol.
  • Adiol is unique among naturally occurring androgens in that its transactivation of the androgen receptor is not inhibited by previously known antiandrogens such as hydroxyflutamide or bicalutamide.
  • Adiol activity can contribute to, e.g., androgen-independent prostate cancer.
  • inventive compounds repress Adiol-induced AR transcription and would be expected to show efficacy against androgen-independent prostate cancer.
  • the present invention thus provides methods of inhibiting androgen receptors in vitro or in vivo comprising contacting an androgen receptor with an effective amount of a compound, e.g., a compound having the structure I, II or III.
  • a compound e.g., a compound having the structure I, II or III.
  • the transactivation of androgen receptor is suppressed.
  • the androgen receptor is mutant or native androgen receptor.
  • Such embodiments include methods to modulate the biological activity and/or the level of androgen receptor activity, e.g., in humans or mammals who have, or who are disposed to develop, an androgen receptor related condition or symptom. Such modulation can be effected in cells in vitro or in vivo.
  • Compounds such as those described herein, or other androgen receptor modulators can be characterized by their capacity to antagonize the activity of androgen receptor agonists such as adiol.
  • the capacity of any selected test compound to modulate or antagonize androgen receptor activity or level in the presence or absence of an agonist such as adiol is optionally compared to the activity of a reference compound such as ADEK or another compound disclosed herein in the same or a suitable similar assay.
  • test compounds can be assayed at two, three, four or more more concentrations that range from about 0.01 nM to about 10 mM, e.g., at one or more of about 0.01 nM, 0.1 nM, 1.0 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, 1 ⁇ M, 5 ⁇ M, 10 ⁇ M, 50 ⁇ M, 100 ⁇ M, 500 ⁇ M, 1 mM and 10 mM.
  • Test compounds that are capable of antagonizing Adiol-stimulated AR activity can then be used to teat the conditions described herein.
  • Such assays can be performed essentially as described in the examples described herein, e.g., by contacting the test compound with a suitable AR assay system (under suitable conditions and for a sufficient time) in the presence and/or absence of an AR agonist such as Adiol. Any of these assays can optionally be performed in the presence or absence of other AR modulators such as DHT, testosterone, HF or casodex to characterize the effects of a test compound or a compound described herein to affect the activity of such AR modulators. Other indirect assays, e.g., measurement of PSA, can optionally also be used to characterize the compounds.
  • the present invention also provides methods of inhibiting androgen receptors in vitro or in vivo comprising contacting an androgen receptor with an effective amount of a compound having the structure II, as described above. In some embodiments of such methods, the transactivation of androgen receptor is suppressed. In other embodiments, the androgen receptor is mutant or native androgen receptor.
  • the invention provides method of inhibiting an androgen receptor in vitro or in vivo comprising contacting the androgen receptor with an effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound having the structure I, II or III, or a prodrug of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, a stereoisomer of the compound, a tautomer of the compound, or a solvate of such compounds.
  • a compound disclosed herein e.g., a compound having the structure I, II or III, or a prodrug of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, a stereoisomer of the compound, a tautomer of the compound, or a solvate of such compounds.
  • exemplary compounds of structure III include compounds where the compound comprises a 1,3-diene, 1,5-diene, 1,6-diene, 1,7-diene, 1,8-diene, 1,15-diene, 1,16-diene, 3,16-diene, 4,8-diene, 1,3,5-triene, 1,4,6-triene, triene, 1,3,16-triene, 1,5,7-triene, 1,5,15-triene, 1,8,15-triene, 1,5,16-triene, or 1,5,7,15-tetraene, within the fused four-ring system.
  • transactivation of androgen receptor can be detectably suppressed for mutant or native androgen receptors.
  • K is —CR 1 R 2 —, e.g., —CH(OH)—, —C(CH 3 )(OH)—, —C(CH 3 )(ester)- or —C(C ⁇ CH)(OH)— where the hydroxyl or ester is in the ⁇ - or ⁇ -configuration.
  • the compound comprises a 1,5-diene within the fused four-ring system.
