US20040191260A1 - Compositions capable of specifically binding particular human antigen presenting molecule/pathogen-derived antigen complexes and uses thereof - Google Patents

Compositions capable of specifically binding particular human antigen presenting molecule/pathogen-derived antigen complexes and uses thereof Download PDF

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US20040191260A1
US20040191260A1 US10/396,578 US39657803A US2004191260A1 US 20040191260 A1 US20040191260 A1 US 20040191260A1 US 39657803 A US39657803 A US 39657803A US 2004191260 A1 US2004191260 A1 US 2004191260A1
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antigen
molecule
antibody
matter
composition
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Yoram Reiter
Cyril Cohen
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Technion Research and Development Foundation Ltd
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Technion Research and Development Foundation Ltd
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Assigned to TECHNION RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION LTD. reassignment TECHNION RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: COHEN, CYRIL, REITER, YORAM
Priority to PCT/IL2004/000275 priority patent/WO2004084798A2/en
Priority to JP2006507590A priority patent/JP2006523453A/ja
Priority to US10/510,229 priority patent/US7638124B2/en
Priority to CA 2519982 priority patent/CA2519982A1/en
Priority to EP04723297A priority patent/EP1606315A4/en
Publication of US20040191260A1 publication Critical patent/US20040191260A1/en
Priority to US11/074,803 priority patent/US7632923B2/en
Priority to US12/591,336 priority patent/US9023348B2/en
Priority to US12/591,421 priority patent/US9095533B2/en
Priority to US14/594,199 priority patent/US9616112B2/en
Priority to US15/466,921 priority patent/US20170198046A1/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/10—Antimycotics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
    • A61P33/02—Antiprotozoals, e.g. for leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/22—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against growth factors ; against growth regulators
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/0005—Vertebrate antigens
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/12—Viral antigens
    • A61K39/21—Retroviridae, e.g. equine infectious anemia virus
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/73—Inducing cell death, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis or inhibition of cell proliferation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to compositions-of-matter capable of specifically binding particular antigen-presenting molecule (APM)/antigen complexes. More particularly, the present invention relates to compositions-of-matter capable of specifically binding a particular human APM/pathogen-derived antigen complex.
  • APM antigen-presenting molecule
  • diseases caused by pathogens such as viruses, mycoplasmas, bacteria, fungi, and protozoans
  • pathogens such as viruses, mycoplasmas, bacteria, fungi, and protozoans
  • diseases caused by retroviruses are associated with various immunological, neurological, and neoplastic disorders.
  • diseases caused by lymphotropic retroviruses such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or the closely related human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV), a causative agent of various lethal pathologies (for general references, refer, for example to: Johnson J M. et al., 2001. Int J Exp Pathol. 82:135-47; and Bangham C R., 2000. J Clin Pathol. 53:581-6), account for lethal disease epidemics of devastating human and economic impact.
  • AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
  • HMV human immunodeficiency virus
  • HTLV closely related human T-cell lymphotropic virus
  • HTLV-1 was the first human retrovirus identified (Poiesz B. J. et al., 1980. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 77:7415-7419). It causes a variety of diseases, including adult T lymphocyte leukemiallymphoma (ATLL; Yoshida M. et al., 1982. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 79:2031-2035) and a non neoplasic inflammatory neurological syndrome called human T lymphotropic type I (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy/tropical virus spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP; Osame M. et al., 1986. Lancet 1:1031-1032).
  • ATLL adult T lymphocyte leukemiallymphoma
  • HAM/TSP human T lymphotropic type I
  • HAM/TSP Osame M. et al., 1986. Lancet 1:1031-1032.
  • Tax seems to play a major role in the pathogenesis of HTLV-I associated diseases. Tax protein is known to stimulate the transcription of viral and cellular genes such as the genes coding for interleukin-2 (IL-2) and other cytokines, interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R), proto-oncogenes, c-jun and c-fos, and MHC molecules (Yoshida M., 1993.
  • IL-2 interleukin-2
  • IL-2R interleukin-2 receptor
  • Tax transforms primary fibroblasts in cooperation with the Ras protein (Pozzatti R. et al., 1990. Mol Cell Biol. 10:413-417), and immortalizes primary T lymphocytes in the presence of IL-2 (Grassmann R. et al., 1989. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 86:3351-3355).
  • HTLV-1 associated myclopathy is a slowly progressive neurological disease characterized by inflammatory infiltrates in the central nervous system that consist predominantly of monocytes and CD8 positive T lymphocytes.
  • the immune system employs two types of immune responses to provide antigen specific protection from pathogens; humoral immune responses, and cellular immune responses, which involve specific recognition of pathogen antigens via antibodies and T lymphocytes, respectively.
  • T lymphocytes by virtue of being the antigen specific effectors of cellular immunity, play a central and direct role in the body's defense against diseases mediated by intracellular pathogens, such as viruses, intracellular bacteria, mycoplasmas, and intracellular parasites, by directly cytolysing cells infected by such pathogens.
  • pathogens such as viruses, intracellular bacteria, mycoplasmas, and intracellular parasites
  • helper T lymphocytes also play a critical role in humoral immune responses against non intracellular pathogens by providing T cell help to B lymphocytes in the form of interleukin secretion to stimulate production of antibodies specific for antigens of such pathogens.
  • T-cell receptors are antigen specific receptors clonally distributed on individual T lymphocytes whose repertoire of antigenic specificity is generated via somatic gene rearrangement mechanisms analogously to those involved in generating the antibody gene repertoire.
  • T-cell receptors are composed of a heterodimer of transmembrane molecules, the main type being composed of an ⁇ dimer and a smaller subset of a ⁇ dimer.
  • T lymphocyte receptor subunits comprise a transmembrane constant region and a variable region in the extracellular domain, similarly to immunoglobulins, and signal transduction triggered by TCRs is indirectly mediated via CD3/ ⁇ , an associated multi-subunit complex comprising signal transducing subunits.
  • helper T lymphocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are distinguished by expression of the surface markers CD4 and CD8, respectively.
  • CTLs cytotoxic T lymphocytes
  • the main function of helper T lymphocytes is to secrete cytokines, such as IL-2, promoting activation and proliferation of CTLs and B lymphocytes, and the function of CTLs is to induce apoptotic death of cells displaying immunogenic antigens.
  • T lymphocyte receptors unlike antibodies, do not recognize native antigens but rather recognize cell-surface displayed complexes comprising an intracellularly processed fragment of a protein or lipid antigen in association with a specialized antigen-presenting molecule (APM): major histocompatibility complex (MHC) for presentation of peptide antigens; and CD1 for presentation of lipid antigens, and to a lesser extent, peptide antigens.
  • MHC major histocompatibility complex
  • CD1 for presentation of lipid antigens, and to a lesser extent, peptide antigens.
  • Peptide antigens displayed by MHC molecules and lipid antigens displayed by CD1 molecules have characteristic chemical structures are referred to as MHC-restricted peptides and CD1 restricted lipids, respectively.
  • Major histocompatibility complex molecules are highly polymorphic, comprising more than 40 common alleles for each individual gene. “Classical” MHC molecules are divided into two main types, class I and class II, having distinct functions in immunity
  • Major histocompatibility complex class I molecules are expressed on the surface of virtually all cells in the body and are dimeric molecules composed of a transmembrane heavy chain, comprising the peptide antigen binding cleft, and a smaller extracellular chain termed ⁇ 2 -microglobulin.
  • MHC class I molecules present 9- to 11-amino acid residue peptides derived from the degradation of cytosolic proteins by the proteasome a multi-unit structure in the cytoplasm, (Niedermann G., 2002. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 268:91-136; for processing of bacterial antigens, refer to Wick M J, and Ljunggren H G., 1999. Immunol Rev. 172:153-62).
  • Cleaved peptides are transported into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by TAP where they are bound to the groove of the assembled class I molecule, and the resultant MHC/antigen complex is transported to the cell membrane to enable antigen presentation to T lymphocytes (Yewdell J W., 2001. Trends Cell Biol. 11:294-7; Yewdell J W. and Bennink J R., 2001. Curr Opin Immunol. 13:13-8).
  • Major histocompatibility complex class II molecules are expressed on a restricted subset of specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs) involved in T lymphocyte maturation and priming.
  • APCs antigen-presenting cells
  • APCs include dendritic cells and macrophages, cell types which internalize, process and display antigens sampled from the extracellular environment.
  • MHC class II molecules are composed of an ⁇ transmembrane dimer whose antigen binding cleft can accommodate peptides of about 10 to 30, or more, amino acid residues.
  • the antigen presenting molecule CD1 whose main function, as described hereinabove, is presentation of lipid antigens, is a heterodimer comprising a transmembrane heavy chain paired with ⁇ 2 -microglobulin, similarly to MHC class I, and is mainly expressed on professional APCs, similarly to MHC class II (Sugita M. and Brenner M B., 2000. Semin Immunol. 12:511). CD1/antigen complexes are specifically recognized by TCRs expressed on CD4 ⁇ CD8 ⁇ T lymphocytes and NKT lymphocytes and play a significant role in microbial immunity, tumor immunology, and autoimmunity.
  • the cells of the body are thus scanned by T lymphocytes during immune surveillance or during maturation of T lymphocytes for their intracellular protein or lipid content in the form of such APM/antigen complexes.
  • One strategy which has been proposed to enable optimal diagnosis, characterization, and treatment of diseases associated with an infection by a pathogen involves using molecules capable of specifically binding APM/antigen complexes composed of a particular combination of APM and an antigen derived from such a pathogen.
  • Such molecules could be conjugated to functional moieties, such as detectable moieties or toxins, and the resultant conjugates could be used to detect such complexes or cells displaying such complexes, or to kill cells displaying such complexes.
  • conjugates could be used to diagnose/characterize and treat a pathogen infection in an individual, respectively.
  • molecules capable of specifically binding such complexes could be used to bind such complexes on cells so as to block activation of T lymphocytes bearing TCRs specific for such complexes.
  • Such molecules could further be used, for example, to isolate such complexes, or cells displaying such complexes, such as cells infected with a pathogen, or APCs exposed to a pathogen-derived antigen.
  • TCRs or derivatives thereof specific for particular MHC/peptide complexes in attempts to provide reagents capable of specifically binding such complexes.
  • Another approach involves using antibodies or derivatives thereof specific for particular mouse MHC/peptide complexes in attempts to provide reagents capable of specifically binding such complexes (Aharoni, R. et al., 1991. Nature 351:147-150; Andersen, P. S. et al., 1996. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 93:1820-1824; Dadaglio, G. et al., 1997. Immunity 6:727-738; Day, P. M. et al., 1997. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94:8064-8069; Krogsgaard, M. et al., 2000. J. Exp.
  • a further approach involves utilizing antibodies or derivatives thereof specific for the human MHC class I molecule HLA-A1 in complex with an HLA-A1 restricted peptide derived from the melanoma specific tumor associated antigen melanoma associated antigen (MAGE)-A1 in attempts to provide reagents capable of specifically binding such a complex (Chames, P. et al., 2000. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97:7969-7974).
  • MAGE tumor associated antigen melanoma associated antigen
  • An additional approach involves employing antibodies or derivatives thereof specific for the human MHC class I molecule HLA-A2 in complex with an HLA-A2 restricted peptide derived from the melanoma specific tumor associated antigen gp100 in attempts to provide reagents capable of specifically binding such a complex (Denkberg, G. et al., 2002. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99:9421-9426).
  • Yet another approach involves using antibodies or derivatives thereof specific for human MHC class I molecule HLA-A2 in complex with an IILA-A2 restricted peptide derived from human telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) in attempts to provide reagents capable of specifically binding such a complex (Lev, A. et al., 2002. Cancer Res. 62:3184-3194).
  • hTERT human telomerase catalytic subunit
  • a method of detecting an antigen-presenting portion of a complex composed of a human antigen-presenting molecule and an antigen derived from a pathogen comprising: (a) exposing the antigen-presenting portion of the complex to a composition-of-matter comprising an antibody or antibody fragment including an antigen-binding region capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of the complex, to thereby obtain a conjugate of the antigen-presenting portion of the complex and the antibody or antibody fragment; and (b) detecting the antibody or antibody fragment of the conjugate, thereby detecting an antigen-presenting portion of a complex composed of a human antigen-presenting molecule and an antigen derived from a pathogen.
  • the complex is displayed or expressed by a target cell, and step (a) is effected by exposing the target to the composition-of-matter.
  • the method of detecting an antigen-presenting portion of a complex composed of a human antigen-presenting molecule and an antigen derived from a pathogen further comprises: (c) obtaining the target cell from an individual.
  • a method of detecting in a biological sample an antigen-presenting portion of a complex composed of an antigen-presenting molecule and an antigen comprising: (a) attaching the biological sample to a surface; (b) exposing the biological sample to a composition-of-matter comprising an antibody or antibody fragment including an antigen-binding region capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of the complex, to thereby obtain a conjugate of the antigen-presenting portion of the complex and the antibody or antibody fragment; and (c) detecting the antibody or antibody fragment of the conjugate, thereby detecting in a biological sample an antigen-presenting portion of a complex composed of a human antigen-presenting molecule and an antigen.
  • the he method of detecting in a biological sample an antigen-presenting portion of a complex composed of an antigen-presenting molecule and an antigen further comprises: (d) obtaining the biological sample from an individual.
  • step (b) is effected by administering the composition-of-matter to an individual.
  • the antigen is derived from a pathogen.
  • the biological sample is infected with the pathogen.
  • the biological sample is a cell sample or a tissue sample.
  • a method of diagnosing an infection by a pathogen in an individual comprising: (a) exposing a target cell of the individual to a composition-of-matter comprising an antibody or antibody fragment including an antigen-binding region capable of specifically binding an antigen-presenting portion of a complex composed of a human antigen-presenting molecule and an antigen derived from the pathogen, to thereby obtain a conjugate of the antigen-presenting portion of the complex and the antibody or antibody fragment; and (b) detecting the antibody or antibody fragment of the conjugate, thereby diagnosing an infection by a pathogen in an individual.
  • the method of diagnosing an infection by a pathogen in an individual further comprises: (c) obtaining the target cell from the individual.
  • step (a) is effected by administering the composition-of-matter to the individual.
