US20020001585A1 - Reversal of viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress by blockade of the lymphotoxin beta pathway - Google Patents

Reversal of viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress by blockade of the lymphotoxin beta pathway Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US20020001585A1
US20020001585A1 US09/829,031 US82903101A US2002001585A1 US 20020001585 A1 US20020001585 A1 US 20020001585A1 US 82903101 A US82903101 A US 82903101A US 2002001585 A1 US2002001585 A1 US 2002001585A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
beta
receptor
agent
ligand
lymphotoxin
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US09/829,031
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Jeffrey Browning
Maryann Puglielli
Rafi Ahmed
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Emory University
Biogen MA Inc
Original Assignee
Jeffrey Browning
Maryann Puglielli
Rafi Ahmed
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Jeffrey Browning, Maryann Puglielli, Rafi Ahmed filed Critical Jeffrey Browning
Priority to US09/829,031 priority Critical patent/US20020001585A1/en
Publication of US20020001585A1 publication Critical patent/US20020001585A1/en
Assigned to EMORY UNIVERSITY reassignment EMORY UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: AHMED, RAFI, PUGLIELLI, MARYANN
Assigned to BIOGEN, INC. reassignment BIOGEN, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BROWNING, JEFFREY
Assigned to BIOGEN IDEC MA INC. reassignment BIOGEN IDEC MA INC. CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BIOGEN IDEC MA, INC.
Priority to US10/829,720 priority patent/US7452530B2/en
Priority to US12/247,374 priority patent/US20090087403A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/24—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against cytokines, lymphokines or interferons
    • C07K16/241—Tumor Necrosis Factors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/177—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • A61K38/1793—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants for cytokines; for lymphokines; for interferons
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/19—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
    • A61K38/191—Tumor necrosis factors [TNF], e.g. lymphotoxin [LT], i.e. TNF-beta
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/16—Central respiratory analeptics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/24—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against cytokines, lymphokines or interferons
    • C07K16/241—Tumor Necrosis Factors
    • C07K16/242—Lymphotoxin [LT]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2866—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against receptors for cytokines, lymphokines, interferons
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/30—Non-immunoglobulin-derived peptide or protein having an immunoglobulin constant or Fc region, or a fragment thereof, attached thereto
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to methods of inducing an antiviral response in an individual.
  • this invention provides methods for treating viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress in an individual.
  • the methods involves administration of certain “lymphotoxin-beta blocking agents”.
  • the present invention solves the problem referred to above by providing pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress in an individual.
  • lymphotoxin-beta (LT-B) blocking agents may be used in treating viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress in an individual.
  • the LT-B blocking agents is a lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LT-B-R) blocking agent.
  • the LT-B-R is an antibody against a lymphotoxin-B receptor or a soluble lymphotoxin B receptor.
  • the LT-B-R blocking agent is a recombinant LT-B-R fusion protein that has an LT-B-R extracellular ligand binding domain fused to an immunoglobulin constant heavy chain domain.
  • FIG. 1 shows that infection of NZB mice with Clone 13 LCMV results in mortality.
  • FIG. 2 shows the histological profile of LCMV-13 infection in NZB mice.
  • A Normal lung at (100 ⁇ , H+E)
  • B Interstitial pneumonitis with mononuclear cell infiltrate and alveolar wall thickening in the lung, day 5 post-infection (100 ⁇ , H+E)
  • C Lymphoid depletion, cellular necrosis and obliteration of follicular architecture in the spleen (25 ⁇ , H+E)
  • D Higher magnification showing cellular necrosis and karyorrhectic debris in the spleen (158, H+E)
  • E LCMV-13 positive endothelial cells (arrows) and macrophages (white arrows) in the lung (100 ⁇ , IHC)
  • F LCMV-13 positive endothelial cells endothelial cells endothelial cells (arrows) and mesothelial cells (arrow heads), and macrophages (white arrows) in
  • FIG. 3 shows that blockage of the LT ⁇ PR signaling pathways significantly improves survival rates among Clone 13 infected NZB mice.
  • Mortality curves for Clone 13 infected NZB mice treated as described are presented here.
  • NZB mice were given 2.5 ⁇ 10 6 pfu Cl 13 i.v. followed by two i.p. injections containing 250 ⁇ g of TN3-19.12 antibody in endotoxin free PBS (see reference S) on days 1 and day 4 post-infection. Control mice were injected with the same volume of PBS lacking antibody on the same days. Mice were treated as described in reference R.
  • TNFR55-Ig and LT ⁇ R-Ig proteins were given on day 0 and day 3 post-infection, i.p., in 200 ⁇ g amounts.
  • Control mice were given human antibody used in the synthesis of these fusion proteins (AY1943-29) on the same days in identical amounts.
  • Mice receiving LT ⁇ R-Ig only were treated identically, except the TNFR55-Ig injections were omitted.
  • FIG. 4 shows that blockage of the LT ⁇ R pathway results in a decrease in CD8 T cell function.
  • Splenocytes from mice in different treatment groups were harvested on day 6 post-infection and stained with an L d tetramer containing a NP118 9mer peptide as previously described. Values given are adjusted for non-specific background staining.
  • cells were incubated for 5 hours at 37° C. in the presence of NP118 at 0.1 ⁇ g/ml final concentration and IL-2. Values given here are adjusted for background levels in the absence of peptide.
  • Spleenocytes from three mice treated with control human Ig were pooled as were those from two LT ⁇ R-Ig mice (LT beta #2/3). All other results are from individual mice.
  • Lymphotoxin-beta is a member of the TNF family of ligands, which also includes the ligands to the Fas, CD27, CD30, CD40, OX-40 and 4-1BB receptors (Smith et al., Cell, 76, pp. 959-62 (1994)).
  • Signaling by several members of the TNF family-including TNF, LT-alpha, LT-beta and Fas-can induce tumor cell death by necrosis or apoptosis (programmed cell death).
  • TNF and many of the TNF family ligand-receptor interactions influence immune system development and responses to various immune challenges.
  • Lymphotoxin-beta (also called p33), has been identified on the surface of T lymphocytes, T cell lines, B cell lines and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells.
  • LT-beta is the subject of applicants' co-pending international applications PCT/US91/04588, published Jan. 9, 1992 as WO 92/00329; and PCT/US93/11669, published Jun. 23, 1994 as WO 94/13808, which are herein incorporated by reference.
  • LT-beta receptor a member of the TNF family of receptors, specifically binds to surface LT ligands.
  • LT-beta-R binds LT heteromeric complexes (predominantly LT-alpha 1/beta 2 and LT-alpha 2/beta 1) but does not bind TNF or LT-alpha (Crowe et al., Science, 264, pp. 707-10 (1994)).
  • Signaling by LT-beta-R may play a role in peripheral lymphoid organ development and in humoral immune responses.
  • LT-beta-R mRNAs are found in human spleen, thymus and other major organs. LT-beta-R expression patterns are similar to those reported for p55-TNF-R except that LT-beta-R is lacking on peripheral blood T cells and T cell lines.
  • LT-beta-blocking agent refers to an agent that can diminish ligand binding to LT-beta, cell surface LT-beta clustering or LT-beta signalling, or that can influence how the LT-beta signal is interpreted within the cell.
  • LT-beta blocking agents include anti-LT-beta, soluble LT-beta-R-Fc molecules, and anti-LT-alpha, anti-LT-alpha/beta and anti-LT-beta-R Abs.