  • K is —CR 1 R 2 —
  • R 1 is —OR 11
  • R 11 is —H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, —C(O)—R 12 , —C(O)—NR 12 R 13 , or —C(O)—OR 12 .
  • the compound comprises a 1,5-diene within the fused four-ring system, and R 11 is —H, or —C(O)—R 12 .
  • the present invention provides methods of inhibiting androgen receptors in vitro or in vivo, the compound having the structure
  • compositions or formulations which may be prepared by mixing one or more compounds disclosed herein such as ADEK or compounds of structures I, II, or III, prodrugs thereof, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, stereoisomers thereof, tautomers thereof, or solvates thereof, with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, binders, diluents, lubricants or the like, collectively “carriers”.
  • ADEK ADEK
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof stereoisomers thereof, tautomers thereof, or solvates thereof
  • carriers pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, binders, diluents, lubricants or the like.
  • compositions of the inventions may be used to create formulations to prevent, treat or ameliorate conditions disclosed herein such as prostrate cancer, and in particular androgen-independent prostrate cancer, as well as antiandrogen induced withdrawal syndrome.
  • Such compositions can be in the form of, for example, granules, powders, tablets, capsules, syrup, suppositories, injections, emulsions, elixirs, suspensions or solutions.
  • the instant compositions can be formulated for various routes of administration, for example, by oral administration, by nasal administration, by rectal administration, subcutaneous injection, intravenous injection, intramuscular injections, or intraperitoneal injection.
  • the following dosage forms are given by way of example and should not be construed as limiting the instant invention.
  • powders, suspensions, granules, tablets, pills, capsules, gelcaps, and caplets are acceptable as solid, liquid or gel dosage forms. These can be prepared, for example, by mixing one or more compounds of the instant invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or tautomers thereof, with at least one additive such as a starch or other additive.
  • Suitable additives are sucrose, lactose, cellulose sugar, mannitol, maltitol, dextran, starch, agar, alginates, chitins, chitosans, pectins, tragacanth gum, gum arabic, gelatins, collagens, casein, albumin, synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers or glycerides.
  • oral dosage forms can contain other ingredients to aid in administration, such as an inactive diluent, or lubricants such as magnesium stearate, or preservatives such as paraben or sorbic acid, or anti-oxidants such as ascorbic acid, tocopherol or cysteine, a disintegrating agent, binders, thickeners, buffers, sweeteners, flavoring agents or perfuming agents. Tablets and pills may be further treated with suitable coating materials known in the art.
  • suitable coating materials known in the art.
  • Liquid dosage forms for oral administration may be in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, syrups, elixirs, suspensions, and solutions, which may contain an inactive diluent, such as water.
  • Pharmaceutical formulations and medicaments may be prepared as liquid suspensions or solutions using a sterile liquid, such as, but not limited to, an oil, water, an alcohol, and combinations of these.
  • Pharmaceutically suitable surfactants, suspending agents, emulsifying agents may be added for oral or parenteral administration.
  • Parenteral formulations will typically be sterile and may optionally contain a bacteriostat, e.g., EDTA or EGTA.
  • suspensions may include oils.
  • oils include, but are not limited to, peanut oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil and olive oil.
  • Suspension preparation may also contain esters of fatty acids such as ethyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, fatty acid glycerides and acetylated fatty acid glycerides.
  • Suspension formulations may include alcohols, such as, but not limited to, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, hexadecyl alcohol, glycerol and propylene glycol.
  • Ethers such as but not limited to, poly(ethyleneglycol), petroleum hydrocarbons such as mineral oil and petrolatum; and water may also be used in suspension formulations.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations and medicaments may be a spray or aerosol containing an appropriate solvent(s) and optionally other compounds such as, but not limited to, stabilizers, antimicrobial agents, antioxidants, pH modifiers, surfactants, bioavailability modifiers and combinations of these.
  • a propellant for an aerosol formulation may include compressed air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or a hydrocarbon based low boiling solvent.