  • composition-of-matter further comprises a detectable moiety attached to the antibody or antibody fragment, and detecting the antibody or antibody fragment of the conjugate is effected by detecting the detectable moiety attached to the antibody or antibody fragment of the conjugate.
  • a method of killing or damaging a target cell expressing or displaying an antigen-presenting portion of a complex composed of a human antigen-presenting molecule and an antigen derived from a pathogen comprising exposing the target cell to a composition-of-matter comprising an antibody or antibody fragment including an antigen-binding region capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of the complex, thereby killing or damaging a target cell expressing or displaying an antigen-presenting portion of a complex composed of a human antigen-presenting molecule and an antigen derived from a pathogen.
  • the method of killing or damaging a target cell expressing or displaying an antigen-presenting portion of a complex composed of a human antigen-presenting molecule and an antigen derived from a pathogen further comprises the step of obtaining the target cell from an individual.
  • exposing the target cell to the composition-of-matter is effected by administering the composition-of-matter to an individual.
  • the target cell is infected with the pathogen.
  • the target cell is a T lymphocyte or an antigen presenting cell.
  • the antigen presenting cell is a B cell or a dendritic cell.
  • a method of treating a disease associated with a pathogen in an individual comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising as an active ingredient, a composition-of-matter comprising an antibody or antibody fragment including an antigen-binding region capable of specifically binding an antigen-presenting portion of a complex composed of a human antigen-presenting molecule and an antigen derived from the pathogen, thereby treating a disease associated with a pathogen in an individual.
  • an isolated polynucleotide comprising a first nucleic acid sequence encoding an antibody fragment, the antibody fragment including an antigen-binding region capable of specifically binding an antigen-presenting portion of a complex composed of a human antigen-presenting molecule and an antigen derived from a pathogen.
  • the isolated polynucleotide further comprises a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a coat protein of a virus, a detectable moiety, and a toxin.
  • the second nucleic acid sequence is translationally fused with the first nucleic acid sequence.
  • nucleic acid construct comprising the isolated polynucleotide and a promoter sequence for directing transcription of the isolated polynucleotide in a host cell.
  • the promoter sequence is a T7 promoter sequence.
  • the promoter sequence is capable of driving expression of the nucleic acid sequence in a prokaryote.
  • the promoter sequence is capable of driving inducible expression of the nucleic acid sequence.
  • a host cell comprising the nucleic acid construct.
  • the host cell is a prokaryotic cell.
  • the prokaryotic cell is an E. coli cell.
  • a virus comprising the nucleic acid construct.
  • a virus comprising a coat protein fused to an antibody fragment including an antigen-binding region capable of specifically binding an antigen-presenting portion of a complex composed of a human antigen-presenting molecule and an antigen derived from a pathogen.
  • the virus is a filamentous phage and the coat protein is pIII.
  • composition-of-matter comprising an antibody or antibody fragment including an antigen-binding region capable of specifically binding an antigen-presenting portion of a complex composed of a human antigen-presenting molecule and an antigen derived from a pathogen.
  • compositions comprising as an active ingredient the composition-of-matter and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • composition-of-matter comprising a multimeric form of an antibody or antibody fragment including an antigen-binding region capable of specifically binding an antigen-presenting portion of a complex composed of a human antigen-presenting molecule and an antigen derived from a pathogen.
  • composition-of-matter comprising a multimeric form of an antibody or antibody fragment including an antigen-binding region capable of specifically binding an antigen-presenting portion of a complex composed of a human antigen-presenting molecule and an antigen derived from a pathogen, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
  • the antibody fragment is a monoclonal antibody fragment.
  • the antibody fragment is selected from the group consisting of an Fd fragment, an Fab, and a single chain Fv.
  • the antigen-binding region includes an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 14 to 97.
  • the antibody or antibody fragment, or a part of the antibody or antibody fragment is of human origin.
  • the part of the antibody or antibody fragment is a portion of a constant region of the antibody or antibody fragment, or a constant region of the antibody or antibody fragment.
  • the binding of the antibody or antibody fragment to the antigen-presenting portion of the complex is characterized by an affinity having a dissociation constant selected from the range consisting of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 molar to 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 16 molar.
  • composition-of-matter further comprises a toxin or detectable moiety attached to the antibody or antibody fragment.
  • the detectable moiety is selected from the group consisting of a recognition sequence of a biotin protein ligase, a biotin molecule, a streptavidin molecule, a fluorophore, an enzyme, and a polyhistidine tag.
  • biotin protein ligase is BirA.
  • the fluorophore is phycoerythrin.
  • the enzyme is horseradish peroxidase.
  • the toxin is Pseudomonas exotoxin A or a portion thereof
  • the portion of Pseudomonas exotoxin A is a translocation domain and/or an ADP ribosylation domain.
  • the human antigen-presenting molecule is a major histocompatibility complex molecule.
  • the major histocompatibility complex molecule is a major histocompatibility complex class I molecule.
  • the major histocompatibility complex class I molecule is an HLA-A2 molecule.
  • the human antigen-presenting molecule is a single chain antigen-presenting molecule.
  • the pathogen is a viral pathogen.
  • the viral pathogen is a retrovirus.
  • the retrovirus is human T lymphotropic virus-1.
  • the antigen derived from a pathogen is restricted by the antigen-presenting molecule.
  • the antigen derived from a pathogen is a polypeptide.
  • the polypeptide is a segment of a Tax protein, or a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the present invention successfully addresses the shortcomings of the presently known configurations by providing a composition-of-matter comprising an antibody or antibody fragment capable of binding with optimal specificity/affinity a human APM/pathogen-derived antigen complex.
  • FIG. 1 is a histogram depicting specific binding of recombinant Fab-phage clones to HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex, as determined by ELISA.
  • TAX HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex
  • gp100-154 HLA-A2/G9-154 peptide complex
  • MUC1-D6 HLA-A2/MUC1-D6 peptide complex
  • MART 27 HLA-A2/MART 27 peptide complex.
  • FIGS. 2 a - c are photographs depicting Western immunoblotting assays of expression and purification of Fab's selected for specific binding to HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex. Shown are SDS-PAGE analyses of purified Fab protein after metal affinity chromatography, inclusion bodies from BL21 cultures expressing Fab T3F2 light chain and Fd fragment, and purified in vitro refolded non-reduced (NR) and reduced (R) Fab T3F2 (FIGS. 2 a - c, respectively). M—molecular weight markers.
  • FIGS. 3 a - c are histograms depicting specific binding of soluble purified Fab's T3D4, T3E3, and T3F2, respectively, to immobilized HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex, but not to HLA-A2/control peptide complexes, as determined by ELISA.
  • FIGS. 4 a - b are data plots depicting the binding characteristics of Fab's T3E3 and T3F2, respectively, as determined by titration ELISA using single chain HLA-A2/Tax 1-9 complex as binding target.
  • FIG. 4 c is a competitive binding analysis data plot depicting the ability of purified Fab T3F2 to inhibit the binding of [125]iodine labeled Fab T3F2 to immobilized HLA-A2/Tax complex.
  • the apparent binding affinity of the recombinant Fab was determined as the concentration of competitor (soluble purified Fab) required for 50 percent inhibition of the binding of the [125]iodine labeled tracer.
  • FIGS. 5 a - f are flow cytometry histograms depicting specific detection of HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex on the surface of APCs.
  • RMAS-HHD, JY, and human dendritic (DC) cells (FIGS. 2 a - b, 2 c - d, and 2 e - f, respectively) were loaded with Tax 11-19 peptide or negative control melanoma gp100 derived peptide G9-154, as described in the experimental procedures. Peptide-loaded cells were then incubated with the soluble purified HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex specific Fab's T3E3 (FIGS.
  • FIGS. 6 a - c are flow cytometry histograms depicting specific detection of HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) using Fab T3F2 tetramer.
  • RMAS-HHD, JY, or HLA-A2 positive mature dendritic cells (FIGS. 6 a - c, respectively) were pulsed with Tax 11-19 peptide.
  • Peptide pulsed cells were then incubated with phycoerythrin conjugated T3F2 tetramer or monomer, as indicated.
  • Fab monomer binding was detected using phycoerythrin conjugated anti human Fab antibody. Control unloaded cells stained with the T3F2 tetramer are shown.
  • FIGS. 7 a - d depict specific detection of cell surface displayed HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex by T3F2 after naturally occurring active intracellular processing.
  • FIGS. 7 a - b are flow cytometry histograms depicting specific detection of HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex on the surface of HLA-A2 positive JY cells, but not HLA-A2 negative APD cells, respectively.
  • Cells were transfected with pcDNA control vector or with pcDNA containing the intact full length Tax gene (pcTAX), and 12 to 24 hours following transfection, cells were stained by flow cytometry using Fab T3F2 or the negative control Fab G2D12 specific for HLA-A2/G9-154 complex.
  • FIG. 7 c is a bar graph depicting the efficiency of Tax gene transduction into JY and APD cells, as monitored by transfection of the pcDNA vector carrying the GFP gene.
  • FIG. 7 d is a flow cytometry histogram depicting staining of HLA-A2 positive RSCD4 and HLA-A2 negative HUT102 cells (which are lines of human CD4 positive T-cells infected with HTLV-1) with phycoerythrin conjugated Fab T3F2 tetramer, or negative control G2D12, as indicated.
  • FIGS. 8 a - b depict quantitation of the number of HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complexes on the surface of Tax 11-19 peptide pulsed cells.
  • JY APCs were pulsed with various concentrations of Tax 11-19 peptide and surface display of HLA-A2-Tax 11-19 peptide complex on the cells was analyzed by flow cytometry using phycoerythrin conjugated T3F2 Fab.
  • FIG. 8 a is a bar graph depicting the calculated number of complexes per cell with various concentration of peptide.
  • FIG. 8 b is a flow cytometry histogram depicting fluorescence intensity as a function of Tax 11-19 peptide concentration.
  • FIGS. 8 c - d depict high-sensitivity quantitative detection of HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex on the surface JY APCs transfected with the Tax gene mixed at different ratios within a non-transfected cell population.
  • the mixed population was stained with Fab T3F2 and detection sensitivity was monitored by single-color flow cytometry.
  • FIG. 8 c is a set of overlapping flow cytometry histograms shown in large-scale (left panel) or zoomed (right panel) depicting quantitative detection of transfected cells mixed into populations of non-transfected cells at the various ratios, as indicated.
  • FIG. 8 c is a set of overlapping flow cytometry histograms shown in large-scale (left panel) or zoomed (right panel) depicting quantitative detection of transfected cells mixed into populations of non-transfected cells at the various ratios, as indicated.
  • FIG. 8 d is a data table depicting sensitivity of detection of HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex as a function of the percentage of transfected cells admixed within a population of non-transfected cells, on the basis of a transfection efficiency of 62.1 percent. Note detection of HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex-displaying cells present in a population of non-transfected cells in a proportion as low as 1 percent.
  • FIGS. 9 a - f are photomicrographs depicting immunohistochemical detection of HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex by Fab T3F2 following intracellular processing.
  • FIGS. 9 a - b depict ⁇ 60 and ⁇ 40 original magnification views, respectively, of Tax transfected JY cells stained with Fab T3F2.
  • FIG. 9 c depicts control non transfected JY cells stained with Fab T3F2.
  • FIG. 9 d depicts staining of Tax transfected JY cells with negative control Fab G2D12 specific for HLA-A2/G9-154 complex.
  • FIGS. 9 a - f are photomicrographs depicting immunohistochemical detection of HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex by Fab T3F2 following intracellular processing.
  • FIGS. 9 a - b depict ⁇ 60 and ⁇ 40 original magnification views, respectively, of Tax transfected JY cells stained with Fab T3F2.
  • FIG. 10 is a data plot depicting specific and efficient killing of target cells displaying a specific human MHC/viral peptide complex by a fusion protein consisting of an anti specific human MHC/viral peptide complex Fab conjugated to a toxin.
  • a cytotoxicity assay was performed using T3F2-PE38KDEL fusion protein, consisting of anti HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex Fab fused to the PE38KDEL truncated form of pseudomonas exotoxin A.
  • JY cells loaded with Tax 11-19 peptide, loaded with control HLA-A2 restricted peptides, or not peptide loaded were incubated with T3F2-PE38KDEL. Note specific and efficient T3F2-PE38KDEL mediated killing of cells loaded with Tax 11-19 peptide, but not of control JY cells loaded control peptide, or of JY cells not peptide loaded.
  • the present invention is of compositions-of-matter capable of specifically binding particular antigen-presenting molecule (APM)/antigen complexes, and to methods of using such compositions-of-matter to detect, characterize or kill/damage cells/tissues expressing/displaying such complexes.
  • the present invention can be used to optimally detect, characterize or kill/damage human cells/tissues displaying/expressing a particular human APM/pathogen-derived antigen complex, such as cells/tissues infected with a pathogen, or antigen-presenting cells (APCs) exposed to the pathogen, or an antigen thereof.
  • the compositions-of-matter of the present invention can be used, for example, to optimally diagnose, characterize, and treat a pathogen infection in a human.
  • Molecules capable of binding with optimal specificity/affinity a particular human APM/pathogen-derived antigen complex would be of significant and unique utility since they would enable optimal diagnosis, characterization, and treatment of pathogen infections in humans.
  • one approach involves using antibodies or derivatives thereof specific for mouse MHC/peptide complexes in attempts to provide compounds capable of specifically binding such murine complexes.
  • Another approach involves using antibodies or derivatives thereof specific for human MHC/tumor associated antigen peptide complexes in attempts to provide compounds capable of specifically binding such human tumor antigen-presenting complexes.
  • a further approach involves using antibodies or derivatives thereof specific for human MHC/telomerase-derived peptide complexes in attempts to provide compounds capable of specifically binding such human telomerase antigen-presenting complexes.
  • the molecules of the present invention can be used to detect, or characterize with optimal specificity and sensitivity, or kill with optimal efficiency and specificity human cells/tissues infected with a pathogen, or antigen-presenting cells exposed to a pathogen, or an antigen thereof.
  • composition-of-matter comprising an antibody or antibody fragment including an antigen-binding region capable of specifically binding an antigen-presenting portion of a complex composed of an APM and an antigen derived from a pathogen.