  • the antibodies do not cross-react with the secreted form of LT-alpha.
  • LT-beta-receptor blocking agent refers to an agent that can diminish ligand binding to LT-beta-R, cell surface LT-beta-R clustering or LT-beta-R signalling, or that can influence how the LT-beta-R signal is interpreted within the cell.
  • LT-beta-R blocking agents include soluble LT-beta-R-Fc molecules, and and anti-LT-beta-R Abs.
  • the antibodies do not cross-react with the secreted form of LT-alpha.
  • anti-LT-beta receptor antibody refers to any antibody that specifically binds to at least one epitope of the LT-beta receptor.
  • anti-LT antibody refers to any antibody that specifically binds to at least one epitope of LT-alpha , LT-beta or a LT-alpha/beta complex.
  • LT ligand refers to a LT heteromeric complex or derivative thereof that can specifically bind to the LT-beta receptor.
  • LT-beta-R signaling refers to molecular reactions associated with the LT-beta-R pathway and subsequent molecular reactions which result therefrom.
  • LT-beta-R ligand binding domain refers to the portion or portions of the LT-beta-R that are involved in specific recognition of and interaction with a LT ligand.
  • LT-alpha/beta heteromeric complex and “LT heteromeric complex” refer to a stable association between at least one LT-alpha and one or more LT-beta subunits, including soluble, mutant, altered and chimeric forms of one or more of the subunits.
  • the subunits can associate through electrostatic, van der Waals, or covalent interactions.
  • the LT-alpha/62 heteromeric complex has at least two adjacent LT-beta subunits and lacks adjacent LT-alpha subunits.
  • the complex is preferably soluble and has the stoichiometry LT-alpha 1/beta 2.
  • Soluble LT-alpha/62 heteromeric complexes lack a transmembrane domain and can be secreted by an appropriate host cell which has been engineered to express LT-alpha and/or LT-beta subunits (Crowe et al., J. Immunol. Methods, 168, pp. 79-89 (1994)).
  • surface LT-alpha/62 complex and “surface LT complex” refer to a complex comprising LT-alpha and membrane-bound LT-beta subunits—including mutant, altered and chimeric forms of one or more of the subunits—which is displayed on the cell surface.
  • Surface LT ligand refers to a surface LT complex or derivative thereof that can specifically bind to the LT-beta receptor.
  • an “effective amount” is an amount sufficient to effect beneficial or desired clinical results.
  • An effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations.
  • an effective amount of an agent which blocks the binding of lymphotoxin-B to its receptor is an amount of the agent that is sufficient to ameliorate, stabilize, or delay the development of a viral response.
  • an agent that is sufficient to ameliorate, stabilize, or delay the development of viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress is known to those of skill in the art.
  • An “individual” refers to vertebrates, particularly members of a mammalian species, and includes but is not limited to domestic animals, sports animals, and primates, including humans.
  • “functional equivalent” of an amino acid residue is (i) an amino acid having similar reactive properties as the amino acid residue that was replaced by the functional equivalent; (ii) an amino acid of an antagonist of the invention, the amino acid having similar properties as the amino acid residue that was replaced by the functional equivalent; (iii) a non-amino acid molecule having similar properties as the amino acid residue that was replaced by the functional equivalent.
  • a first polynucleotide encoding a proteinaceous antagonist of the invention is “functionally equivalent” compared with a second polynucleotide encoding the antagonist protein if it satisfies at least one of the following conditions:
  • the “functional equivalent” is a first polynucleotide that hybridizes to the second polynucleotide under standard hybridization conditions and/or is degenerate to the first polynucleotide sequence. Most preferably, it encodes a mutant protein having the activity of an integrin antagonist protein;
  • the “functional equivalent” is a first polynucleotide that codes on expression for an amino acid sequence encoded by the second polynucleotide.
  • “functional equivalent” of an amino acid residue is (i) an amino acid having similar reactive properties as the amino acid residue that was replaced by the functional equivalent; (ii) an amino acid of an antagonist of the invention, the amino acid having similar properties as the amino acid residue that was replaced by the functional equivalent; (iii) a non-amino acid molecule having similar properties as the amino acid residue that was replaced by the functional equivalent.
  • a first polynucleotide encoding a proteinaceous antagonist of the invention is “functionally equivalent” compared with a second polynucleotide encoding the antagonist protein if it satisfies at least one of the following conditions:
  • the “functional equivalent” is a first polynucleotide that hybridizes to the second polynucleotide under standard hybridization conditions and/or is degenerate to the first polynucleotide sequence. Most preferably, it encodes a mutant protein having the activity of an integrin antagonist protein;
  • the “functional equivalent” is a first polynucleotide that codes on expression for an amino acid sequence encoded by the second polynucleotide.
  • the LT-B blocking agents used in the invention include, but are not limited to, the agents listed herein as well as their functional equivalents.
  • the term “functional equivalent” therefore refers to a LT-B blocking agent or a polynucleotide encoding the LT-B blocking agent that has the same or an improved beneficial effect on the recipient as the LT-B blocking agent of which it is deemed a functional equivalent.
  • a functionally equivalent protein can be produced by recombinant techniques, e.g., by expressing a “functionally equivalent DNA”.
  • the instant invention embraces LT-B blocking agent encoded by naturally-occurring DNAs, as well as by non-naturally-occurring DNAs which encode the same protein as encoded by the naturally-occurring DNA. Due to the degeneracy of the nucleotide coding sequences, other polynucleotides may be used to encode LT-B blocking agents. These include all, or portions of the above sequences which are altered by the substitution of different codons that encode the same amino acid residue within the sequence, thus producing a silent change. Such altered sequences are regarded as equivalents of these sequences.
  • Trp (F) is coded for by two codons, TTC or TTT
  • Tyr (Y) is coded for by TAC or TAT
  • His (H) is coded for by CAC or CAT.
  • Trp (W) is coded for by a single codon, TGG.
  • fusion protein refers to a co-linear, covalent linkage of two or more proteins or fragments thereof via their individual peptide backbones, most preferably through genetic expression of a polynucleotide molecule encoding those proteins. It is preferred that the proteins or fragments thereof are from different sources so that this type of fusion protein is called a “chimeric” molecule. Thus, preferred fusion proteins are chimeric proteins that include a LT-B blocking agent or fragment covalently linked to a second moiety that is not a LT-B blocking agent.
  • Preferred fusion proteins of the invention may include portions of intact antibodies that retain antigen-binding specificity, for example, Fab fragments, Fab′ fragments, F(ab′)2 fragments, F(v) fragments, heavy chain monomers or dimers, light chain monomers or dimers, dimers consisting of one heavy and one light chain, and the like.
  • the most preferred fusion proteins are chimeric and comprise a LT-B blocking agent moiety fused or otherwise linked to all or part of the hinge and constant regions of an immunoglobulin light chain, heavy chain, or both.
  • this invention features a molecule which includes: (1) a LT-B blocking agent moiety, (2) a second peptide, e.g., one which increases solubility or in vivo life time of the LT-B blocking agent moiety, e.g., a member of the immunoglobulin super family or fragment or portion thereof, e.g., a portion or a fragment of IgG, e.g., the human IgG1 heavy chain constant region, e.g., CH2, CH3, and hinge regions.