  • Injectable dosage forms generally include aqueous suspensions or oil suspensions which may be prepared using a suitable dispersant or wetting agent and a suspending agent. Injectable forms may be in solution phase or in the form of a suspension, which is prepared with a solvent or diluent. Acceptable solvents or vehicles include sterilized water, Ringer's solution, or an isotonic aqueous saline solution. Alternatively, sterile oils may be employed as solvents or suspending agents.
  • the oil or fatty acid is non-volatile, including natural or synthetic oils, fatty acids, mono-, di- or tri-glycerides.
  • the pharmaceutical formulation and/or medicament may be a powder suitable for reconstitution with an appropriate solution as described above.
  • these include, but are not limited to, freeze dried, rotary dried or spray dried powders, amorphous powders, granules, precipitates, or particulates.
  • the formulations may optionally contain stabilizers, pH modifiers, surfactants, bioavailability modifiers and combinations of these.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations and medicaments may be in the form of a suppository, an ointment, an enema, a tablet or a cream for release of compound in the intestines, sigmoid flexure and/or rectum.
  • Rectal suppositories are prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the instant invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or tautomers of the compound, with acceptable vehicles, for example, cocoa butter or polyethylene glycol, which is present in a solid phase at normal storing temperatures, and present in a liquid phase at those temperatures suitable to release a drug inside the body, such as in the rectum.
  • Oils may also be employed in the preparation of formulations of the soft gelatin type and suppositories.
  • Water, saline, aqueous dextrose and related sugar solutions, and glycerols may be employed in the preparation of suspension formulations which may also contain suspending agents such as pectins, carbomers, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose or carboxymethyl cellulose, as well as buffers and/or preservatives.
  • excipients and carriers are generally known to those skilled in the art and are thus included in the instant invention. Such excipients and carriers are described, for example, in “Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences” Mack Pub. Co., New Jersey (1991), which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the formulations of the invention may be designed to be short-acting, fast-releasing, long-acting, and sustained-releasing as described below.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations may also be formulated for controlled release or for slow release.
  • compositions may also comprise, for example, micelles or liposomes, or some other encapsulated form, or may be administered in an extended release form to provide a prolonged storage and/or delivery effect. Therefore, the pharmaceutical formulations and medicaments may be compressed into pellets or cylinders and implanted intramuscularly or subcutaneously as depot injections or as implants such as stents. Such implants may employ known inert materials such as silicones and biodegradable polymers.
  • Specific dosages may be adjusted depending on conditions of disease, the age, body weight, general health conditions, sex, and diet of the subject, dose intervals, administration routes, excretion rate, and combinations of drugs. Any of the above dosage forms containing effective amounts are well within the bounds of routine experimentation and therefore, well within the scope of the instant invention.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention may vary depending upon the route of administration and dosage form.
  • the preferred compound or compounds of the instant invention is a formulation that exhibits a high therapeutic index.
  • the therapeutic index is the dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects which can be expressed as the ratio between LD 50 and ED 50 .
  • the LD 50 is the dose lethal to 50% of the population and the ED 50 is the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population.
  • the LD 50 and ED 50 are determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in animal cell cultures or experimental animals.
  • daily dosages of about 0.1 mg/kg to about 400 mg/kg typically about 0.5 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg, about 4 mg/kg or about 6 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 20 mg/kg, about 40 mg/kg or about 60 mg/kg can be effective for treating humans or other mammals.
  • Other embodiments include use of a compound of structure I, II or III as described herein for the preparation of a medicament or for the preparation of a medicament for the prevention, treatment or amelioration of a disease or condition or to slow the progression of a disease or condition as described herein.
  • Step 1 Synthesis of 17,17-ethylenedioxyandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one (2).
  • benzene 600 ml
  • ethylene glycol 90 ml
  • toluene-p-sulfonic acid monohydrate 0.3 g
  • the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate and washed thoroughly with water, dilute sodium bicarbonate solution, water and finally with brine.
  • Step 2 Synthesis of 17,17-ethylenedioxyandrosta-1,5-dien-3-one (3).