  • composition-of-matter is optimal for use in essentially any application benefiting from a reagent having the capacity to specifically bind the antigen-presenting portion of a complex composed of a particular APM and a particular antigen derived from a pathogen which is restricted by such an APM (referred to hereinafter as “complex” or “the complex”).
  • Such applications particularly include those involving: (i) specific detection of the antigen-presenting portion of the complex; (ii) killing/damaging cells/tissues displaying/expressing the antigen-presenting portion of the complex (referred to herein as “target cells/tissues”), including pathogen-infected cells or APCs exposed to an antigen of the pathogen; and (iii) blocking binding of the antigen-presenting portion of the complex to a cognate T-cell receptor (TCR); and (iv) and isolating the complex or a cell displaying/expressing the complex.
  • target cells/tissues including pathogen-infected cells or APCs exposed to an antigen of the pathogen
  • TCR cognate T-cell receptor
  • antibody refers to a substantially whole or intact antibody molecule.
  • antibody fragment refers to molecule comprising a portion or portions of an antibody capable of specifically binding an antigenic determinant or epitope, such as the antigen-presenting portion of the complex.
  • the phrase “antigen-binding region”, when relating to the antibody or antibody fragment, refers to a portion of the antibody or antibody or antibody fragment (typically a variable portion) capable of specifically binding a particular antigenic determinant or epitope, or particular set of antigenic determinants or epitopes.
  • the term “APM” refers to an antigen-presenting molecule such as an MHC molecule, a CD1 molecule, and a molecule structurally and/or functionally analogous to an MHC or CD1 molecule.
  • a specific APM is typically capable of binding any of a particular set of distinct antigens so as to form an antigen-presenting complex therewith which can be specifically bound by a variable portion of a TCR.
  • Antigen-presenting molecules forming complexes whose antigen-presenting portions comprise antigenic determinants or epitopes which can be specifically bound by the antibody or antibody fragment comprised in the composition-of-matter are described in further detail hereinbelow.
  • the term “antigen” refers to a molecule or portion thereof (typically a peptide or a lipid), where such a molecule or portion thereof is capable of specifically binding an antigen-binding groove of an APM.
  • an antigen is commonly referred to in the art as being “restricted” by such an APM.
  • a typical antigen, such as a pathogen-derived antigen is typically generated in a human cell by intracellular processing of a larger molecule derived from the pathogen. Such cells typically include a cell infected with the pathogen-in particular an intracellular pathogen, or an APC exposed to an antigen derived from the pathogen.
  • the antigen generally has a characteristic dimension and/or chemical composition-for example, a characteristic amino acid length and set of anchor residues, respectively, in the case of a peptide antigen-enabling it to specifically bind the antigen-binding groove of a particular APM so as to form an APM/antigen complex therewith having an antigen presenting portion capable of specifically binding a variable region of a cognate TCR.
  • the phrase “antigen-presenting portion”, when relating to the complex, refers to any portion of the complex which can be specifically bound by the antibody or antibody fragment, such that the antibody or antibody fragment is effectively incapable of specifically binding: (i) the APM of the complex not bound to the antigen of the complex; (ii) an APM/antigen complex composed of the APM of the complex and an antigen other than that of the complex; or (iii) an APM/antigen complex composed of an APM other than that of the complex and any antigen restricted by such an APM, including the antigen of the complex.
  • the antigen-presenting portion of the complex is typically a portion of the complex capable of specifically binding a cognate TCR variable region.
  • Antigen-presenting portions of complexes which can be specifically bound by the antibody or antibody fragment comprised in the composition-of-matter of the present invention are described in further detail hereinbelow.
  • peptide refers to a polypeptide composed of 50 amino acid residues or less.
  • composition-of-matter may comprise an antibody or an antibody fragment.
  • the composition-of-matter comprises an antibody fragment.
  • Antibody fragments have the advantage of generally being smaller than an antibody while retaining essentially a substantially identical binding specificity of a whole antibody comprising the immunoglobulin variable regions of the antibody fragment.
  • a composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody fragment will be generally smaller than one comprising an antibody, and will thereby generally have superior biodistribution, and diffusion properties (for example, systemically in-vivo, or in isolated tissues) than the latter.
  • a smaller composition-of-matter will have the additional advantage of being less likely to include moieties capable of causing steric hindrance inhibiting binding of the antibody or antibody fragment comprised in the composition-of-matter to the antigen-presenting portion of the complex.
  • an antibody constant region such as an Fc region
  • a composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody fragment lacking such an Fc region
  • this may involve an undesired binding of an Fc region comprised in a composition-of-matter of the present invention exposed to a cognate Fe receptor, or an Fc-binding complement component (for example, complement component Clq, present in serum).
  • Fe receptors are displayed on the surface of numerous immune cell types, including: professional APCs, such as dendritic cells; B lymphocytes; and granulocytes such as neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, and mast cells.
  • professional APCs such as dendritic cells
  • B lymphocytes such as dendritic cells
  • granulocytes such as neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, and mast cells.
  • a functional constant region such as the Fc region
  • the composition-of-matter is exposed to a specific ligand of a constant region, such as a cognate Fc receptor or an Fc binding complement component, capable of activating an undesired immune response, such as an Fc receptor-mediated immune cell activation or complement component-mediated complement cascade, respectively, via interaction with the constant region.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody fragment lacking an Fe region may be advantageous for preventing undesired binding of the antibody or antibody fragment by Fe receptors displayed by such cells, or for preventing consequent activation of such cells.
  • an antibody or antibody fragment of the present invention comprising such a functional constant region may be advantageous in applications in which such an immune response is desirable. This will be particularly desirable in applications involving use of the composition-of-matter to kill/damage target cells/tissues, as described in further detail hereinbelow.
  • a composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody or an antibody fragment including a constant region, such as an Fe region, which may be conveniently attached to a functional moiety will also be advantageous for applications in which such attachment is desirable.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody fragment will be advantageous relative to one employing a whole antibody when employing recombinantly producing the antibody or antibody fragment due to antibody fragments being more economical and efficient to synthesize due to their smaller size relative to whole antibodies.
  • the composition-of-matter may advantageously comprise an antibody or antibody fragment having any of various structural and/or functional characteristics.
  • the composition-of-matter may advantageously comprise: (i) a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody or antibody fragment; (ii) a monomeric or multimeric form of antibody or antibody fragment; (iii) an antibody or antibody fragment of any of various configurations or types (such as those described hereinbelow); (iv) an antibody or antibody fragment, or portion thereof, originating from any of various mammalian species; (v) an antibody or antibody fragment attached to any of various functional moieties; (vi) an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding any of various particular complexes; and/or (vii) an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of the complex with a desired affinity.
  • the antibody or antibody fragment may be polyclonal or monoclonal.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising a “polyclonal” or “monoclonal” antibody or antibody fragment is a population of molecules of the composition-of-matter comprising a polyclonal or monoclonal population of the antibody or antibody fragment, respectively.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising a “polyclonal” or “monoclonal” antibody or antibody fragment is a population of composition-of-matter molecules of the present invention each comprising a monoclonal antibody or antibody fragment or a population of Methods of generating monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies or antibody fragments are described hereinbelow.
  • the antibody or antibody fragment is monoclonal.
  • composition-of-matter comprising a monoclonal antibody or antibody fragment will generally be superior to one comprising a polyclonal antibody or antibody fragment directed at the antigen-presenting portion of the same complex.
  • a monoclonal antibody or antibody fragment will be particularly advantageous in instances where the antibody or antibody fragment has been characterized as having a desired binding affinity/specificity for the antigen-presenting portion of the complex.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising such an antibody or antibody fragment will thus be optimal for an application, as will generally be the case, benefiting from a composition-of-matter comprising an antibody or antibody fragment capable of binding the antigen-presenting portion of the complex with the highest affinity/specificity possible.
  • composition-of-matter comprising a monoclonal antibody fragment can be used to optimally practice various aspects of the present invention, including applications involving specific detection of the complex, or killing/damaging of target cells/tissues.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising a polyclonal antibody or antibody fragment will be advantageous.
  • a composition-of-matter comprising a polyclonal antibody or antibody fragment will nevertheless often be adequate since the heterogeneity of a polyclonal antibody or antibody fragment mixture will often include one or more antibodies or antibody fragments having an adequate binding affinity/specificity for the antigen-presenting portion of the complex.
  • the antibody fragment may be any of various configurations or types.
  • Suitable antibody fragments include a complementarity-determining region (CDR) of an immunoglobulin light chain (referred to herein as “light chain”), a CDR of an immunoglobulin heavy chain (referred to herein as “heavy chain”), a variable region of a light chain, a variable region of a heavy chain, a light chain, a heavy chain, an Fd fragment, an Fv, a single chain Fv, an Fab, an Fab′, and an F(ab′) 2 .
  • CDR complementarity-determining region
  • Antibody fragments among the aforementioned antibody fragments which comprise whole or essentially whole variable regions of both light and heavy chains are defined as follows: (i) Fv, a fragment of an antibody molecule consisting of the light chain variable domain (V L ) and the heavy chain variable domain (V H ) expressed as two chains (typically obtained via genetic engineering of immunoglobulin genes); (ii) single chain Fv (also referred to in the art as “scFv”), a single chain molecule including the variable region of the light chain and the variable region of the heavy chain, linked by a suitable polypeptide linker (a single-chain Fv is typically obtained via genetic engineering of immunoglobulin genes and polypeptide linker-encoding DNA); (iii) Fab, a fragment of an antibody molecule containing essentially a monovalent antigen-binding portion of an antibody generally obtained by suitably treating the antibody with the enzyme papain to yield the intact light chain and the heavy chain Fd fragment (the Fd fragment consists of the variable and C H 1 domains of
  • the antibody fragment is preferably an Fab, or a single chain Fv.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an Fab may be employed to effectively practice the present invention, in particular aspects thereof involving using the composition-of-matter to detect the antigen-presenting portion of the complex.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising a single chain Fv may be utilized to effectively practice the present invention, in particular aspects thereof involving utilizing the composition-of-matter to kill/damage target cells/tissues.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an Fab′ may be employed interchangeably with one comprising an Fab, where such Fab′ and Fab comprise essentially the same heavy and light chain variable regions.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody fragment capable of binding the antigen-presenting portion of the complex with the highest possible affinity
  • a composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an F(ab′) 2 may be advantageously employed over one comprising a monovalent antibody fragment, such as an Fab, an Fab′ or a single chain Fv, due to the divalent binding of an F(ab′) 2 to the antigen-presenting portion of the complex relative to the monovalent binding of such a monovalent antibody fragment.
  • the antibody or antibody fragment may originate from any of various mammalian species.
  • the antibody or antibody fragment is of human origin.
  • An antibody or antibody fragment of human origin may be derived as described further hereinbelow, or as described in the Examples section which follows.
  • a composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody or antibody fragment of human origin will generally be preferable for applications involving administration of the composition-of-matter to an individual.
  • an antibody or antibody fragment will generally tend to be better tolerated immunologically than one of non human origin since non variable portions of non human antibodies will tend to trigger xenogeneic immune responses more potent than the allogeneic immune responses triggered by human antibodies which will typically be allogeneic with the individual. It will be preferable to minimize such immune responses since these will tend to shorten the half-life, and hence the effectiveness, of the composition-of-matter in the individual.
  • immune responses may be pathogenic to the individual, for example by triggering harmful inflammatory reactions.
  • an antibody or antibody fragment of human origin or a humanized antibody
  • a functional physiological effect for example an immune response against a target cell, activated by a constant region of the antibody or antibody fragment in the individual is desired.
  • Such applications particularly include those in which the functional interaction between a functional portion of the antibody or antibody fragment, such as an Fc region, with a molecule such as an Fc receptor or an Fc-binding complement component, is optimal when such a functional portion is, similarly to the Fc region, of human origin.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody or antibody fragment including a constant region, or a portion thereof, of any of various isotypes may be employed.
  • the isotype is selected so as to enable or inhibit a desired physiological effect, or to inhibit an undesired specific binding of the composition-of-matter via the constant region or portion thereof.
  • the isotype for inducing antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) by a natural killer (NK) cell, the isotype will preferably be IgG; for inducing ADCC by a mast cell/basophil, the isotype will preferably be IgE; and for inducing ADCC by an eosinophil, the isotype will preferably be IgE or IgA.
  • the composition-of-matter will preferably comprise an antibody or antibody fragment comprising a constant region or portion thereof capable of initiating the cascade.
  • the antibody or antibody fragment may advantageously comprise a C ⁇ 2 domain of IgG or C ⁇ 3 domain of IgM to trigger a Clq-mediated complement cascade.
  • composition-of-matter will preferably not comprise a constant region, or a portion thereof, of the relevant isotype.
  • the antibody or antibody fragment may be attached to any of various functional moieties.
  • An antibody or antibody fragment, such as that of the present invention, attached to a functional moiety may be referred to in the art as an “immunoconjugate”.
  • the functional moiety is a detectable moiety or a toxin.
  • An antibody or antibody fragment attached to a toxin may be referred to in the art as an immunotoxin.
  • a detectable moiety or a toxin may be particularly advantageously employed in applications of the present invention involving use of the composition-of-matter to detect the antigen-presenting portion of the complex, or to kill/damage target cells/tissues, respectively.
  • composition-of-matter may comprise an antibody or antibody fragment attached to any of numerous types of detectable moieties, depending on the application and purpose.
  • the detectable moiety attached to the antibody or antibody fragment is preferably a reporter moiety enabling specific detection of the antigen-presenting portion of the complex bound by the antibody or antibody fragment of the composition-of-matter.
  • reporter moiety is preferably a fluorophore or an enzyme.
  • the reporter moiety may be a radioisotope, such as [125]iodine, as is described and illustrated in the Examples section below.
  • a fluorophore may be advantageously employed as a detection moiety enabling detection of the antigen-presenting portion of the complex via any of numerous fluorescence detection methods.
  • fluorescence detection methods include, but are not limited to, fluorescence activated flow cytometry (FACS), immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and the like.
  • fluorophores may be employed to detect the antigen-presenting portion of the complex.
  • fluorophores examples include, but are not limited to, phycoerythrin, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), Cy-chrome, rhodamine, green fluorescent protein (GFP), blue fluorescent protein (BFP), Texas red, and the like.
