UA84279C2 - Способ и установка для обессоливания воды, содержащей соль - Google Patents

Способ и установка для обессоливания воды, содержащей соль

Info

Publication number
UA84279C2
UA84279C2 UAA200505144A UA2005005144A UA84279C2 UA 84279 C2 UA84279 C2 UA 84279C2 UA A200505144 A UAA200505144 A UA A200505144A UA 2005005144 A UA2005005144 A UA 2005005144A UA 84279 C2 UA84279 C2 UA 84279C2
Authority
UA
Ukraine
Prior art keywords
water
salt
heat exchanger
containing water
desalination
Prior art date
Application number
UAA200505144A
Other languages
English (en)
Ukrainian (uk)
Inventor
Эльс Ханс Йозеф Ван
Original Assignee
Эльс Ханс Йозеф Ван
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Эльс Ханс Йозеф Ван filed Critical Эльс Ханс Йозеф Ван
Publication of UA84279C2 publication Critical patent/UA84279C2/ru

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
    • C02F1/04—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
    • C02F1/04—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation
    • C02F1/14—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation using solar energy
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S10/00—Solar heat collectors using working fluids
    • F24S10/10—Solar heat collectors using working fluids the working fluids forming pools or ponds
    • F24S10/13—Salt-gradient ponds
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D20/0034—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using liquid heat storage material
    • F28D20/0039—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using liquid heat storage material with stratification of the heat storage material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D2020/0065—Details, e.g. particular heat storage tanks, auxiliary members within tanks
    • F28D2020/0069—Distributing arrangements; Fluid deflecting means
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
    • Y02A20/124—Water desalination
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
    • Y02A20/124—Water desalination
    • Y02A20/138—Water desalination using renewable energy
    • Y02A20/142—Solar thermal; Photovoltaics
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
    • Y02A20/20—Controlling water pollution; Waste water treatment
    • Y02A20/208—Off-grid powered water treatment
    • Y02A20/212—Solar-powered wastewater sewage treatment, e.g. spray evaporation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/44—Heat exchange systems
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/14—Thermal energy storage
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E70/00—Other energy conversion or management systems reducing GHG emissions
    • Y02E70/30—Systems combining energy storage with energy generation of non-fossil origin
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S159/00—Concentrating evaporators
    • Y10S159/32—Indirect heat exchange
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S159/00—Concentrating evaporators
    • Y10S159/902—Concentrating evaporators using natural heat
    • Y10S159/903—Solar
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S203/00—Distillation: processes, separatory
    • Y10S203/01—Solar still
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S203/00—Distillation: processes, separatory
    • Y10S203/08—Waste heat
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S203/00—Distillation: processes, separatory
    • Y10S203/18—Control

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Water, Waste Water Or Sewage (AREA)
  • Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
  • Seasonings (AREA)

Abstract

Способ обессоливания воды, содержащей соль, где воду, которая содержит соль, пропускают через теплообменник (5), расположенный в бассейне (1), который содержит рассол, образованный несколькими слоями воды, после чего воду, которая была нагрета в теплообменнике (5), пропускают через испаритель (9) для испарения, по крайней мере, части воды, содержащей соль, после чего полученный таким образом пар вводят в конденсатор (12) для получения воды, из которой удалена соль. Установка для обессоливания воды, содержащей соль, включает бассейн (1) с рассолом, в котором размещен теплообменник (5), при этом к входящему отверстию теплообменника (5) присоединены средства (6) для подачи воды, которую поддают обессоливанию, в то время как исходящее отверстие испарителя (9) соединено со средствами конденсации водного пара, образованного в испарителе (13, 12).
UAA200505144A 2002-11-28 2003-11-26 Способ и установка для обессоливания воды, содержащей соль UA84279C2 (ru)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL1022059A NL1022059C2 (nl) 2002-11-28 2002-11-28 Werkwijze en installatie voor het ontzilten van zout bevattend water.
PCT/NL2003/000834 WO2004048273A1 (en) 2002-11-28 2003-11-26 Method and plant for desalinating salt-containing water

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
UA84279C2 true UA84279C2 (ru) 2008-10-10

Family

ID=32389650

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
UAA200505144A UA84279C2 (ru) 2002-11-28 2003-11-26 Способ и установка для обессоливания воды, содержащей соль

Country Status (37)