  • a “LT-B or LT-B-R/Ig fusion” is a protein comprising a biologically active LT-B blocking of the invention (e.g. a soluble LT-B-R, or a biologically active fragment thereof linked to an N-terminus of an immunoglobulin chain wherein a portion of the N-terminus of the immunoglobulin is replaced with the LT-B blocking agent.
  • a species of LT-B or LT-B-R/Ig fusion is an “LT-B-R/Fc fusion” which is a protein comprising an LT-B-R of the invention linked to at least a part of the constant domain of an immunoglobulin.
  • a preferred Fc fusion comprises a LT-B blocking agent of the invention linked to a fragment of an antibody containing the C terminal domain of the heavy immunoglobulin chains.
  • Standard hybridization conditions salt and temperature conditions substantially equivalent to 0.5 ⁇ SSC to about 5 ⁇ SSC and 65° C. for both hybridization and wash.
  • standard hybridization conditions as used herein is therefore an operational definition and encompasses a range of hybridization conditions.
  • Higher stringency conditions may, for example, include hybridizing with plaque screen buffer (0.2% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.2% Ficoll 400; 0.2% bovine serum albumin, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5); 1 M NaCl; 0.1% sodium pyrophosphate; 1% SDS); 10% dextran sulfate, and 100 ⁇ g/ml denatured, sonicated salmon sperm DNA at 65° C.
  • Lower stringency conditions may, for example, include hybridizing with plaque screen buffer, 10% dextran sulfate and 110 ⁇ g/ml denatured, sonicated salmon sperm DNA at 55° C. for 12-20 hours, and washing with 300 mM NaCl/30 mM sodium citrate (2.0 ⁇ SSC)/1% SDS at 55° C. See also Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, Sections 6.3.1-6.3.6, (1989).
  • a “therapeutic composition” as used herein is defined as comprising the proteins of the invention and other biologically compatible ingredients.
  • the therapeutic composition may contain excipients such as water, minerals and carriers such as protein.
  • the present invention depends in part upon the discovery that LT-B blocking agents can induce an antiviral response in an individual. It was found that treating an individual infected with a virus can greatly increase the survival rate of the individual. Specifically, it was shown that treating LCMV-13 infected NZB mice with a LT-B blocking agent, such as LT ⁇ R-Ig fusion protein increased their survival rate 73%.
  • the LT-beta blocking agent comprises an antibody (Ab) directed against LT-beta that inhibits LT-beta signaling.
  • the anti-LT-beta Ab is a monoclonal antibody (mAb).
  • Inhibitory anti-LT-beta Abs and other LT-beta blocking agents can be identified using screening methods that detect the ability of one or more agents to bind to a LT ligand, or to inhibit the effects of LT-beta signalling on cells.
  • the LT-beta blocking agent comprises an LT-beta receptor (LT-B-R) blocking agent.
  • the LT-B-R blocking agent is an antibody (Ab) directed against LT-beta-R that inhibits LT-beta-R signaling.
  • the anti-LT-beta-R Ab is a monoclonal antibody (mAb).
  • mAb monoclonal antibody
  • One such inhibitory anti-LT-beta-R mAb is BDA8 mAb.
  • Inhibitory anti-LT-beta-R Abs and other LT-beta-R blocking agents can be identified using screening methods that detect the ability of one or more agents either to bind to the LT-beta-R or LT ligand, or to inhibit the effects of LT-beta-R signalling on cells.
  • LT-beta-R activating agents include LT-alpha/62 heteromeric complexes (preferably soluble LT-alpha 1/beta 2) in the presence of IFN-gamma, or an activating anti-LT-beta-R Ab (see below; also described in applicants' co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/378,968).
  • Antibodies and other agents that can block LT-beta-R signalling are selected based on their ability to inhibit the cytotoxic effect of LT-beta-R signalling on tumor cells in the following assay:
  • Tumor cells such as HT29 cells are cultured for three to four days in a series of tissue culture wells containing media and at least one LT-beta-R activating agent in the presence or absence of serial dilutions of the agent being tested;
  • a vital dye stain which measures mitochondrial function such as MTT is added to the tumor cell mixture and reacted for several hours;
  • the optical density of the mixture in each well is quantitated at 550 nm wavelength light (OD 550).
  • the OD 550 is proportional to the number of tumor cells remaining in the presence of the LT-beta-R activating agent and the test LT-beta-R blocking agent in each well.
  • An agent or combination of agents that can reduce LT-beta-R-activated tumor cell cytotoxicity by at least 20% in this assay is a LT-beta-R blocking agent within the scope of this invention.
  • LT-beta-R activating agents that induce LT-beta-R signalling can be selected based on their ability—alone or in combination with other agents—to potentiate tumor cell cytotoxicity using the tumor cell assay described above.
  • Another method for selecting an LT-beta-R blocking agent is to monitor the ability of the putative agent to directly interfere with LT ligand-receptor binding.
  • An agent or combination of agents that can block ligand-receptor binding by at least 20% is an LT-beta-R blocking agent within the scope of this invention.
  • any of a number of assays that measure the strength of ligand-receptor binding can be used to perform competition assays with putative LT-beta-R blocking agents.
  • the strength of the binding between a receptor and ligand can be measured using an enzyme-linked immunoadsorption assay (ELISA) or a radio-immunoassay (RIA).
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunoadsorption assay
  • RIA radio-immunoassay
  • Specific binding may also be measured by fluorescently labelling antibody-antigen complexes and performing fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, or by performing other such immunodetection methods, all of which are techniques well known in the art.
  • FACS fluorescence-activated cell sorting
  • the ligand-receptor binding interaction may also be measured with the BIAcore TM instrument (Pharmacia Biosensor) which exploits plasmon resonance detection (Zhou et al., Biochemistry, 32, pp. 8193-98 (1993); Faegerstram and O'Shannessy, “Surface plasmon resonance detection in affinity technologies”, in Handbook of Affinity Chromatography, pp. 229-52, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1993)).
  • the BIAcore TM technology allows one to bind receptor to a gold surface and to flow ligand over it. Plasmon resonance detection gives direct quantitation of the amount of mass bound to the surface in real time. This technique yields both on and off rate constants and thus a ligand-receptor dissociation constant and affinity constant can be directly determined in the presence and absence of the putative LT-beta-R blocking agent.
  • LT-beta-R blocking agent alone or in combination with other agents, to inhibit binding of surface or soluble LT ligands to surface or soluble LT-beta-R molecules.
  • assays may also be used to test LT-beta-R blocking agents or derivatives of such agents (e.g. fusions, chimeras, mutants, and chemically altered forms)-alone or in combination-to optimize the ability of that altered agent to block LT-beta-R activation.
  • the LT-beta-R blocking agents in one embodiment of this invention comprise soluble LT-beta receptor molecules.
  • the sequence of the extracellular portion of the human LT-beta-R, which encodes the ligand binding domain is shown in FIG. 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,925,351, incorporated by reference herein.
  • functional fragments encoding the LT-beta-R ligand binding domain can be cloned into a vector and expressed in an appropriate host to produce a soluble LT-beta-R molecule.
  • Soluble LT-beta-R molecules that can compete with native LT-beta receptors for LT ligand binding according to the assays described herein are selected as LT-beta-R blocking agents.
  • a soluble LT-beta receptor comprising amino acid sequences selected from those shown in FIG. 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,925,351 may be attached to one or more heterologous protein domains (“fusion domain”) to increase the in vivo stability of the receptor fusion protein, or to modulate its biological activity or localization.
  • fusion domain heterologous protein domains
