TWI813570B - 作為C5a抑制劑之5-5稠合環 - Google Patents
作為C5a抑制劑之5-5稠合環 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI813570B TWI813570B TW107118603A TW107118603A TWI813570B TW I813570 B TWI813570 B TW I813570B TW 107118603 A TW107118603 A TW 107118603A TW 107118603 A TW107118603 A TW 107118603A TW I813570 B TWI813570 B TW I813570B
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
- C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
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Abstract
本發明尤其提供式(I
)化合物
Description
補體系統在免疫複合體清除及對感染物、外來抗原、病毒感染細胞及腫瘤細胞之免疫反應中起核心作用。歸因於嚴重發炎及所造成的組織破壞,不當或過度活化補體系統可導致有害及甚至可能危及生命的後果。此等後果在各種病症中有臨床表現,該等病症包括敗血性休克;心肌以及腸道缺血/再灌注損傷;移植排斥反應;器官衰竭;腎炎;病理性發炎;及自體免疫疾病。
補體系統由一群通常以非活性狀態存在於血清中之蛋白質構成。補體系統之活化主要包含三個獨特路徑,亦即,經典、替代及凝集素路徑(V. M. Holers,In Clinical Immunology : Principles and Practice
, R. R. Rich編, Mosby Press; 1996, 363-391):1)經典路徑為鈣/鎂依賴性級聯,其通常藉由形成抗原-抗體複合體活化。其亦可以抗體非依賴性方式,藉由結合C反應蛋白,與配體錯合,且藉由許多包括革蘭氏陰性菌之病原體來活化。2)替代路徑為鎂依賴性級聯,其藉由在某些敏感表面(例如,酵母及細菌之單元壁多糖及某些生物聚合物材料)上沈積及活化C3來活化。3)凝集素路徑涉及甘露糖結合凝集素之初始結合及C2及C4之後續活化,其對於經典路徑常見(Matsushita, M.等人,J . Exp . Med .
176:1497-1502 (1992);Suankratay, C.等人,J . Immunol
. 160:3006-3013 (1998))。
補體路徑之活化產生補體蛋白之生物活性片段,例如C3a、C4a及C5a過敏毒素及C5b-9攻膜複合體(MAC),其全部均藉由以下介導發炎反應:影響白血球趨化性;活化巨噬細胞、嗜中性球、血小板、肥大細胞及內皮細胞;及增加血管滲透性、細胞溶解及組織損傷。
補體C5a為補體系統之最強力促發炎介體之一。(在引發發炎反應時,以莫耳計,過敏性C5a肽比C3a強效100倍。) C5a為C5之經活化形式(190 kD,分子量)。C5a以80 μg/ml存在於人類血清中(Kohler, P. F.等人,J . Immunol
. 99:1211-1216 (1967))。其由大致分子量分別為115 kD及75 kD之兩個多肽鏈α及β構成(Tack, B. F.等人,Biochemistry
18:1490-1497 (1979))。在生物合成為單鏈預分子的情況下,C5在處理及分泌期間經酶裂解為雙鏈結構。在裂解後,兩個鏈藉由至少一個二硫鍵以及非共價相互作用保持在一起(Ooi, Y. M.等人,J . Immunol
. 124:2494-2498(1980))。
C5在補體路徑活化期間裂解為C5a及C5b片段。負責用於C5活化之轉化酶為經典路徑之C4b、C2a及C3b與替代路徑之(C3b)2
、Bb及P的多亞基複合體(Goldlust, M. B.等人,J . Immunol .
113:998-1007 (1974);Schreiber, R. D.等人,Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci .
75:3948-3952 (1978))。C5係藉由在α-鏈中之位置74-75 (Arg-Leu)處之裂解活化。在活化後,釋放來自α-鏈之胺基端部分之11.2 kD的74胺基酸肽C5a。C5a及C3a兩者為嗜中性球及單核球之強效刺激劑(Schindler, R.等人,Blood
76:1631-1638 (1990);Haeffner-Cavaillon, N.等人,J . Immunol .
138:794-700 (1987);Cavaillon, J. M.等人,Eur . J . Immunol .
20:253-257 (1990))。
除其過敏毒性性質以外,C5a誘導嗜中性球(Ward, P. A.等人,J . Immunol .
102:93-99 (1969))、嗜酸性球(Kay, A. B.等人,Immunol .
24:969-976 (1973))、嗜鹼性球(Lett-Brown, M. A.等人,J . Immunol .
117:246-252 (1976))及單核球(Snyderman, R.等人,Proc . Soc . Exp . Biol . Med .
138:387-390 (1971))之趨化性遷移。C5a及C5b-9兩者活化內皮細胞以表現對於經活化白血球之螯合作用而言基本的黏著分子,其介導組織發炎及損傷(Foreman, K. E.等人,J . Clin . Invest
. 94:1147-1155 (1994);Foreman, K. E.等人,Inflammation
20:1-9 (1996);Rollins, S. A.等人,Transplantation
69:1959-1967 (2000))。C5a亦藉由引起平滑肌收縮,增加血管滲透性,誘導嗜鹼性球及肥大細胞脫粒及誘導溶酶體蛋白酶及氧自由基之釋放來介導發炎反應(Gerard, C.等人,Ann . Rev . Immunol .
12:775-808 (1994))。此外,C5a藉由增加TNF-α、IL-1-β、IL-6、IL-8、前列腺素及白三烯之產生調節肝急性期基因表現且增強整體免疫反應(Lambris, J. D.等人,The Human Complement System in Health and Disease
, Volanakis, J. E.編,Marcel Dekker, New York, 第83-118頁)。
認為C5a之過敏性及趨化性效應係經由其與C5a受體之相互作用介導。人類C5a受體(C5aR)為52 kD膜結合之G蛋白偶合受體,且經表現於嗜中性球、單核球、嗜鹼性球、嗜酸性球、肝細胞、肺平滑肌及內皮細胞以及腎小球組織上(Van-Epps, D. E.等人,J . Immunol .
132:2862-2867 (1984);Haviland, D. L.等人,J . Immunol .
154:1861-1869 (1995);Wetsel, R. A.,Immunol
. Leff. 44:183-187 (1995);Buchner, R. R.等人,J . Immunol .
155:308-315 (1995);Chenoweth, D. E.等人,Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci .
75:3943-3947 (1978);Zwirner, J.等人,Mol . Immunol .
36:877-884 (1999))。C5aR之配體結合位點為複合體且由至少兩個實體可分離結合域組成。一個結合域結合C5a胺基端(胺基酸1-20)及二硫連接核心(胺基酸21-61),而第二個結合域結合C5a羧基端(胺基酸62-74) (Wetsel, R. A.,Curr . Opin . Immunol .
7:48-53 (1995))。
C5a在發炎及組織損傷中起重要作用。在心肺繞通及血液透析中,由於在人血與心肺機或腎透析機之人工表面接觸時活化替代補體路徑而形成C5a (Howard, R. J.等人,Arch . Surg .
123:1496-1501 (1988);Kirklin, J. K.等人,Cardiovasc . Surg .
86:845-857 (1983);Craddock, P. R.等人,N . Engl . J . Med .
296:769-774 (1977))。C5a引起毛細管滲透性增加,及水腫、支氣管收縮、肺血管收縮、白血球及血小板活化及對組織(尤其為肺)之滲透(Czermak, B. J.等人,J . Leukoc . Biol .
64:40-48 (1998))。抗C5a單株抗體之投與經展示為減少心肺繞通及心臟麻痹誘導之冠狀內皮細胞功能不良(Tofukuji, M.等人,J
.Thorac . Cardiovasc . Surg .
116:1060-1068 (1998))。
C5a亦參與急性呼吸窘迫症候群(ARDS)、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)及多重器官衰竭(MOF) (Hack, C. E.等人,Am . J . Med .
1989:86:20-26;Hammerschmidt DE等人, Lancet
1980;1:947-949;Heideman M.等人,J . Trauma
1984; 4:1038-1043;Marc, MM,等人, Am . J . Respir . Cell and Mol . Biol .
, 2004:31:216-219)。C5a增強兩個重要促發炎細胞介素TNF-α及IL-1之單核球產生。C5a亦經展示為在敗血性休克之動物模型中之組織損傷,且尤其為肺損傷之發展中起重要作用(Smedegard G等人,Am . J . Pathol .
1989;135:489-497;Markus, S.等人, FASEB Journal
(2001), 15:568-570)。在使用大鼠、豬及非人類靈長類動物之敗血症模型中,投與至用內毒素或大腸桿菌治療之前的動物之抗C5a抗體導致組織損傷減少以及IL-6之產生減少(Smedegard, G.等人,Am . J . Pathol .
135:489-497 (1989);Hopken, U.等人,Eur . J . Immunol .
26:1103-1109 (1996);Stevens, J. H.等人,J . Clin . Invest
. 77:1812-1816 (1986))。更重要的係,用抗C5a多株抗體阻斷C5a已經展示為顯著改良大鼠敗血症之盲腸結紮/穿刺模型中之存活率(Czermak, B.J.等人,Nat. Med. 5:788-792 (1999))。此模型共用人類敗血症之臨床表現的許多態樣。(Parker, S.J.等人, Br. J. Surg
. 88:22-30 (2001)). 在同一敗血症模型中,抗C5a抗體經展示為抑制胸腺細胞之細胞凋亡(Guo, R.F.等人,J . Clin . Invest
. 106:1271-1280 (2000))及預防MOF (Huber-Lang, M.等人, J . Immunol
. 166:1193-1199 (2001))。抗C5a抗體亦在大鼠肺損傷眼鏡蛇毒因子模型中且在免疫複合體誘導之肺損傷方面有保護作用(Mulligan, M. S.等人,J . Clin . Invest
. 98:503-512 (1996))。稍後在小鼠中確認C5a在免疫複合體介導之肺損傷的重要性(Bozic, C. R.等人,Science
26:1103-1109 (1996))。
發現C5a為心肌缺血-再灌注損傷中之長軸介體。補體消耗減少小鼠之心肌梗塞面積(Weisman, H. F.等人,Science
249:146-151 (1990)),且用抗C5a抗體治療減少後肢缺血-再灌注之大鼠模型中之損傷 (Bless, N. M.等人,Am . J . Physiol
. 276:L57-L63 (1999))。在用單株抗C5a IgG治療之豬中亦顯著減少心肌梗塞期間之再灌注損傷(Amsterdam, E. A.等人,Am . J . Physiol .
268:H448-H457 (1995))。重組人類C5aR拮抗劑減少手術性血管再形成之豬模型中之梗塞面積(Riley, R. D.等人,J . Thorac . Cardiovasc . Surg .
120:350-358 (2000))。
C5a促進之嗜中性球亦導致許多大皰性疾病(例如大皰性類天疱瘡、尋常天疱瘡及落葉性天疱瘡)。其為在臨床上由無菌氣泡表徵的慢性及復發性發炎病症,該等無菌氣泡出現在皮膚及黏膜之表皮下空間中。雖然認為對位於皮膚基底膜之角質細胞的自體抗體係自底層基底膜分離表皮基底角質細胞的基礎,但氣泡亦藉由嗜中性球於上皮層中及泡腔內之積聚表徵。在實驗模型中,減少嗜中性球或不存在補體(全或C5-選擇性)可甚至在高自體抗體效價之存在下抑制表皮下氣泡之形成。
患有類風濕性關節炎(Jose, P. J.等人,Ann . Rheum . Dis
. 49:747-752 (1990);Grant, E.P.等人,J . of Exp . Med .
, 196(11):1461-1471, (2002))、狼瘡性腎炎(Bao, L.等人,Eur . J . of Immunol .
, 35(8), 2496-2506, (2005))及全身性紅斑性狼瘡症(SLE) (Porcel, J. M.等人,Clin . Immunol . Immunopathol .
74:283-288 (1995))中的補體含量升高。C5a含量與疾病病況之嚴重程度相關。小鼠及大鼠中之膠原蛋白誘發之關節炎類似於人類的類風濕性關節炎疾病。缺乏C5a受體之小鼠表明完全預防藉由注射單株抗膠原蛋白Ab誘發之關節炎(Banda, N.K.等人,J. of Immunol., 2003, 171:2109-2115)。因此,抑制C5a及/或C5a受體(C5aR)可有助於治療此等慢性疾病。
認為補體系統在患有發炎性腸病(IBD)之患者中活化且其被視為在疾病發病機制中起作用。在表面上皮細胞之細胞腔表面處以及IBD患者中之肌層黏膜及黏膜下層血管中發現經活化補體產物(Woodruff, T.M.等人,J of Immunol
., 2003, 171:5514-5520)。
上調人類中樞神經系統中之反應性星形膠質細胞、微神經膠質細胞及內皮細胞上之C5aR表現(Gasque, P.等人,Am . J . Pathol .