  • the fluorophore is phycoerythrin.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody or antibody fragment attached to a fluorophore, such as phycoerythrin, can be used to optimally detect the antigen-presenting portion of the complex using various immunofluorescence-based detection methods.
  • a fluorophore such as phycoerythrin
  • an enzyme may be advantageously utilized as the detectable moiety to enable detection of the antigen-presenting portion of the complex via any of various enzyme-based detection methods.
  • enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ELISA
  • enzyme-linked chemiluminescence assay for example, to detect the complex in an electrophoretically separated protein mixture
  • enzyme-linked immunohistochemical assay for example, to detect the complex in a fixed tissue
  • suitable enzymes include, but are not limited to, horseradish peroxidase (HPR), ⁇ -galactosidase, and alkaline phosphatase (AP).
  • HPR horseradish peroxidase
  • AP alkaline phosphatase
  • the enzyme is horseradish peroxidase.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody or antibody fragment attached to an enzyme such as horseradish peroxidase can be used to effectively detect the antigen-presenting portion of the complex, such as via ELISA, or enzyme-linked immunohistochemical assay.
  • an enzyme such as horseradish peroxidase
  • the functional moiety may be attached to the antibody or antibody fragment in various ways, depending on the context, application and purpose.
  • a polypeptidic functional moiety in particular a polypeptidic toxin, may be advantageously attached to the antibody or antibody fragment via standard recombinant techniques broadly practiced in the art (for Example, refer to Sambrook et al., infra, and associated references, listed in the Examples section which follows). While various methodologies may be employed, attaching a polypeptidic functional moiety to the antibody or antibody fragment is preferably effected as described and illustrated in the Examples section below.
  • a functional moiety may also be attached to the antibody or antibody fragment using standard chemical synthesis techniques widely practiced in the art [for example, refer to the extensive guidelines provided by The American Chemical Society (for example at: http://www.chemistry.org/portal/Chemistry)].
  • standard chemical synthesis techniques widely practiced in the art [for example, refer to the extensive guidelines provided by The American Chemical Society (for example at: http://www.chemistry.org/portal/Chemistry)].
  • One of ordinary skill in the art, such as a chemist will possess the required expertise for suitably practicing such such chemical synthesis techniques.
  • a functional moiety may be attached to the antibody or antibody fragment by attaching an affinity tag-coupled antibody or antibody fragment of the present invention to the functional moiety conjugated to a specific ligand of the affinity tag.
  • affinity tags may be employed to attach the antibody or antibody fragment to the functional moiety.
  • the affinity tag is a biotin molecule, more preferably a streptavidin molecule.
  • a biotin or streptavidin affinity tag can be used to optimally enable attachment of a streptavidin-conjugated or a biotin-conjugated functional moiety, respectively, to the antibody or antibody fragment due to the capability of streptavidin and biotin to bind to each other with the highest non covalent binding affinity known to man (i.e., with a Kd of about 10 ⁇ 14 to 10 ⁇ 15 ).
  • a biotin affinity tag may be highly advantageous for applications benefiting from, as will oftentimes be the case, a composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising a multimeric form of the antibody or antibody fragment, which may be optimally formed by conjugating multiple biotin-attached antibodies or antibody fragments of the present invention to a streptavidin molecule, as described in further detail below.
  • a biotin molecule may be advantageously attached to an antibody or antibody fragment of the present invention attached to a recognition sequence of a biotin protein ligase.
  • a recognition sequence is a specific polypeptide sequence serving as a specific biotinylation substrate for the biotin protein ligase enzyme.
  • a recognition sequence of a biotin protein ligase such as the recognition sequence of the biotin protein ligase BirA.
  • biotinylation of the antibody or antibody fragment is effected as described and illustrated in the Examples section below.
  • a streptavidin molecule to an antibody fragment, such as a single chain Fv (for example refer to Cloutier S M. et al., 2000. Molecular Immunology 37:1067-1077; Dubel S. et al., 1995. J Immunol Methods 178:201; Huston J S. et al., 1991. Methods in Enzymology 203:46; Kipriyanov S M. et al., 1995. Hum Antibodies Hybridomas 6:93; Kipriyanov S M. et al., 1996. Protein Engineering 9:203; Pearce L A. et al., 1997. Biochem Molec Biol Intl 42:1179-1188).
  • a single chain Fv for example refer to Cloutier S M. et al., 2000. Molecular Immunology 37:1067-1077; Dubel S. et al., 1995. J Immunol Methods 178:201; Huston J S. et al., 1991. Methods
  • Functional moieties such as fluorophores conjugated to streptavidin are commercially available from essentially all major suppliers of immunofluorescence flow cytometry reagents (for example, Pharmingen or Becton-Dickinson).
  • Standard recombinant DNA chemical techniques are preferably employed to produce a fusion protein comprising streptavidin fused to a polypeptidic functional moiety.
  • Standard chemical synthesis techniques may also be employed to form the streptavidin-functional moiety conjugate.
  • Extensive literature is available providing guidance for the expression, purification and uses of streptavidin or streptavidin derived molecules (Wu SC. et al., 2002. Protein Expression and Purification 24:348-356; Gallizia A.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody or antibody fragment attached to a functional moiety for various purposes other than detection of the antigen-presenting portion of the complex, or killing/damaging target cells/tissues is also envisaged by the present invention.
  • a composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody or antibody fragment attached to an affinity tag, or any substance, particle, virus or cell displaying/expressing such a composition-of-matter, can be conveniently isolated or purified using an affinity purification method employing as a capture ligand a specific ligand of the affinity tag.
  • the affinity tag is a polyhistidine tag, and the purification method is effected using nickel as the specific ligand of the affinity tag.
  • a histidine tag is a peptide typically consisting of 4 to 8 histidine amino acid residues.
  • a histidine tag composed of 6 histidine residues commonly referred to as a hexahistidine tag in the art.
  • Histidine tags specifically bind nickel-containing substrates.
  • Ample guidance regarding the use of histidine tags is available in the literature of the art (for example, refer to Sheibani N., 1999. Prep Biochem Biotechnol. 29:77).
  • Purification of molecules comprising histidine tags is routinely effected using nickel-based affinity purification techniques.
  • An alternate suitable capture ligand for histidine tags is the anti histidine tag single-chain antibody 3D5 (Kaufmann, M.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody or antibody fragment attached to a histidine tag is preferably effected as described and illustrated in the Examples section which follows.
  • composition-of-matter may be purified using any of various suitable standard and widely employed affinity chromatography techniques.
  • Ample guidance for practicing such techniques is provided in the literature of the art [for example, refer to: Wilchek M. and Chaiken I., 2000. Methods Mol Biol 147, 1-6; Jack G W., 1994. Mol Biotechnol 1, 59-86; Narayanan S R., 1994. Journal of Chromatography A 658, 237-258; Nisnevitch M. and Firer M A., 2001. J Biochem Biophys Methods 49, 467-80; Janson J C. and Kristiansen T. in “Packings and Stationary Phases in Chromatography Techniques”, Unger K K.
  • affinity tags may also be employed to attach the functional moiety to the antibody or antibody fragment or to purify a composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody or antibody fragment attached to an affinity tag, or any substance, particle, virus or cell displaying/expressing such a composition-of-matter.
  • affinity tags include, but are not limited to, a streptavidin tag (Strep-tag), an epitope tag (a moiety, usually peptidic, which can be specifically bound with high affinity by a specific monoclonal antibody), a maltose-binding protein (MBP) tag, and a chitin-binding domain (CBD) tag.
  • streptavidin tag a streptavidin tag
  • epitope tag a moiety, usually peptidic, which can be specifically bound with high affinity by a specific monoclonal antibody
  • MBP maltose-binding protein
  • CBD chitin-binding domain
  • epitope tags include an 11-mer Herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D peptide, and an 11-mer N-terminal bacteriophage t7 peptide, being commercially known as HSVTag and t7Tag, respectively (Novagen, Madison, Wis., USA), and 10- or 9-amino acid c-myc or Hemophilus influenza hemagglutinin (HA) peptides, which are recognized by the variable regions of monoclonal antibodies 9E10 and 12Ca5, respectively.
  • HSVTag Herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D peptide
  • t7Tag N-terminal bacteriophage t7 peptide
  • 10- or 9-amino acid c-myc or Hemophilus influenza hemagglutinin (HA) peptides which are recognized by the variable regions of monoclonal antibodies 9E10 and 12Ca5, respectively.
  • a suitable maltose-binding domain tag is malE-encoded maltose-binding protein which has the capacity to specifically bind a substrate including amylose such as, for example, an amylose-based affinity purification column.
  • a substrate including amylose such as, for example, an amylose-based affinity purification column.
  • a suitable chitin-binding domain tag is B. circulans cbd-encoded chitin binding domain which has the capacity to specifically bind chitin.
  • B. circulans cbd-encoded chitin binding domain which has the capacity to specifically bind chitin.
  • maltose-binding protein as an affinity tag is provided in the literature of the art (see, for example: Humphries H E et al., 2002. Protein Expr Purif. 26:243-8; and Chong S. et al., 1997. Gene 192:271-81).
  • the functional moiety may be attached to the antibody or antibody fragment via any of the aforementioned various affinity tags, depending on the application and purpose.
  • the functional moiety attached to the antibody or antibody fragment may be a toxin.
  • the toxin is preferably capable of killing/damaging the target cells/tissues when conjugated thereto as a consequence of specific binding of the antibody or antibody fragment to the antigen-presenting portion of the complex.
  • Any of various toxins may be attached to the antibody or antibody fragment, to thereby generate an immunotoxin suitable, for example, to kill/damage target cells/tissues using a composition-of-matter comprising such an immunotoxin.
  • the toxin is Pseudomonas exotoxin A, more preferably a portion thereof comprising the translocation domain and/or an ADP ribosylation domain.
  • the portion comprising the translocation domain and/or an ADP ribosylation domain is the toxin PE38KDEL.
  • Generation of an immunotoxin comprising PE38KDEL as a toxin moiety is preferably effected as described and illustrated in the Examples section below. Ample guidance for generating such an immunotoxin is provided in the literature of the art (for example, refer to: Brinkmann U. et al., 1991. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:8616-20; and Brinkmann U., 2000. In-vivo 14:21-7).
  • toxins which may be attached to the antibody or antibody fragment, depending on the application and purpose, in particular to kill/damage a target cell, include, but are not limited to, various bacterial toxins, plant toxins, chemotherapeutic agents, and radioisotopes, respectively.
  • toxins commonly used to generate immunotoxins include ricin and Pseudomonas exotoxin A-derived PE40 toxin.
  • immunotoxins may be generated with toxins such as diphtheria toxin, pertussis toxin, or cholera toxin.
  • composition-of-matter may advantageously comprise a monomeric or multimeric form of the antibody or antibody fragment.
  • a composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising a multimeric form of the antibody or antibody fragment will generally bind the antigen-presenting portion of the complex with higher avidity, and thereby with higher affinity, than one comprising a monomeric form of the antibody or antibody fragment.
  • a composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising a multimeric form of the antibody or antibody fragment may be advantageous for applications benefiting from, as will usually be the case, a reagent capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of the complex with the highest affinity possible.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising a multimeric form of an antibody or antibody fragment may be advantageously employed to effectively practice the method of the present invention, in particular with respect to applications involving using the composition-of-matter to specifically detect the antigen-presenting portion of the complex.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising a multimeric form of the antibody or antibody fragment.
  • the multimeric form of the antibody or antibody fragment is generated by binding a plurality of antibodies or antibody fragments attached to an affinity tag to a multimerizing molecule capable of specifically and simultaneously binding such a plurality of affinity tags.
  • the multimeric form of the antibody or antibody fragment may be generated by attaching a plurality of antibodies or antibody fragments of the present invention to a moiety capable of automultimerizing, so as to thereby multimerize such a plurality of antibodies or antibody fragments.
  • Any of various types of multimerizing molecule/affinity tag combinations may be employed to generate the multimeric form of the antibody or antibody fragment of the present invention.
  • such a combination consists of a biotin affinity tag, and a streptavidin multimerizing molecule, which, as described hereinabove, bind to each other with the highest affinity known to man, and hence will normally generate an optimally stable multimeric form of an antibody or antibody fragment of the present invention.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising a monomeric form of the antibody or antibody fragment may be advantageous.
  • Such a composition-of-matter due to its relatively small size may be advantageous for applications, such as in-vivo applications, benefiting from optimal biodistribution and/or diffusion thereof.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising a monomeric form of an antibody or antibody fragment of the present invention may be advantageously utilized, for example, in applications where such an antibody or antibody fragment is attached to a toxin to kill/damage target cells.
  • the composition-of-matter comprises an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding a complex in which the APM is an MHC class I molecule and the antigen is an MHC class I-restricted antigen (referred to herein as “MHC class I/antigen complex”).
  • MHC class I/antigen complex an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding a complex in which the APM is an MHC class I molecule and the antigen is an MHC class I-restricted antigen (referred to herein as “MHC class I/antigen complex”).
  • the composition-of-matter may comprise an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of a complex in which the APM is an MHC class II molecule and the antigen is an MHC class II-restricted antigen (“MHC class II/antigen complex”), or the APM is a CD1 molecule and the antigen is a CD1 molecule and the antigen is a CD1-restricted antigen (“CD1/antigen complex”).
  • the composition-of-matter may also comprise an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding a complex structurally and/or functionally analogous to an APM/antigen complex such as one of the aforementioned MHC- or CD 1-based complexes.
  • composition-of-matter may comprise an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of any of various particular MHC class II/antigen complexes.
  • the antigen-presenting portion of an MHC class II/antigen complex having as an APM an HLA-DP, HLA-DQ or HLA-DR molecule.
  • a composition-of-matter of the present invention may comprise an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of a complex composed of an MHC class II molecule and any of various MHC class II-restricted antigens, which are generally peptides about 10 to 30 amino acid residues in length.
  • Such peptides generally have particular chemical compositions enabling their specific binding to a particular MHC class II molecule (for example, refer to: Fairchild P J., 1998. J Pept Sci. 4:182; Rammensee H G., 1995. Curr Opin Immunol. 7:85; Sinigaglia F. and Hammer J., 1994. APMIS. 102:241; and Hobohm U. and Meyerhans A., 1993. Eur J Immunol. 23:1271).
  • composition-of-matter may comprise an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of any of various particular CD1/antigen complexes.