  • stable plasma proteins which typically have a half-life greater than 20 hours in the circulation-are used to construct the receptor fusion proteins.
  • plasma proteins include but are not limited to: immunoglobulins, serum albumin, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins and transferrin.
  • Sequences that can target the soluble LT-beta-R molecule to a particular cell or tissue type may also be attached to the LT-beta-R ligand binding domain to create a specifically-localized soluble LT-beta-R fusion protein.
  • All or a functional portion of the LT-beta-R extracellular region (FIG. 1 of US Pat. No 5,925,351) comprising the LT-beta-R ligand binding domain may be fused to an immunoglobulin constant region like the Fc domain of a human IgG1 heavy chain (Browning et al., J. Immunol., 154, pp. 33-46 (1995)).
  • Soluble receptor-IgG fusion proteins are common immunological reagents and methods for their construction are known in the art (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,538).
  • a functional LT-beta-R ligand binding domain may be fused to an immunoglobulin (Ig) Fc domain derived from an immunoglobulin class or subclass other than IgG1.
  • Ig immunoglobulin
  • the Fc domains of antibodies belonging to different Ig classes or subclasses can activate diverse secondary effector functions. Activation occurs when the Fc domain is bound by a cognate Fc receptor. Secondary effector functions include the ability to activate the complement system, to cross the placenta, and to bind various microbial proteins.
  • the properties of the different classes and subclasses of immunoglobulins are described in Roitt et al., Immunology, p. 4.8 (Mosby-Year Book Europe Ltd., 3d ed. 1993).
  • the complement enzyme cascade can be activated by the Fc domains of antigen-bound IgG1 , IgG3 and IgM antibodies.
  • the Fc domain of IgG2 appears to be less effective, and the Fc domains of IgG4, IgA, IgD and IgE are ineffective at activating complement.
  • one can select a Fc domain based on whether its associated secondary effector functions are desirable for the particular immune response or disease being treated with the LT-beta-R-Fc fusion protein.
  • an especially active Fc domain IgG1
  • an inactive IgG4 Fc domain could be selected.
  • hLT-beta-R-Fc soluble human immunoglobulin Fc domain
  • Example 1 U.S. Pat. No. 5,925,351 incorporated by reference herein.
  • One CHO line made according to Example 1 that secretes hLT-beta-R-Fc is called “hLT beta ;R-hG1 CHO#14”.
  • a sample of this line was deposited on Jul. 21, 1995 with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Rockville, Md.) according to the provisions of the Budapest Treaty and was assigned the ATCC accession number CRL 11965.
  • ATCC American Type Culture Collection
  • mLT-beta-R-Fc soluble murine LT-beta-R fusion molecule
  • a CHO line made according to Example 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,925,351 that secretes mLT-beta-R-Fc is called “mLT beta ;R-hG1 CHO#1.3.BB ”.
  • a sample of this line was deposited on Jul. 21, 1995 with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Rockville, Md.) according to the provisions of the Budapest Treaty and was assigned the ATCC accession number CRL 11964.
  • ATCC American Type Culture Collection
  • junction point of the receptor-Ig fusion protein may alter the structure, stability and ultimate biological activity of the soluble LT-beta receptor fusion protein.
  • One or more amino acids may be added to the C-terminus of the selected LT-beta-R fragment to modify the junction point with the selected fusion domain.
  • the N-terminus of the LT-beta-R fusion protein may also be varied by changing the position at which the selected LT-beta-R DNA fragment is cleaved at its 5′ end for insertion into the recombinant expression vector.
  • the stability and activity of each LT-beta-R fusion protein may be tested and optimized using routine experimentation and the assays for selecting LT-beta-R blocking agents described herein.
  • amino acid sequence variants may also be constructed to modify the affinity of the soluble LT-beta receptor or fusion protein for LT ligand.
  • the soluble LT-beta-R molecules of this invention can compete for surface LT ligand binding with endogenous cell surface LT-beta receptors. It is envisioned that any soluble molecule comprising a LT-beta-R ligand binding domain that can compete with cell surface LT-beta receptors for LT ligand binding is a LT-beta-R blocking agent that falls within the scope of the present invention.
  • antibodies directed against the human LT-beta receptor function as LT-beta-R blocking agents for use in treating conditions that place individuals, including human, in, or at risk of, viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress.
  • the anti-LT-beta-R Abs of this invention can be polyclonal or monoclonal (mAbs) and can be modified to optimize their ability to block LT-beta-R signalling, their in vivo bioavailability, stability, or other desired traits.
  • Polyclonal antibody sera directed against the human LT-beta receptor are prepared using conventional techniques by injecting animals such as goats, rabbits, rats, hamsters or mice subcutaneously with a human LT-beta receptor-Fc fusion protein (Example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,925,351) in complete Freund's adjuvant, followed by booster intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection in incomplete Freund's.
  • Polyclonal antisera containing the desired antibodies directed against the LT-beta receptor are screened by conventional immunological procedures.
  • Mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against a human LT-beta receptor-Fc fusion protein are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,925,351, Example 5.
  • a hybridoma cell line (BD.A8.AB9) which produces the mouse anti-human LT-beta-R mAb BDA8 was deposited on Jan. 12, 1995 with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209) according to the provisions of the Budapest Treaty, and was assigned the ATCC accession number HB11798.
  • ATCC American Type Culture Collection
  • anti-LT-beta-R antibodies can also be made using standard recombinant DNA techniques (Winter and Milstein, Nature, 349, pp. 293-99 (1991)).
  • “chimeric” antibodies can be constructed in which the antigen binding domain from an animal antibody is linked to a human constant domain (e.g. Cabilly et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 81, pp. 6851-55 (1984)). Chimeric antibodies reduce the observed immunogenic responses elicited by animal antibodies when used in human clinical treatments.
  • Humanized antibodies which recognize the LT-beta-R can be synthesized.
  • Humanized antibodies are chimeras comprising mostly human IgG sequences into which the regions responsible for specific antigen-binding have been inserted (e.g. WO 94/04679). Animals are immunized with the desired antigen, the corresponding antibodies are isolated, and the portion of the variable region sequences responsible for specific antigen binding are removed. The animal-derived antigen binding regions are then cloned into the appropriate position of human antibody genes in which the antigen binding regions have been deleted. Humanized antibodies minimize the use of heterologous (inter-species) sequences in human antibodies, and are less likely to elicit immune responses in the treated subject.
  • anti-LT-beta-R IgM antibodies with increased antigen binding site valencies can be recombinantly produced by cloning the antigen binding site into vectors carrying the human mu chain constant regions (Arulanandam et al., J. Exp. Med., 177, pp. 1439-50 (1993); Lane et al., Eur. J. Immunol., 22, pp.
  • anti-LT-beta-R Abs for the LT-beta-R depending on the targeted tissue type or the particular treatment schedule envisioned. For example, it may be advantageous to treat a patient with constant levels of anti-LT-beta-R Abs with reduced ability to signal through the LT-beta pathway for semi-prophylactic treatments. Likewise, inhibitory anti-LT-beta-R Abs with increased affinity for the LT-beta-R may be advantageous for short-term treatments.
  • compositions and methods which comprise antibodies directed against LT ligand that function as LT-beta-R blocking agents.
  • anti-LT ligand antibodies that function as LT-beta-R blocking agents can be polyclonal or monoclonal, and can be modified according to routine procedures to modulate their antigen binding properties and their immunogenicity.