150:31-41 (1997))。C5a可能參與神經退化性疾病,諸如阿茲海默症疾病(Mukherjee, P.等人,J . Neuroimmunol .
105:124-130 (2000);O'Barr, S.等人,J . Neuroimmunol .
(2000) 105:87-94;Farkas, I.等人,J . Immunol .
(2003) 170:5764-5771)、帕金森氏病、皮克病及傳染性海綿狀腦病。神經元C5aR之活化可誘導細胞凋亡(Farkas I等人,J. Physiol .
1998; 507:679-687)。因此,抑制C5a及/或C5aR亦可有助於治療神經退化性疾病。
部分證據表明,C5a產生惡化與異位性皮膚炎(Neuber, K.等人,Immunology
73:83-87, (1991))及慢性蕁麻疹(Kaplan, A.P.,J . Allergy Clin . Immunol .
114; 465-474, (2004))相關之發炎。
牛皮癬現被稱為T細胞介導之疾病(Gottlieb, E. L.等人,Nat . Med
. 1:442-447 (1995))。然而,嗜中性球及肥大細胞亦可參與疾病發病機制(Terui, T.等人,Exp . Dermatol
. 9:1-10; 2000);Werfel, T.等人,Arch . Dermatol . Res
. 289:83-86 (1997))。在牛皮癬性斑之重度發炎區域中觀測到嗜中性球積聚於角質層下,且牛皮癬性病灶(鱗)萃取物含有高度高含量之C5a且呈現對於嗜中性球之強效趨化性活性,即可藉由添加C5a抗體抑制之效應。T細胞及嗜中性球係藉由C5a化學引誘(Nataf, S.等人,J . Immunol .
162:4018-4023 (1999);Tsuji, R. F.等人,J . Immunol .
165:1588-1598 (2000);Cavaillon, J. M.等人,Eur . J . Immunol .
20:253-257 (1990))。此外,已在自皮膚紅斑性狼瘡之病灶分離之漿細胞樣樹突狀細胞(pDC)中證明C5aR之表現,且此等細胞經展示為顯示針對C5a之趨化性行為,表明在pDC上阻斷C5aR可能有效用於減少至呈SLE及牛皮癬之發炎皮膚中之pDC浸潤。因此,C5a可為用於治療牛皮癬之重要治療靶標。
含有免疫球蛋白G之免疫複合體(IC)促成多種自體免疫疾病之病理生理學,該等多種自體免疫疾病諸如為全身性紅斑狼瘡、類風濕性關節炎、休格連氏疾病、古德巴士德氏症候群及過敏性肺炎(Madaio, M. P.,Semin . Nephrol .
19:48-56 (1999);Korganow, A. S.等人,Immunity
10:451-459 (1999);Bolten, W. K.,Kidney Int .
50:1754-1760 (1996);Ando, M.等人,Curr . Opin . Pulm . Med
. 3:391-399 (1997))。此等疾病為高度異質的且大體上影響一或多種器官中之一或多者:皮膚、血管、關節、腎臟、心臟、肺、神經系統及肝(包括肝硬化及肝纖維化)。此等IC疾病中之發炎反應之經典動物模型為阿瑟氏反應,其特徵在於多形核細胞之浸潤、出血及血漿泌出(Arthus, M.,C . R . Soc . Biol
. 55:817-824 (1903))。近期研究表明,使缺乏C5aR之小鼠免受藉由IC誘發之組織損傷影響(Kohl, J.等人,Mol . Immunol .
36:893-903 (1999);Baumann, U.等人, J . Immunol .
164:1065-1070 (2000))。結果與以下觀測相一致:小型肽抗C5aR拮抗劑抑制由IC沈積引起之發炎反應(Strachan, A. J.等人,J . Immunol
. 164:6560-6565 (2000))。C5a與其受體一起在IC疾病之發病機制中起重要作用。C5a及C5aR之抑制劑可用於治療此等疾病。相關技術之描述
基於非肽之C5a受體拮抗劑已經報導為有效用於治療大鼠之內毒素休克(Stracham, A.J.等人,J . of Immunol .
(2000), 164(12):6560-6565)及用於治療大鼠模型中之IBD (Woodruff, T.M.等人,J of Immunol
., 2003, 171:5514-5520)。基於非肽之C5a受體調節劑亦描述於Neurogen公司之專利文獻中(例如,WO2004/043925、WO2004/018460、WO2005/007087、WO03/082826、WO03/08828、WO02/49993、WO03/084524);Dompe S.P.A. (WO02/029187);The University of Queenland (WO2004/100975);及ChemoCentryx (WO2010/075257)。
文獻中存在相當多的實驗性證據表明提高之C5a含量伴有多種疾病及病症,尤其自體免疫及發炎疾病及病症。因此,此項技術中仍需要C5a受體(C5aR)之新的小型有機分子調節劑(例如,促效劑(較佳為拮抗劑),部分促進劑),其適用於抑制與增加之過敏毒素活性含量相關聯之致病事件(例如,趨化性)。本發明實現此需求及其他需求。
在一個態樣中,本發明提供式(I
)化合物:(I) 或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽,其中, 環頂點A1
選自由以下組成之群:N、CH、C(O)及C(R4
); 環頂點A2
選自由以下組成之群:N、CH及C(R4
); 環頂點A3
、A4
、A5
及A6
中之各者獨立地選自由以下組成之群:CH及C(R4
); 帶虛線之鍵中之各者獨立地指示單或雙鍵; R1
選自由以下組成之群:-C1 - 8
伸烷基-雜芳基、-C1 - 8
伸烷基-C6 - 10
芳基、C1 - 8
烷基、C1 - 8
鹵烷基、-C(O)-C1 - 8
烷基、-C(O)-C6 - 10
芳基、-C(O)-雜芳基、-C(O)-C3 - 6
環烷基、-C(O)-雜環烷基、-C(O)NR1a
R1b
、-SO2
-C6 - 10
芳基、-SO2
-雜芳基、-C(O)-C1 - 8
伸烷基-O-雜芳基、-C(O)-C1 - 8
伸烷基-O-C6 - 10
芳基、-C(O)-C1 - 8
伸烷基-O-雜環烷基、-C(O)-C1 - 8
伸烷基-O-C3 - 6
環烷基、-C(O)-C1 - 8
伸烷基-雜芳基、-C(O)-C1 - 8
伸烷基-C6 - 10
芳基、-C(O)-C1 - 8
伸烷基-雜環烷基、-C(O)-C1 - 8
伸烷基-C3 - 6
環烷基及-CO2
R1a
; 該雜環烷基為4員至8員環,其具有1至3個雜原子作為選自N、O及S之環頂點;且該雜芳基為5員至10員芳環,其具有1至3個雜原子作為選自N、O及S之環頂點; 其中R1a
及R1b
各自獨立地選自由以下組成之群:氫、C1 - 8
烷基及C1-8
鹵烷基; 其中R1
視情況經1至5個R5
取代基取代; R2a
及R2e
各自獨立地選自由以下組成之群:C1 - 6
烷基、C1 - 6
烷氧基、C1 - 6
鹵烷基、-O-C1 - 6
鹵烷基、-S-C1 - 6
烷基、-C1 - 6
烷基-O-C1 - 6
烷基、-C1 - 6
烷基-S-C1 - 6
烷基、CN及鹵素; R2b
、R2c
及R2d
各自獨立地選自由以下組成之群:氫、C1 - 6
烷基、C1 - 6
烷氧基、C1 - 6
鹵烷基、-O-C1 - 6
鹵烷基、-S-C1 - 6
烷基、-C1 - 6
烷基-O-C1 - 6
烷基、-C1 - 6
烷基-S-C1 - 6
烷基、氰基及鹵素; 各R3
獨立地選自由以下組成之群:C1 - 6
烷基、C1 - 6
鹵烷基、鹵素及羥基,且同一碳原子上之視情況選用之兩個R3
基團經組合以形成側氧基(=O)或形成三員至五員環烷基環; 各R4
獨立地選自由以下組成之群:C1 - 6
烷基、C1 - 6
烷氧基、C1 - 6
羥基烷基、C1 - 6
鹵烷基、C1 - 6
鹵烷氧基、-O-C1 - 6
鹵烷基、鹵素、氰基、羥基、-S-C1 - 6
烷基、-C1 - 6
烷基-O-C1 - 6
烷基、-C1 - 6
烷基-S-C1 - 6
烷基、-NR4a
R4b
、-CONR4a
R4b
、-CO2
R4a
、-COR4a
、-OC(O)NR4a
R4b
、-NR4a
C(O)R4b
、-NR4a
C(O)2
R4b
及-NR4a
-C(O)NR4a
R4b
; 各R4a
及R4b
獨立地選自由以下組成之群:氫、C1 - 4
烷基及C1 - 4
鹵烷基; 各R5
獨立地選自由以下組成之群:C1 - 8
烷基、C1 - 8
烷氧基、C1 - 8
鹵烷基、C1 - 8
鹵烷氧基、C1 - 8
羥基烷基、-C1 - 8
伸烷基-雜環烷基、-C1 - 8
伸烷基-C3 - 6
環烷基、C3 - 6
環烷基、雜環烷基、鹵素、OH、C2 - 8
烯基、C2 - 8
炔基、CN、C(O)R5a
、-NR5b
C(O)R5a
、-CONR5a
R5b
、-NR5a
R5b
、-C1 - 8
伸烷基-NR5a
R5b
、-S-C1 - 6
烷基、-C1 - 6
伸烷基-O-C1 - 6
烷基、-C1 - 6
伸烷基-S-C1 - 6
烷基、-OC(O)NR5a
R5b
、-NR5a
C(O)2
R5b
、-NR5a
-C(O)NR5b
R5b
及CO2
R5a
: 其中雜環烷基為4員至8員環,其具有1至3個雜原子作為選自N、O及S之環頂點; 其中各R5a
及R5b
獨立地選自由以下組成之群:氫、C1 - 8
烷基及C1 - 8
鹵烷基,或當R5a
及R5b
連接於同一氮原子時,其與氮原子組合,形成5員至6員環,其具有0至1個額外雜原子作為選自N、O或S之環頂點;及 下標n為0、1、2或3。
除本文所提供之化合物之外,本發明進一步提供含有一或多種此等化合物之醫藥組合物以及在治療方法中使用此等化合物以主要治療與C5a信號傳導活性相關之疾病的方法。
在又一態樣中,本發明提供診斷個體中之疾病之方法。在此等方法中,本文所提供之化合物以經標記形式投與至個體,隨後進行診斷成像來判定C5aR之存在或不存在及/或表現C5aR受體之細胞之定位。在一相關態樣中,藉由使組織或血液樣品與如本文所提供之經標記化合物接觸且判定樣品中之C5aR之存在、不存在、量或定位來進行診斷疾病之方法。
相關申請之交叉參考
本申請案為主張2017年5月31日申請之美國臨時申請案第62/513,025號之35 U.S.C. § 119(e)下之權益的申請案,該申請案以全文引用之方式併入本文中。I. 縮寫及定義
除非另有說明,否則術語「烷基」單獨或作為另一取代基之一部分意謂具有所指定數目之碳原子之直鏈或分支鏈烴基(亦即,C1-8
意謂一至八個碳)。烷基之實例包括甲基、乙基、正丙基、異丙基、正丁基、第三丁基、異丁基、第二丁基、正戊基、正己基、正庚基、正辛基及其類似者。術語「烯基」係指具有一或多個雙鍵之不飽和烷基。類似地,術語「炔基」係指具有一或多個參鍵之不飽和烷基。此等不飽和烷基之實例包括乙烯基、2-丙烯基、巴豆基、2-異戊烯基、2-(丁二烯基)、異丁烯基、2,4-戊二烯基、3-(1,4-戊二烯基)、乙炔基、1-丙炔基及3-丙炔基、3-丁炔基及高級同源物及異構體。術語「環烷基」係指具有指定數目之環原子(例如C3 - 6