Country Link
US (1) US7572352B2 (ru)
EP (1) EP1565408B1 (ru)
JP (1) JP4587297B2 (ru)
KR (1) KR100967281B1 (ru)
CN (1) CN100343176C (ru)
AP (1) AP1804A (ru)
AT (1) ATE326428T1 (ru)
AU (1) AU2003289681B2 (ru)
BR (1) BR0316637A (ru)
CA (1) CA2507485A1 (ru)
CO (1) CO5690630A2 (ru)
CR (1) CR7867A (ru)
CY (1) CY1108535T1 (ru)
DE (1) DE60305343T2 (ru)
DK (1) DK1565408T3 (ru)
EA (1) EA008492B1 (ru)
ES (1) ES2265116T3 (ru)
GB (1) GB2411397B (ru)
GE (1) GEP20084326B (ru)
HK (1) HK1082492A1 (ru)
HR (1) HRP20050476A2 (ru)
IL (1) IL168779A (ru)
IS (1) IS2311B (ru)
MA (1) MA27531A1 (ru)
MX (1) MXPA05005693A (ru)
NL (1) NL1022059C2 (ru)
NO (1) NO324258B1 (ru)
NZ (1) NZ540848A (ru)
OA (1) OA12966A (ru)
PL (1) PL205776B1 (ru)
PT (1) PT1565408E (ru)
RS (1) RS50739B (ru)
SI (1) SI1565408T1 (ru)
TN (1) TNSN05147A1 (ru)
UA (1) UA84279C2 (ru)
WO (1) WO2004048273A1 (ru)
ZA (1) ZA200504347B (ru)

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2464724B (en) * 2008-10-24 2013-08-07 Stephen Butterton Method and apparatus for distilling water from sea water
WO2011098478A1 (en) * 2010-02-10 2011-08-18 Basf Se Water treatment process
US20130228446A1 (en) * 2012-03-04 2013-09-05 Scott Shumway Device and Process for Removing Contaminants from a Fluid Using Electromagnetic Energy
RU2617489C1 (ru) * 2016-06-15 2017-04-25 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Смарт-Тек" (ООО "Смарт-Тек") Устройство для опреснения воды
CN106053111B (zh) * 2016-06-21 2019-04-09 首钢京唐钢铁联合有限责任公司 一种判定海水淡化设备故障的方法
CH712880A1 (de) 2016-09-07 2018-03-15 Greensworld Swiss Ag Verfahren und System zur Nutzung von Wärmeenergie aus Sonnenstrahlung.
GB2556395B (en) * 2016-09-08 2022-05-11 Ffi Ionix Ip Inc Vacuum membrane desalination system