  • the anti-LT antibodies of this invention can be raised against either one of the two LT subunits individually, including soluble, mutant, altered and chimeric forms of the LT subunit. If LT subunits are used as the antigen, preferably they are LT-beta subunits.
  • the resulting anti-LT-alpha antibodies bind to surface LT ligand and do not cross-react with secreted LT-alpha or modulate TNF-R activity (according to the assays described in Example 3 of US Pat. No. 5, 925,351).
  • antibodies directed against a homomeric (LT-beta) or a heteromeric (LT-alpha/62 ) complex comprising one or more LT subunits can be raised and screened for activity as LT-beta-R blocking agents.
  • LT-alpha 1/beta 2 complexes are used as the antigen.
  • the resulting anti-LT-alpha 1/beta 2 antibodies bind to surfaceLT ligand without binding to secreted LT-alpha and without affecting TNF-R activity.
  • Monoclonal hamster anti-mouse LT-alpha/62 antibodies were prepared as described in Example 7 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,925,351.
  • a hybridoma cell line (BB.F6.1) which produces the hamster anti-mouse LT-alpha/62 mAb BB.F6 was deposited on Jul. 21, 1995 with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209) according to the provisions of the Budapest Treaty, and was assigned the ATCC accession number MB11963.
  • ATCC American Type Culture Collection
  • a fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) assay was developed to screen for antibodies directed against LT subunits and LT complexes that can act as LT-beta-R blocking agents as described in Examples 6 and 7 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,925,351.
  • FACS fluorescence-activated cell sorting
  • soluble human LT-beta-R-Fc fusion protein is added to PMA-activated II-23 cells-which express surface LT complexes (Browning et al., J. Immunol., 154, pp. 33-46 (1995))-in the presence of increasing amounts of the test antibody.
  • An antibody that can inhibit LT-beta receptor-ligand interaction by at least 20% is selected as a LT-beta-R blocking agent.
  • LT-alpha/beta complex rather than a LT subunit as an antigen to immunize an animal may lead to more efficient immunization, or may result in antibodies having higher affinities for surface LT ligand. It is conceivable that by immunizing with the LT-alpha/62 complex, antibodies which recognize amino acid residues on both the LT-alpha and the LT-beta subunits (e.g., residues that form an LT-alpha/62 cleft) can be isolated. By testing antibodies directed against human LT-alpha/62 heteromeric complexes, it is expected that additional anti-LT antibodies that function as LT-beta-R blocking agents in humans can be identified using routine experimentation and the assays described herein.
  • compositions described herein will be administered at an effective dose in methods for treating viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress in an individual. Determination of a preferred pharmaceutical formulation and a therapeutically efficient dose regiment for a given application is well within the skill of the art taking intoconsideration, for example, the condition and weight of the patient, the extent of desired treatment and the tolerance of the patient for the treatment. Doses of about 1 mg/kg of a soluble LT-beta-R are expected to be suitable starting points for optimizing treatment doses.
  • Determination of a therapeutically effective dose can also be assessed by performing in vitro experiments that measure the concentration of the LT-beta-R blocking agent required to coat target cells (LT-beta-R or LT ligand-positive cells depending on the blocking agent) for 1 to 14 days.
  • the receptor-ligand binding assays described herein can be used to monitor the cell coating reaction.
  • LT-beta-R or LT ligand-positive cells can be separated from activated lymphocyte populations using FACS. Based on the results of these in vitro binding assays, a range of suitable LT-beta-R blocking agent concentrations can be selected to test in animals according to the assays described herein.
  • Administration of the soluble LT-beta-R molecules, anti-LT ligand and anti-LT-beta-R Abs of this invention may be accomplished using any of the conventionally accepted modes of administration of agents which exhibit immunosuppressive activity.
  • compositions used in these therapies may also be in a variety of forms. These include, for example, solid, semi-solid and liquid dosage forms such as tablets, pills, powders, liquid solutions or suspensions, suppositories, and injectable and infusible solutions. The preferred form depends on the intended mode of administration and therapeutic application.
  • Modes of administration may include oral, parenteral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intralesional or topical administration.
  • the soluble LT-beta-R molecules, anti-LT ligand and anti-LT-beta-R Abs of this invention may, for example, be placed into sterile, isotonic formulations with or without cofactors which stimulate uptake or stability.
  • the formulation is preferably liquid, or may be lyophilized powder.
  • the soluble LT-beta-R molecules, anti-LT ligand and anti-LT-beta-R Abs of this invention may be diluted with a formulation buffer comprising 5.0 mg/ml citric acid monohydrate, 2.7 mg/ml trisodium citrate, 41 mg/ml mannitol, 1 mg/ml glycine and 1 mg/ml polysorbate 20.
  • This solution can be lyophilized, stored under refrigeration and reconstituted prior to administration with sterile Water-For-Injection (USP).
  • compositions also will preferably include conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art (see for example Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th Edition, 198 0 , Mac Publishing Company).
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may include other medicinal agents, carriers, genetic carriers, adjuvants, excipients, etc., such as human serum albumin or plasma preparations.
  • the compositions are preferably in the form of a unit dose and will usually be administered one or more times a day.
  • compositions of this invention may also be administered using microspheres, liposomes, other microparticulate delivery systems or sustained release formulations placed in, near, or otherwise in communication with affected tissues or the bloodstream.
  • sustained releasecarriers include semipermeable polymer matrices in the form of shaped articles such as suppositories or microcapsules.
  • Implantable or microcapsular sustained release matrices include polylactides (U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,319; EP 58,481), copolymers of L-glutamic acid and ethyl-L-glutamate (Sidman et al., Biopolymers, 22, pp.
  • Liposomes containing soluble LT-beta-R molecules, anti-LT ligand and anti-LT-beta-R Abs of this invention, alone or in combination, can be prepared by well-known methods (See, e.g. DE 3,218,121; Epstein et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 82, pp. 3688-92 (1985); Hwang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 77, pp. 4030-34 (1980); U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,485,045 and 4,544,545).
  • the liposomes are of the small (about 200-800 Angstroms) unilamellar type in which the lipid content is greater than about 30 mol. % cholesterol.
  • the proportion of cholesterol is selected to control the optimal rate of soluble LT-beta-R molecule, anti-LT ligand and anti-LT-beta-R Ab release.
  • the soluble LT-beta-R molecules, anti-LT ligand and anti-LT-beta-R Abs of this invention may also be attached to liposomes containing other LT-beta-R blocking agents, immunosuppressive agents or cytokines to modulate the LT-beta-R blocking activity.
  • Attachment of LT-beta-R molecules, anti-LT ligand and anti-LT-beta-R Abs to liposomes may be accomplished by any known cross-linking agent such as heterobifunctional cross-linking agents that have been widely used to couple toxins or chemotherapeutic agents to antibodies for targeted delivery.conjugation to liposomes can also be accomplished using the carbohydrate-directed cross-linking reagent 4-(4-maleimidophenyl) butyric acid hydrazide (MPBH) (Duzgunes et al., J. Cell. Biochem. Abst. Suppl. 16E 77 (1992)).
  • MPBH 4-(4-maleimidophenyl) butyric acid hydrazide