環烷基)且完全飽和或在環頂點之間具有不超過一個雙鍵之烴環。「環烷基」亦意謂指雙環及多環烴環,諸如雙環[2.2.1]庚烷、雙環[2.2.2]辛烷等。術語「雜環烷基」係指含有一至五個選自N、O及S之雜原子之環烷基,其中氮及硫原子視情況經氧化且氮原子視情況經四級銨化。雜環烷基可為單環、雙環或多環系統。雜環烷基之非限制性實例包括吡咯啶、咪唑啶、吡唑啶、丁內醯胺、戊內醯胺、咪唑啶酮、乙內醯脲、二氧雜環戊烷、鄰苯二甲醯亞胺、哌啶、1,4-二噁烷、嗎啉、硫代嗎啉、硫代嗎啉-S-氧化物、硫代嗎啉-S,S-氧化物、哌嗪、哌喃、吡啶酮、3-吡咯啉、硫代哌喃、吡喃酮、四氫呋喃、四氫噻吩、啶及其類似者。雜環烷基可經由環碳或雜原子連接至分子之其餘部分。
術語「伸烷基」本身或作為另一取代基之部分意謂衍生自烷烴之二價基團,如藉由-CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
-所例示。通常,烷基(或伸烷基)將具有1至24個碳原子,其中在本發明中彼等具有10個或少於10之碳原子之基團為較佳的。「低碳烷基」或「低碳伸烷基」為較短鏈烷基或伸烷基,一般具有四個或少於四個碳原子。類似地,「伸烯基」及「伸炔基」係指分別具有雙鍵或參鍵之「伸烷基」之不飽和形式。
除非另有說明,否則術語「雜烷基」本身或與另一術語組合意謂穩定的直鏈或分支鏈或環烴基團或其組合,其由所陳述之數目的碳原子組成且一至三個雜原子選自由O、N、Si及S組成之群,且其中氮及硫原子可視情況經氧化且氮雜原子可視情況經四級銨化。雜原子O、N及S可置放於雜烷基之任何內部位置處。雜原子Si可置放於雜烷基之任何位置處,包括烷基與分子之其餘部分連接之位置。實例包括-CH2
-CH2
-O-CH3
、-CH2
-CH2
-NH-CH3
、-CH2
-CH2
-N(CH3
)-CH3
、-CH2
-S-CH2
-CH3
、-CH2
-CH2
,-S(O)-CH3
、-CH2
-CH2
-S(O)2
-CH3
、-CH=CH-O-CH3
、-Si(CH3
)3
、-CH2
-CH=N-OCH3
及-CH=CH-N(CH3
)-CH3
。至多兩個雜原子可為連續的,諸如-CH2
-NH-OCH3
及-CH2
-O-Si(CH3
)3
。類似地,除非另外陳述,否則術語「雜烯基」及「雜炔基」本身或與另一術語組合分別意謂含有所陳述之數目的碳且具有一至三個選自由O、N、Si及S組成之群的雜原子之烯基或炔基,且其中氮及硫原子可視情況經氧化且氮雜原子可視情況經四級銨化。雜原子O、N及S可置放於雜烷基之任何內部位置處。
術語「伸雜烷基」本身或作為另一取代基之部分意謂衍生自雜烷基之飽和或不飽和或多元不飽和二價基團,如-CH2
-CH2
-S-CH2
CH2
-及-CH2
-S-CH2
-CH2
-NH-CH2
-、-O-CH2
-CH=CH-、-CH2
-CH=C(H)CH2
-O-CH2
-及-S-CH2
-C≡C-所例示。對於伸雜烷基而言,雜原子亦可佔據兩個或任一鏈末端(例如伸烷氧基、伸烷二氧基、伸烷基胺基、伸烷基二胺基及其類似者)。
術語「烷氧基」、「烷基胺基」及「烷硫基」(或硫代烷氧基)以其習知含義使用,且指分別經由氧原子、胺基或硫原子連接至分子之其餘部分之彼等烷基。另外,對於二烷基胺基,烷基部分可為相同或不同且亦可經組合以形成具有各連接之氮原子之3員至7員環。因此,表示為-NRa
Rb
之基團意謂包括哌啶基、吡咯啶基、嗎啉基、氮雜環丁基及其類似基團。
術語「羥基烷基」)以其習知含義使用,且指經至少一個羥基取代之分支鏈或直鏈烷基。羥基可位於烷基中之任何位置。舉例而言,術語「C1 - 4
羥基烷基」意謂包括羥甲基、羥乙基、羥丙基、羥基異丙基及其類似者。
除非另外陳述,否則術語「鹵基」或「鹵素」本身或作為另一取代基之部分意謂氟、氯、溴或碘原子。另外,諸如「鹵烷基」之術語意謂包括單鹵烷基及多鹵烷基。舉例而言,術語「C1-4
鹵烷基」意謂包括三氟甲基、2,2,2-三氟乙基、4-氯丁基、3-溴丙基及其類似者。
除非另外說明,否則術語「芳基」意謂多員不飽和、典型地為芳族之烴基,其可為單環或稠合在一起或共價連接之多個環(至多三個環)。術語「雜芳基」係指含有一至五個選自N、O及S之雜原子之芳基(或環),其中氮及硫原子視情況經氧化,且氮原子視情況經四級銨化。雜芳基可經由雜原子連接至分子之其餘部分。芳基之非限制性實例包括苯基、萘基及聯苯基,而雜芳基之非限制性實例包括吡啶基、噠嗪基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基、三嗪基、喹啉基、喹喏啉基、喹唑啉基、㖕啉基、酞嗪基、苯并三嗪基、嘌呤基、苯并咪唑基、苯并吡唑基、苯并三唑基、苯并異噁唑基、異苯并呋喃基、異吲哚基、吲哚嗪基、苯并三嗪基、噻吩并吡啶基、噻吩并嘧啶基、吡唑并嘧啶基、咪唑吡啶、苯并噻唑基、苯并呋喃基、苯并噻吩基、吲哚基、喹啉基、異喹啉基、異噻唑基、吡唑基、吲唑基、喋啶基、咪唑基、三唑基、四唑基、噁唑基、異噁唑基、噻二唑基、吡咯基、噻唑基、呋喃基、噻吩基及其類似基團。上文所提及之芳基及雜芳基環系統中之每一者的取代基選自下文所描述之可接受的取代基之群。
術語「醫藥學上可接受之鹽」意欲包括用相對無毒之酸或鹼製備之活性化合物的鹽,其視本文所描述之化合物上所存在之特定取代基而定。當本發明化合物含有相對酸性官能基時,可藉由使此類化合物之中性形式與足夠量之所需鹼在無溶劑下或在適合的惰性溶劑中接觸來獲得鹼加成鹽。自醫藥學上可接受之無機鹼衍生的鹽之實例包括鋁鹽、銨鹽、鈣鹽、銅鹽、鐵鹽、亞鐵鹽、鋰鹽、鎂鹽、錳鹽、亞錳鹽、鉀鹽、鈉鹽、鋅鹽及其類似鹽。衍生自醫藥學上可接受之有機鹼的鹽包括一級、二級及三級胺之鹽,包括經取代之胺、環狀胺、天然產生之胺及其類似物,諸如精胺酸、甜菜鹼、咖啡因、膽鹼、N,N'-二苯甲基乙二胺、二乙胺、2-二乙胺基乙醇、2-二甲胺基乙醇、乙醇胺、乙二胺、N-乙基嗎啉、N-乙基哌啶、還原葡糖胺、葡糖胺、組胺酸、海卓胺、異丙胺、離胺酸、甲基葡糖胺、嗎啉、哌嗪、哌啶、多元胺樹脂、普魯卡因(procaine)、嘌呤、可可豆鹼、三乙胺、三甲胺、三丙胺、緩血酸胺及其類似物。當本發明之化合物含有相對鹼性的官能基時,酸加成鹽可藉由使此類結合物的中性形式與足夠量之所需酸在無溶劑下或在適合惰性溶劑中接觸來獲得。醫藥學上可接受之酸加成鹽之實例包括:衍生自無機酸之彼等酸加成鹽,該等無機酸如鹽酸、氫溴酸、硝酸、碳酸、一氫碳酸、磷酸、一氫磷酸、二氫磷酸、硫酸、一氫硫酸、氫碘酸或亞磷酸及類似酸;以及衍生自相對無毒之有機酸之鹽,該等有機酸如乙酸、丙酸、異丁酸、丙二酸、苯甲酸、丁二酸、辛二酸、反丁烯二酸、扁桃酸、鄰苯二甲酸、苯磺酸、對甲苯基磺酸、檸檬酸、酒石酸、甲磺酸及類似酸。亦包括諸如精胺酸及其類似酸之胺基酸的鹽,及如葡糖醛酸或半乳糖醛酸及其類似酸之有機酸的鹽(參見例如Berge, S.M.,等人, 「Pharmaceutical Salts」,Journal of Pharmaceutical Science
,1977
, 66, 1-19)。本發明之某些特定化合物含有允許化合物轉化成鹼加成鹽或酸加成鹽之鹼性及酸性官能基兩者。
化合物之中性形式可藉由使鹽與鹼或酸接觸且以習知方式分離母體化合物而再生。化合物之母體形式與各種鹽形式的不同之處在於某些物理特性,諸如在極性溶劑中之溶解性,但出於本發明之目的,在其他方面,鹽等效於化合物之母體形式。
除鹽形式以外,本發明提供呈前藥形式之化合物。本文所描述之化合物之前藥為容易在生理條件下經歷化學變化以提供本發明化合物之彼等化合物。另外,前藥可藉由化學方法或生物化學方法在離體環境中轉化成本發明之化合物。舉例而言,當前藥與適合的酶或化學試劑一起置於經皮貼片儲集層中時,其可緩慢轉化成本發明化合物。
某些本發明化合物可以未溶劑化形式及溶劑化形式(包括水合形式)存在。一般而言,溶劑化形式等效於未溶劑化形式,且意欲包涵於本發明範疇內。本發明之某些化合物可以多種結晶形式或非晶形式存在。一般而言,所有物理形式皆等同地用於本發明涵蓋之用途且意欲在本發明範疇內。
某些本發明化合物具有不對稱碳原子(光學中心)或雙鍵;外消旋體、非對映異構體、幾何異構體、區位異構體及個別異構體(例如個別對映異構體)均意欲涵蓋於本發明之範疇內。本發明化合物亦可在構成此等化合物之原子中之一或多者處含有非天然比例之原子同位素。舉例而言,化合物可經諸如氚(3
H)、碘-125 (125
I)或碳-14 (14
C)之放射性同位素進行放射性標記。本發明化合物之所有同位素變體無論是否具放射性均意欲涵蓋於本發明之範疇內。
如本文所用,在本文所描繪之任何化學結構中與單鍵、雙鍵或參鍵相交之波浪線「」表示單鍵、雙鍵或參鍵與分子之其餘部分之連接點。II. 實施例之描述 A. 化合物
在一個態樣中,本發明提供式(I
)化合物:(I) 或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽,其中, 環頂點A1
選自由以下組成之群:N、CH、C(O)及C(R4
); 環頂點A2
選自由以下組成之群:N、CH及C(R4
); 環頂點A3
、A4
、A5
及A6
中之各者獨立地選自由以下組成之群:CH及C(R4
); 帶虛線之鍵中之各者獨立地指示單或雙鍵; R1
選自由以下組成之群:-C1 - 8
伸烷基-雜芳基、-C1 - 8
伸烷基-C6 - 10
芳基、C1 - 8
烷基、C1 - 8
鹵烷基、-C(O)-C1 - 8
烷基、-C(O)-C6 - 10
芳基、-C(O)-雜芳基、-C(O)-C3 - 6
環烷基、-C(O)-雜環烷基、-C(O)NR1a
R1b
、-SO2
-C6 - 10
芳基、-SO2
-雜芳基、-C(O)-C1 - 8
伸烷基-O-雜芳基、-C(O)-C1 - 8
伸烷基-O-C6 - 10
芳基、-C(O)-C1 - 8
伸烷基-O-雜環烷基、-C(O)-C1 - 8
伸烷基-O-C3 - 6
環烷基、-C(O)-C1 - 8
伸烷基-雜芳基、-C(O)-C1 - 8
伸烷基-C6 - 10
芳基、-C(O)-C1 - 8
伸烷基-雜環烷基、-C(O)-C1 - 8
伸烷基-C3 - 6
環烷基及-CO2
R1a
;該雜環烷基為4員至8員環,其具有1至3個雜原子作為選自N、O及S之環頂點;且該雜芳基為5員至10員芳環,其具有1至3個雜原子作為選自N、O及S之環頂點; 其中R1a
及R1b
各自獨立地選自由以下組成之群:氫、C1 - 8
烷基及C1 - 8
鹵烷基; 其中R1
視情況經1至5個R5
取代基取代; R2a
及R2e
各自獨立地選自由以下組成之群:C1 - 6
烷基、C1 - 6
烷氧基、C1 - 6
鹵烷基、-O-C1 - 6
鹵烷基、-S-C1 - 6
烷基、-C1 - 6
烷基-O-C1 - 6
烷基、-C1 - 6
烷基-S-C1 - 6
烷基、CN及鹵素; R2b
、R2c
及R2d
各自獨立地選自由以下組成之群:氫、C1 - 6
烷基、C1 - 6
烷氧基、C1 - 6
鹵烷基、-O-C1 - 6
鹵烷基、-S-C1 - 6
烷基、-C1 - 6
烷基-O-C1 - 6
烷基、-C1 - 6
烷基-S-C1 - 6
烷基、氰基及鹵素; 各R3
獨立地選自由以下組成之群:C1 - 6
烷基、C1 - 6
鹵烷基、鹵素及羥基,且同一碳原子上之視情況選用之兩個R3
基團經組合以形成側氧基(=O)或形成三員至五員環烷基環; 各R4
獨立地選自由以下組成之群:C1 - 6
烷基、C1 - 6
烷氧基、C1 - 6
羥基烷基、C1 - 6
鹵烷基、C1 - 6
鹵烷氧基、-O-C1 - 6
鹵烷基、鹵素、氰基、羥基、-S-C1 - 6
烷基、-C1 - 6
烷基-O-C1 - 6
烷基、-C1 - 6
烷基-S-C1 - 6
烷基、-NR4a
R4b
、-CONR4a
R4b
、-CO2
R4a
、-COR4a
、-OC(O)NR4a
R4b
、-NR4a