Family Cites Families (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1022059B (de) 1956-11-07 1958-01-02 Limon Fluhme & Co De Steuerschaltung fuer hydraulisch betriebene Schmieranlagen
FR1472093A (fr) * 1964-12-09 1967-03-10 Pactide Corp Appareil de distillation
IT1062845B (it) * 1976-05-31 1985-02-11 Fiat Spa Impianto di desalinizzazione della acqua salmastra per mezzo della energia solare
GB1599665A (en) * 1977-05-09 1981-10-07 Jackson P A Solar collector and power plant utilizing the same
JPS54155177A (en) * 1978-02-22 1979-12-06 Watson Dev Ltd John Improvement for desalting apparatus and method
GB2016938B (en) * 1978-02-22 1982-11-24 Watson Developments Ltd John Purifing liquids by distillation
IL54597A (en) * 1978-04-30 1981-02-27 Wirguin J Heat storage in a thermal pond
US4478685A (en) * 1980-01-09 1984-10-23 Mortenson C Walter Packed column distillation apparatus
US4894993A (en) * 1987-12-04 1990-01-23 Solmat Systems, Ltd. Method of and apparatus for producing power from solar ponds
DE3819124A1 (de) * 1988-06-04 1989-12-14 Kernforschungsz Karlsruhe Vorrichtung zur destillation von fluessigkeiten
JP2520758Y2 (ja) * 1989-06-01 1996-12-18 オンキヨー株式会社 フィルタ回路
ES2121525B1 (es) * 1995-10-11 1999-09-16 Krebs & Co Ag Krebs & Co Sa Kr Sistema de produccion de sal por evaporacion forzada.
TW401647B (en) * 1996-06-19 2000-08-11 Ebara Corp Desalting apparatus and method for operating such process
AT404467B (de) * 1997-03-11 1998-11-25 Johannes Dipl Ing Markopulos Methode der wasserverdunstung durch verdampfung aus sonnenenergie
US6494995B1 (en) * 1997-12-12 2002-12-17 Hammam Jamil Girgiess Battah Solar distillation system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IS7869A (is) 2005-05-26
DK1565408T3 (da) 2006-09-25
NL1022059C2 (nl) 2004-06-02
KR20050085180A (ko) 2005-08-29
RS50739B (sr) 2010-08-31
HK1082492A1 (en) 2006-06-09
NO20052582L (no) 2005-06-20
IL168779A (en) 2011-11-30
NZ540848A (en) 2005-12-23
JP4587297B2 (ja) 2010-11-24
CN1732130A (zh) 2006-02-08
EP1565408B1 (en) 2006-05-17
US20060130826A1 (en) 2006-06-22
EP1565408A1 (en) 2005-08-24
KR100967281B1 (ko) 2010-07-01
RS20050404A (en) 2007-09-21
AU2003289681B2 (en) 2008-01-10
MA27531A1 (fr) 2005-09-01
PL375485A1 (en) 2005-11-28
CN100343176C (zh) 2007-10-17
CY1108535T1 (el) 2014-04-09
HRP20050476A2 (en) 2006-05-31
GB2411397A (en) 2005-08-31
CR7867A (es) 2006-12-07
JP2006507925A (ja) 2006-03-09
EA008492B1 (ru) 2007-06-29
SI1565408T1 (sl) 2006-10-31
PT1565408E (pt) 2006-10-31
TNSN05147A1 (en) 2007-05-14
GB0511694D0 (en) 2005-07-13
CO5690630A2 (es) 2006-10-31
MXPA05005693A (es) 2005-10-18
IL168779A0 (en) 2009-02-11
EA200500887A1 (ru) 2005-10-27
WO2004048273A1 (en) 2004-06-10
ZA200504347B (en) 2006-07-26
OA12966A (en) 2006-10-13
PL205776B1 (pl) 2010-05-31
ATE326428T1 (de) 2006-06-15
DE60305343D1 (de) 2006-06-22
US7572352B2 (en) 2009-08-11
AP2005003324A0 (en) 2005-06-30
AP1804A (en) 2007-12-05
AU2003289681A8 (en) 2004-06-18
ES2265116T3 (es) 2007-02-01
IS2311B (is) 2007-11-15
NO20052582D0 (no) 2005-05-30
CA2507485A1 (en) 2004-06-10
DE60305343T2 (de) 2007-02-01
BR0316637A (pt) 2005-10-11
GEP20084326B (en) 2008-03-25
AU2003289681A1 (en) 2004-06-18
NO324258B1 (no) 2007-09-17
GB2411397B (en) 2006-02-15

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
JP3718227B2 (ja) 海水の脱塩方法及び装置
US5346592A (en) Combined water purification and power of generating plant
CN101139119B (zh) 压汽闪蒸法海水淡化机
KR101539339B1 (ko) 담수를 생성하기 위한 담수화 시스템 및 담수화 방법
TNSN05147A1 (en) Method and plant for desalinating salt-containing water
CN101734822B (zh) 一种低温多效海水淡化装置及使用方法
CN103241887A (zh) 高盐废水处理回收利用的方法及装置
CN103922529B (zh) 低能耗回收盐酸废水装置及回收盐酸废水的方法
CN201587871U (zh) 多级真空蒸馏海水淡化装置
AU2012222624B2 (en) Treatment of raw brines from desalination plants
JP6692058B2 (ja) 海水淡水化装置および海水淡水化方法
CN1161280C (zh) 一种从海水中提取淡水的方法及其设备
CN106145487A (zh) 一种处理稀土行业高浓度氨氮废水并回用的工艺
CN204848322U (zh) 高盐水处理系统
WO2009157875A1 (en) Apparatus and method for improved desalination
CN110382068A (zh) 一种结晶装置和方法
US20050115878A1 (en) System for desalinating and purifying seawater and devices for the system
RU2363662C2 (ru) Теплонасосный опреснитель соленый воды (варианты)
JP3482594B2 (ja) 蒸留法純水製造装置
EP4234501A1 (en) Method for producing drinking water from seawater and device for carrying out same
JPS61141985A (ja) 海水淡水化システム
CN108249499A (zh) 利用高温工业废水对高盐废水低温蒸发浓缩的方法及装置
US20050115819A1 (en) System for desalinating and purifying seawater and devices for the system (II type)
JPS62160182A (ja) 蒸発器
Мухиддинов et al. HEAT PUMP OF WATER DESALINATION