  • the reaction mixture was poured into ice-water and extracted with ethyl acetate-diethyl ether (2:1 v/v). Water and the solvent employed were previously saturated with dry ice (carbon dioxide).
  • Step 3 Synthesis of 17,17-ethylenedioxyandrosta-1,5-dien-3 ⁇ -ol (4).
  • the crude semi-crystalline residue (3, 8.0 g) obtained above was dissolved in methanol (500 ml), and to this solution was added sodium borohydride (5.0 g) in water (100 ml) under ice cooling and stirring. After stirring for 1 hour at 0° C., the excess of sodium borohydride was decomposed by adding 400 ml of 50% aqueous acetone. After the solution stood at room temperature overnight, the deposited crystals were filtered, washed thoroughly with water and dried under vacuum.
  • Step 4 3 ⁇ -acetoxy-17,17-ethylenedioxyandrosta-1,5-diene (5).
  • the reaction mixture was poured into ice-water and the compound was extracted with ether.
  • the organic layer was washed with ice-water several times followed by brine and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent in vacuo below 35° C. gave 1.0 g of crude solid. Recrystallization from methanol gave 3 ⁇ -acetoxy-17,17-ethylenedioxyandrosta-1,5-diene (5). Mp. 105-6° C.
  • Step 1 3 ⁇ -acetoxyandrosta-1,5-dien-17-one (6).
  • Ketal 5 (0.44 g) from Example 1 was dissolved in acetone-water (30 ml, 8:2), and treated with toluene-p-sulfonic acid monohydrate (0.1 g). After the mixture had been stirred at room temperature for 16 hr it was concentrated to half of its volume and diluted with a cold half saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The solution was cooled, filtered to give white solid compound (0.38 g, 98%), which was further crystallized from methanol. M.p. 185-87° C., purity 99% (LC-MS).
  • Step 2 3 ⁇ -hydroxyandrosta-1,5-dien-17-one (7).
  • a mixture of compound 6 (0.25 g) and potassium carbonate (0.3 g) in methanol-water (15 ml, 9:1) was stirred at room temperature for 8 hr. Solution was concentrated diluted with cold water, cooled and the precipitated solid was filtered, and crystallized from methanol. White solid, mp. 138-40° C.
  • DHT Adiol, 17 ⁇ -estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), and dexamethasone (Dex) were obtained from Sigma, Hydroxyflutamide (HF) was from Schering, and casodex was from ICI Pharmaceuticals.
  • HF Hydroxyflutamide
  • casodex was from ICI Pharmaceuticals.
  • pSG5-AR and pSG5-ARA70 were obtained as in: Yeh, S., Miyamoto, H. & Chang, C. (1997) Lancet 349, 852-853; Miyamoto, H., Yeh, S., Wilding, G. & Chang, C. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • Test compounds as antiandrogenic compounds were characterized by analysis of their ability to induce AR transcriptional activity in the AR-negative PC-3 cell line.
  • the Luc activity was determined in the cell extracts with transient transfection of wild-type AR plasmid and androgen response element-reporter plasmid (mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-Luc). After transfection, the cells were treated with various compounds at 0.1-1,000 nM. Of 17 compounds tested, only four (No.
  • Compounds 5, 10, 14 and 16 were characterized for their anti-DHT activity on AR transcription in PC-3 cells. Cells were transfected with AR plasmid and MMTV-Luc reporter in the presence of 1 nM DHT and each of these compounds at 0.01, 0.1, or 1 ⁇ M. While compounds No. 5, No.14, and No. 16 showed modest suppression on DHT-inducted AR transactivation, ADEK suppressed it to 30% in a dose-dependent manner.
  • Some compounds 3 ⁇ -acetoxy-17 ⁇ -hydroxyandrost-1,5-diene, 7 ⁇ -hydroxyandrost-5-ene-3,17-bis ethylene ketal, 7 ⁇ ,17 ⁇ -dihydroxyandrost-5-ene-3-ethylene ketal, 3 ⁇ ,16 ⁇ -bis-carbomethoxyandrost-5-ene-7,17-dione, 3 ⁇ ,17 ⁇ -dihydroxyandrost-4-ene and androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, were less effective in inhibiting DHT-induced AR transactivation.