C(O)R4b
、-NR4a
C(O)2
R4b
及-NR4a
-C(O)NR4a
R4b
; 各R4a
及R4b
獨立地選自由以下組成之群:氫、C1 - 4
烷基及C1 - 4
鹵烷基; 各R5
獨立地選自由以下組成之群:C1 - 8
烷基、C1 - 8
烷氧基、C1 - 8
鹵烷基、C1 - 8
鹵烷氧基、C1 - 8
羥基烷基、-C1 - 8
伸烷基-雜環烷基、-C1 - 8
伸烷基-C3 - 8
環烷基、C3 - 6
環烷基、雜環烷基、鹵素、OH、C2 - 8
烯基、C2 - 8
炔基、CN、C(O)R5a
、-NR5b
C(O)R5a
、-CONR5a
R5b
、-NR5a
R5b
、-C1 - 8
伸烷基-NR5a
R5b
、-S-C1 - 6
烷基、-C1 - 6
伸烷基-O-C1 - 6
烷基、-C1 - 6
伸烷基-S-C1 - 6
烷基、-OC(O)NR5a
R5b
、-NR5a
C(O)2
R5b
、-NR5a
-C(O)NR5b
R5b
及-CO2
R5a
:其中雜環烷基為4員至8員環,其具有1至3個雜原子作為選自N、O及S之環頂點; 其中各R5a
及R5b
獨立地選自由以下組成之群:氫、C1 - 8
烷基及C1 - 8
鹵烷基,或當R5a
及R5b
連接於同一氮原子時,其與氮原子組合,形成5員至6員環,其具有0至1個額外雜原子作為選自N、O或S之之環頂點;及 下標n為0、1、2或3。
在一些實施例中,關注具有A1
、A2
、A3
、A4
、A5
及A6
作為環頂點之環部分,具有A1
、A2
、A3
、A4
、A5
及A6
作為環頂點之環部分為選自以下之雙環雜芳基:其中m為0、1、2或3;且其中R4
取代基可連接於雙環雜芳基之任何適合的碳環頂點。
在一些實施例中,具有A1
、A2
、A3
、A4
、A5
及A6
作為環頂點之環部分為:其中m為0、1、2或3;其中R4
取代基可連接於雙環雜芳基之任何適合的碳環頂點。
在一些實施例中,各R4
獨立地為C1 - 4
烷基、C1 - 4
烷氧基、C1 - 6
羥基烷基、鹵素、氰基及-CO2
R4a
,其中R4a
如上所定義,且其中R4
取代基可連接於雙環雜芳基之任何適合的碳環頂點。
熟習此項技術者將認識到,具有A1
、A2
、A3
、A4
、A5
及A6
之環部分之特定碳原子無法經R4
取代。舉例而言,將雙環雜芳基部分連接於分子之其餘部分之碳原子(亦即,具有A1
、A2
、A3
、A4
、A5
及A6
之環部分)及為稠合雙環雜芳基部分中之兩個環系統之成員的碳原子(亦即,為苯及五員系統兩者中之環頂點的兩個碳原子)無法經R4
取代,係因為額外取代基將超出此等碳原子之價數。
在一些實施例中,具有A1
、A2
、A3
、A4
、A5
及A6
作為環頂點之環部分係選自由以下組成之群: 。
在一些實施例中,具有A1
、A2
、A3
、A4
、A5
及A6
作為環頂點之環部分係選自由以下組成之群:。
轉向R1
及任選取代基R5
,在一些實施例中,R1
為-C1 - 8
伸烷基-雜芳基、-C1 - 8
伸烷基-C6 - 10
芳基、C1 - 8
烷基、C1 - 8
鹵烷基、-C(O)-C1 - 8
烷基、-C(O)-C6 - 10
芳基、-C(O)-雜芳基、-C(O)-C3 - 8
環烷基、-C(O)NR1a
R1b
、-SO2
-C6 - 10
芳基、-C(O)-C1 - 8
伸烷基-O-C6 - 10
芳基或-CO2
R1a
; 其中R1a
及R1b
、雜環烷基及雜芳基如上文所定義,且其中R1
視情況經1至5個R5
取代基取代。
在一些實施例中,R1
或R5
之雜環烷基為4員至6員環,其具有1至3個雜原子作為N、O及S之環頂點。在一些實施例中,R1
或R5
之雜環烷基為5員至6員芳環,其具有1至3個雜原子作為N、O及S之環頂點。在一些實施例中,R1
之C6 - 10
芳基為苯基。
在一些實施例中,R1
為視情況經1至3個R5
取代之-CH2
-苯基。
在一些實施例中,各R5
獨立地為C1-8
烷基、C1-8
烷氧基、C1-8
鹵烷基、C1-8
鹵烷氧基、C1-8
羥基烷基、C3-6
環烷基、鹵素、OH、-NR5a
R5b
或CO2
R5a
,其中各R5a
及R5b
獨立地選自由以下組成之群:氫、C1-8
烷基及C1-8
鹵烷基。
在一些實施例中,R1
為經取代1或2個R5
取代之-CH2
-苯基,其中各R5
獨立地為C1 - 4
鹵烷基。
在一些實施例中,R1
為經1或2個CF3
取代之-CH2
-苯基。
在一些實施例中,R1
選自由以下組成之群: 。
在一些實施例中, R1
為。
返回至式I及取代基R2a
、R2b
、R2c
、R2d
及R2e
,在一些實施例中,R2a
及R2e
各獨立地為C1 - 6
烷基、C1 - 6
鹵烷基、C1 - 6
烷氧基、-O-C1 - 6
鹵烷基或鹵素。在一些實施例中,R2b
、R2c
及R2d
獨立地為H、C1 - 4
烷基、C1 - 4
鹵烷基或鹵素。
在一些實施例中,R2b
、R2c
及R2d
各為H。
在一些實施例中,R2a
及R2e
各獨立地為C1 - 6
烷基或C1 - 6
鹵烷基。
在一些實施例中,R2a
及R2e
各獨立地為甲基或乙基。在一些實施例中,R2a
及R2e
均為甲基或均為乙基。
在一些實施例中,由以下表示之式I之一部分為。
在一些實施例中,式I之各R3
獨立地為C1 - 6
烷基、C1 - 6
鹵烷基或鹵素。在一些實施例中,各R 3
獨立地為C1 - 4
烷基。
在一些實施例中,R3
之下標n為0、1或2。在一些實施例中,n為0。在一些實施例中,n為2。
在一些實施例中,由以下表示之式I之一部分為。
在一些實施例中,式I化合物由式(Ia)、(Ib)或(Ic)表示。。
在式(I)化合物由式(Ia)表示之實施例中,R1
、R3
、n、R2a
、R2e
及具有A1
、A2
、A3
、A4
、A5
及A6
作為環頂點之環部分係如上文針對式(I)所定義。
在式(I)化合物由式(Ib)表示之實施例中,R1
、R2a
、R2e
及具有A1
、A2
、A3
、A4
、A5
及A6
作為環頂點之環部分係如上文針對式(I)所定義。
在式(I)化合物由式(Ic)表示之實施例中,R1
及具有A1
、A2
、A3
、A4
、A5
及A6
作為環頂點之環部分係如上文針對式(I)所定義。
在一些實施例中,式(I)化合物由式(Id)、(Ie)或(If)表示。
在式(I)化合物由式(Id)表示之實施例中,R1
、R4
、m、R2a
及R2e
係如上文針對式(I)所定義。
在式(I)化合物由式(Ie)表示之實施例中,R1
、R4
及m係如上文針對式(I)所定義。
在式(I)化合物由式(If)表示之實施例中,R5
、R4
及m係如上文針對式(I)所定義,且p為0、1或2。
在一些實施例中,式(I)化合物由式(Ig)或(Ih)表示。
在式(I)化合物由式(Ig)或(Ih)表示之實施例中,R4
及m係如上文針對式(I)所定義。
在一些實施例中,式(I)化合物為實例部分中所描述之化合物。製備化合物
某些本發明化合物可按本文之實例部分中所描述之以下方法製備。此外,亦描述有助於製備本發明化合物之某些中間化合物之合成。B. 醫藥組合物
除上文所提供之化合物以外,用於調節人類及動物中之C5a活性的組合物通常將含有醫藥載劑或稀釋劑。
如本文所用之術語「組合物」意欲涵蓋包含指定量之指定成分的產物,以及由指定量之指定成分的組合直接或間接產生之任何產物。「醫藥學上可接受」意謂載劑、稀釋劑或賦形劑必須與調配物之其他成分相容且對其接受者無害。
用於投與本發明化合物之醫藥組合物宜以單位劑型呈現且可藉由藥劑學及藥物遞送技術中熟知之方法中之任一者製備。所有方法均包括使活性成分與構成一或多種附屬成分之載劑結合的步驟。一般而言,藉由使活性成分與液體載劑或細粉狀固體載劑或兩者均勻且緊密地結合,且隨後必要時使產物成形為所需調配物,來製備醫藥組合物。在醫藥組合物中,活性目標化合物之包括量足以對疾病之過程或病況起所需作用。
含有活性成分之醫藥組合物可呈適用於口服使用之形式,例如作為錠劑、糖衣錠、口含錠、水性或油性懸浮液、可分散粉劑或顆粒、如美國專利第2002-0012680號中所描述之乳液及自身乳化液、硬膠囊或軟膠囊、糖漿劑、酏劑、溶液、口腔貼片、經口凝膠、口嚼錠、咀嚼錠、發泡粉末及發泡錠劑。意欲用於口服使用之組合物可根據用於製造醫藥組合物之此項技術已知之任何方法製備,且此類組合物可含有一或多種選自由以下組成之群的試劑:甜味劑、調味劑、著色劑、抗氧化劑及防腐劑以便提供醫藥學上精緻且適口的製劑。錠劑含有與醫藥學上可接受之無毒賦形劑摻合的活性成分,該等賦形劑適用於製造錠劑。此等賦形劑可為例如惰性稀釋劑,諸如纖維素、二氧化矽、氧化鋁、碳酸鈣、碳酸鈉、葡萄糖、甘露糖醇、山梨糖醇、乳糖、磷酸鈣或磷酸鈉;粒化劑及崩解劑,例如玉米澱粉或褐藻酸;結合劑,例如PVP、纖維素、PEG、澱粉、明膠或阿拉伯膠;及潤滑劑,例如硬脂酸鎂、硬脂酸或滑石。錠劑可不包覆包衣或其可藉由已知技術包覆包衣(腸溶或以其他方式)以延遲在胃腸道中之崩解及吸收,且從而經較長時間段提供持續作用。舉例而言,可採用時間延遲材料,諸如單硬脂酸甘油酯或二硬脂酸甘油酯。其亦可藉由美國專利第4,256,108號、第4,166,452號及第4,265,874號中所描述之技術包覆包衣以形成用於控制釋放之滲透治療錠劑。
用於口服使用之調配物亦可以硬明膠膠囊形式呈現,其中活性成分與惰性固體稀釋劑(例如碳酸鈣、磷酸鈣或高嶺土)混合;或以軟明膠膠囊形式呈現,其中活性成分與水或油狀介質(例如花生油、液體石蠟或橄欖油)混合。另外,乳液可用非水可混溶成分(諸如油)製備且用界面活性劑(諸如單二酸甘油酯、PEG酯及其類似物)穩定化。
水性懸浮液含有與適用於製造水性懸浮液之賦形劑摻合的活性材料。此類賦形劑為懸浮劑,例如羧甲基纖維素鈉、甲基纖維素、羥基-丙基甲基纖維素、海藻酸鈉、聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、黃蓍膠及阿拉伯膠;分散劑或潤濕劑可為天然存在之磷脂,例如卵磷脂,或環氧烷與脂肪酸之縮合產物,例如聚氧乙烯硬脂酸酯,或氧化乙烯與長鏈脂族醇之縮合產物,例如十七伸乙基氧基十六醇,或氧化乙烯與衍生自脂肪酸及己糖醇之偏酯之縮合產物,諸如聚氧乙烯山梨糖醇單油酸酯,或氧化乙烯與衍生自脂肪酸及己糖醇酐之偏酯之縮合產物,例如聚乙烯脫水山梨糖醇單油酸酯。水性懸浮液亦可含有一或多種防腐劑,例如對羥基苯甲酸乙酯或對羥基苯甲酸正丙酯;一或多種著色劑;一或多種調味劑;以及一或多種甜味劑,諸如蔗糖或糖精。
油性懸浮液可藉由使活性成分懸浮於植物油(例如花生油、橄欖油、芝麻油或椰子油)中或礦物油(諸如液體石蠟)中來調配。油性懸浮液可含有增稠劑,例如蜂蠟、硬石蠟或十六醇。可添加甜味劑(諸如上述彼等甜味劑)及調味劑,以提供適口之口服製劑。此等組合物可藉由添加抗氧化劑(諸如抗壞血酸)來保存。
適用於藉由添加水製備水性懸浮液之可分散粉末及顆粒提供活性成分與分散劑或潤濕劑、懸浮劑及一或多種防腐劑之摻合物。適合之分散劑或潤濕劑及懸浮劑由上文已提及之試劑例示。亦可存在其他賦形劑,例如甜味劑、調味劑以及著色劑。
本發明醫藥組合物亦可呈水包油乳液形式。油相可為植物油,例如橄欖油或花油;或礦物油,例如液體石蠟,或此等油之混合物。適合之乳化劑可為天然產生之膠狀物,例如阿拉伯膠或黃蓍膠;天然產生之磷脂,例如大豆、卵磷脂;及衍生自脂肪酸及己醣醇酐之酯或偏酯,例如脫水山梨糖醇單油酸酯;及該等偏酯與氧化乙烯之縮合產物,例如聚氧乙烯脫水山梨糖醇單油酸酯。乳液亦可含有甜味劑及調味劑。
糖漿及酏劑可用例如丙三醇、丙二醇、山梨糖醇或蔗糖之甜味劑來調配。此類調配物亦可含有緩和劑、防腐劑、調味劑及著色劑。口服溶液可與例如環糊精、PEG及界面活性劑組合製備。