  • compositions comprising soluble LT-beta-R molecules are administered to a subject.
  • the soluble LT-beta receptor can effectively compete with cell surface LT-beta receptors for binding surface LT ligands.
  • the ability to compete with surface LT ligands depends on the relative concentrations of the soluble and the cell surface LT-beta-R molecules, and on their relative affinities for ligand binding.
  • Soluble LT-beta-R molecules harboring mutations that increase or decrease the binding affinity of that mutant soluble LT-beta-R with surface LT ligand can be made using standard recombinant DNA techniques well known to those of skill in the art. Large numbers of molecules with site-directed or random mutations can be tested for their ability to act as LT-beta-R blocking agents using routine experimentation and the techniques described herein.
  • antibodies directed against either the LT-beta receptor or one or more of the LT ligand subunits function as LT-beta-R blocking agents.
  • the ability for these antibodies to block LT-beta receptor signalling can be modified by mutation, chemical modification or by other methods that can vary the effective concentration or activity of the antibody delivered to the subject.
  • the methods of the present invention may be utilized for inducing an antiviral response in an individual comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of a LT-B blocking agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the viral response to be treated may be caused by any number of known viruses, including but not limited to Sin Nombre (SNV), Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, and Dengue.
  • Tumor necrosis factor plays a key role in facilitating acute shock responses to viral infections and other immunogens (K. C. F. Sheehan, N. H. Ruddle, and R. D. Schreiber., J. Immunol., 142, 3884 (1989); G. W. H. Wong and D. V. Goeddel Nature 323, 819 (1986); B. Beutler, I. W. Milsark, A. Cerami, Science 229, 869 (1985); F. Mackay, P. R. Bourdon, D. A. Griffiths, et al. J. Immunol. 159, 3299 (1997); P. D. Crowe, T. L. VanArsdale, B. N.
  • TNF ⁇ levels in sera from patients are elevated as are levels of soluble TNFR-75 (D. Hober, et al., J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 48, 324 (1993); D. B. Bethell, K. Flobbe, C. X. T. Phuong, et al., J. Infect. Dis., 177, 778 (1998)).
  • TNF ⁇ levels in the sera of mice infected with LCMV-13 were found to be just above the level of detection for the assay until day 4 post infection (Serum TNF ⁇ levels were measured by ELISA assay (Genzyme Corporation, catalog number 80-2802-00)).
  • ELISA assay Genzyme Corporation, catalog number 80-2802-00
  • soluble TNF ⁇ levels in the serum increased 3-6 fold above normal (data not shown).
  • mice were given 2.5 ⁇ 10 6 pfu Cl 13 i.v. followed by two i.p. injections containing 250 ⁇ g of TN3-19.12 antibody in endotoxin free PBS (see reference S) on days 1 and day 4 post-infection. Control mice were injected with the same volume of PBS lacking antibody on the same days. This treatment (anti-TNF) had little effect on the survival rate of these mice (FIG. 3).
  • Lymphotoxin alpha also known as TNF ⁇ , though it shares identical receptors and many of its biological effects with TNF ⁇ , is not recognized by this antibody (F. Mackay, P. R. Bourdon, D. A. Griffiths, et al. J. Immunol. 159, 3299 (1997). It is possible that targeting both TNF ⁇ and LT ⁇ are required to increase survival rates.
  • mice were treated as described in reference R.
  • TNFR55-Ig and LT ⁇ R-Ig proteins were given on day 0 and day 3 post-infection, i.p., in 200 ⁇ g amounts.
  • Control mice were given human antibody used in the synthesis of these fusion proteins (AY1943-29) on the same days in identical amounts.
  • mice receiving LT ⁇ R-Ig only were treated identically, except the TNFR55-Ig injections were omitted). This treatment also did not significantly alter survival rates in LCMV-13 infected NZB mice (See anti-TNF and TNFR55-Ig group).
  • the membrane form of lymphotoxin a heteromer of LT ⁇ and LT ⁇ , does not recognize TNFR-75 or TNFR-55 but rather binds to a third receptor called LT ⁇ R (15).
  • mice with anti-TNF ⁇ mAb, TNFR55-Ig and LT ⁇ R-Ig triple treatment or TNFR55-IG and LT ⁇ R-Ig
  • TNFR55-IG and LT ⁇ R-Ig triple treatment or TNFR55-IG and LT ⁇ R-Ig
  • a second ligand for LT ⁇ R, LIGHT was identified (D. N. Mauri, R. Ebner, R. I. Montgomery, et al. Immunity 8, 21 (1998); R. I. Montgomery, M. S. Warner, B. Lum, et al. Cell 87, 427 (1996)).
  • HVEM herpesvirus entry mediator
  • both CD8/tetramer co-staining for NP118 specific T cells, the dominant CD8 epitope in the NZB L D system, and intracellular staining for interferon gamma production by spleenocytes stimulated with NP118 peptide were performed on samples from LCMV-13 infected NZB mice who were treated with control antibody, LT ⁇ R-Ig alone, or triple treated.
  • FIG. 4 demonstrates a reduction in the number of NP118 specific CD8 T cells with the greatest effect seen in the triple treatment mice. In mice treated with control antibody, only 10% of tetramer positive cells actively produced INF ⁇ .
  • Both antibodies were prepared by an ammonium sulfate precipitation from hybridoma supernatants followed by dialysis against PBS. FACS analysis was used to verify the depletion in several of the mice.). Depletion of CD4 T cells did not increase survival. In contrast, depletion of CD8 T cells resulted in 100% survival in the absence of disease symptoms unlike the LT ⁇ R-Ig treated mice (FIG. 5). Because viral titers in several tissues of CD8 depleted mice were higher than those not treated, it is likely that death resulted from a toxic immune response mediated by CD8 T cells rather than from destruction of tissues by viral infection.
  • NZB mice when infected with a high dose of LCMV-13 intravenously develop an acute, rapidly progressive disease that shares several common traits with Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, Dengue, and Sin Nombre infections. Lethality of this illness was dependent on the presence of CD8 + T cells which are known to express TNF ⁇ , LT ⁇ , and LT ⁇ when activated. Though this is an encouraging finding, treatment of viral infection by depletion of CD8 + T cells would not be advisable. Such treatment could leave patients vulnerable to other opportunistic infections. Furthermore, since viral clearance is unlikely in the absence of CTLs the risk of the patient tolerizing to the virus upon re-establishment of the CD8 + compartment is very real.
  • lymphotoxin system is intimately linked to organization of lymphoid architecture most likely via control of the expression of several chemokines that direct T and B cell organization (. Chaplin et al. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 10, 289 (1998), J. Cyster, in press).
  • the mature functional status of follicular dendritic cells is maintained by constant B cell signaling and these cells disappear within one day upon cessation of the LT ⁇ R signaling. These cells are critical for the presentation of antigen to the B and T cell compartments.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Pulmonology (AREA)
  • Cell Biology (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Virology (AREA)
  • Oncology (AREA)
  • Communicable Diseases (AREA)
  • Mycology (AREA)
  • Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
  • Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
  • Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Heterocyclic Carbon Compounds Containing A Hetero Ring Having Oxygen Or Sulfur (AREA)
  • Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
US09/829,031 1998-10-09 2001-04-09 Reversal of viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress by blockade of the lymphotoxin beta pathway Abandoned US20020001585A1 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/829,031 US20020001585A1 (en) 1998-10-09 2001-04-09 Reversal of viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress by blockade of the lymphotoxin beta pathway
US10/829,720 US7452530B2 (en) 1998-10-09 2004-04-21 Reversal of viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress by blockade of the lymphotoxin beta pathway
US12/247,374 US20090087403A1 (en) 1998-10-09 2008-10-08 Reversal of viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress by blockade of the lymphotoxin beta pathway