  • the antigen-presenting portion of a CD1/antigen complex having as an APM a CD1a, CD1b, CD1c or CD1d molecule.
  • a composition-of-matter of the present invention may comprise an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of a complex composed of a CD1 molecule and any of various CD1-restricted antigens, which may be either peptides or more typically lipids.
  • CD1b and CD1c molecules both have the capacity to specifically associate with CD1b- or CD1-c-restricted lipoarabinomannan, mycolic acid, or glucose monomycolate antigens; CD1c has the capacity to specifically associate with CD1c-restricted polyisoprenyl glycolipid antigens; and CD1d has the capacity to specifically associate with CD1d-restricted glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor lipid and glycosylceramide lipid antigens.
  • GPI glycophosphatidylinositol
  • composition-of-matter may comprise an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of any of various particular MHC class I/antigen complexes, for example, an MHC class I/antigen complex having as an MHC class I APM an HLA-A, HLA-B, or HLA-C molecule (referred to herein as “HLA-A/antigen complex”, “HLA-B/antigen complex”, or “HLA-A/antigen complex”, respectively).
  • MHC class I/antigen complex having as an MHC class I APM an HLA-A, HLA-B, or HLA-C molecule
  • composition-of-matter may comprise an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of a complex in which the APM is any of various HLA-A molecules
  • the composition-of-matter is preferably capable of binding the antigen-presenting portion of one in which the HLA-A molecule is HLA-A2.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding a complex having an HLA-A2 molecule as APM can be used to effectively practice various embodiments of the present invention.
  • a composition-of-matter of the present invention may comprise an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of a complex composed of an MHC class I molecule and any of various MHC class I-restricted antigens, which are typically peptides about 9 to 11 amino acid residues in length.
  • Such peptides generally have particular chemical compositions enabling their specific binding to a particular MHC class I molecule (for example, refer to: Bianco A. et al., 1998. J Pept Sci. 4:471; Fairchild P J., 1998. J Pept Sci. 4:182; Falk K. and Rotzschke O., 1993. Semin Immunol. 5:81; Rammensee H G., 1995. Curr Opin Immunol. 7:85; and Hobohm U. and Meyerhans A., 1993. Eur J Immunol. 23:1271).
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprises an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of a particular complex composed of a human APM and an antigen derived from a pathogen.
  • composition-of-matter may comprise an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of a particular complex comprising an APM-restricted antigen derived from essentially any type of pathogen, the pathogen is preferably an intracellular pathogen.
  • the pathogen may a non-intracellular pathogen, such as a bacterium, a fungus, a protozoan, a mycobacterium, a helminth, and the like.
  • composition-of-matter may comprise an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of a complex comprising an APM-restricted antigen derived from any of various intracellular pathogens, including a virus, a mycobacterium, a bacterium (such as, for example, Listeria monocytogenes ), and a protozoan (such as, for example, Leishmania or Trypanosoma).
  • an APM-restricted antigen derived from any of various intracellular pathogens, including a virus, a mycobacterium, a bacterium (such as, for example, Listeria monocytogenes ), and a protozoan (such as, for example, Leishmania or Trypanosoma).
  • the antibody or antibody fragment is capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of a complex comprising an APM-restricted antigen derived from a viral pathogen.
  • viral pathogens examples include retroviruses, circoviruses, parvoviruses, papovaviruses, adenoviruses, herpesviruses, iridoviruses, poxviruses, hepadnaviruses, picornaviruses, caliciviruses, togaviruses, flaviviruses, reoviruses, orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, rhabdoviruses, bunyaviruses, coronaviruses, arenaviruses, and filoviruses.
  • composition-of-matter may comprise an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of a complex comprising as APM-restricted antigen an antigen derived from any of various retroviruses
  • the retrovirus is preferably human T lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1; also referred to as human T-cell leukemia virus in the art).
  • the retrovirus may be, for example, HTLV-2, a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) such as HIV-1 or HIV-2, or the like.
  • HIV human immunodeficiency virus
  • HIV-2 a human immunodeficiency virus
  • AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
  • composition-of-matter may comprise an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of a complex comprising any of various antigens derived from HTLV-1.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of a complex comprising as APM-restricted antigen derived from HTLV-1, an antigen derived from Tax protein.
  • composition-of-matter may comprise an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of a complex comprising as APM-restricted antigen any of various Tax protein derived antigens, and having an antigen binding region comprising any of various amino acid sequences.
  • the antibody or antibody fragment comprises an antibody or antibody fragment: (i) capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of a complex comprising as Tax protein derived APM-restricted antigen a peptide comprising amino acid residues 11 to 19 of Tax protein, a peptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, or preferably both; (ii) having an antigen-binding region including a maximal number of amino acid sequences corresponding to one selected from the group of amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 14 to 97; or (iii) preferably both.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody or antibody fragment: (i) capable of specifically binding a complex having as APM-restricted antigen a peptide comprising amino acid residues 11 to 19 of Tax protein having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3; and (ii) having an antigen-binding region including amino acid sequences corresponding to those set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 14 to 97 can be used to effectively practice various embodiments of the present invention, involving using the composition-of-matter for detecting the antigen-presenting portion of the complex, or killing target cells/tissues.
  • a cell infected with a pathogen, and an APC exposed to the pathogen, or an antigen thereof may express distinct complexes comprising different APMs and/or different antigens derived from the pathogen, and that hence, the composition-of-matter may be advantageously selected so as to selectively bind one or the other of such cell types.
  • composition-of-matter as described hereinbelow, to treat a disease associated with a pathogen in an individual by selectively killing/damaging cells infected with the pathogen displaying one particular complex of an APM and an antigen derived from the pathogen without killing/damaging benign or beneficial APCs displaying a different complex of an APM and an antigen derived from the pathogen.
  • the antibody or antibody fragment may be selected capable of binding the antigen-presenting portion of the complex with a desired affinity.
  • the desired affinity is as high as possible.
  • a composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody or antibody fragment having as high as possible a binding affinity for the antigen-presenting portion of the complex will generally enable optimally stable conjugation of a functional moiety to the antigen-presenting portion of the complex, and thereby detection of the antigen-presenting portion of the complex with optimal sensitivity, or killing/damaging of target cells/tissues with optimal efficiency.
  • the affinity is characterized by a dissociation constant (K d ) selected from the range of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 molar to 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 molar, more preferably 5 x 10-3 molar to 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 molar, more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 molar to 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 molar, more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 molar to 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 molar, more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 molar to 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 molar, more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 molar to 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 molar, more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 molar to 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 molar, more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 molar to 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 molar, more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 molar to 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 11 molar, more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 11 molar to 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 12 m
  • K d dissoci
  • an antibody or antibody fragment capable of binding the antigen-presenting portion of a complex with an affinity characterized by a dissociation constant of about 10 9 molar can be generated using the protocol set forth therein.
  • composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody or antibody fragment having a binding affinity for the antigen-presenting portion of the complex characterized by a dissociation constant of about 10 ⁇ 9 molar can be used to effectively practice various embodiments of the present invention, including those involving using the composition-of-matter for detecting the antigen-presenting portion of the complex, or for killing/damaging target cells/tissues.
  • the antibody or antibody fragment is obtained by screening a combinatorial antibody or antibody fragment display library for an element of the library displaying an antibody or antibody fragment capable of binding the antigen-presenting portion of the complex conjugated to a substrate with the desired affinity.
  • the antibody or antibody fragment is an Fab
  • this may be advantageously effected by screening an Fab-phage library on substrate-immobilized single-chain MHC/peptide complex, preferably as described in the Examples section below.
  • Ample guidance for identifying an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding the complex is provided in the literature of the art (for example, for generation of a human derived antibody or antibody fragment refer, for example, to: Chames, P. et al., 2000. Proc. Natl.
  • composition-of-matter may be used per se or it can be formulated as an active ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present invention provides, and may be practiced, depending on the application and purpose using, a composition-of-matter comprising: (i) a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody or antibody fragment; (ii) a monomeric or multimeric form of an antibody or antibody fragment; (iii) an antibody or antibody fragment characterized by any of various configurations; (iv) an antibody or antibody fragment or a portion thereof derived from any of various mammalian species; (v) an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of any of various specific human APM/pathogen-derived antigen complexes; and/or (vi) an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding the antigen-presenting portion of a particular human APM/pathogen-derived antigen complex with a desired affinity.
  • an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an antibody fragment of the present invention.
  • the isolated polynucleotide preferably further comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a coat protein of a virus, a detectable moiety, and a toxin.
  • the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide is translationally fused with that encoding the antibody fragment.
  • Nucleic acid sequences encoding polypeptides may be translationally fused in a polynucleotide by cloning the structural sequences of such nucleic acid sequences in-frame relative to each other in the polynucleotide without intervening transcriptional/translational stop codons, or any other sequences, present between such structural sequences capable of preventing production of a chimeric polypeptide comprising the polypeptides encoded by such structural sequences.
  • An antibody fragment attached to a coat protein of a virus can be used to generate a virus displaying the antibody fragment by virtue of the antibody fragment being fused to the coat protein of the virus. Generating such a virus may be effected as described in further detail hereinbelow, and in the Examples section which follows.
  • the isolated polynucleotide is preferably generated as described in the Examples section, below.
  • an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention can be used to generate an antibody fragment or conjugate thereof with a coat protein of a virus, a detectable moiety, and/or a toxin suitable for generating the composition-of-matter of the present invention.
  • nucleic acid constructs capable of expressing the polynucleotide of the present invention were isolated or generated.
  • the present invention provides a nucleic acid construct comprising the isolated polynucleotide of the present invention and a promoter sequence for directing transcription thereof in a host cell.
  • promoter sequences capable of directing transcription of the isolated polynucleotide in various types of host cell, depending on the application and purpose, the promoter sequence is preferably capable of directing transcription thereof in a prokaryote.
  • the promoter sequence may be capable of directing transcription of the polynucleotide in any of various suitable prokaryotes.
  • the prokaryote is E. coli.
  • the promoter sequence is preferably further capable of directing inducible transcription of the nucleic acid sequence in the host cell.
  • promoter sequences capable of directing transcription or inducible transcription of the polynucleotide in the host cell, such as a suitable E. coli cell may be employed.
  • the promoter sequence is a T7 promoter sequence.
  • a construct of the present invention comprising a T7 promoter sequence for directing transcription of the polynucleotide can be used to efficiently inducibly express in a suitable E. coli host cell the antibody fragment of the present invention, or a conjugate thereof with a coat protein of a virus, detectable moiety, and/or toxin.
  • the nucleic acid construct is isolated or assembled, and is used to inducibly produce the antibody fragment of the present invention in a host cell as is described and demonstrated in the Examples section below.
  • the nucleic acid construct may be expressed in various types of host cells.
  • the nucleic acid construct may be advantageously expressed in a eukaryotic host cell, such as a mammalian cell or a plant cell.
  • Plant cells expressing the nucleic acid construct can be used to generate plants expressing the nucleic acid construct, thereby enabling inexpensive and facile production of large quantities of antibody which can be harvested, processed and stored using existant infrastructure.
  • Expression of the nucleic acid construct of the present invention in plants can be used to produce plants expressing various forms of the composition-of-matter of the present invention, including immunoconjugates such as immunotoxins.
  • nucleic acid constructs encoding antibody fragments such as nucleic acid constructs encoding immunotoxins, in plant cells, and thereby in plants
  • See the literature of the art for example, refer to: Peeters K. et al., 2001. Vaccine 19:2756-61; De Jaeger G. et al., 2000. Plant Mol Biol. 43:419-28; Fischer R. et al., 2000. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 14:83-92; Fischer R. et al., 1999. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 30:101-8; and Russell D A., 1999. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 240:119-38).
  • viruses comprising the nucleic acid construct of the present invention, and a coat protein fused to an antibody fragment of the present invention were isolated or generated.
  • the present invention provides a virus comprising the nucleic acid construct of the present invention and/or a coat protein fused to an antibody fragment of the present invention.
  • the virus of the present invention can be used in various applications, such as, for example, for selecting an antibody fragment of the present invention having a desired binding affinity/specificity for the antigen-presenting portion of the complex.
  • a virus may be used for propagating the antibody fragment or the nucleic acid construct.
  • propagation is effected by using the virus to infect a host cell.
  • viruses comprising an antibody fragment of the present invention fused to any of various types of coat protein may be used.
  • the virus is a filamentous phage and the coat protein is pIII.
  • the present invention provides a host cell comprising the nucleic acid construct.
  • the host cell may be advantageously used in various applications, it is preferably used to produce the antibody fragment, as mentioned hereinabove. Alternately, the host cell may be used to propagate the nucleic acid construct.
  • the host cell is a prokaryotic cell.
  • the host cell may be a mammalian cell (please refer to the antibody/antibody fragment production guidelines herein for description of suitable mammalian cells, and methods of their use).
  • the prokaryotic cell is preferably an E. Coli cell.
  • composition-of-matter While reducing the present invention to practice the capacity of the composition-of-matter to enable specific detection of the antigen-presenting portion of a particular human APM/pathogen-derived antigen complex was demonstrated.
  • the method is effected by exposing the antigen-presenting portion of the complex to a composition-of-matter of the present invention to thereby obtain a conjugate of the antigen-presenting portion of the complex and the antibody or antibody fragment comprised in the composition-of-matter. Once the conjugate is formed, the method further comprises detecting the antibody or antibody fragment of the conjugate so as to thereby detect the antigen-presenting portion of the complex.
  • the method according to this aspect of the present invention can be used to detect the antigen-presenting portion of the complex in any of various contexts and applications.
  • the method can be used to diagnose an infection by a pathogen in an individual.
  • the antigen-presenting portion of the complex is preferably exposed to the composition-of-matter by exposing the target cells/tissues, or the surface-immobilized antigen-presenting portion of the complex, respectively, to the composition-of-matter.
  • the biological sample may be advantageously obtained from an individual prior to contacting the composition-of-matter with the biological sample.
  • the composition-of-matter may be contacted with the biological sample by administering the composition-of-matter to the individual.
  • the method further comprises detecting the antibody or antibody fragment of the conjugate so as to thereby detect the antigen-presenting portion of the complex.