醫藥組合物可呈無菌可注射水性或油性懸浮液形式。此懸浮液可根據已知技術使用上文已提及之適合的分散劑或潤濕劑及懸浮劑來調配。無菌可注射製劑亦可為無毒非經腸可接受之稀釋劑或溶劑中之無菌可注射溶液或懸浮液,例如呈1,3-丁二醇中之溶液的形式。在可接受之媒劑及溶劑中,可採用的有水、林格氏溶液及等張氯化鈉溶液。另外,無菌不揮發性油習知用作溶劑或懸浮介質。出於此目的,可採用任何溫和不揮發性油,包括合成單甘油酯或二甘油酯。另外,諸如油酸之脂肪酸可用於製備可注射劑。
本發明化合物亦可以用於直腸投與藥物之栓劑形式投與。此等組合物可藉由將藥物與適合的無刺激性賦形劑混合來製備,該賦形劑在常溫下為固體但在直腸溫度下為液體且因此將在直腸中熔融以釋放藥物。此類材料包括可可脂及聚乙二醇。另外,化合物可藉助於溶液或軟膏經由眼部遞送來投與。再者,本發明化合物之經皮遞送可藉助於離子導入貼片及其類似物實現。對於局部使用,採用含有本發明化合物之乳膏、軟膏、凝膠劑、溶液或懸浮液等。如本文所使用,局部應用亦意謂包括使用漱口水及漱口劑。
本發明之化合物亦可偶合至用作靶向藥物載劑之適合聚合物的載劑。此類聚合物可包括聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、哌喃共聚物、聚羥丙基甲基丙烯醯胺-酚、聚羥乙基天冬醯胺酚或經軟脂醯基殘基取代之聚氧化乙烯-聚離胺酸。此外,本發明化合物可與載劑偶合,該載劑為適用於實現藥物控制釋放之一類生物可降解聚合物,例如聚乳酸、聚乙醇酸、聚乳酸與聚乙醇酸之共聚物、聚ε己內酯、多羥基丁酸、聚原酸酯、聚縮醛、聚二氫哌喃、聚氰基丙烯酸酯及水凝膠之交聯或兩性嵌段共聚物。聚合物及半透性聚合物基質可形成為成型物品,諸如瓣膜、支架、導管、輔具及其類似物。在本發明之一個實施例中,本發明化合物與形成為血管內支架或血管內支架移植物裝置的聚合物或半透性聚合物基質偶合。
本發明之醫藥組合物可用一或多種額外治療劑調配。一或多個額外治療劑可包括皮質類固醇、類固醇、免疫抑制劑或CD 20抑制劑。在一些實施例中,一或多種額外治療劑包括奧濱尤妥珠單抗(obinutuzumab)、利妥昔單抗(rituximab)、奧克珠單抗(ocrelizumab)、環磷醯胺、潑尼松(prednisone)、氫皮質酮、醋酸氫皮質酮、醋酸皮質酮、特戊酸替可的松(tixocortol pivalate)、潑尼龍(prednisolone)、甲基潑尼龍(methylprednisolone)、曲安奈德(triamcinolone acetonide)、曲安西龍醇(triamcinolone alcohol)、糠酸莫米松(mometasone)、安西奈德(amcinonide)、布地奈德(budesonide)、地奈德(desonide)、氟西奈德(fluocinonide)、丙酮化氟新龍(fluocinolone acetonide)、哈西奈德(halcinonide)、倍他米松(betamethasone)、倍他米松磷酸鈉(betamethasone sodium phosphate)、地塞米松(dexamethasone)、地塞米松磷酸鈉(dexamethasone sodium phosphate)、氟可龍(fluocortolone)、氫皮質酮-17-戊酸酯、鹵米松(halometasone)、二丙酸阿氯米松(alclometasone dipropionate)、倍氯米松(beclomethasone)、戊酸倍他米松(betamethasone valerate)、二丙酸倍他米松(betamethasone dipropionate)、潑尼卡酯(prednicarbate)、氯倍他松-17-丁酸酯、氯倍他索-17-丙酸酯、己酸氟可龍、特戊酸氟可龍、醋酸氟潑尼定、氫皮質酮-17-丁酸酯、氫皮質酮-17-醋酸丙酯、氫皮質酮-17-丁丙酸酯、環索奈德(ciclesonide)及潑尼卡酯(prednicarbate)。組合療法之進一步論述包括於本申請案之「使用方法」部分中。C. 使用方法
在多種情形下(活體外及活體內兩者),本發明化合物可用作C5a受體之促效劑、(較佳)拮抗劑、部分促效劑、反向促效劑。在一個實施例中,本發明化合物為C5aR拮抗劑,其可用於抑制C5a受體配體(例如C5a)活體外或活體內結合於C5a受體。大體而言,此類方法包含在C5a受體配體於水溶液之存在下及在其他方面適合於將配體結合於C5a受體之條件下使C5a受體與如本文所提供之足量的一或多種C5a受體調節劑接觸的步驟。C5a受體可存在於懸浮液(例如呈分離膜或細胞製劑之形式)中,經培養或經分離細胞中或組織或器官中。
較佳地,與受體接觸之C5a受體調節劑之量應足以抑制C5a活體外結合於C5a受體,如例如使用如本文所描述之放射性配體結合分析、鈣移動分析或趨化性分析所量測。
在本發明之一個實施例中,本發明之C5a調節劑用於在適合於將調節劑結合於受體之條件下,(例如)藉由使本發明之一或多種化合物與C5a受體接觸(活體外抑或活體內)調節,較佳抑制C5a受體之信號轉導活性。受體可存在於溶液或懸浮液中,於經培養或分離的細胞製劑中或患者內。可藉由偵測對鈣離子鈣移動之作用或藉由偵測對C5a受體介導之細胞趨化性之作用來評估信號轉導活性之任何調節。一般而言,有效量之C5a調節劑為足以在鈣移動分析內調節活體外C5a受體信號轉導活性或在遷移分析內調節C5a受體介導之細胞趨化性的量。
當在活體外趨化性分析中使用本發明化合物來抑制C5a受體介導之細胞趨化性,較佳為白血球(例如嗜中性球)趨化性時,此類方法包含使白血球(詳言之,靈長類白血球,尤其人類白血球)與一或多種本發明化合物接觸。較佳地,濃度足以抑制活體外趨化性分析中之白血球之趨化性,以使得與已添加有本發明化合物之分析中所觀測到之水準相比,對照分析中所觀測到之趨化性水準明顯更高,如上文所描述。
在另一實施例中,本發明化合物進一步可用於治療罹患響應於C5a受體調節之病況的患者。如本文所使用,術語「治療(treating)」或「治療(treatment)」涵蓋疾病改變治療及對症治療兩者,其中之任一者可為預防性的(亦即,在症狀發作之前,以便預防、延遲或降低症狀嚴重程度)或治療性的(亦即,在症狀發作之後,以便降低症狀之嚴重程度及/或持續時間)。如本文所使用,若調節C5a受體活性使得C5a受體之不當活性降低,則認為病況「響應於C5a受體調節」。如本文所使用,術語「患者」包括具有如本文所描述之劑量的靈長類動物(尤其人類)、家養伴侶動物(諸如狗、貓、馬及其類似動物)及家畜(諸如牛、豬、羊及其類似動物)。可藉由 C5a 調節治療的病況:
自體免疫疾病
——例如,類風濕性關節炎、全身性紅斑性狼瘡、格-巴二氏症候群、胰臟炎、狼瘡性腎炎、狼瘡性腎小球腎炎、牛皮癬、克羅恩氏病、血管炎、大腸急躁症、皮肌炎、多發性硬化、支氣管哮喘、密度沈積病、天疱瘡、類天疱瘡、硬皮病、重症肌無力、自體免疫溶血性及血小板減少性病況、古巴士德氏症候群(及相關腎小球腎炎及肺出血)、C3-腎小球病變、C3-腎小球腎炎、膜增生性腎小球腎炎、川崎病、IG腎病、免疫性血管炎、組織移植排斥反應、移植物抗宿主疾病、經移植器官之超急性排斥反應;及類似病症。
發炎病症及相關病況
——例如,嗜中性球減少症、敗血症、敗血性休克、阿茲海默氏病(Alzheimer's disease)、多發性硬化、嗜中性球增多症、中風、發炎性腸病(IBD)、與重度灼傷相關之發炎、肺損傷及缺血-再灌注損傷、骨關節炎以及急性(成人)呼吸窘迫症候群(ARDS)、慢性肺部阻塞性病症(COPD)、全身性發炎反應症候群(SIRS)、異位性皮炎、牛皮癬、慢性蕁麻疹及多器官功能障礙症候群(MODS)、溶血尿毒症症候群、非典型性溶血性尿毒症症候群(aHUS)。亦包括與胰島素依賴型糖尿病(包括糖尿病性視網膜病變)相關的病理性後遺症、狼瘡腎病、海曼腎炎(Heyman nephritis)、膜性腎炎及其他形式之腎小球腎炎、接觸敏感性反應及由血液與可使得補體活化之人造表面接觸(如例如在血液之體外循環期間所進行(例如在血液透析期間或經由心臟-肺臟機器,例如與諸如冠狀動脈繞通移植或心臟瓣膜置換之血管手術結合))引起或與其他人造血管或容器表面(例如心室輔助裝置、人造心臟機器、輸血導管、儲血袋、血漿清除術、血小板清除術及其類似物)接觸引起的發炎。亦包括與缺血/再灌注損傷相關的疾病,諸如由移植(包括實體器官移植)引起的彼等疾病;及症候群,諸如局部缺血性再灌注損傷、局部缺血結腸炎及心臟缺血。本發明之化合物亦可適用於治療年齡相關性黃斑變性(Hageman等人,P.N.A.S
.102
:7227-7232, 2005)。
心血管及腦血管病症
——例如心肌梗塞、冠狀動脈血栓、血管閉塞、手術後血管再閉塞、動脈粥樣硬化、創傷性中樞神經系統損傷及局部缺血心臟病。在一個實施例中,可向處於心肌梗塞或血栓風險下之患者(亦即,具有一或多個心肌梗塞或血栓之所識別之風險因素,諸如(但不限於)肥胖、抽菸、高血壓、高膽固醇血症、心肌梗塞或血栓之前述或基因病史的患者)投與有效量之本發明化合物以降低心肌梗塞或血栓之風險。
癌症疾病或病症
——例如,黑素瘤、肺癌、淋巴瘤、肉瘤、癌瘤、纖維肉瘤、脂肪肉瘤、軟骨肉瘤、骨原性肉瘤、血管肉瘤、淋巴管肉瘤、滑膜瘤、間皮瘤、腦膜瘤、白血病、淋巴瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、橫紋肌肉瘤、鱗狀細胞癌、基底細胞癌、腺癌、乳頭狀癌、囊腺癌、支氣管癌、腎細胞癌、肝細胞癌、移行細胞癌、絨膜癌、精細胞癌、胚胎性瘤、威耳姆士瘤、多形性腺瘤、肝細胞乳頭狀瘤、腎源性小管性腺瘤、囊腺瘤、乳頭瘤、腺瘤、平滑肌瘤、橫紋肌瘤、血管瘤、淋巴管瘤、骨瘤、軟骨瘤、脂肪瘤及纖維瘤。
血管炎疾病
-血管炎疾病之表徵為血管發炎。白血球浸潤導致血管壁受損,且咸信補體路徑在引發白血球遷移以及發炎部位處顯現之所得損害方面起主要作用(Vasculitis,第二版,Ball and Bridges編,牛津大學出版社(Oxford University Press),第47-53頁, 2008)。本發明中所提供之化合物可用於治療白血球破碎性血管炎、抗嗜中性球細胞質抗體(ANCA)相關血管炎、免疫血管炎、韋格納氏肉芽腫病、顯微鏡下多血管炎、徹奇-斯全司症候群、亨諾-絲奇恩賴紫斑病、結節性多動脈炎、快速進行性腎小球腎炎(RPGN)、冷球蛋白血症、巨大細胞動脈炎(GCA)、白塞氏病病及高安氏動脈炎(TAK)。
HIV 感染及 AIDS
——本文提供之C5a受體調節劑可用於抑制HIV感染、延遲AIDS進展或減低症狀或HIV感染及AIDS之嚴重程度。
神經退化性病症及相關疾病
——在其他態樣內,本文所提供之C5a拮抗劑可用於治療阿茲海默氏病、多發性硬化症及與心肺繞通手術及相關程序相關的認知功能下降。
在本發明之一個實施例中,本發明化合物可用於治療選自由以下組成之群的疾病:敗血症(及相關病症)、COPD、類風濕性關節炎、狼瘡性腎炎及多發性硬化症。
本文所提供之治療方法一般包括向患者投與有效量之一或多種本文所提供之化合物。適合的患者包括罹患或易患(亦即,預防治療)本文中所鑑別之病症或疾病的彼等患者。對於如本文所描述之治療,典型的患者包括哺乳動物,詳言之,靈長類動物,尤其人類。其他適合之患者包括家養伴侶動物,諸如狗、貓、馬及其類似動物;或家畜動物,諸如牛、豬、羊及其類似動物。