  • PC-3 cells were transfected with the wild-type AR expression plasmid pSG5-AR and MMTV-Luc. After transfection, cells were cultured for 24 h with 1 nM DHT or 1,000 nM of various DHEA derivatives. The Luc activity is presented relative to that in the presence of DHT (set as 100%). The Luc activity was measured relative to that of ethanol treatment (set as 1-fold). Values from the mean ⁇ SD of at least three determinations were used.
  • PC-3 cells were transfected with the pSG5-AR and MMTV-Luc. After transfection, cells were cultured for 24 h with various concentrations of compounds No. 5, 10 (ADEK), 14, or 16 in the presence of 1 nM DHT. The Luc activity was determined relative to that in the presence of DHT (set as 100%). Values from the mean ⁇ SD of at least three determinations were obtained.
  • ADEK was further investigated, using different cell lines and different reporters, and was also compared to non-steroidal antiandrogens, HF and casodex.
  • ADEK had lower androgenic activity on wild-type AR transcription than HF and casodex in COS-1 cells.
  • ADEK at 1 ⁇ M suppresses DHT-induced wild-type AR transcription to 21%, similar to the suppression by HF and casodex.
  • 10 ⁇ M HF acts as full agonist, and therefore shows no suppression of DHT-induced mutant AR transcription, consistent with the previous findings (Kuil, C. W. & Mulder E. (1996) Endocrinology 137, 1870-1877; Miyamoto, H. & Chang, C.
  • ADEK acts as a potent antagonist on DHT-enhanced transactivation of both wild-type AR and a mutant AR.
  • Several compounds related to ADEK i.e., 3 ⁇ -acetoxyandrosta-1,5-dien-17-one, androsta-1,4-dien-3,17-dione, 3 ⁇ -hydroxyanrosta-1,5-dien-17-one and 3 ⁇ -acetoxy-17 ⁇ -hydroxyandrosta-1,5-dien, did not show significant antagonistic effects.
  • the agonist effect of ADEK was marginal and lower than that of non-steroidal antiandrogens. Because of this, there is less possibility of inducing withdrawal response in prostate cancer patients when using compounds such as ADEK.
  • ADEK The effects of ADEK on the DHT-induced transcriptional activity of AR was examined in COS-1 or LNCaP cells transfected with MMTV-Luc.
  • the pSG5-AR was co-transfected in COS-1 cells. After transfection, cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence or absence of 1 nM DHT or various concentrations of HF, casodex, or ADEK. Luc activity was analyzed relative to Luc activity in the presence of DHT (set as 100%). Values were obtained from the mean ⁇ SD of at least three determinations. DU145 cells were transfected with the pSG5-AR and MMTV-Luc in the presence or absence of pSG5-ARA70.
  • Luc activity is presented relative to that of ETOH treatment without ARA70 (set as 1-fold). Values were obtained for the mean ⁇ SD of at least three determinations.
  • relative Luc activity in 1 ⁇ M ADEK was 21% of the level relative to the DHT control (100%), while Luc activity in 0.1 ⁇ M ADEK and 0.01 ⁇ M respectively was about 60% and about 75% of the control level.
  • the PSA is an AR responsive gene and presently the most useful tumor marker to monitor prostate cancer progression.
  • the capacity of ADEK to modulate PSA expression in prostate cancer cells was tested.
  • the Western blotting assay showed that DHT increased endogenous PSA expression in LNCaP cells to 4.3-fold over mock treatment and that ADEK and casodex decreased DHT-induced PSA expression to 49% and 58%, respectively.
  • HF induces PSA expression to 3.5-fold, whereas ADEK and casodex increase it to less than 2-fold.
  • the effect of ADEK on cell growth of LNCaP was tested. DHT significantly increased cell growth, and ADEK and casodex antagonized this DHT effect. ADEK and casodex marginally increased growth in the absence of androgen.