  • the antigen-presenting portion of the complex is preferably detected by using a composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody or antibody fragment attached a detectable moiety, and detecting the antibody or antibody fragment by detecting the detectable moiety attached thereto.
  • various detectable moieties may be used to detect the antigen-presenting portion of the complex in the context of various detection assays, depending on the application and purpose.
  • the method according to this aspect of the present invention is used to detect the antigen-presenting portion of a complex in a biological sample.
  • the method may be used to detect the antigen-presenting portion of a complex immobilized on a non-cellular surface, such as an the surface of an ELISA plate.
  • the method may be used to detect the antigen-presenting portion of the complex in essentially any type of biological sample, it is preferably applied to detect the antigen-presenting portion of a complex displayed/expressed by target cells/tissues.
  • the target cells are pathogen infected cells displaying the complex, or APCs displaying the complex, such as professional APCs, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, granulocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, and mast cells.
  • APCs displaying the complex
  • professional APCs dendritic cells
  • B lymphocytes granulocytes
  • neutrophils neutrophils
  • basophils basophils
  • eosinophils monocytes
  • macrophages macrophages
  • mast cells such as professional APCs, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, granulocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, and mast cells.
  • composition-of-matter may comprise an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding a complex comprising as APM-restricted antigen an antigen derived from essentially any pathogen
  • the method according to this aspect of the present invention can be used to detect a complex comprising as APM-restricted antigen, an antigen derived from essentially any pathogen.
  • the method is used to detect target cells displaying/expressing a particular complex comprising as APM-restricted antigen, an HTLV-1 derived antigen
  • the method according to this aspect of the present invention is effected as described in the Examples section which follows.
  • the method according to this aspect of the present invention may be used to effectively and potently diagnose an infection by a pathogen in an individual.
  • this aspect of method of the present invention can be used to detect essentially any complex in essentially any context with optimal specificity and/or sensitivity, the method according to this aspect of the present invention can be used to optimally diagnose and characterize essentially any infection associated with essentially any pathogen.
  • the method according to this aspect of the present invention can be used to optimally detect an APM/retrovirus-derived antigen.
  • the method can be used to optimally detect in an individual an infection by a retrovirus.
  • Retrovirus are associated with a wide variety of diseases including an array of malignancies, immunodeficiencies (notably AIDS), and neurological disorders, and syndromes as seemingly diverse as arthritis, osteopetrosis, and anemia.
  • the method according to this aspect of the present invention can be used, for example, to optimally diagnose essentially all such diseases in an individual.
  • the method according to this aspect of the present invention is used to diagnose an HTLV-1 infection in an individual, since, as described and demonstrated in the Examples section which follows, the method according to this aspect of the present invention can be used to detect with optimal sensitivity and specificity a target cell displaying a complex comprising as APM-restricted antigen, an HTLV-1 derived antigen.
  • Diseases associated with HTLV-1 infection which may diagnosed and characterized using this according to this aspect of the present invention include adult T lymphocyte leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL; Yoshida M. et al., 1982. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
  • HAM/TSP HTLV-I associated myelopathy/tropical virus spastic paraparesis
  • Sjogren's syndrome inflammatory arthropathies, polymyositis, and pneumopathies (Coscoy L. et al., 1998. Virology 248: 332-341).
  • the method is effected by exposing the target cells to the composition-of-matter of the present invention.
  • the method may be effected so as to kill various types of target cells in various ways, depending on the application and purpose.
  • the method is effected by exposing target cells to a composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody or antibody fragment attached to a toxin, so as to thereby kill/damage the target cells via the toxin.
  • the method may be effected by exposing target cells to a composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody or antibody fragment including an Fc region, or portion thereof, capable of specifically binding a molecule capable of initiating an immune response, such as a complement cascade or ADCC, directed against target cells bound by such an antibody or antibody fragment, as described hereinabove.
  • a composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody or antibody fragment including an Fc region, or portion thereof, capable of specifically binding a molecule capable of initiating an immune response, such as a complement cascade or ADCC, directed against target cells bound by such an antibody or antibody fragment, as described hereinabove.
  • the method according to this aspect of the present invention can be used for killing/damaging target cells in any of various contexts and applications, it is preferably employed to kill/damage target cells so as to treat a disease associated with a pathogen in an individual.
  • the method may also be used to kill/damage target cells in-vitro or in-vivo in an animal model, in particular to test and/or optimize killing/damaging of target cells using the composition-of-matter.
  • Such testing and/or optimizing killing/damaging of target cells using the composition-of-matter may be advantageously applied towards optimizing treatment of the disease in the individual using the composition-of-matter.
  • the method may be advantageously effected by obtaining the target cells from the individual.
  • One of ordinary skill in the art such as a physician, will possess the necessary expertise to obtain target cells from an individual.
  • target cells may be obtained from the individual for optimizing use of the composition-of-matter to kill/damage target cells.
  • target cells are cells infected with the pathogen since such cells will be of particular utility for optimizing killing of target cells infected with the pathogen, and hence for optimizing treatment of the disease in the individual.
  • composition-of-matter may comprise an antibody or antibody fragment capable of binding with optimal specificity and affinity a complex comprising as APM-restricted antigen an antigen derived from essentially any pathogen
  • the method according to this aspect of the present invention can be used to kill/damage cells displaying/expressing a complex comprising as APM-restricted antigen, an antigen derived from essentially any pathogen with optimal efficiency and specificity.
  • the method is used to kill/damage target cells displaying/expressing a particular complex comprising as APM-restricted antigen, an HTLV-1 derived antigen
  • the method according to this aspect of the present invention is effected as described in the Examples section which follows.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating a disease associated with a pathogen in an individual.
  • the method is effected by administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising as an active ingredient a composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising as APM-derived antigen, an antigen derived from the pathogen.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be administered in various ways.
  • the method according to this aspect of the present invention is preferably effected using a composition-of-matter comprising an immunotoxin.
  • the method can be used to treat various types of diseases associated with a pathogen using various methodologies taught by the present invention.
  • the method is used to treat a disease associated with a pathogen by killing/damaging pathogen infected cells. This may be advantageously performed where the pathogenesis of the disease derives predominantly from the pathogen infected cells.
  • the method may be used to treat the disease, where the disease involves a pathogenic immune response directed against pathogen-infected cells by pathogenic T lymphocytes activated by pathogenic APCs displaying/expressing a complex comprising as APM-restricted antigen, an antigen derived from the pathogen.
  • pathogenic immune response directed against pathogen-infected cells by pathogenic T lymphocytes activated by pathogenic APCs displaying/expressing a complex comprising as APM-restricted antigen, an antigen derived from the pathogen.
  • the pathogenic immune response mediated by such pathogenic APCs may be inhibited as described hereinabove, by using a composition-of-matter of the present invention comprising an antibody or antibody fragment capable of specifically binding the pathogenic complex so as to thereby block activation of the pathogenic T lymphocytes via engagement of the TCRs thereof by the complex.
  • this aspect of method of the present invention can be used to kill with optimal efficiency and specificity cells displaying/expressing essentially any particular complex
  • the method according to this aspect of the present invention can be used to optimally treat essentially any infection associated with essentially any pathogen in an individual.
  • the method according to this aspect of the present invention can be used to kill/damage with optimal efficiency and specificity cells displaying a complex comprising as APM-restricted antigen, an antigen derived from a retrovirus.
  • the method can be used to optimally treat, for example, an infection associated with a retrovirus in an individual
  • the method according to this aspect of the present invention can be used, for example, to optimally treat the broad range of diseases associated with a retroviral infection described hereinabove.
  • the method according to this aspect of the present invention is used to treat an HTLV-1 infection in an individual, since, as described and demonstrated in the Examples section which follows, the method according to this aspect of the present invention can be used to kill with optimal efficiency and specificity target cells displaying a complex comprising as APM-restricted antigen, an HTLV-1 derived antigen.
  • the antibody or antibody fragment of the present invention may be generated in numerous ways.
  • a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody or antibody fragment of the present invention may be generated via methods employing induction of in-vivo production of antibody or antibody fragment molecules, or culturing of antibody- or antibody fragment-producing cell lines.
  • Ample guidance for practicing such methods is provided in the literature of the art [for example, refer to Harlow and Lane, “Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual”, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, (1988)].
  • Cell culture-based methods of generating antibodies include the hybridoma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique, and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-hybridoma technique (Kohler G. et al., 1975. Nature 256:495-497; Kozbor D. et al., 1985. J. Immunol. Methods 81:31-42; Cote R J. et al., 1983. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 80:2026-2030; Cole SP. et al., 1984. Mol. Cell. Biol. 62:109-120).
  • EBV Epstein-Barr virus
  • Generating an antibody or antibody or antibody fragment of the present invention in-vivo may be advantageously effected by repeated injection of a target antigen (e.g., one comprising the antigen-presenting portion of the complex) into a mammal in the presence of adjuvants according to a schedule which boosts production of antibodies in the serum.
  • a target antigen e.g., one comprising the antigen-presenting portion of the complex
  • the hapten can be coupled to an antigenically neutral carrier such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or serum albumin [e.g., bovine serum albumin (BSA)] carriers (for example, refer to: U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • Coupling a hapten to a carrier can be effected using various methods well known in the art. For example, direct coupling to amino groups can be effected and optionally followed by reduction of the imino linkage formed.
  • the carrier can be coupled using condensing agents such as dicyclohexyl carbodiimide or other carbodiimide dehydrating agents.
  • Linker compounds can also be used to effect the coupling; both homobifunctional and heterobifunctional linkers are available from Pierce Chemical Company, Rockford, Ill.
  • the resulting immunogenic complex can then be injected into suitable mammalian subjects such as mice, rabbits, and the like.
  • an antibody its serum titer in the host mammal can readily be measured using immunoassay procedures which are well known in the art.
  • a polyclonal antibody containing anti-serum may be utilized as such, following purification thereof to generate a pure polyclonal or monoclonal antibody preparation.
  • Such an anti-serum or purified antibody preparation may also be modified in various ways, depending on the application and purpose, prior to use. Genetic sequences encoding an antibody isolated from such an anti-serum may be determined using standard art techniques, and used to recombinantly produce the antibody or a modification thereof, such as an antibody fragment.
  • an antibody fragment of the present invention can be obtained using various methods well known in the art.
  • such an antibody fragment can be prepared by proteolytic hydrolysis of a parental antibody or by recombinant expression in E. coli or mammalian cells (e.g., Chinese hamster ovary cell culture or other protein expression systems) of DNA encoding the fragment.
  • mammalian cells e.g., Chinese hamster ovary cell culture or other protein expression systems
  • An F(ab′) 2 antibody fragment can be produced by enzymatic cleavage of a parental antibody with pepsin to provide a 5S fragment. This fragment can be further cleaved using a thiol reducing agent, and optionally a blocking group for the sulfhydryl groups resulting from cleavage of disulfide linkages to produce a 3.5S monovalent Fab′ antibody fragment.
  • Enzymatic cleavage of a parental antibody with pepsin can be used to directly produce two monovalent Fab′ fragments and an Fc fragment.
  • Ample guidance for practicing such methods is provided in the literature of the art (for example, refer to: Goldenberg, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,036,945 and 4,331,647; Porter R R., 1959. Biochem J. 73:119-126).
  • an Fv is composed of paired heavy chain variable and light chain variable domains. This association may be noncovalent (for example, refer to Inbar et al., 1972. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69:2659-62).
  • the variable domains can be linked to generate a single chain Fv by an intermolecular disulfide bond, or such chains may be covalently cross-linked using chemicals such as glutaraldehyde.
  • a single chain Fv may advantageously prepared by constructing a structural gene comprising DNA sequences encoding the heavy chain variable domain and the light chain variable domain connected by an oligonucleotide encoding a peptide linker.
  • the structural gene is inserted into an expression vector, which is subsequently introduced into a host cell such as E. coli which will then synthesize such a single chain Fv.
  • a host cell such as E. coli which will then synthesize such a single chain Fv.
  • Ample guidance for practicing such methods of producing a single chain Fv is provided in the literature of the art (for example, refer to: Whitlow and Filpula, 1991. Methods 2:97-105; Bird et al., 1988. Science 242:423-426; Pack et al., 1993. Bio/Technology 11:1271-77; and Ladner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778).
  • a polypeptide comprising a complementarity determining region (CDR) peptide of an antibody can be obtained via recombinant techniques using genetic sequences encoding such a CDR, for example, by RT-PCR of mRNA of an antibody-producing cell.
  • CDR complementarity determining region
  • Humanized non human (e.g., murine) antibodies are genetically engineered chimeric antibodies or antibody fragments having-preferably minimal-portions derived from non human antibodies.
  • Humanized antibodies include antibodies in which complementary determining regions of a human antibody (recipient antibody) are replaced by residues from a complementarity determining region of a non human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat or rabbit having the desired functionality.
  • donor antibody such as mouse, rat or rabbit having the desired functionality.
  • Fv framework residues of the human antibody are replaced by corresponding non human residues.
  • Humanized antibodies may also comprise residues which are found neither in the recipient antibody nor in the imported complementarity determining region or framework sequences.
  • the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the complementarity determining regions correspond to those of a non human antibody and all, or substantially all, of the framework regions correspond to those of a relevant human consensus sequence.
  • Humanized antibodies optimally also include at least a portion of an antibody constant region, such as an Fc region, typically derived from a human antibody (see, for example, Jones et al., 1986. Nature 321:522-525; Riechmann et al., 1988. Nature 332:323-329; and Presta, 1992. Curr. Op. Struct. Biol. 2:593-596). Methods for humanizing non human antibodies or antibody fragments are well known in the art.
  • a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a source which is non human. These non human amino acid residues are often referred to as imported residues which are typically taken from an imported variable domain. Humanization can be essentially performed as described (see, for example: Jones et al., 1986. Nature 321:522-525; Riechmann et al., 1988. Nature 332:323-327; Verhoeyen et al., 1988. Science 239:1534-1536; U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567) by substituting human complementarity determining regions with corresponding rodent complementarity determining regions.
  • humanized antibodies are chimeric antibodies, wherein substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non human species.
  • humanized antibodies may be typically human antibodies in which some complementarity determining region residues and possibly some framework residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies.