一般而言,本文所提供之治療方法包含向患者投與有效量之化合物(一或多種本文所提供之化合物)。在一較佳實施例中,本發明化合物較佳經口或局部向患者(例如人類)投與。有效量可為足以調節C5a受體活性之量及/或足以降低或緩解患者所呈現之症狀之量。較佳地,投與量足以產生足夠高以可偵測地抑制活體外白血球(例如嗜中性球)趨化性之化合物(或其活性代謝物,若化合物為前藥)的血漿濃度。治療方案可視所使用之化合物及欲治療之特定病況而變化;對於大多數病症之治療,每天4次或小於4次之投與頻率為較佳的。一般而言,每天2次之給藥方案為更佳的,其中一日一次給藥尤其較佳。然而,應理解,任何特定患者之特定劑量水準及治療方案將視多種因素而定,包括所採用之特定化合物之活性、年齡、體重、一般健康狀況、性別、飲食、投與時間、投與途徑、分泌速率、藥物組合(亦即,向患者投與之其他藥物)及經歷療法之特定疾病之嚴重程度以及開處方醫師之判斷。一般而言,使用足以提供有效療法之最小劑量為較佳的。一般可針對治療有效性,使用適用於所治療或預防之病況之醫學或獸醫學準則,來監測患者。
約為每天約0.1 mg至約140 mg/公斤體重之劑量水準適用於治療或預防涉及病原性C5a活性之病況(每天約0.5 mg至約7 g/人類患者)。可與載劑材料組合產生單一劑型之活性成分之量將視所治療之主體及特定投與模式而變化。單位劑型將一般含有約1 mg至約500 mg之間的活性成分。對於經口、經皮、靜脈內或皮下投與之化合物,較佳的係投與足夠量的化合物以達到5 ng (奈克)/mL-10 μg (微克)/mL血清之血清濃度,更佳應投與足夠的化合物以達到20 ng-1 μg/ml血清之血清濃度,最佳應投與足夠的化合物以達到50 ng/ml-200 ng/ml血清之血清濃度。為直接注射至滑膜(對於關節炎之治療而言)中,應投與足夠的化合物以達到約1微莫耳之局部濃度。
劑量頻率亦可視所使用之化合物及所治療之特定疾病而變化。然而,對於大多數病症之治療而言,每天4次、每天三次或小於三次之給藥方案為較佳的,其中每天一次或每天2次之給藥方案尤其較佳。然而,應理解,任何特定患者之特定劑量水準將視多種因素而定,包括所採用之特定化合物之活性、年齡、體重、一般健康狀況、性別、飲食、投與時間、投與途徑及分泌速率、藥物組合(亦即,向患者投與之其他藥物)、經歷療法之特定疾病之嚴重程度及其他因素,包括開處方醫師之判斷。組合療法
本發明所揭示之化合物可與一或多種額外治療劑組合使用,該一或多種額外治療劑用於治療、預防、抑制或改善本發明之化合物及組合物可適用之疾病或病況。此類一或多種額外治療劑可藉由一種途徑及以對其常用之量與本發明之化合物或組合物同時或依序投與。當本發明之化合物或組合物與一或多種其他藥物同時使用時,含有除本發明之化合物或組合物以外之此類其他藥物的醫藥組合物係較佳的。因此,除本發明之化合物或組合物以外,本發明之醫藥組合物包括亦含有一或多種其他活性成分或治療劑之彼等組合物。
可與本發明之化合物或組合物組合、單獨地或以相同醫藥組合物投與之一或多種額外治療劑之實例包括(但不限於):(a) VLA-4拮抗劑;(b)類固醇及皮質類固醇,諸如倍氯米松、倍他米松(包括倍他米松磷酸鈉、戊酸倍他米松、二丙酸倍他米松)潑尼松、潑尼龍、甲基潑尼龍、糠酸莫米松、地塞米松(包括地塞米松磷酸鈉)、氟替卡松、皮質酮(包括醋酸皮質酮)、氫皮質酮(包括醋酸氫皮質酮、氫皮質酮-17-戊酸酯、氫皮質酮-17-丁酸酯、氫皮質酮-17-醋酸丙酯、氫皮質酮-17-丁丙酸酯)、布地奈德、地奈德、氟西奈德(包括丙酮化氟新龍)、曲安西龍(包括曲安奈德及曲安西龍醇)、替可的松(包括特戊酸替可的松)、氟可龍(包括己酸氟可龍及特戊酸氟可龍)、安西奈德、哈西奈德、鹵米松、醋酸氟潑尼定、沙美特羅(salmeterol)、沙美特羅(salmeterol)、羥甲叔丁腎上腺素(salbutamol)、環索奈德(ciclesonide)、福美雷司(formeterol)、阿氯米松(包括二丙酸阿氯米松)、潑尼卡酯、氯倍他松(包括氯倍他松-17-丁酸酯)、氯倍他索(包括氯倍他索-17-丙酸酯);(c)免疫抵制劑,諸如環孢靈(環孢靈A,Sandimmune®,Neoral®)、他克莫司(tacrolirnus) (FK-506,Prograf®)、雷帕黴素(rapamycin)(西羅莫司(sirolimus),Rapamune®)及其他FK-506型免疫抵制劑及黴酚酸酯(rnycophenolate),例如黴酚酸嗎啉乙酯(CellCept8); (d)抗組織胺(H1-組織胺拮抗劑),諸如溴苯那敏(bromopheniramine)、氯芬尼拉明(chlorpheniramine)、右旋氯苯吡胺(dexchloipheniramine)、苯并烯啶(triprolidine)、氯馬斯汀(clemastine)、苯海拉明(diphenhydramine)、二苯拉林(diphenylpyraline)、曲吡那明(tripelennamine)、安泰樂(hydroxyzine)、甲地嗪(methdilazine)、普敏太定(promethazine)、阿利馬嗪(trimeprazine)、阿紮他啶(azatadine)、塞庚啶(cyproheptadine)、安他唑啉(antazoline)、苯吡胺吡拉明(pheniramine pyrilamine)、阿司咪唑(astemizole)、特非那定(terfenadine)、洛拉他定(loratadine)、西替利嗪(cetirizine)、菲索芬那定(fexofenadine)、去羧乙氧基氟雷他定(descarboethoxyloratadine)及類似者;(e)非類固醇止喘藥(例如,間羥叔丁腎上腺素(terbutaline)、間羥異丙腎上腺素(metaproterenol)、非諾特羅(fenoterol)、異他林(isoetharine)、沙丁胺醇(albuterol)、比托特羅(bitolterol)及吡布特羅(pirbuterol)、茶鹼(theophylline)、色甘酸鈉、阿托品(atropine)、異丙托溴銨、白三烯拮抗劑(例如,紮魯司特(zafmlukast)、孟魯司特(montelukast)、普魯司特(pranlukast)、伊拉司特(iralukast)、泊比司特(pobilukast)及SKB-106,203)、白三烯生物合成抑制劑(齊留通(zileuton),BAY-1005); (f)非類固醇消炎劑(NSAID),諸如丙酸衍生物(例如阿明洛芬(alminoprofen)、苯㗁洛芬(benoxaprofen)、布氯酸(bucloxic acid)、卡洛芬(carprofen)、芬布芬(fenbufen)、非諾洛芬(fenoprofen)、氟洛芬(fluprofen)、氟比洛芬(flurbiprofen)、布洛芬(ibuprofen)、吲哚洛芬(indoprofen)、酮洛芬(ketoprofen)、咪洛芬(miroprofen)、萘普生(naproxen)、奧沙普嗪(oxaprozin)、吡洛芬(pirprofen)、普拉洛芬(pranoprofen)、舒洛芬(suprofen)、噻洛芬酸(tiaprofenic acid)及硫㗁洛芬(tioxaprofen));乙酸衍生物(例如吲哚美辛(indomethacin)、阿西美辛(acemetacin)、阿氯芬酸(alclofenac)、環氯茚酸(clidanac)、雙氯芬酸(diclofenac)、芬氯酸(fenclofenac)、芬克洛酸(fenclozic acid)、芬替酸(fentiazac)、呋羅芬酸(furofenac)、異丁芬酸(ibufenac)、伊索克酸(isoxepac)、㗁平酸(oxpinac)、舒林酸(sulindac)、硫平酸(tiopinac)、托美丁(tolmetin)、齊多美辛(zidometacin)及佐美酸(zomepirac));芬那酸(fenamic acid)衍生物(例如氟芬那酸(flufenamic acid)、甲氯芬那酸(meclofenamic acid)、甲芬那酸(mefenamic acid)、尼氟酸(niflumic acid)及托芬那酸(tolfenamic acid));聯苯羧酸衍生物(例如二氟尼柳(diflunisal)及氟苯柳(flufenisal));昔康(oxicams)(例如伊索昔康(isoxicam)、吡羅昔康(piroxicam)、舒多昔康(sudoxicam)及替諾昔康(tenoxicam));水楊酸鹽(例如乙醯水楊酸及柳氮磺胺吡啶(sulfasalazine));及吡唑啉酮(例如阿帕宗(apazone)、苯哌隆(bezpiperylon)、非普拉宗(feprazone)、莫非布宗(mofebutazone)、羥布宗(oxyphenbutazone)及苯基丁氮酮);(g)環加氧酶-2 (COX-2)抑制劑,諸如塞內昔布(celecoxib) (Celebrex®)及羅非考昔(rofecoxib) (Vioxx®);(h) IV型磷酸二酯酶(PDE IV)之抑制劑;(i)金化合物,諸如金諾芬(auranofin)及硫代葡萄糖金(aurothioglucose); (j)依那西普(etanercept) (Enbre10);(k)環磷醯胺;(l)抗體療法,諸如鄰純系(OKT3)、達利珠單抗(daclizumab) (Zenapax®)、巴利昔單抗(basiliximab) (Simulect®)及英利昔單抗(infliximab) (Remicade®);(m)靶向CD20之抗體療法,諸如奧濱尤妥珠單抗、利妥昔單抗或奧克珠單抗;(n)化學治療劑,諸如蒽環黴素(例如,道諾黴素(daunorubicin) (柔紅黴素(daunomycin);紅比黴素(rubidomycin))、小紅莓(doxorubicin)、表柔比星(epirubicin)、艾達黴素(idarubicin)及伐柔比星(valrubicin))、米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone)及匹蒽醌(pixantrone);鉑基藥劑(例如,順鉑(cisplatin)、卡鉑(carboplatin)、奧沙利鉑(oxaliplatin)、賽特鉑(satraplatin)、吡鉑(picoplatin)、奈達鉑(nedaplatin)、特瑞鉑(triplatin)及利普鉑(lipoplatin));他莫昔芬(tamoxifen)及其代謝物,諸如4-羥基他莫昔芬(阿非昔芬)及N-去甲基-4-羥基他莫昔芬(endoxifen);紫杉烷,諸如太平洋紫杉醇(紫杉醇)及多西他賽(docetaxel);烷基化劑(例如,氮芥,諸如二氯甲基二乙胺(HN2)、環磷醯胺、異環磷醯胺、美法侖(L-溶肉瘤素)及苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil);伸乙亞胺及甲基三聚氰胺(例如六甲三聚氰胺、噻替派、烷基磺酯(諸如白消安(busulfan))、亞硝基脲(諸如卡莫司汀(carmustine) (BCNU)、洛莫司汀(lomustine) (CCNLJ)、司莫司汀(semustine) (甲基-CCN-U)及鏈脲佐黴素(鏈佐黴素)及三氮烯(諸如達卡巴嗪(decarbazine) (DTIC;二甲基三氮烯咪唑甲醯胺));抗代謝物(例如,葉酸類似物,諸如甲胺喋呤(胺甲喋呤)、嘧啶類似物,諸如氟尿嘧啶(5-氟尿嘧啶;5-FU)、氟尿苷(氟去氧尿苷;FUdR)及阿糖胞苷(胞嘧啶阿拉伯糖苷),及嘌呤類似物及相關抑制劑,諸如巰基嘌呤(6-巰基嘌呤;6-MP);硫鳥嘌呤(6-硫鳥嘌呤;6-TG)及噴司他丁(pentostatin)(2'-脫氧複方黴素));(o)趨化細胞素受體之其他拮抗劑,尤其為CXCR2、CXCR3、CCR2、CCR3、CCR4、CCR7、CX3CR1及CXCR6。
正經治療之疾病或病症將判定哪一種或哪些額外治療劑最適當地與本發明化合物組合投與——此判定可由熟習此項技術者作出。