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10366298P 1998-10-09 1998-10-09
PCT/US1999/023477 WO2000021558A1 (en) 1998-10-09 1999-10-08 Reversal of viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress by blockade of the lymphotoxin beta pathway
US09/829,031 US20020001585A1 (en) 1998-10-09 2001-04-09 Reversal of viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress by blockade of the lymphotoxin beta pathway

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US1999/023477 Continuation WO2000021558A1 (en) 1998-10-09 1999-10-08 Reversal of viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress by blockade of the lymphotoxin beta pathway

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/829,720 Continuation US7452530B2 (en) 1998-10-09 2004-04-21 Reversal of viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress by blockade of the lymphotoxin beta pathway

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20020001585A1 true US20020001585A1 (en) 2002-01-03

Family

ID=22296372

Family Applications (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US09/829,031 Abandoned US20020001585A1 (en) 1998-10-09 2001-04-09 Reversal of viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress by blockade of the lymphotoxin beta pathway
US10/829,720 Expired - Fee Related US7452530B2 (en) 1998-10-09 2004-04-21 Reversal of viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress by blockade of the lymphotoxin beta pathway
US12/247,374 Abandoned US20090087403A1 (en) 1998-10-09 2008-10-08 Reversal of viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress by blockade of the lymphotoxin beta pathway

Family Applications After (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/829,720 Expired - Fee Related US7452530B2 (en) 1998-10-09 2004-04-21 Reversal of viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress by blockade of the lymphotoxin beta pathway
US12/247,374 Abandoned US20090087403A1 (en) 1998-10-09 2008-10-08 Reversal of viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress by blockade of the lymphotoxin beta pathway

Country Status (27)

Country Link
US (3) US20020001585A1 (sk)
EP (1) EP1119370B1 (sk)
JP (2) JP4713738B2 (sk)
KR (1) KR100888832B1 (sk)
CN (1) CN1200733C (sk)
AT (1) ATE329618T1 (sk)
AU (1) AU777492C (sk)
BR (1) BR9915025A (sk)
CA (1) CA2344049C (sk)
CY (1) CY1105059T1 (sk)
CZ (1) CZ20011272A3 (sk)
DE (1) DE69931944T2 (sk)
DK (1) DK1119370T3 (sk)
EA (1) EA006703B1 (sk)
EE (1) EE04661B1 (sk)
ES (1) ES2267294T3 (sk)
HU (1) HUP0103773A3 (sk)
IL (2) IL142284A0 (sk)
IS (1) IS2514B (sk)
NO (1) NO326905B1 (sk)
NZ (1) NZ510560A (sk)
PL (1) PL195264B1 (sk)
PT (1) PT1119370E (sk)
SG (1) SG121778A1 (sk)
SK (1) SK4662001A3 (sk)
TR (1) TR200100974T2 (sk)
WO (1) WO2000021558A1 (sk)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100099608A1 (en) * 2006-10-20 2010-04-22 Browning Jeffrey L Treatment of demyelinating disorders with soluble lymphotoxin-beta-receptor
US20100111952A1 (en) * 2006-10-20 2010-05-06 Evan Beckman Treatment of autoimmune disorders
US20110046073A1 (en) * 1995-07-21 2011-02-24 Biogen Idec Ma Inc. Soluble lymphotoxin-beta receptor fusion protein and methods for inhibiting lymphotoxin beta-receptor signaling
US20110150785A1 (en) * 2007-09-18 2011-06-23 La Jolla Institute For Allergy And Immunology Light Inhibitors For Asthma, Lung and Airway Inflammation, Respiratory, Interstitial, Pulmonary and Fibrotic Disease Treatment

Families Citing this family (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7118742B2 (en) 1997-07-07 2006-10-10 La Jolla Institute For Allergy And Immunology Ligand for herpes simplex virus entry mediator and methods of use
US6998108B1 (en) 1997-07-07 2006-02-14 La Jolla Institute For Allergy And Immunology Antibodies to p30 polypeptides and methods making and using same
US7060667B1 (en) 1998-01-30 2006-06-13 Biogen Idec Ma, Inc. Treatment of follicular lymphomas using inhibitors of the LT pathway
NZ510560A (en) * 1998-10-09 2003-09-26 Biogen Inc Reversal of viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress by blockade of the lymphotoxin beta pathway
TR200504220T2 (tr) 1998-12-17 2007-04-24 Biogen Idec Ma Inc. Aktif limfotoksin-beta reseptör imunoglobülin şimeAktif limfotoksin-beta reseptör imunoglobülin şimerik proteinlerinin yüksek düzey ifadesi ve saflaştrik proteinlerinin yüksek düzey ifadesi ve saflaştırılması için bir yöntem.ırılması için bir yöntem.
WO2001079496A2 (en) * 2000-03-13 2001-10-25 La Jolla Institute For Allergy And Immunology Ligand for herpes simplex virus entry mediator and methods of use
DE60129010T2 (de) * 2000-04-12 2008-02-28 La Jolla Institute For Allergy And Immunology, San Diego Ligand des zelleintritt-vermittelnden proteins von herpes simplex und methoden zu dessen verwendungen
EP1641826A2 (en) * 2003-06-27 2006-04-05 Biogen Idec MA Inc. Use of hydrophobic-interaction-chromatography or hinge-region modifications for the production of homogeneous antibody-solutions
CN1980957A (zh) * 2004-03-23 2007-06-13 比奥根艾迪克Ma公司 受体偶联剂及其治疗用途
WO2006074399A2 (en) * 2005-01-05 2006-07-13 Biogen Idec Ma Inc. Multispecific binding molecules comprising connecting peptides
CN106591446A (zh) * 2016-12-07 2017-04-26 中国人民解放军军事医学科学院微生物流行病研究所 细胞通路调控分子在作为药物靶点及诊断ebov感染中的应用

Family Cites Families (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3773919A (en) * 1969-10-23 1973-11-20 Du Pont Polylactide-drug mixtures
IE52535B1 (en) 1981-02-16 1987-12-09 Ici Plc Continuous release pharmaceutical compositions
US4485045A (en) * 1981-07-06 1984-11-27 Research Corporation Synthetic phosphatidyl cholines useful in forming liposomes
DE3218121A1 (de) 1982-05-14 1983-11-17 Leskovar, Peter, Dr.-Ing., 8000 München Arzneimittel zur tumorbehandlung
US4816567A (en) 1983-04-08 1989-03-28 Genentech, Inc. Recombinant immunoglobin preparations
US4544545A (en) * 1983-06-20 1985-10-01 Trustees University Of Massachusetts Liposomes containing modified cholesterol for organ targeting
US5225538A (en) * 1989-02-23 1993-07-06 Genentech, Inc. Lymphocyte homing receptor/immunoglobulin fusion proteins
CA2086264C (en) * 1990-06-27 2002-12-24 Jeffrey L. Browning Surface complexed lymphotoxin
US7030080B2 (en) * 1990-06-27 2006-04-18 Biogen, Inc. Lymphotoxin-β, lymphotoxin-β complexes, pharmaceutical preparations and therapeutic uses thereof
US5670149A (en) * 1990-06-27 1997-09-23 Biogen, Inc. Lymphotoxin-β, Lymphotoxin-β complexes, pharmaceutical preparations and therapeutic uses thereof
WO1994004679A1 (en) 1991-06-14 1994-03-03 Genentech, Inc. Method for making humanized antibodies
ATE397665T1 (de) 1992-12-04 2008-06-15 Biogen Idec Inc Lymphotoxin-beta, lymphotoxin-beta komplexe, pharmazeutische zubereitungen und therapeutische verwendungen davon
CN1146442C (zh) 1995-01-26 2004-04-21 拜奥根有限公司 作为抗肿瘤剂的淋巴毒素-α/β复合体和抗淋巴毒素-β受体抗体
US6312691B1 (en) * 1996-01-26 2001-11-06 Jeffrey L. Browning Lymphotoxin-α/β complexes and anti-lympotoxin-β receptor antibodies as anti-tumor agents
US5925351A (en) * 1995-07-21 1999-07-20 Biogen, Inc. Soluble lymphotoxin-β receptors and anti-lymphotoxin receptor and ligand antibodies as therapeutic agents for the treatment of immunological disease
US6291207B1 (en) * 1995-07-28 2001-09-18 Northwestern University Herpes virus entry receptor protein
US7255854B1 (en) * 1996-10-25 2007-08-14 Biogen, Inc. Use of lymphotoxin-β receptor blocking agents for the treatment of antibody mediated immunological diseases
CN100382844C (zh) * 1996-10-25 2008-04-23 拜奥根Idec马萨诸塞公司 可溶性β-淋巴毒素受体和抗淋巴毒素受体的抗体以及抗淋巴毒素配体的抗体的用途
GB9622660D0 (en) * 1996-10-31 1997-01-08 Biocine Spa Immunogenic detoxified mutant toxin
US7060667B1 (en) * 1998-01-30 2006-06-13 Biogen Idec Ma, Inc. Treatment of follicular lymphomas using inhibitors of the LT pathway
NZ510560A (en) * 1998-10-09 2003-09-26 Biogen Inc Reversal of viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress by blockade of the lymphotoxin beta pathway
TR200504220T2 (tr) * 1998-12-17 2007-04-24 Biogen Idec Ma Inc. Aktif limfotoksin-beta reseptör imunoglobülin şimeAktif limfotoksin-beta reseptör imunoglobülin şimerik proteinlerinin yüksek düzey ifadesi ve saflaştrik proteinlerinin yüksek düzey ifadesi ve saflaştırılması için bir yöntem.ırılması için bir yöntem.
AU2003248782A1 (en) * 2002-07-01 2004-01-19 Biogen Idec Ma Inc. Humanized anti-lymphotoxin beta receptor antibodies