  • Adiol which is produced from DHEA and which can be converted to testosterone, possesses intrinsic androgen activity. Among androgens it is unique in that both HF and casodex failed to block significantly Adiol-induced AR transactivation in prostate cancer cells. Because castration with or without combination therapy with antiandrogen, decreases the serum concentration of Adiol by only 40-50% (Bélanger, et al. (1986) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 62, 812-815; Labrie, F., et al. (1988) Br. J. Urol. 61, 341-346), previous findings suggested that current CAB treatment might be insufficient to block Adiol's action in AR-positive prostate cancer.
  • ADEK Adiol-induced AR transcription
  • PC-3 cells The wild-type AR expression plasmid pSG5-AR was co-transfected in PC-3 cells to permit assay of Adiol-induced AR transcription. After transfection, cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence or absence of 2.5 nM Adiol and 1 ⁇ M HF, 1 ⁇ M casodex, or 1 ⁇ M ADEK.
  • Adiol at 2.5 nM increased AR transcriptional activity in PC-3 and LNCaP to 4.5-fold and 2.8-fold, respectively, over mock treatment.
  • ADEK at 1 ⁇ M repressed Adiol-induced AR transcription by about 43% and 58% in PC-3 and LNCaP, respectively, whereas HF at 1 ⁇ M and casodex at 1 ⁇ M failed to significantly block Adiol-induced AR transcription.
  • ADEK can suppress AR transactivation induced by classic androgens as well as by adrenal androgen.
  • Luc activity was presented relative to that in the presence of Adiol (set as 100%). Values were obtained from the mean ⁇ SD of at least three determinations.
  • test compounds e.g., compounds of structure I, II or III
  • compounds of structure I, II or III can be characterized for their capacity to modulate or antagonize adiol-induced AR transcription, or transcription induced by other AR modulators, in essentially the same manner using this assay or a suitable variation of this assay, e.g., use of adiol at other concentrations such as 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 nM.
  • PC-3 cells were transfected with steroid receptor/reporter (progesterone receptor (PR)/MMTV-Luc, glucocorticoid receptor (GR)/MMTV-Luc, or estrogen receptor (ER)/ERE-Luc) and analyzed for expression of the Luc reporter gene. After transfection, the cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence or absence of ligand (10 nM DHT, 10 nM progesterone, 10 nM dexamethasone, or 10 nM 17 ⁇ -estradiol) or ADEK at 0.01 mM, 0.1 mM and 1.0 mM.
  • ligand 10 nM DHT, 10 nM progesterone, 10 nM dexamethasone, or 10 nM 17 ⁇ -estradiol
  • the Luc activity was measured relative to that of ETOH treatment (set as 1-fold). Values were obtained from the mean ⁇ SD of at least three determinations. The results indicated that ADEK had some estrogenic activity, but ADEK had no significant progesterone, glucocorticoid activity or androgenic activity.

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US10/814,503 US20040242618A1 (en) 2003-04-01 2004-03-30 Antiandrogens with marginal agonist activity and methods of use
US11/837,508 US7462610B2 (en) 2003-04-01 2007-08-11 Prostate cancer treatment
US11/838,154 US7514420B2 (en) 2003-04-01 2007-08-13 Steroids having 1,8-unsaturation and formulations comprising same
US11/862,153 US7550450B2 (en) 2003-04-01 2007-09-26 Prostate cancer treatment
US12/405,970 US7638509B2 (en) 2003-04-01 2009-03-17 Diene compounds and formulations
US12/406,033 US7842680B2 (en) 2003-04-01 2009-03-17 Diene and triene compounds and formulations
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US11/838,154 Expired - Fee Related US7514420B2 (en) 2003-04-01 2007-08-13 Steroids having 1,8-unsaturation and formulations comprising same
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US12/405,970 Expired - Fee Related US7638509B2 (en) 2003-04-01 2009-03-17 Diene compounds and formulations
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US12/405,970 Expired - Fee Related US7638509B2 (en) 2003-04-01 2009-03-17 Diene compounds and formulations
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US7514420B2 (en) 2009-04-07
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US20090181936A1 (en) 2009-07-16
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