  • Human antibodies or antibody fragments can also be produced using various techniques known in the art, including phage display libraries [see, for example, Hoogenboom and Winter, 1991. J. Mol. Biol. 227:381; Marks et al., 1991. J. Mol. Biol. 222:581; Cole et al., “Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy”, Alan R. Liss, pp.
  • Humanized antibodies can also be made by introducing sequences encoding human immunoglobulin loci into transgenic animals, e.g., into mice in which the endogenous immunoglobulin genes have been partially or completely inactivated. Upon antigenic challenge, human antibody production is observed in such animals which closely resembles that seen in humans in all respects, including gene rearrangement, chain assembly, and antibody repertoire. Ample guidance for practicing such an approach is provided in the literature of the art (for example, refer to: U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • an antibody or antibody or antibody fragment may be advantageously tested for specific binding to the antigen-presenting portion of the complex, for example via ELISA, using surface-immobilized target complex, as described in further detail hereinbelow, and in the Examples section which follows.
  • various methods may be employed to modify the antibody or antibody fragment to display the desired binding affinity for the antigen-presenting portion of the complex. Such methods include those based on affinity maturation (for example, refer to: Chowdhury, P. S., and Pastan, I., 1999. Nat. Biotechnol. 17:568-72).
  • the present invention can be used to treat a disease associated with an infection by a pathogen in an individual by administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising as an active ingredient a composition-of-matter of the present invention.
  • a “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a preparation of one or more of the active ingredients described herein with other chemical components such as physiologically suitable carriers and excipients. The purpose of a pharmaceutical composition is to facilitate administration of active ingredients to an organism.
  • active ingredients refers to the composition-of-matter accountable for the biological effect.
  • physiologically acceptable carrier and “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” which may be interchangeably used refer to a carrier or a diluent that does not cause significant irritation to an organism and does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the administered active ingredients.
  • An adjuvant is included under these phrases.
  • excipient refers to an inert substance added to a pharmaceutical composition to further facilitate administration of an active ingredient.
  • excipients include calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars and types of starch, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, vegetable oils and polyethylene glycols.
  • Suitable routes of administration may, for example, include oral, rectal, transmucosal, especially transnasal, intestinal or parenteral delivery, including intramuscular, subcutaneous and intramedullary injections as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intravenous, inrtaperitoneal, intranasal, or intraocular injections.
  • compositions of the present invention may be manufactured by processes well known in the art, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or lyophilizing processes.
  • compositions for use in accordance with the present invention thus may be formulated in conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries, which facilitate processing of the active ingredients into preparations which, can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.
  • the active ingredients of the pharmaceutical composition may be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological salt buffer.
  • physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological salt buffer.
  • penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated readily by combining the active ingredients with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art.
  • Such carriers enable the pharmaceutical composition to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions, and the like, for oral ingestion by a patient.
  • Pharmacological preparations for oral use can be made using a solid excipient, optionally grinding the resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores.
  • Suitable excipients are, in particular, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium carbomethylcellulose; and/or physiologically acceptable polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).
  • disintegrating agents may be added, such as cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may comprise an edible part of a plant containing, for example the immunotoxin of the present invention, as described hereinabove.
  • an individual may consume such an immunotoxin in the form of a plant food endogenously expressing the immunotoxin.
  • Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings.
  • suitable coatings may be used which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
  • Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active ingredient doses.
  • compositions which can be used orally include push-fit capsules made of gelatin as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
  • the push-fit capsules may contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
  • the active ingredients may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
  • stabilizers may be added. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for the chosen route of administration.
  • compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.
  • the active ingredients for use according to the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from a pressurized pack or a nebulizer with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichloro-tetrafluoroethane or carbon dioxide.
  • a suitable propellant e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichloro-tetrafluoroethane or carbon dioxide.
  • the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.
  • Capsules and cartridges of, e.g., gelatin for use in a dispenser may be formulated containing a powder mix of the active ingredients and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
  • compositions described herein may be formulated for parenteral administration, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion.
  • Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multidose containers with optionally, an added preservative.
  • the compositions may be suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
  • compositions for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active preparation in water-soluble form. Additionally, suspensions of the active ingredients may be prepared as appropriate oily or water based injection suspensions. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acids esters such as ethyl oleate, triglycerides or liposomes. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances, which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol or dextran. Optionally, the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the active ingredients to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
  • the active ingredients may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free water based solution, before use.
  • a suitable vehicle e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free water based solution
  • compositions of the present invention may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, using, e.g., conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.
  • compositions suitable for use in context of the present invention include compositions wherein the active ingredients are contained in an amount effective to achieve the intended purpose. More specifically, a therapeutically effective amount means an amount of active ingredients (nucleic acid construct) effective to prevent, alleviate or ameliorate symptoms of a disorder (e.g., ischemia) or prolong the survival of the subject being treated.
  • a therapeutically effective amount means an amount of active ingredients (nucleic acid construct) effective to prevent, alleviate or ameliorate symptoms of a disorder (e.g., ischemia) or prolong the survival of the subject being treated.
  • the therapeutically effective amount or dose can be estimated initially from in vitro and cell culture assays.
  • a dose can be formulated in animal models to achieve a desired concentration or titer. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans.
  • Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of the active ingredients described herein can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in vitro, in cell cultures or experimental animals.
  • the data obtained from these in vitro and cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in human.
  • the dosage may vary depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.
  • the exact formulation, route of administration and dosage can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's condition. (See e.g., Fingl, et al., 1975, in “The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics”, Ch. 1 p.1).
  • Dosage amount and interval may be adjusted individually to provide plasma or brain levels of the active ingredients sufficient to exert a desired therapeutic effect (minimal effective concentration, MEC).
  • MEC minimum effective concentration
  • the MEC will vary for each preparation, but can be estimated from in vitro data. Dosages necessary to achieve the MEC will depend on individual characteristics and route of administration. Detection assays can be used to determine plasma concentrations.
  • dosing can be of a single or a plurality of administrations, with course of treatment lasting from several days to several weeks or until cure is effected or diminution of the disease state is achieved.
  • compositions to be administered will, of course, be dependent on the subject being treated, the severity of the affliction, the manner of administration, the judgment of the prescribing physician, etc.
  • compositions of the present invention may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device, such as an FDA approved kit, which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredients.
  • the pack may, for example, comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack.
  • the pack or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration.
  • the pack or dispenser may also be accommodated by a notice associated with the container in a form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals, which notice is reflective of approval by the agency of the form of the compositions or human or veterinary administration. Such notice, for example, may be of labeling approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for prescription drugs or of an approved product insert.
  • Compositions comprising a preparation of the invention formulated in a compatible pharmaceutical carrier may also be prepared, placed in an appropriate container, and labeled for treatment of an indicated condition, as if further detailed above.
  • Diseases associated with a pathogen infection include numerous debilitating or lethal diseases of major medical and economic impact, including influenza, the common cold, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
  • AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
  • One theoretically potent approach which has been proposed for diagnosing, characterizing, and treating such pathogen mediated diseases involves using compounds capable of binding specific human antigen-presenting molecule (APM)/pathogen-derived peptide complexes.
  • APC human antigen-presenting molecule
  • Such compounds could be used to identify and characterize pathogen infected cells/tissues, or APCs exposed to viral antigens with optimal specificity, to deliver cytotoxic agents with optimal selectivity and efficiency to pathogen infected cells, and to serve as uniquely potent tools for studying pathogen mediated pathogenesis involving viral antigen presentation.
  • RMA-S-HHD is a TAP2 deficient cell line which expresses HLA-A2.1/Db- ⁇ 2 -microglobulin single chain (Pascolo, S. et al., 1997. J. Exp. Med. 185:2043-2051).
  • JY is a TAP and HLA-A2 positive EBV transformed B lymphoblast cell line.
  • APD is an HLA-A2 negative/HLA-A1 positive B cell line.
  • HUT 102 and RSCD4 are HLA-A2 negative and positive, HTLV-1 infected human CD4 positive T lymphocyte cell lines, respectively.
  • G2D12 is an anti HLA-A2/G9-154 complex Fab used as a negative control (peptide G9-154 is derived from the melanoma specific gp100 protein).
  • Monoclonal antibodies w6/32 and BB7.2 specifically bind correctly folded, peptide bound HLA (pan HLA), and HLA-A2, respectively.
  • HLA-A2 and ⁇ 2 -microglobulin are fused via a flexible peptide linker.
  • transformants were generated using the construct, inclusion bodies containing the fusion protein were isolated from the periplasmic fraction of transformants by nickel affinity chromatography, and the fusion protein from inclusion bodies was refolded in-vitro in the presence of a 5 to 10 fold molar excess of HLA-A2 restricted peptide so as to generate soluble, correctly folded and assembled HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complexes.
  • HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex was isolated and purified by anion exchange Q-Sepharose chromatography (Pharmacia) followed by site specific biotinylation using the BirA enzyme (Avidity, Denver, Colo.), as previously described (Altman J. D. et al., 1996. Science 274:94-96).
  • the homogeneity and purity of the HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex were analyzed by various biochemical means including SDS-PAGE, size exclusion chromatography, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as previously described (Denkberg, G. et al., 2000. Eur. J. Immunol. 30:3522-3532).
  • the diversity of the selected antibodies was determined by DNA fingerprinting.
  • the Fab DNA of different clones was PCR amplified using the primers pUC-reverse [5′-AGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 1)] and fd-tet-seq24[5′-TTTGTCGTCTTTCCAGACGTTAGT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 2)] followed by digestion with BstNI (New England Biolabs, U.S.A.) by incubation for 2 hours at 60 degrees centigrade. Reaction products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis.
  • IPTG isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactoside
  • Periplasmic content was released using B-PER solution (Pierce), and applied onto a pre-washed TALON column (Clontech).
  • Bound Fab was eluted from the column using 0.5 ml of 100 millimolar imidazole dissolved in phosphate buffered saline solution, and dialyzed twice against phosphate buffered saline solution by overnight incubations at 4 degrees centigrade to remove residual imidazole.
  • ELISA of Fab-phage clones and purified Fab′s The binding specificities of individual Fab-phage clones and soluble Fab′s for HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex were determined by ELISA using biotinylated HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex as binding target. ELISA plates (Falcon) were coated overnight with BSA-biotin (1 microgram/well). Coated plates were washed and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with streptavidin (1 microgram/well). After extensive washing, the plates were incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with 0.5 microgram of HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex.
  • the plates were blocked for 30 minutes at room temperature with 2 percent skim milk-phosphate buffered saline solution, and were subsequently incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with about 10 9 phage clones per well, or with various concentrations of soluble purified Fab.
  • the plates were washed and incubated with horseradish peroxidase conjugated anti human Fab antibody for soluble Fab, or with horseradish peroxidase conjugated anti M13 phage antibody for Fab-phages. Detection was performed using TMB reagent (Sigma).
  • Inclusion bodies containing the T3F2 chains were purified, solubilized, reduced, and refolded in-vivo at a 1:1 ratio in a redox shuffling buffer system containing 0.1 molar Tris ⁇ HCl, 0.5 molar arginine, and 90 micromolar oxidized glutathione at pH 8.0. Correctly folded Fab was then isolated and purified by anion exchange MonoQ chromatography (Pharmacia). The Fab peak fractions were concentrated using Centricon-30 (Amicon) to 1 milligram per milliliter and the buffer was exchanged to 10 millimolar Tris ⁇ HCl pH 8.0.
  • Biotinylation was performed using the BirA enzyme (Avidity, Denver, Colo.), as previously described (Denkberg, G. et al., 2000. Eur. J. Immunol. 30:3522-3532; Altman J. D. et al., 1996. Science 274:94-96). Excess biotin was removed from biotinylated Fab using a G-25 desalting column. Phycoerythrin labeled streptavidin (Jackson-Immunoresearch) was added at a molar ratio of 1:4 to produce fluorescent tetramers of the biotinylated Fab.
  • Recombinant Fab was radiolabeled with [125]iodine using the Bolton-Hunter reagent.
  • the radiolabeled Fab was added to the wells as a tracer (3 ⁇ 10 5 to 5 ⁇ 10 5 counts per minute per well) in the presence of increasing concentrations of unlabeled Fab as competitor.
  • Binding assays were performed by incubation at room temperature for 1 hour in phosphate buffered saline solution. After incubation, plates were washed 5 times with phosphate buffered saline solution and bound radioactivity was determined using a gamma counter.
  • the apparent affinity of Fab was determined by extrapolating the concentration of competitor necessary to achieve 50 percent inhibition of binding of [125]iodine labeled Fab to the immobilized HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex.
  • Non specific binding was determined by adding a 20 to 40 fold excess of unlabeled Fab.
  • Enzyme-linked immunohistochemical analysis of specific human MHC/viral peptide complexes JY or APD cells were transfected with pcTAX vector, as described above. After 24 hours, transfected cells were incubated with 20 micrograms of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled T3F2 Fab tetramer for 1 hour on ice in RMPI supplemented with 10 percent FCS. The cell suspension was applied onto glass slides precoated with 0.1 percent poly-L-lysine (Sigma), as previously described [Harlow, E., and Lane, D. in: “Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual”.
  • HRP horseradish peroxidase
  • Toxin PE38KDEL consists of the translocation and ADP-ribosylation domains of Pseudomonas exotoxin A. Expression in BL21 lDE3 cells, refolding from inclusion bodies, and purification of the T3F2-PE38 was performed as previously described (Brinkmann U. et al., 1991. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:8616-20).
  • Recombinant HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex was generated using a previously described single chain MHC-P 2 -microglobulin fusion protein expression construct (Denkberg, G. et al., 2000. Eur. J. Immunol. 30:3522-3532). Using this construct, the extracellular domains of HLA-A2 are fused to ⁇ 2 -microglobulin using a flexible 15 amino acid long peptide linker. The HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex was produced by in-vitro refolding of inclusion bodies in the presence of Tax 11-19 peptide.
  • HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex was found to be very pure, homogenous, and monomeric, as determined by SDS-PAGE and size-exclusion chromatography analyses (data not shown).
  • Recombinant HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex generated by this strategy has been previously characterized in detail with respect to its biochemical, biophysical, and biological properties, and was found to be correctly folded and functional [Denkberg, G. et al., 2000. Eur. J. Immunol. 30:3522-3532; Harlow, E., and Lane, D. in: “Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual”. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1988)].