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20110046073A1 (en) * 1995-07-21 2011-02-24 Biogen Idec Ma Inc. Soluble lymphotoxin-beta receptor fusion protein and methods for inhibiting lymphotoxin beta-receptor signaling
US7951371B2 (en) 1995-07-21 2011-05-31 Biogen Idec Ma Inc. Soluble lymphotoxin-β receptor fusion protein and methods for inhibiting lymphotoxin β-receptor signaling
US8455445B2 (en) 1995-07-21 2013-06-04 Biogen Idec Ma Inc. Methods for inhibiting lymphotoxin-β receptor signaling in TH1 cell-associated disorders
US20100099608A1 (en) * 2006-10-20 2010-04-22 Browning Jeffrey L Treatment of demyelinating disorders with soluble lymphotoxin-beta-receptor
US20100111952A1 (en) * 2006-10-20 2010-05-06 Evan Beckman Treatment of autoimmune disorders
US8067375B2 (en) 2006-10-20 2011-11-29 Biogen Idec Ma Inc. Treatment of demyelinating disorders with soluble lymphotoxin-β-receptor
US8338376B2 (en) 2006-10-20 2012-12-25 Biogen Idec Ma Inc. Compositions comprising variant LT-B-R-IG fusion proteins
US20110150785A1 (en) * 2007-09-18 2011-06-23 La Jolla Institute For Allergy And Immunology Light Inhibitors For Asthma, Lung and Airway Inflammation, Respiratory, Interstitial, Pulmonary and Fibrotic Disease Treatment
US9301994B2 (en) * 2007-09-18 2016-04-05 La Jolla Institute For Allergy And Immunology LIGHT inhibitors for asthma, lung and airway inflammation, respiratory, interstitial, pulmonary and fibrotic disease treatment

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
HUP0103773A2 (hu) 2002-01-28
IL142284A0 (en) 2002-03-10
CA2344049A1 (en) 2000-04-20
ATE329618T1 (de) 2006-07-15
CZ20011272A3 (cs) 2001-09-12
PL195264B1 (pl) 2007-08-31
WO2000021558A9 (en) 2001-05-25
JP2010155852A (ja) 2010-07-15
SG121778A1 (en) 2006-05-26
NO326905B1 (no) 2009-03-16
CN1323223A (zh) 2001-11-21
PL347177A1 (en) 2002-03-25
CN1200733C (zh) 2005-05-11
EA006703B1 (ru) 2006-02-24
EA200100430A1 (ru) 2001-10-22
IL142284A (en) 2009-11-18
HUP0103773A3 (en) 2003-10-28
EE04661B1 (et) 2006-08-15
WO2000021558A1 (en) 2000-04-20
DK1119370T3 (da) 2006-10-02
AU777492B2 (en) 2004-10-21
AU777492C (en) 2005-05-26
TR200100974T2 (tr) 2001-11-21
IS2514B (is) 2009-06-15
AU6296499A (en) 2000-05-01
NZ510560A (en) 2003-09-26
KR20010080073A (ko) 2001-08-22
DE69931944T2 (de) 2007-02-08
US7452530B2 (en) 2008-11-18
JP4713738B2 (ja) 2011-06-29
KR100888832B1 (ko) 2009-03-17
NO20011757L (no) 2001-06-08
EP1119370B1 (en) 2006-06-14
ES2267294T3 (es) 2007-03-01
CY1105059T1 (el) 2010-03-03
SK4662001A3 (en) 2001-11-06
PT1119370E (pt) 2006-09-29
US20040198635A1 (en) 2004-10-07
CA2344049C (en) 2009-12-15
IS5882A (is) 2001-03-09
BR9915025A (pt) 2001-08-14
EE200100211A (et) 2002-08-15
JP2002527403A (ja) 2002-08-27
NO20011757D0 (no) 2001-04-06
EP1119370A1 (en) 2001-08-01
US20090087403A1 (en) 2009-04-02
DE69931944D1 (de) 2006-07-27

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US20090087403A1 (en) Reversal of viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress by blockade of the lymphotoxin beta pathway
US5674492A (en) Method of preventing or treating disease characterized by neoplastic cells expressing CD40
CA2194299A1 (en) Novel cytokine designated lerk-5
JP2007169296A (ja) 抗腫瘍因子としてのリンフォトキシン−α／β複合体および抗リンフォトキシン−βレセプター抗体
NZ275711A (en) Monoclonal antibodies and binding proteins which bind to human fas antigen (nerve growth factor/tumour necrosis factor receptor type)
SK288603B6 (sk) Polypeptid a protilátka viažuca sa na polypeptid
SK286409B6 (sk) Použitie činidla blokujúceho lymfotoxín-beta receptor (LT-beta -R) na prípravu farmaceutickej kompozície na liečenie imunologických chorôb
US6015559A (en) Fas antagonists
MXPA01003605A (en) Reversal of viral-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress by blockade of the lymphotoxin beta pathway
AU748656B2 (en) Soluble lymphotoxin-beta receptors and anti-lymphotoxin receptor and ligand antibodies, as therapeutic agents for the treatment of immunological disease
MXPA97005629A (en) Linfotoxin-alpha / beta complexes and anti-tetration antibodies of lymphotoxin beta as agents anti-tu

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: EMORY UNIVERSITY, GEORGIA

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:AHMED, RAFI;PUGLIELLI, MARYANN;REEL/FRAME:013130/0409;SIGNING DATES FROM 20020710 TO 20020722

AS Assignment

Owner name: BIOGEN, INC., MASSACHUSETTS

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BROWNING, JEFFREY;REEL/FRAME:013129/0949

Effective date: 20020710

AS Assignment

Owner name: BIOGEN IDEC MA INC., MASSACHUSETTS

Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:BIOGEN IDEC MA, INC.;REEL/FRAME:014520/0982

Effective date: 20031203

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION