US20020015703A1 - Antagonists of tweak and of tweak receptor and their use to treat immunological disorders - Google Patents

Antagonists of tweak and of tweak receptor and their use to treat immunological disorders Download PDF

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US20020015703A1
US20020015703A1 US09/905,810 US90581001A US2002015703A1 US 20020015703 A1 US20020015703 A1 US 20020015703A1 US 90581001 A US90581001 A US 90581001A US 2002015703 A1 US2002015703 A1 US 2002015703A1
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tweak
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cells
cell
ligand
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Paul Rennert
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Biogen MA Inc
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    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2875—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the NGF/TNF superfamily, e.g. CD70, CD95L, CD153, CD154
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    • C07K16/2878—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the NGF-receptor/TNF-receptor superfamily, e.g. CD27, CD30, CD40, CD95
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to compositions and methods comprising reagents which bind to the novel protein TWEAK, and the use of TWEAK binding reagents to block the development of immunologic disorders.
  • TWEAK binding reagents include monoclonal antibodies, as used herein to block the development of chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease, soluble TWEAK-receptor-Ig fusion proteins, or other molecules which modify the binding of TWEAK to its' receptor(s).
  • Other embodiments of the invention include reagents which bind to TWEAK receptor(s) to modify their activity, or modify the intracellular signaling of TWEAK receptor(s).
  • Immunological disorders are manifested as a wide variety of diseases and pathologies, including autoimmune diseases, acute and chronic inflammatory disorders, organ transplant rejection, Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD), lymphoid cell malignancies, septic and other forms of shock, loss of immune responsiveness as seen in HIV and SCIDS, and failure of the immune response to tumor growth.
  • autoimmune diseases acute and chronic inflammatory disorders
  • organ transplant rejection organ transplant rejection
  • GVHD Graft-Versus-Host Disease
  • lymphoid cell malignancies septic and other forms of shock
  • loss of immune responsiveness as seen in HIV and SCIDS
  • failure of the immune response to tumor growth failure of the immune response to tumor growth.
  • GVHD bone marrow transplant
  • host ie. patient
  • Acute inflammatory disorders such as hyper-allergic conditions and shock are the result of uncontrolled immune response to the triggering antigens.
  • T cell dependent immune responses require T cell recognition of antigen.
  • GVHD results from a complex interplay between donor T cells and host immune system cells.
  • the initiating event is the recognition by donor T cells of non-self, ie. host, antigens. These are referred to as alloantigens.
  • Alloantigen recognition by these donor cells results in the production of immunoregulatory and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which advance and exacerbate the donor anti-host immune response.
  • This disease can develop in either an acute or chronic form, depending on the regulation of complex cytokine networks which control the type of immune response which develops.
  • Immune responses can be characterized as Th0, Th1, or Th2 depending on 1) the nature of the cytokines and chemokines produced by activated T cells during the response, and 2) the nature of the cytokines and chemokines produced by accessory and other cells during the response.
  • Examples of non-T cells important during immune responses are B cells, dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages, follicular dendritic cells, and endothelial cells. Together the cytokines produced influence a variety of cell types to differentiate, and the chemokines produced influence cell trafficking and localization. Th0 responses are characteristic of the short term stimulation of previously unstimulated (naive) T cells.
  • Th0 T cells produce moderate amounts of a number of cytokines, notably I1-2 and TNF. Repetitively or chronically stimulated Th0 cells can differentiate into either Th1 or Th2 T cells, depending on a number of factors. Such factors include, but are not limited to, accessory cell cytokine production, the strength of T cell receptor engagement, and the nature of secondary signals received, eg. via the CD28 costimulatory receptor.
  • cytokine I1-12 produced primarily by activated macrophages, supports differentiation to Th1 T cells, while exposure to I1-4 and I1-10 supports differentiation to Th2 T cells.
  • Th1 T cells produce cytokines such as I1-2 and IFN-y which are associated with inflammatory responses, T cell cytotoxicity, and macrophage activation. Th1 T cells respond to chemokines which attract cells into sites of tissue inflammation, such as Mip-1alpha, MIP-1 beta, RANTES, IP-10, and MIG. Since cytotoxic T cells and activated macrophages act to eliminate damaged or infected cells, the Th1 response is responsible for controlling the immune response to intracellular pathogens. Importantly, production of Th1 chemoattractant chemokines such as IP-10 and MIG by macrophages and endothelial cells is closely regulated by IFN-y, which is the prototypic chemokine produced by Th1 T cells. Thus feedback loops may develop between activated T cells and their environment, which augment the development of a particular type of response at a particular time and location
  • Th2 T cells produce cytokines such as I1-4, I1-5, I1-6, and I1-10 which support the development of humoral immune responses, including those which require the production of IgE, IgA, and IgG. These Ig responses are driven by the T cell mediated activation of B cells which “switch” their Ig phenotype from surface bound IgM and IgD to secreted Ig. Secreted Igs normally function to control infection from pathogens in circulation (IgG), at mucosal surfaces, such as the gut and oral cavity (IgA) and in the respiratory tract (IgE).
  • IgG pathogens in circulation
  • IgA the gut and oral cavity
  • IgE in the respiratory tract
  • Th2 T cells also support the activation of eosinophils and Mast cells which can mediate acute responses to pathogens, for example in the respiratory tract. Th2 T cells respond to chemokines such as eotaxin and MDC, whose production is closely regulated by I1-4, the prototypic cytokine produced by NK1.1 and activated T cells.
  • chemokines such as eotaxin and MDC, whose production is closely regulated by I1-4, the prototypic cytokine produced by NK1.1 and activated T cells.
  • B cells must receive an antigen signal through the B cell antigen receptor (membrane Ig).
  • B cells must receive specific contact dependent and contact independent signals from activated T cells.
  • One required contact dependent signal is delivered via the binding of CD40L on T cells to CD40 on B cells.
  • One required contact-independent signal is delivered by I1-4 secreted by activated T cells and by NK1.1 cells binding to the I1-4 receptor on B cells. These signals appear to take place within the T cell areas of secondary lymphoid organs, such as the spleen.
  • the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer's patches and other secondary and tertiary lymphoid organs have distinct microanatomical areas within which T and B cells typically reside. All lymphocytes migrate out of the blood or the lymph into the T cell area of these organs first, by crossing endothelial cell layers such as the High Endothelial Venules in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches and the marginal sinus endothelial cell layer in the spleen. Then, the B cells move into B cell areas known as B cell follicles. B cells which have traversed the T cell area but have not become activated will leave the follicle after a few days. Activated B cell undergo a process of differentiation.
  • Some activated B cells known as plasmacytes, secrete large amounts of antigen specific, low affinity IgM or IgG antibody. These B cells typically appear early after the induction of the immune response, and move into the red pulp of the spleen and other anatomical locations, where they persist, secreting antibody, for several days.
  • Other activated B cells differentiate within a region of the follicle known as the secondary follicle, or germinal center. Germinal centers form around networks of specialized antigen retaining cells known as Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDC), which are thought to display antigen to drive or refine the germinal center reaction.
  • FDC Follicular Dendritic Cells
  • B cells within the germinal center have “switched” their Ig phenotype, and undergo “affinity maturation”, with the result that they display a high affinity for their antigen target.
  • the antigen target is a foreign antigen, although in diseases such as chronic GVHD and autoimmune disorders the Igs recognize self-antigens.
  • B cells leave the follicles, migrate back through the T cells areas, and leave the organ via efferent circulation into the bloodstream.
  • B cells that have fully differentiated to express high affinity Ig are known as blast cells, and they leave B cell follicles to take up residence in various other environments, including the red-pulp areas of the spleen, the bone marrow, the liver, or mucosal cell layers lining the respiratory tract and gut. Some of these fully differentiated B cells are known as memory cells, and can persist for long periods of time, ready to respond to the same antigen if it is encountered again.
  • B cells migrate from location to location within the lymphoid organs they require specific signals to guide them, and specific signals which ensure their survival. For example, multiple signals are required to maintain B cell follicular organization in the spleen. These include interaction of the BCA ligand with the chemokine receptor BLR-1, interaction of TNF with TNF-R55, and interaction of LTbeta with LT ⁇ -R (reviewed in Chaplin and Fu, Current Opin. Immunol. 10: 298-297 (1998)). Mice which are deficient in any of these molecular pathways lose B cell follicular integrity in the spleen. Furthermore, all of these gene-deficient mice have also lost the ability to undergo germinal center reactions in the spleen.
  • mice deficient in CD40L maintain B cell follicles, but germinal centers do not form.
  • B cells within the germinal center environment require signals through CD40 to maintain survival and to downregulate IgM and switch to Ig expression.
  • B cells move not only within the follicle and germinal center, but also leave the follicle after activation, and move to other sites within the body.
  • Memory B cells can be found in the bone marrow, and B cells which express IgA specifically traffic to cell layers in the gut and other mucosal sites.
  • Other signals presumably guide activated T cells to specific sites within and between lymphoid compartments.
  • cytotoxic T cell can migrate to the site of infection or other antigen challenge to find and lyse their targets.
  • the identities of all the signals which guide T and B cells between different microanatomic locations are not yet known. However it appears that multiple pathways orchestrate the T and B cell responses to antigen, both in secondary lymphoid organs, and at the sites of infection or inflammation.
  • GVHD is a well studied example of an antigen driven immune response. GVHD is an often fatal consequence of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in human patients. The disease can occur in an acute or in a chronic form. Acute and chronic forms of GVHD are prototypic examples of the development of antigen specific Th1 and Th2 responses, respectively. The acute form of the disease occurs within the first 2 months following BMT, and is characterized by donor cytotoxic T cell-mediated damage to skin, gut, liver, and other organs.
  • the chronic form of the disease is manifested much later (over 100 days post-BMT) and is characterized by hyperproduction of immunoglobulin (Ig), including autoantibodies, and damage to the skin, kidney, and other organs caused by Ig-deposition.
  • Ig immunoglobulin
  • the development of acute GVHD is predictive of the subsequent development of chronic GVHD.
  • the same patient can develop both diseases, in sequence.
  • Approximately 50% of all BMT patients develop either acute or chronic GVHD.
  • Nearly 90% of acute GVHD patients go on to develop chronic GVHD. No current therapies for chronic GVHD are successful in the majority of patients.
  • GVHD can be modeled in the mouse using parental into F 1 cell transplantation regimens.
  • splenocytes from the DBA2 strain of mice are injected iv into (DBA2 ⁇ C57B1/6) F1 mice, which are referred to as B6D2F1.
  • the injected splenocytes constitute the graft, and the DBA2 mouse is the donor of that graft.
  • the F1 mouse which receives the graft is the host.
  • Donor T cells present in the graft recognize half of the MHC markers (haplotypes) on host cells as foreign, because they are derived from the other, C57B1/6 parent. This induces a donor T cell response against the host resulting in GVHD.
  • reagents which block critical cytokines involved in Th1 T cell differentiation block the development of acute GVHD.
  • Cytotoxicity can be directly cellular (eg. by phagocytosis of host cells) or by the action of secreted cytokines such as TNF which can induce apoptosis, or cell death.
  • TNF secreted cytokines
  • the consequence of donor anti-host cytotoxicity can be seen in a number of ways. First, host lymphocytes are rapidly destroyed, such that mice experiencing acute GVHD are profoundly immunosuppressed.
  • donor lymphocytes become engrafted and expand in the host spleen, and their cytotoxic activity can be directly measured in vitro by taking advantage of cell lines which express the host antigens that can be recognized (as foreign) by the donor cells.
  • cell lines expressing the appropriate antigens can be labeled with radioactive chromium51 isotope. Release of this radioactive isotope into the culture media is evidence of the death of the labeled cell.
  • the disease becomes lethal as additional tissues and cell populations are destroyed, and therefore survivorship is a measurable consequence of disease.
  • Chronic GVHD appears to be a Th2 T cell mediated disease (De Wit et al., J. Immunol. 150: 361-366 (1993)).
  • the development of the disease is dependent on the Th2 cytokine I14, and can be blocked by treating with anti-I14 mAb.
  • Such treatment blocks the expansion of host B cells, and the concomitant hyper-Ig production.
  • the development of GVHD can be followed in a number of ways.
  • the expansion of the donor T cell and host B cell populations can be measured by the spleen index, which is the ratio of spleen weight to body weight, normalized to control (non-diseased) mice.
  • B cells in diseased mice can be measured using analyses of B cell activation markers.
  • the effects of B cell activation can be seen in the levels of Ig in circulation (eg. in serum) or produced by cultures of host splenocytes harvested several weeks after disease induction. Circulating Ig in diseased animals will contain anti-self antibodies. Ultimately, diseased animals succumb to kidney and other organ failure due to accumulated Ig deposition, and therefore survivorship is a relevant measure of disease activity.
  • the invention provides methods for blocking the development or treating or reducing the severity or effects of an immunological disorder in an animal including administering a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a TWEAK blocking agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the compound may be an antibody directed against a TWEAK ligand; an antibody directed against a TWEAK receptor; an agent that modifies the binding of the TWEAK ligand to a TWEAK receptor; an agent that modifies cell surface receptor clustering; and an agent that can interrupt intracellular signaling of a TWEAK receptor.
  • the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
  • the monoclonal antibody is directed against the TWEAK surface ligand.
  • the animal may be mammalian and may be a human.
  • the TWEAK blocking agent may be a soluble TWEAK receptor having a ligand binding domain that can selectively bind to a surface TWEAK ligand.
  • the soluble TWEAK receptor may include a human immunoglobulin IgG domain.
  • the human immunoglobulin IgG domain includes regions responsible for specific antigen binding.
  • the invention further includes a method for inhibiting an immune response in an animal, including administering a pharmaceutical composition which comprises an effective amount of a TWEAK blocking agent and a pharmaceutically effective carrier.
  • the immune response may be Th1 or a Th2 cell-mediated immune response or both.
  • the invention also includes a composition having a therapeutically effective amount of a TWEAK blocking agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • FIG. 1 shows a sequence alignment of soluble recombinant murine and human TWEAK proteins. Identical residues are indicated in bold face.
  • FIG. 2 shows a Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) analysis of the binding of hamster anti-TWEAK rnAb AB.D3 to EBNA293 cells expressing murine TWEAK protein or human TWEAK protein, compared to the binding of a hamster mAb which recognizes an irrelevant protein (Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin).
  • FACS Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting
  • 2 a Analysis of anti-TWEAK mAb binding to murine TWEAK transfected EBNA293 cells (forward scatter (size) and side scatter (granularity)); 2 b ) analysis of anti-TWEAK mAb binding to human TWEAK transfected EBNA293 cells (forward scatter (size) and side scatter (granularity)); 2 c ) histogram showing PE-reactivity of anti-TWEAK mAb binding to murine TWEAK transfected EBNA293 cells: A. unstained cells, B. stained with streptavidin-PE, C. stained with control rnAb Ha4/8, biotinylated goat anti-hampster IgG, and steptavidin-PE, D.
  • FIG. 3 shows a FACS analysis of the ability of mAb AB.D3 to block the binding of FLAG-tagged recombinant soluble human TWEAK to TWEAK receptor positive cells.
  • 3 a HT29 cell population showing forward scatter and side scatter;
  • 3 b HT29 cells incubated A. alone, or with lug Flag-tagged human TWEAK protein plus B. no mAB, C. 10 ug mAb AB.D3, D. 10 ug control hamster mAb, or E. 10 ug soluble murine TWEAK.
  • FIG. 4 shows a FACS analysis of the activation state of B cells in mice undergoing chronic GVHD, treated with anti-TWEAK mAb AB.D3, anti-CD40L mAb MR1, control mnAb, or untreated.
  • 4 a Derivation of the lymphocyte gate used in the analysis
  • 4 b derivation of the B220+ gate used in the analysis
  • 4 c -g splenocytes derived from mice with chronic GVHD, treated as labeled, and gated using R1 and R2.
  • FL1 shows FITC-anti B220 staining
  • FL2 shows PE-antiCD69 staining.
  • R3 encompasses the B220+/CD69+ cells.
  • the terms “humoral response” and “cellular response” as used herein refer to the immunological response of an animal to an antigen whereby the animal produces antibodies to an antigen or produces a cytotoxic response to the antigen, or both.
  • the Th1 class of T helper cells are important for the induction of the cellular response, and the Th2 class of T helper cells are important to the efficient production of high affinity antibodies.
  • T helper (Th) cells refers to a functional subclass of T cells which help to generate cytotoxic T cells and which cooperate with B cells to stimulate antibody production. Helper T cells recognize antigen in association with class II MHC molecules and provide contact dependent and contact independent (cytokine and chemokine) signals to effector cells.
  • Th1 refers to a subclass of T helper cells that produce TNF, interferon-y and IL-2 (and other cytokines) and which elicit inflammatory reactions associated with a cellular, i.e. non-immunoglobulin, response to a challenge.
  • Th2 refers to a subclass of T helper cells that produces IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and other cytokines, which are associated with an immunoglobulin (humoral) response to an immune challenge.
  • the term “germinal center” as used herein refers to a secondary B cell follicle which forms after antigen immunization. The appearance of this histologic site correlates with optimal memory generation, isotype switching, somatic hypermutation and thus the affinity maturation of an antibody response.
  • antibody producing cells refers to B cells which have received contact dependent and contact independent signals from Th cells, and are secreting immunoglobulins of the IgM, IgG, IgA, or IgE subclasses.
  • Fc domain of an antibody refers to a part of the molecule comprising the hinge, CH2 and CH3 domains, but lacking the antigen binding sites.
  • the term is also meant to include the equivalent regions of an IgM or other antibody isotype.
  • anti-TWEAK antibody refers to any antibody that specifically binds to at least one epitope of the TWEAK protein.
  • anti-TWEAK receptor antibody refers to any antibody that specifically binds to at least one epitope of a TWEAK receptor.
  • TWEAK receptor signaling refers to molecular reactions associated with a TWEAK receptor pathway and subsequent molecular reactions which result therefrom.
  • TWEAK or TWEAK-receptor modifying agent and “TWEAK or TWEAK-receptor modifying reagent” refers to any agent that can modify ligand binding to a TWEAK receptor, can modify cell surface TWEAK receptor clustering or TWEAK receptor signaling, or that can influence how a TWEAK receptor signal is interpreted within the cell.
  • TWEAK ligand or “TWEAK protein” refers to any TWEAK monomeric, polymeric, or heteromeric complex or derivative thereof that can specifically bind to a TWEAK receptor.
  • the term “subject” refers to an animal, or to one or more cells derived from an animal.
  • the animal is a mammal.
  • Cells may be in any form, including but not limited to cells retained in tissue, cell clusters, immortalized, transfected or transformed cells, and cells derived from an animal that has been physically or phenotypically altered.
  • TWEAK is a recently discovered member of the TNF family of proteins (Chicheportiche et al., J. Biol. Chem. 51: 32401 32410 (1997)).
  • TNF-R TNF-receptor
  • the interaction of proteins of the TNF family with their receptors influence a wide variety of functions within the immune system.
  • Well known examples include the CD40L protein, which binds to the CD40 receptor to promote the differentiation of B cells into antibody producing cells (Grewal and Flavell, Immunol. Res.
  • lymphotoxin-beta ligand LT- ⁇
  • LT- ⁇ lymphotoxin-beta ligand
  • OX40L which binds the OX40 receptor to regulate the response of B cells to T cell signals
  • Other ligand/receptor pairs within the TNF/TNF-R families which are known to play critical roles in the immune system include TNF/TNF-R55, FasL/Fas, and CD27/CD70.
  • TWEAK biology is as yet only partly understood.
  • Purified soluble TWEAK protein was used to induce the differentiation and/or death of some tumor cell lines, including HT29 adenocarcinoma cells (cell death via apoptosis), HeLa cervical carcinoma cells (morphological changes), and A375 melanoma cells (anti-proliferation).
  • TWEAK also induced the HT29 and A375 cell lines to secrete the chemokine IL-8 and had the same effect on a fibroblast cell line, WI-38 (Chicheportiche et al., J. Biol. Chem. 51: 32401-32410 (1997)).
  • TWEAK induced proliferation of a variety of normal endothelial cell lines (Lynch et al., J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 18: A-46 (1998)).
  • TRAMP TRAMP
  • Apo3, WSL-1, DR-3, or LARD Activation of TRAMP can induce apoptosis by engaging either the caspase-dependant cell death signaling pathway or cellular activation via NF-kB signaling pathways (Ashkenazi and Dixit, Science 281: 1305-1308 (1998)).
  • TWEAK messenger RNA
  • mRNA messenger RNA
  • PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • TWEAK does not appear to be expressed in the primary lymphoid organs where immune system cells develop, such as thymus, bone marrow, and fetal liver.
  • immune system cells develop, such as thymus, bone marrow, and fetal liver.
  • mAbs monoclonal antibodies
  • anti-ligand mAbs can influence receptor signaling by influencing the binding of other ligands, when multiple ligands exist for a receptor.
  • Anti-ligand mAbs may have 25 even more subtle effects in systems where multiple receptors exist for a particular ligand, eg. by modifying ligand binding to one receptor but leaving binding to another receptor unchanged.
  • MAbs which recognize the receptor can also be used to modify ligand binding, or may themselves induce or modify receptor signaling.
  • anti-receptor mAbs can be antagonistic or agonistic.
  • Examples of mAbs used in the mouse or human systems to modify ligand/receptor interactions of TNF/TNF-R family members include mAbs specific for TNF, for CD40L, for LT- ⁇ , for Fas-L, and for TR2/HVEM, among others.
  • MAbs can be used to block the initiation or development of immunologic and other diseases.
  • anti-CD40L has been used in treatment of systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), and to control organ transplant failure.
  • Potent inhibitors of ligand/receptor interaction can also be created by cloning the sequences which encode the extracellular portion of receptor sequences to sequences which encode human immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain, then expressing the hybrid gene, using an appropriate gene promoter, in an appropriate cell line.
  • Purified receptor-Ig fusion proteins can be used in vitro and in vivo to bind to available protein ligand, and thus modify the interaction of the ligand with the native, cell bound, receptor. Modification can occur by a variety of mechanisms, similar to those outlined above for anti-ligand mAbs.
  • receptor-Ig fusion proteins used in the mouse or human systems to modify ligand/receptor interactions of TNF/TNF-R family members include TNF-R55-Ig, TNF-R75-Ig, LT ⁇ -R-Ig, and OX40-Ig, among others.
  • Receptor-Ig fusion proteins can be used to block the initiation or development of immunologic and other diseases.
  • TNF-R75-Ig has been used to treat Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD).
  • a mAb which specifically binds to murine and human TWEAK blocks the development of a prototypical antigen-driven immunological disorder, Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD).
  • GVHD Graft-Versus-Host Disease
  • Our invention anticipates the use of TWEAK and TWEAK receptor(s) modifying reagents to treat a variety of immunological disorders which result from the introduction of foreign antigen into patients, such as GVHD which results from bone marrow or stem cell transplantation, and organ transplant failure resulting from graft rejection.
  • this invention anticipates the use of TWEAK and TWEAK receptor(s) modifying reagents to treat a variety of autoimmune disorders, such as SLE, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura, Wegener's Granulomatosis, Polyarteritis Nodosa, Retinal Uveitis, Rapidly Progressive Crescentic Glomerulonephritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Multiple Sclerosis, and ulcerative colitis, among other examples.
  • Other anticipated uses include treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, such as allergic inflammation, asthma, eosinophilia, Graves'disease, and Chagas'disease, among others.
  • mice Six to eight week old female mice of the DBA/2 and C57BI/6 strains, and the (DBA/2 ⁇ C57B1/6)F1 cross were purchased from Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME USA), housed under conventional barrier protection, and handled in accordance with institutional guidelines.
  • Monoclonal antibodies Monoclonal antibodies which recognize human and murine TWEAK protein were generated in Armenian hamsters using soluble human TWEAK protein that had been generated in baculovirus and purified as described (Chicheportiche et al., J. Biol. Chem. 51: 32401-32410 (1997)). For the first immunization each hamster received 50 ⁇ gs TWEAK in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), injected ip.
  • CFA complete Freund's adjuvant
  • each hamster recieved 50 days 14 and 28 or 33 (day 42) ⁇ gs TWEAK in Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA), ip.
  • IFA Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant
  • the final immunization before fusion of the spleen cell for hybridoma formation was with 100 ⁇ gs TWEAK without adjuvant, ip.
  • Hybridoma generation was performed using standard procedures (Lerner, Yale J. Biol. Med. 54: 387-402 (1981)).
  • the hybridoma which produces anti-murine CD40L mAb MR1 (Noelle et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 6550-6554 (1992)) was purchased from ATCC (Rockville, MD. USA).
  • the hybridoma which produces anti-KLH mAb Ha4/8 was obtained from Dr. Mendrick (Human Genome Sciences, Inc. Rockville, MD. USA).
  • ELISA analyses of mAb activity Anti-human TWEAK mAbs were tested for their ability to bind to human and murine TWEAK in a variety of experimental formats. Several mAbs raised against human TWEAK protein also recognized the mouse TWEAK protein in an initial screening of mAB activity which was done using ELISA format assays. Murine TWEAK protein was generated in baculovirus using methods similar to those described for human TWEAK protein (Chicheportiche et al., J. Biol. Chem. 51: 32401-32410 (1997)). Purified human and murine TWEAK proteins were coated onto 96 well plates, and various hamster mAbs were tested for their ability to bind to these immobilized proteins.
  • the cell solution was pelleted again, resuspended in sterile, pyrogen-free PBS, pelleted, and resuspended a second time in sterile, pyrogen-free PBS.
  • Cell number was determined using a hemocytometer, and the cell density was adjusted to 2 ⁇ 10 8 /ml. This solution was then passed through a sterile 70um cell filter, and kept on ice until use.6-8 week old B6D2F1 female mice were used as recipients. Each recipient was injected with 500 ⁇ l (1 ⁇ 10 8 ) cells in the vail vein.
  • Blocking chronic GVHD Mice received anti-TWEAK mAb AB.D3, anti-CD40L mAb MR1, control mAb Ha4/8, or no treatment.
  • the treatment schedule was 250 ⁇ gs mAb ip 4 hours prior to graft injection, and 2, 4, and 6 days afterwards.
  • the streptavidin reagent was purchased from Southern Biotechnology Corp (Birmingham, Ala. USA). Splenocytes were stained with biotinylated anti-H-2K b a haplotype marker which can distinguish the donor cells (H-2K b ⁇ ) from host cells (H-2K b +) in various combinations with directly conjugated FITC or PE labelled anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-B220, anti-CD69, anti I-A d , anti-L-selectin, and anti-H2D d , in PBS/0.5% Bovine serum albumin (BSA)/0.1% sodium azide (FACS buffer) containing 10 ⁇ g/ml FcBlockTM (Pharmingen) to interrupt non-specific binding to Fc receptors.
  • BSA Bovine serum albumin
  • FACS buffer containing 10 ⁇ g/ml FcBlockTM (Pharmingen) to interrupt non-specific binding to Fc receptors.
  • the cells were incubated with the mAbs for 1 h on ice. Each sample was then resuspended in 2 ml FACS buffer to wash, then centrifuged to pellet the cell. The cells were resuspended in FACS buffer containing CyChrome labelled streptavidin, which bound to the biotinylated mAb to provide a third channel for FACS analysis, washed a final time, and analyzed using FACscan instrumentation and Cellquest software (Becton Dickenson, San Jose, Calif. USA).
  • Ig secretion cells were pelleted and resuspended in DMEM containing 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)/4 mM glutamine, at a concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 7 cells/ml. One ml per well was distributed into 6 well plates. Cell supernatants were recovered after 24 hours.
  • FBS Fetal Bovine Serum
  • antibodies (Abs) directed against TWEAK function as TWEAK blocking agents. Abs can be raised against monomeric, dimeric, or trimeric forms of the TWEAK protein, with or without heterologous subunits, if these exist. Furthermore, Abs can be raised against soluble, mutant, altered, or chimeric forms of TWEAK proteins.
  • the anti-TWEAK Abs of this invention can be polyclonal or monoclonal (mAbs) and can be modified to optimize their ability to block TWEAK binding to its receptor(s), their in vivo bioavailability, stability, or other desired traits.
  • Polyclonal antibody sera directed against TWEAK are prepared using conventional techniques by injecting animals such as goats, rabbits, rats, hamsters or mice subcutaneously with human TWEAK in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), followed by booster intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). Polyclonal antisera containing the desired Abs directed against TWEAK are screened by conventional immunological procedures.
  • CFA complete Freund's adjuvant
  • IFA incomplete Freund's adjuvant
  • Hamster monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against human TWEAK are prepared using conventional methods by injecting armenian hamsters subcutaneously with recombinant soluble human TWEAK in CFA, followed by booster intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection in IFA.
  • a hybridoma cell line (AB.D3.7.2) which produces the hamster anti-TWEAK mAb AB.D3 was deposited on Dec. 17, 1998 with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Rockville, Md.) according to the provisions of the Budapest Treaty, and was assigned the ATCC accession number HB-12622. All restrictions on the availability to the public of the above ATCC deposit will be irrevocably removed upon the granting of a patent on this application.
  • anti-TWEAK Abs can also be made using standard recombinant DNA techniques (Winter and Milstein, Nature, 349, pp. 293-99 (1991)).
  • “chimeric” antibodies can be constructed in which the antigen binding domain from an animal antibody is linked to a human constant domain (e.g. Cabilly et al., U.S Ser. No 4,816,567; Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 81, pp. 6851-55 (1984)).
  • Chimeric Abs reduce the observed immunogenic responses elicited by animal Abs when used in human clinical treatments.
  • Humanized Abs which recognize TWEAK can be synthesized.
  • Humanized Abs are chimeras comprising mostly human IgG sequences into which the regions responsible for specific antigen-binding have been inserted (e.g. WO 94/04679). Animals are immunized with the desired antigen, the corresponding Abs are isolated, and the portion of the variable region sequences responsible for specific antigen binding are removed. The animal-derived antigen binding regions are then cloned into the appropriate position of human antibody genes in which the antigen binding regions have been deleted. Humanized Abs minimize the use of heterologous (inter-species) sequences in human Abs, and are less likely to elicit immune responses in the treated subject.
  • anti-TWEAK Abs can also be accomplished by making chimeric or humanized Abs comprising the anti-TWEAK variable domains and human constant domains (CH 1, CH2, CH3) isolated from different classes of immunoglobulins.
  • anti-TWEAK IgM Abs with increased antigen binding site valencies can be recombinantly produced by cloning the antigen binding site into vectors carrying the human IgM heavy chain constant regions (Arulanandam et al., J. Exp. Med., 177, pp. 1439-50 (1993); Lane et al., Eur. J. Immunol., 22, pp. 2573-78 (1993); Traunecker et al., Nature, 339, pp. 68-70 (1989)).
  • the antigen binding affinity of a humanized Ab can be increased by mutagenesis based on molecular modeling (Queen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 86, pp. 10029-33 (1989); WO 94/04679).
  • anti-TWEAK Abs for TWEAK depending on the targeted tissue type or the particular treatment schedule envisioned. For example, it may be advantageous to treat a patient with constant levels of anti-TWEAK Abs with reduced ability to modify the TWEAK pathway for semi-prophylactic treatments. Likewise, anti-TWEAK Abs with increased affinity for TWEAK may be advantageous for short-term treatments.
  • mice received 1 ⁇ 10 8 splenoc isolated from DBA/2 mice, in an 0.5 ml injection given intraveneously (iv).
  • the iv injected DBA/2 splenocytes constituted the allograft. 2, 4, and 6 days after the graft was given, the mice were again treated with 250 ⁇ gs anti-TWEAK mAb AB.D3, anti-KLH control mAb Ha4/8, or anti-CD40L mab MR 1.
  • a control group of mice received 1 ⁇ 10 8 B6D2F1 splenocytes, which cannot induce disease in B6D2F1 recipients.
  • ungrafted and untreated B6D2F1 mice were used as controls. 14 days after the graft was given the mice were sacrificed and examined for evidence of disease.
  • Untreated graft-recipient mice manifest a variety of symptoms that are indicative of the development of chronic GVHD. Splenomegaly, or enlargement of the spleen, is evidence that donor T cells and host B cells have become activated, and are undergoing polyclonal expansion, with dramatic increases in cell number. The appearance of cell surface proteins such as CD69 on a subset of B cells is indicative of B cell activation. The loss of L-selectin molecules from CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is evidence of T cell activation.
  • Ig molecules such as IgG classes, IgA, and IgE
  • IgG classes IgA, and IgE
  • B cells have become activated, and have switched their Ig class.
  • the appearance of anti-self Igs in the serum or in in vitro cell culture assays shows that Igs that are being produced have inappropriate autoantigen recognition.
  • survivorship can be measured as an outcome of different treatment regimens.
  • mice In untreated and control mAb treated mice a small but readily visible proportion of the B200+ B cells express the activation marker CD69 (FIG. 4 and Table 3). In contrast, virtually no B200+ B cells in MR1 or AD.B3 treated mice express CD69. Lack of measurable B cell activation in the spleen of AB.D3 mice could be due to one or more of several mechanisms of action, including failure of T cell activation, failure of B cell activation, or cell death (apoptosis). Next we measured total IgG in cultures of splenocytes in mice from different treatment groups to determine if the loss of the CD69 activation marker from the B cell populations correlated with a functional readout, ie. IgG production.
  • autoimmune diseases involve pathological antibody responses. Such conditions include: Myasthenia Gravis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Chaga's disease, Grave's disease, idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Wegener's Granulomatosis, Poly-arteritis Nodosa and Rapidly Progressive Crescentic Glomerulonephritis (From Benjamini, et al. Immunology. A Short Course , (Wiley-Liss, New York 3d ed. (1996))
  • ITP idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura
  • SLE Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
  • Wegener's Granulomatosis Poly-arteritis Nodosa
  • Rapidly Progressive Crescentic Glomerulonephritis from Benjamini, et al. Immunology. A Short Course , (Wiley-Liss, New York 3d ed. (1996))
  • SLE has been studied in murine models for decades. The development of SLE can be blocked using reagents such as CTLA4-Ig fusion protein and anti-CD40L, which interrupt critical steps in T and B cell activation (Grewal and Flavell, Immunol. Rev. 153: 85-106 (1996)). Recently, the therapeutic efficacy of a reagent specific for the murine CD40 ligand was evaluated in several models (Mohan, et al., J. Immunol., 154, pp. 1470-1480 (1995)).
  • reagents which modify TWEAK/TWEAK receptor(s) interaction in vivo inhibit B cell activation and Ig production will be useful for treating or preventing SLE.
  • IDP idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura
  • TWEAK modifying agents of this invention which inhibit antibody generation -- will be useful to treat or prevent these autoimmune diseases as well.
  • the normal immune response to some pathogenic infectious agents can also elicit hypersensitivity reactions that can become excessive and present themselves as a medical problem.
  • type I hypersensitivity is allergic reaction. These are mediated by IgE antibodies which bind via their Fc portion to receptors on mast cells and basophils to trigger the release of pharmacologically active agents that mediate anaphylaxis. ITP and Goodpasture's syndrome are sometimes thought to be Type II reactions which occur when IgM or IgG antibodies bind to antigen on the cell surface and activate the complement cascade. Granulocytes are then attracted to the site of activation, and damage from the release of lytic enzymes from their granules results in the destruction of cells.
  • Rheumatic arthritis is thought to result from a type III hypersensitivity reaction mediated by immune complexes of antigen (in this case rheumatoid factor, an IgM autoantibody) that binds to the Fc portion of normal IgG.
  • antigen in this case rheumatoid factor, an IgM autoantibody
  • IgM autoantibody an antigen that binds to the Fc portion of normal IgG.
  • anti-CD40L and CTLA4-Ig have been used separately and together to control organ transplant rejection in animal models (Kirk et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94 :8789-8794 (1997)).
  • Much of the immune response to transplanted organs is Th1 T cell mediated, and consists of a cytotoxic cellular immune response.
  • Such cellular immune responses are responsible for cell mediated damage in a variety of other immune disorders such as autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease, as examples.
  • autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease, as examples.
  • our invention anticipates the use of TWEAK or TWEAK-receptor modifying reagents in the therapeutic treatment of cellular immune disorders.
  • compositions of this invention will be administered at an effective dose to treat the particular clinical condition addressed. Determination of a preferred pharmaceutical formulation and a therapeutically efficient dose regiment for a given application is well within the skill of the art taking into consideration, for example, the condition and weight of the patient, the extent of desired treatment and the tolerance of the patient for the treatment.
  • Doses of about 5 mg/kg of a TWEAK or TWEAK-Receptor modifying agent are expected to be suitable starting points for optimizing treatment doses.
  • Determination of a therapeutically effective dose can also be assessed by performing in vitro experiments that measure the concentration of the modifying agent required to coat target cells (TWEAK or TWEAK-Receptor-positive cells depending on the modifying agent) for suitable (therapeutic) time periods.
  • the FACS and ELISA receptor-ligand binding assays described herein can be used to monitor the cell coating reaction. Based on the results of such in vitro binding assays, a range of suitable modifying agent concentrations can be selected to test in animals.
  • Administration of the soluble modifying agents of this invention may be accomplished using any of the conventionally accepted modes of administration of agents which exhibit immunosuppressive activity.
  • compositions used in these therapies may also be in a variety of forms. These include, for example, solid, semi-solid and liquid dosage forms such as tablets, pills, powders, liquid solutions or suspensions, suppositories, and injectable and infusible solutions.
  • solid, semi-solid and liquid dosage forms such as tablets, pills, powders, liquid solutions or suspensions, suppositories, and injectable and infusible solutions.
  • the preferred form depends on the intended mode of administration and therapeutic application. Modes of administration may include oral, parenteral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intralesional or topical administration.
  • the TWEAK and TWEAK-receptor modifying agents of this invention may, for example, be placed into sterile, isotonic formulations with or without cofactors which stimulate uptake or stability.
  • the formulation is preferably liquid, or may be lyophilized powder.
  • the TWEAK and TWEAK-receptor modifying agents of this invention may be diluted with a formulation buffer comprising 5.0 mg/ml citric acid monohydrate, 2.7 mg/ml trisodium citrate, 41 mg/ml mannitol, 1 mg/ml glycine and 1 mg/ml polysorbate 20.
  • This solution can be lyophilized, stored under refrigeration and reconstituted prior to administration with sterile Water-For-Injection (USP).
  • compositions also will preferably include conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art (see for example Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th Edition, 1980, Mac Publishing Company).
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may include other medicinal agents, carriers, genetic carriers, adjuvants, excipients, etc., such as human serum albumin or plasma preparations.
  • the compositions are preferably in the form of a unit dose and will usually be administered one or more times a day.
  • compositions of this invention may also be administered using microspheres, liposomes, other microparticulate delivery systems or sustained release formulations placed in, near, or otherwise in communication with affected tissues or the bloodstream.
  • sustained release carriers include semipermeable polymer matrices in the form of shaped articles such as suppositories or microcapsules.
  • Implantable or microcapsular sustained release matrices include polylactides (U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,319; EP 58,481), copolymers of L-glutamic acid and ethyl-L-glutamate (Sidman et al., Biopolymers, 22, pp.
  • TWEAK and TWEAK-receptor modifying agents of this invention are capable of inhibiting immune responses, as shown by the inhibition of B cell activation and Ig production in the chronic GVHD model.
  • the ability to selectively inhibit such immune mediated responses will be useful for treating immune disorders including various autoimmune diseases, organ transplant rejection, and acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.
  • Treatment of such pathologic immune disorders generally employs immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive agents which have pleiotropic effects on a wide variety of cell types and immunological responses. These non-specific immunosuppressive agents are generally required in high and often cytotoxic doses that cause adverse side effects.
  • three general immunosuppressive agents currently used include steroids, cyclophosphamide and azathioprine.
  • Steroids are pleiotropic anti-inflammatory agents which suppress activated macrophages and inhibit the activity of antigen presenting cells in ways which reverse many pathologic T cell effects.
  • Cyclophosphamide an alkylating agent, mediates cell death by inhibiting DNA replication and repair.
  • Azathioprine is an anti-proliferative agent which inhibits DNA synthesis.
  • These non-specific immunosuppressive agents are generally required in high doses which increase their toxicity (e.g. nephro-and hepatotoxicity) and cause adverse side effects. They are thus unsuitable for long term therapies.
  • Murine TWEAK protein was generated in baculovirus using methods similar to those described for human TWEAK protein (Chicheportiche et al., J. Biol. Chem. 51: 32401-32410 (1997)). Purified human and murine TWEAK proteins were coated onto 96 well plates, and various hamster mAbs were tested for their ability to bind to these immobilized proteins. The capture of hamster mAb by the immobilized TWEAK proteins was visualized using HRP-coupled donkey anti-hamster IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, Pa. USA), and an appropriate enzymatic reaction.
  • FIG. 2 Four mAbs, including AB.D3, bound well to EBNA293 cells expressing murine TWEAK (FIG. 2). These 4 mAbs were also capable of preventing the binding of human TWEAK to HT29 cells which are known to express one or more TWEAK-receptors (eg., FIG. 3). Together these FACS analyses indicated that anti-TWEAK mAbs specifically recognized TWEAK proteins, and were capable of modifying the ability of TWEAK proteins to bind to one or more TWEAK receptors.
  • Chronic GVHD was induced in 6-8 week old B6D2F1 female mice using DBA/2 splenocyte grafts as described in methods. Each recipient was injected with 500 ⁇ l (1 ⁇ 10 8 ) cells in the tail vein. Experimental groups recieved the DBA/2 graft (DBA/2>F1), while a set of control animals recieved a B6D2F1 graft (F1>F1). Mice received anti-TWEAK mAb AB.D3, anti-CD40L mAb MR1, control mAb Ha4/8, or no treatment. Animals were dosed with 250 ⁇ ug mAb ip 4 hours prior to graft injection, and 2, 4, and 6 days afterwards.
  • mice On day 14 of the experiment the mice were sacrificed and the spleen index was calculated as the ratio of spleen weight to body weight for each animal in the control F1>F1 group, averaged to give a value of one. The average spleen index for all other groups is normalized to the control value.
  • Table 2 Animals receiving the DBA/2 graft (DBA/2 >F1), and left untreated or treated with control mAb Ha4/8 showed a dramatic increase in spleen weight when compared to F1>F1 graft controls. This result is reflected in the spleen index, which showed an increase from the normalized control value of 1.0 to 2.6.
  • mice with anti-CD40L mAb MR1 reduced the spleen index nearly to control levels (1.1), and treatment with anti-TWEAK mAb AB.D3 reduced splenomegaly by 35% to 1.7 (Table 2).
  • Table 2 EXPERI- EXPERI- AVER- TREATMENT MENT 1 MENT 2 AGE F1 > F1 (control) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 DBA/2 > F1, untreated 2.7 2.6 2.65 DBA/2 > F1, Ha4/8 treated 2.9 2.6 2.75 DBA/2 > F1, MR1 treated 1.1 1.1 1.1 DBA/2 > F1, AB.D3 treated 1.8 1.7 1.75
  • mice On day 14 of the experiment the mice were sacrificed and weighed. Then, the spleen was aseptically removed and weighed. The spleen index was calculated as the ratio of spleen to body weight for each animal in the control F1>F1 group, averaged to give a value of one. The average spleen index for all other groups is normalized to the control value.
  • splenocytes from each group of mice were stained on ice for 1 h with PE-coupled anti-H2k b and FITC-coupled anti-H-2D d to measure expression of MHC alleles.
  • Host splenocytes are positive for both markers, but donor splenocytes are H-2k b negative. Percent values reflect events within the lymphocyte population, as determined by forward and side scatter characteristics.
  • Splenocytes were stained with PE-labelled anti-B220 and FITC labelled anti-CD69 for 1 h on ice, washed with FACS buffer, then analyzed. Percentages are based events collected within the lymphocyte population, as determined by forward and side scatter characteristics.

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