  • Fab-phage library consisting of a repertoire of 3.7 ⁇ 10 10 recombinant human Fab′s (de Haard, H. J. et al., 1999. J. Biol. Chem. 274:18218-18230) was used. Due to exposure of the Fab′s to streptavidin coated plates during selection, the library was first depleted of streptavidin binders, and subsequently used for panning soluble recombinant HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex. A 1,300 fold enrichment in phage titer was observed after three rounds of panning (Table 2).
  • the specificity of the selected Fab-phages was determined by a differential ELISA using streptavidin coated wells incubated with biotinylated HLA-A2 in complex with either the Tax 11-19 peptide or negative control HLA-A2 restricted peptides. Phage clones analyzed following the third round of selection exhibited two types of binding patterns toward the HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex; one class of antibodies consisted of pan MHC binders which cannot differentiate between the various specific MHC/peptide complexes; the second type consisted of antibodies that specifically bound the HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex.
  • FIG. 1 shows a representative analysis of four Fab clones which reacted only with the HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex and not with HLA-A2/negative control peptide complexes displaying melanoma gp100 and MART-1 derived epitopes, and the MUC1 derived D6 epitope.
  • the light chain and Fd fragment (truncated portion of the heavy chain consisting of the variable region and the CH1 domain of the constant region) were subcloned into pET based expression vectors for T7 promoter regulated expression of cloned inserts, and upon induction with IPTG, large amounts of recombinant protein accumulated as intracellular inclusion bodies (FIG. 2 b ).
  • 3 a - c show specific binding of soluble Fab′s T3D4, T3E3, and T3F2, respectively, to HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex, but not to 10 control HLA-A2/peptide complexes containing viral epitopes derived from CMV or EBV, and a variety of tumor associated epitopes such as telomerase epitopes (540, 865), melanoma gp100 and MART-1 derived epitopes (154,209,280 and MART, respectively), and the MUC1 derived epitopes A7 and D6 (see experimental procedures for list of peptides).
  • telomerase epitopes 540, 865
  • melanoma gp100 and MART-1 derived epitopes 154,209,280 and MART, respectively
  • MUC1 derived epitopes see experimental procedures for list of peptides.
  • the Fab′s did not recognize the Tax 11-19 peptide alone when immobilized on the plate, nor immobilized streptavidin or other protein antigens such as BSA, IgG, RNAse, or chymotrypsin (data not shown).
  • the Tax 11-19 peptide and HLA-A2 restricted control peptides were loaded on RMA-S-HHD cells and the ability of the selected Fab′s to bind to peptide loaded cells was monitored by flow cytometry.
  • Peptide induced MHC stabilization of the TAP2 mutant RMA-S-HHD cells was demonstrated by reactivity of monoclonal antibodies w6/32 (HLA conformation dependent) and BB7.2 (HLA-A2 specific) with peptide loaded but not unloaded cells (data not shown).
  • Fab′s T3E3 and T3F2 reacted only with Tax 11-19 peptide loaded RMA-S-HHD cells but not with cells loaded with the gp100 derived G9-154 peptide (FIGS. 5 a - b, respectively). Similar results were observed using flow cytometric analysis using 10 other HLA-A2 restricted control peptides (data not shown).
  • Fab′s T3E3 and T3F2 were also tested for binding to peptide pulsed mature HLA-A2 positive dendritic cells. As shown in FIGS. 5 e - f, respectively, the T3E3 and T3F2 Fab′s recognized HLA-A2 positive dendritic cells pulsed with Tax 11-19 peptide but not with a control gp100 derived peptide.
  • the Fab′s were modified for detection of MHC/peptide complex on the surface of cells. Since the density of a particular endogenous HLA/peptide complex on cells is expected to be low compared to that of peptide pulsed APCs, the avidity of Fab T3F2 was increased by making Fab tetramers, which are directly tagged with a fluorescent probe. This approach was used previously to increase the binding avidity of MHC/peptide complexes to TCRs or to increase the sensitivity of recombinant antibody molecules (Cloutier, S. M. et al., 2000. Mol. Immunol. 37:1067-1077).
  • Another advantage of using fluorescently labeled tetramers is that only a single staining step is required, whereas monomeric unlabeled Fab′s require a fluorescently labeled secondary antibody.
  • the Fab tetramers generated with fluorescently labelled streptavidin were thus used to measure the expression of HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex on the surface of peptide pulsed APCs.
  • FIGS. 6 a - c the intensity of the binding as measured by flow cytometry with peptide pulsed RMA-S-HHD (FIG. 6 a ), JY cells (FIG. 6 b ), and human dendritic cells (FIG. 6 c ), was dramatically increased by two logs compared to the staining intensity with the T3F2 Fab monomer.
  • the staining pattern of the mature HLA-A2 positive dendritic cells was found to be scattered over a wide range of fluorescence intensities, indicating for the first time that dendritic cell populations display heterogeneous levels of specific MHC/peptide complexes at the cell surface.
  • Such results therefore indicate the potency of the Fab′s such as those described herein for studying the biology of specific MHC/peptide complex presentation by APCs.
  • HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex formed by intracellular antigen processing To examine the ability of the Fab′s to detect HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex produced by physiological antigen processing, the HTLV-1 Tax gene was transfected into HLA-A2 positive and negative JY or APD cells, respectively. Twenty four hours following transfection, the reactivity of T3F2 to cell surface displayed HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex was tested by flow cytometry. The analysis was performed using the high avidity tetrameric Fab T3F2.
  • Fab T3F2 for detecting HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex on virus infected cells was attempted.
  • HLA-A2 negative HUT 102 and HLA-A2 positive RSCD4 cells human CD4 positive T lymphocyte cell lines infected with HTLV-1) were used.
  • RSCD4 human CD4 positive T lymphocyte cell lines infected with HTLV-1
  • FIG. 7 d a significant staining with Fab T3F2 was observed on RSCD4 but not on HUT 102 cells, indicating that the Fab is capable of detecting the specific HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex on the surface of virus infected cells.
  • the staining pattern revealed two cell subpopulations having moderate or high reactivity, respectively, with the Fab, which may indicate variability in the expression of the HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex within subpopulations of RSCD4 HTLV-1 infected cells. Similar variability was observed in staining experiments with an anti Tax protein antibody (not shown). Negative control Fab G2D12 specific for HLA-A2/G9-154 complex did not stain RSCD4 cells (FIG. 7 d ).
  • titration of peptide pulsed JY cells using graded concentrations of Tax 11-19 peptide demonstrated staining intensity dependent on the concentration of the peptide used for pulsing, and that the Fab was capable of detecting HLA-A2-Tax 11-19 complex when pulsing Tax 11-19 peptide at a concentration in the low nanomolar range.
  • the staining intensity of peptide pulsed JY cells observed with T3F2 Fab was estimated by comparison to calibration beads displaying graded numbers of phycoerythrin molecules. This comparison enabled determination of the number of HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complexes displayed on the surface of cells that are pulsed with various concentrations of the Tax 11-19 peptide (FIG.
  • a major problem hampering the study of MHC dependent antigen presentation is the unavailability of adequate methods for quantifying surface expression levels on individual cells of specific MHC/peptide complexes produced by intracellular antigen processing.
  • flow cytometric analysis of cell surface display of HLA-A2/Tax 11-14 complex using Fab T3F2 and comparison of the fluorescence intensity of T3F2 stained cells with that of calibration beads displaying graded numbers of phycoerythrin sites it was possible to quantitate the number of specific HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complexes on the cell surface (Table 4).
  • JY cells pulsed with 1.5 micromolar Tax 11-19 peptide displayed on their surface 5 ⁇ 10 3 complexes per cell, while JY cells transfected with the Tax gene displayed on their surface, after intracellular antigen processing, 1 ⁇ 10 4 complexes per cell.
  • the latter result is in complete agreement with recent quantitation of murine H-2k b bound to the ovalbumin peptide SIINFEKL after recombinant Vaccinia virus infection of cells in-vitro using an anti specific mouse MHC/peptide complex antibody (Porgador, A. et al., 1997. Immunity 6:715-726).
  • Detection of cells displaying HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex in a heterogeneous cell population At present, there are no reagents available for detecting and phenotyping individual cells displaying specific MHC/peptide complexes in mixed cell populations. Such reagents would have great utility, for example, for detecting or staging tumorigenic cells, or for studying antigen presentation in lymphoid tissues within heterogeneous cell populations.
  • the anti specific MHC/peptide complex Fab′s described above would be ideally suited to conduct such analyses.
  • T3F2 Fab To simulate a heterogeneous population of cells in which only a small fraction expresses a specific MHC/peptide complex, Tax transfected and control non transfected JY cells were mixed in various ratios, and the reactivity of T3F2 Fab to such cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. As shown in FIG. 8 c, single color flow cytometric analysis using T3F2 Fab allows accurate identification of the admixed Tax transfected JY cells that express on their surface HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex generated by intracellular antigen processing. T3F2 Fab was shown to be able to detect Tax transfected JY cells in a proportion as low as 1 percent within a population of non transfected cells (FIGS.
  • Immunoahistochemical detection of cells displaying HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex generated by intracellular antigen processing Another major potential use for anti specific MHC/peptide complex antibodies is in situ immunohistochemical analysis of specific MHC/peptide complexes in tissues. As a first step to assess this potential, the capacity of T3F2 Fab to detect in situ HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex displayed on JY cells by intracellular antigen processing was determined. Tax transfected JY cells were subjected to single step immunohistochemical analysis using horseradish peroxidase conjugated T3F2 Fab. As shown in FIGS. 9 a - f, these experiments showed the capacity of the Fab to strongly and specifically stain Tax transfected (FIGS.
  • T3F2-PE38 immunotoxin The capacity of an anti specific human MHC/viral peptide complex immunotoxin to cytolyse cells displaying such a complex was determined by testing the capacity of T3F2-PE38 to kill/damage peptide loaded APCs. The killing assay was performed by loading JY cells with Tax 11-19 peptide, or control HLA-A2 restricted peptides, including the gp100 derived G9-209 peptide. As shown in FIG. 10, T3F2-PE38 was capable of killing JY cells loaded with Tax 11-19 peptide with an IC 50 of 2,500 nanograms per milliliter. No T3F2-PE38 mediated cytolysis of JY cells loaded with control HLA-A2 restricted peptides, or of cells not loaded with peptide occurred.
  • novel molecules exhibit high affinity, high specificity binding to specific human MHC/pathogen-derived peptide complexes, and hence display TCR like specificity for such complexes.
  • these molecules display the high affinity antigen binding characteristics of antibodies, while retaining TCR specificity.
  • Fab′s Crucial features of these Fab′s were identified, including the capacity to: (a) bind with high sensitivity and specificity particular human MHC/pathogen-derived peptide complexes, such as HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex, expressed or displayed by cells which are infected with a pathogen such as HTLV-1, peptide loaded, in suspension, and/or surface immobilized using immunohistochemical techniques; and (b) the capacity to deliver molecules, such as toxins, to cells displaying a specific human MHC/pathogen-derived peptide complex, such as HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex.
  • a pathogen such as HTLV-1, peptide loaded, in suspension, and/or surface immobilized using immunohistochemical techniques
  • the Fab′s can detect specific human MHC/pathogen-derived peptide complexes at densities approaching those required for activating T lymphocytes.
  • these molecules are suitable reagents for evaluating specific human MHC/pathogen-derived peptide complex expression at low but physiologically relevant levels.
  • anti HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex Fab′s enabled quantitation of such complexes generated by intracellular antigen processing on the surface of cells transfected with the Tax gene or on HTLV-1 infected cells.
  • This analysis demonstrated that intracellular antigen processing in Tax transfected cells led to a display of about 10 4 specific MHC/peptide complexes per cell.
  • Comparison with total HLA-A2 staining showed that nearly 90 percent of the HLA-A2 molecules were occupied with a single peptide species (not shown).
  • Such occupancy estimates were obtained by analysis of stabilization of newly synthesized MHC class I heavy chain- ⁇ 2 -microglobulin complexes, or by elution of peptides from expressed MHC class I molecules and reconstruction experiments to determine the peptide concentration in the eluates.
  • the ability of Fab T3F2 to detect the heterogeneity of HLA-A2/Tax 11-19 complex expression levels in a population of virally infected cells was shown.
  • Such novel and striking data highlight the potential utility of such antibodies for studying specific human MHC/pathogen-derived peptide complex expression in contexts such as diagnosis of infection with a pathogen.
  • Such an approach could be applied to confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, which, using anti specific human MHC/pathogen-derived peptide complex antibodies, would permit analysis of the intracellular site(s) of assembly and trafficking of such complexes.
  • In situ localization of APCs displaying or expressing specific human MHC/pathogen-derived peptide complexes would be especially valuable in characterizing the intercellular interactions between APCs and T lymphocytes involved in initiation, propagation, and maintenance of anti viral T lymphocyte immune responses.
  • Multicolor histochemistry could be used to reveal not only the type and location of viral APCs but also the phenotype of interacting anti viral T lymphocytes, including the set of cytokines elicited.
  • a further application for anti specific human MHC/pathogen-derived peptide complex antibodies is in structure function studies of specific interactions between such complexes and cognate TCRs. By mutating particular residues in the MHC restricted pathogen-derived peptide and testing the influence of these mutations on the binding of the Fab′s and peptide specific T lymphocyte clones, it may be possible to obtain important data regarding the structure function relationship and the different nature of the recognition process between such Fab′s and the native TCR (Stryhn A. et al., 1996. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:10338-10342).
  • the presently described reagents could be used control pathogenic T lymphocyte mediated anti pathogen immune responses without the risk of antigen administration to an infected individual, and without the loss of function of an entire MHC allele, as would be the case with prior art anti MHC antibodies.
  • the presently described compounds are uniquely and optimally suitable for diagnosing, characterizing and treating diseases in humans caused by pathogens such as viruses, and for studying aspects of such diseases involving antigen presentation.

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US20100080805A1 (en) 2010-04-01
US7632923B2 (en) 2009-12-15
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US9023348B2 (en) 2015-05-05
US20060083735A1 (en) 2006-04-20
US9095533B2 (en) 2015-08-04
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US7638124B2 (en) 2009-12-29
US20050152912A1 (en) 2005-07-14
WO2004084798A2 (en) 2004-10-07

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