本發明化合物與第二活性成分之重量比可發生改變且將視各成分之有效劑量而定。一般而言,將使用各自之有效劑量。因此,舉例而言,當本發明化合物與NSAID組合時,本發明化合物與NSAID之重量比一般將在約1000:1至約1:1000,較佳約200:1至約1:200範圍內。本發明化合物與其他活性成分之組合一般亦將在前述範圍內,但在各情況下,應使用各活性成分之有效劑量。非醫藥應用
在本發明之又一態樣中,本發明化合物可用於多種活體外及活體內非醫藥應用中。舉例而言,本發明化合物可經標記且用作用於偵測及定位C5a受體(細胞製劑或組織切片樣品)之探針。本發明化合物亦可用作C5a受體活性分析中之陽性對照物,亦即,用作用於測定候選藥劑結合至C5a受體之能力之標準物,或用作用於正電子發射斷層攝影法(PET)成像或單光子發射電腦化斷層攝影法(SPECT)之放射性示蹤劑。此類方法可用於表徵活的個體中之C5a受體。舉例而言,C5a受體調節劑可使用多種熟知技術中之任一者標記(例如用諸如氚之放射性核種進行放射性標記)且與樣品一起培育適合的培育時間(例如藉由首先分析結合時程來測定)。在培育後,移除未結合化合物(例如藉由洗滌),且使用適用於所採用之標記之任何方法偵測經結合化合物(例如自動放射照像術或放射性標記化合物之閃爍計數;可使用光譜方法偵測發光基團及螢光基團)。作為對照,可以相同方式處理含有經標記之化合物及更大(例如大10倍)量之未經標記之化合物的匹配樣品。測試樣品中剩餘之可偵測標記比對照組中更大的量指示樣品中存在C5a受體。可如Kuhar在Current Protocols in Pharmacology (1998) John Wiley & Sons, New York之章節8.1.1至8.1.9中所描述進行偵測分析,包括經培養細胞或組織樣品中之C5a受體之受體自動放射照像術(受體映射)。
本文所提供之化合物亦可在多種熟知細胞分離方法內使用。舉例而言,調節劑可連接至組織培養盤或其他支撐物之內部表面,適用作用於固定且從而活體外分離C5a受體(例如分離受體表現細胞)之親和性配體。在一個較佳應用中,使連接至螢光標記物(諸如螢光素)之調節劑與細胞接觸,隨後藉由螢光活化細胞分選(FACS)進行分析(或分離)。III. 實例
提供以下實例以進行說明,而非限制所主張之發明。
以下所使用之試劑及溶劑可獲自市售來源,諸如Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA)。在Varian Mercury 400 MHz NMR光譜儀上記錄1
H-NMR光譜。相對於TMS提供顯著峰且按以下順序列表:多重性(s,單重峰;d,二重峰;t,三重峰;q,四重峰;m,多重峰)及質子數。質譜分析結果報導為質量與電荷之比率,繼而各離子之相對豐度(在括弧中)。在實例中,針對含有最常見原子同位素之M+H (或如所述,M-H)離子,報導單一m/e值。在所有情況下,同位素圖案對應於預期式。在Hewlett-Packard MSD電噴霧質譜儀上,使用用於樣品遞送之HP1100 HPLC來進行電噴霧電離(ESI)質譜分析。通常,使分析物以0.1 mg/mL溶解於甲醇中且用遞送溶劑輸注1微升至質譜儀中,其自100道爾頓掃描至1500道爾頓。可在陽性ESI模式中,使用乙腈/水(具有1%甲酸)作為遞送溶劑來分析所有化合物。亦可在陰性ESI模式中,使用2 mM NH4
OAc於乙腈/水中作為遞送系統來分析下文提供之化合物。
在實例中及在本發明之說明書通篇中使用以下縮寫: EtOH: 乙醇 EtONa: 乙醇鈉 THF: 四氫呋喃 TLC: 薄層層析 MeOH: 甲醇
可如下文所描述,使用熟習此項技術者已知之多種反應物,合成本發明範疇內之化合物。熟習此項技術者亦將認識到,可採用替代方法來合成本發明之目標化合物,且在本文件之內文內描述之途徑並非窮盡性的,但提供相關化合物之廣泛可應用且實際的途徑。
本發明中主張之某些分子可以不同對映異構體及非對映異構體形式存在且主張此等化合物之所有此類變體。
用於合成本文中之關鍵化合物之實驗程序的詳細描述產生鑑別其之物理資料以及與其相關的結構繪圖所描述之分子。
熟習此項技術者亦應認識到,在有機化學中之標準處理程序期間,常常使用酸及鹼。在本專利內所描述之實驗程序期間,有時產生母體化合物之鹽,只要其具有所需固有酸性或鹼性。實例 1 中間物 6 - 氟 - 7 - 甲氧基 - 4 -( 4 , 4 , 5 , 5 - 四甲基 - 1 , 3 , 2 - 二氧雜硼雜環戊 - 2 - 基 )- 1H - 吲哚 之合成
步驟a:在-50℃下於N2
下將溴化乙烯鎂於THF中之溶液(1.0 M,70 mL,70 mmol)添加至4-溴-2-氟-6-硝基苯甲醚(5.0 g,20 mmol)於無水THF (70 mL)中之溶液。在相同溫度下攪拌反應混合物且經1.5 h使其升溫至-30℃。將反應混合物用NH4
Cl飽和水溶液淬滅,且經1 h使其升溫至室溫。將反應混合物用EtOAc稀釋,用鹽水洗滌且經Na2
SO4
乾燥。減壓移除溶劑,且藉由矽膠急驟層析(0至100% EtOAc/己烷)純化殘餘物,得到4-溴-6-氟-7-甲氧基-1H
-吲哚。MS:(ES)m / z
C9
H8
BrFNO[M + H]+
計算值:243.9,實驗值:243.9。
步驟b:向4-溴-6-氟-7-甲氧基-1H
-吲哚(900 mg,3.68 mmol)、雙(頻哪醇根基)二硼(1.21 g,4.8 mmol)及KOAc (1.08 g,11 mmol)於二噁烷(16 mL)中之懸浮液添加Pd(dppf)Cl2
與二氯甲烷之複合體(400 mg,0.49 mmol)。將反應混合物用N2
脫氣2分鐘,且在100℃下攪拌2 h。將反應混合物用EtOAc稀釋且經由矽藻土過濾。減壓移除溶劑,且藉由矽膠急驟層析(0至100% EtOAc/己烷)純化殘餘物,得到6-氟-7-甲氧基-4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜硼雜環戊-2-基)-1H
-吲哚。MS:(ES)m / z
C15
H20
BFNO3
[M + H]+
計算值:292.1,實驗值:292.1。實例 2 4 -( 5 -( 2 , 4 - 雙 ( 三氟甲基 ) 苯甲基 )- 2 -( 2 , 6 - 二乙基苯基 )- 6 , 6 - 二甲基 - 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 - 四氫吡咯并 [ 3 , 4 - c ] 吡唑 - 3 - 基 )- 6 - 氟 - 7 - 甲氧基 - 1H - 吲哚 之合成
步驟a:隨著磁性攪拌向含有90 mL濃鹽酸之250 mL燒瓶添加2,6-二乙基苯胺(10 g,67 mmol)。將所得混合物攪拌30分鐘且用冰/鹽浴冷卻直至內部溫度達到-5℃。將亞硝酸鈉(5.5 g,80 mmol)於水(60 mL)中之溶液緩慢添加至以上混合物,同時保持內部溫度低於5℃。
分別地,隨著機械攪拌將氯化錫(II)二水合物(31.6 g,140 mmol)添加至含有濃鹽酸(60 mL)之500 mL 3頸圓底燒瓶中。隨後用冰浴冷卻所得溶液。
隨後將重氮漿液過濾至含有經劇烈攪拌及低溫氯化錫溶液之500 mL燒瓶中。90分鐘後,將反應混合物轉移至500 mL錐形瓶,並用水(20 mL)及氯仿(8 mL)沖洗燒瓶。在室溫下攪拌經合併之混合物隔夜。傾析液體,得到濕潤固體。將固體真空乾燥一天且隨後轉移至裝備有機械攪拌器在500 mL 3頸圓底燒瓶並與醚(180 mL)一起攪拌。在冰浴中冷卻所得混合物,且將10 N NaOH溶液(30 mL)緩慢添加至混合物,同時保持內部溫度低於12℃。添加後,使混合物在冰上靜置2 h。將醚層傾析至500 mL燒瓶中,且將氯化氫氣流鼓泡至經攪拌醚溶液中。藉由過濾收集所得沈澱物,得到(2,6-二乙基苯基)鹽酸肼。MS:(ES)m / z
C10
H17
N2
[M + H]+
計算值:165.1,實驗值:165.1。
步驟b:在磁性攪拌下將吡啶(4 mL,49.5 mmol)添加至(2,6-二乙基苯基)鹽酸肼(5 g,24.91 mmol)、4-氰基-2,2-二甲基-3-側氧基吡咯啶-1-甲酸第三丁酯(5 g,20.98 mmol)及EtOH (60 mL)於250 mL圓底燒瓶中之混合物。在70℃下攪拌所得混合物24 h。減壓移除溶劑,且將殘餘物用EtOAc稀釋並用檸檬酸水溶液、NaHCO3
水溶液、鹽水洗滌,且經MgSO4
乾燥。減壓移除溶劑且自環己烷中結晶殘餘物,得到3-胺基-2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-6,6-二甲基-2,6-二氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-5(4H
)-甲酸第三丁酯。MS:(ES)m / z
C22
H33
N4
O2
[M + H]+
計算值:385.2,實驗值:385.2。
在室溫下在磁性攪拌下將亞硝酸第三丁酯(0.5 mL,3.8 mmol)緩慢添加至3-胺基-2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-6,6-二甲基-2,6-二氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-5(4H
)-甲酸第三丁酯(1 g,2.6 mmol)、二碘甲烷(1.5 mL,18.6 mmol)及MeCN(15 mL)於100 mL圓底燒瓶中之混合物。將所得混合物在45℃下攪拌3 h,隨後用甲苯稀釋,用NH4
Cl飽和溶液/NH4
OH(3:1)、鹽水洗滌且經MgSO4
乾燥。減壓移除溶劑,且藉由矽膠急驟層析(2至25% EtOAc/己烷)純化殘餘物,得到2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-3-碘-6,6-二甲基-2,6-二氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-5(4H
)-甲酸第三丁酯。MS:(ES)m / z
C22
H31
IN3
O2
[M + H]+
計算值:496.1,實驗值:496.2。
步驟c:將以上2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-3-碘-6,6-二甲基-2,6-二氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-5(4H
)-甲酸第三丁酯溶解於二氯甲烷(10 mL)中且裝有含HCl之二噁烷(4 N,5 mL)。在室溫下攪拌所得混合物12 h。完成後,真空蒸發溶劑,得到2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-3-碘-6,6-二甲基-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑鹽酸鹽。MS:(ES)m / z
C17
H23
IN3
[M + H]+
計算值:396.1,實驗值:396.2。
在磁性攪拌下將N , N
-二異丙基乙胺(0.3 mL,1.73 mmol)添加至2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-3-碘-6,6-二甲基-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑鹽酸鹽(680 mg,1.57 mmol)及2,4-雙(三氟甲基)苯甲醛(800 mg,3.3 mmol)於1,2-二氯乙烷(10 mL)中之懸浮液。在室溫下攪拌10分鐘後,逐份添加NaBH(OAc)3
(800 mg,3.77 mmol)。在45℃下攪拌所得混合物2 h。在冷卻至室溫之後,將反應混合物用EtOAc稀釋,用NaHCO3
水溶液、鹽水洗滌且經MgSO4
乾燥。減壓移除溶劑,且藉由矽膠急驟層析(2至25% EtOAc/己烷)純化殘餘物,得到5-(2,4-雙(三氟甲基)苯甲基)-2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-3-碘-6,6-二甲基-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c]吡唑。MS:(ES)m / z
C26
H27
F6
IN3
[M + H]+
計算值:622.1,實驗值:622.1。
步驟d:向5-(2,4-雙(三氟甲基)苯甲基)-2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-3-碘-6,6-二甲基-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c]吡唑(250 mg,0.40 mmol)、6-氟-7-甲氧基-4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜硼戊環-2-基)-1H-吲哚(100 mg,0.34 mmol)及K2
CO3
(445 mg,1.81 mmol)於二噁烷(6 mL)及水(1 mL)中之懸浮液中添加Pd(dppf)Cl2
與二氯甲烷之複合體(50 mg,0.06 mmol)。用N2
將反應混合物脫氣2分鐘,且於N2
下在100℃下攪拌2.5 h。將反應混合物用EtOAc稀釋,用NaHCO3
水溶液洗滌且經Na2
SO4
乾燥。減壓移除溶劑,且藉由矽膠急驟層析(3至35% EtOAc/己烷),接著藉由HPLC (MeCN/H2
O,具有1% TFA)純化殘餘物,得到4-(5-(2,4-雙(三氟甲基)苯甲基)-2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-6,6-二甲基-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c]吡唑-3-基)-6-氟-7-甲氧基-1H-吲哚。1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3
) δ 8.37 (br s, 1H), 8.19 (d,J
= 12 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (s, 1H), 7.76 (d,J
= 12 Hz, 1H), 7.07-7.33 (m, 4H), 6.41 (dd,J
= 2.2, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 6.33 (d,J
= 13.8 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (s, 2H), 4.01 (s, 3H), 3.70 (s, 2H), 2.23-2.37 (m, 4H), 1.55 (s, 6H), 1.02 (t,J
= 7.6 Hz, 6H)。MS:(ES)m / z
C35
H34
F7
N4
O[M + H]+
計算值:659.2,實驗值:659.2。實例 3 3 - 氯 - 4 -( 2 -( 2 , 6 - 二乙基苯基 )- 6 , 6 - 二甲基 - 5 -( 2 -( 三氟甲基 ) 苯甲基 )- 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 - 四氫吡咯并 [ 3 , 4 - c ] 吡唑 - 3 - 基 )- 7 - 氟 - 1H - 吲哚 之合成
步驟a:向4-溴-7-氟-1H-吲哚(1.00 g,4.67 mmol)、雙(頻哪醇根基)二硼(1.31 g,5.14 mmol)及KOAc (1.15 g,11.7 mmol)於二噁烷(15 mL)中之懸浮液中添加Pd(dppf)Cl2
與二氯甲烷之複合體(416 mg,0.51 mmol)。用N2
將反應混合物脫氣2分鐘,且在100℃下攪拌2 h。將反應混合物冷卻至室溫,用EtOAc稀釋且經由矽藻土過濾。減壓移除溶劑,且藉由矽膠急驟層析(0至30% EtOAc/己烷)純化殘餘物,得到7-氟-4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜硼雜環戊-2-基)-1H-吲哚。MS:(ES)m / z
C14
H18
BFNO2
[M + H]+
計算值:262.1,實驗值:262.1。
步驟b:向2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-3-碘-6,6-二甲基-2,6-二氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-5(4H
)-甲酸第三丁酯(540 mg,1.09 mmol)、7-氟-4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜硼雜環戊-2-基)-1H
-吲哚(350 mg,1.34 mmol)及K2
CO3
(830 mg,6.78 mmol)於二噁烷(10 mL)及水(2 mL)中之懸浮液中添加Pd(dppf)Cl2
與二氯甲烷之複合體(200 mg,0.32 mmol)。用N2
將反應混合物脫氣2分鐘,且於N2
下在100℃下攪拌2 h。將反應混合物冷卻至室溫,用EtOAc稀釋,用NaHCO3
水溶液洗滌且經Na2
SO4
乾燥。減壓移除溶劑,且藉由矽膠急驟層析(5至25% EtOAc/己烷)純化殘餘物,得到2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-3-(7-氟-1H
-吲哚-4-基)-6,6-二甲基-2,6-二氫吡咯并[3,4-c]吡唑-5(4H
)-甲酸第三丁酯。MS:(ES)m / z
C30
H36
FN4
O2
[M + H]+
計算值:503.2,實驗值:503.3。
步驟c:將以上2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-3-(7-氟-1H
-吲哚-4-基)-6,6-二甲基-2,6-二氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-5(4H
)-甲酸第三丁酯(200 mg,0.40 mmol)溶解於DMF (5 mL)中且裝有N -
氯丁二醯亞胺(100mg,0.75mmol)。在室溫下攪拌所得混合物12 h。將反應混合物用EtOAc稀釋,用Na2
S2
O3
水溶液、鹽水洗滌且經MgSO4
乾燥。減壓移除溶劑,且藉由矽膠急驟層析(2至25% EtOAc/己烷)純化殘餘物,得到3-(3-氯-7-氟-1H
-吲哚-4-基)-2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-6,6-二甲基-2,6-二氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-5(4H
)-甲酸第三丁酯。MS:(ES)m / z
C30
H33
ClFN4
O2
[M - H]-
計算值:535.2,實驗值:535.2。
將以上3-(3-氯-7-氟-1H
-吲哚-4-基)-2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-6,6-二甲基-2,6-二氫吡咯并[3,4-c]吡唑-5(4H
)-甲酸第三丁基酯溶解於二氯甲烷(6 mL)中且裝有含HCl之二噁烷(4 N,5 mL)。在室溫下攪拌所得混合物12 h。反應完成後,真空蒸發溶劑,得到3-氯-4-(2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-6,6-二甲基-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-3-基)-7-氟-1H
-吲哚鹽酸鹽。MS:(ES)m / z
C25
H27
ClFN4
[M + H]+
計算值:437.2,實驗值:437.2。
步驟d:在磁性攪拌下將N , N
-二異丙基乙胺(0.2 mL,1.15 mmol)添加至3-氯-4-(2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-6,6-二甲基-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-3-基)-7-氟-1H
-吲哚鹽酸鹽(75 mg,0.16 mmol)及2-三氟甲基苯甲醛(120 mg,0.69 mmol)於1,2-二氯乙烷(6 mL)中之懸浮液。在室溫下攪拌10分鐘後,將NaBH(OAc)3
(150 mg,0.71 mmol)添加至反應混合物。將所得混合物在40℃下攪拌1 h,隨後冷卻至室溫,用EtOAc稀釋,用鹽水洗滌,且經MgSO4
乾燥。減壓移除溶劑,且藉由製備型TLC (40% EtOAc/己烷),隨後藉由HPLC(MeCN/H2
O,具有1% TFA)純化殘餘物,得到3-氯-4-(2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-6,6-二甲基-5-(2-(三氟甲基)苯甲基)-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-3-基)-7-氟-1H
-吲哚。1
H NMR (400 MHz, CD3
OD) δ 7.92-7.99 (m, 1H), 7.52-7.66 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.24-7.29 (m, 2H), 6.94-6.98 (m, 1H), 6.66 (dd,J
= 8.2, 10.8 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (dd,J
= 4.5, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.88 (br, 1H), 4.09 (s, 2H), 3.82 (d,J
= 11.5 Hz, 1H), 3.43 (d,J
= 11.5 Hz, 1H), 2.53 (dq,J
= 7.5, 15 Hz, 1H), 2.37-2.46 (m, 2H), 2.07 (dq,J
= 7.5, 15 Hz, 1H), 1.54 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 3H), 1.33 (t,J
= 7.6 Hz, 3H), 0.76 (t,J
= 7.6 Hz, 3H)。MS:(ES)m / z
C33
H32
ClF4
N4
[M + H]+
計算值:595.2,實驗值:595.2。實例 4 4 -( 5 -( 2 , 4 - 雙 ( 三氟甲基 ) 苯甲基 )- 2 -( 2 , 6 - 二乙基苯基 )- 6 , 6 - 二甲基 - 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 - 四氫吡咯并 [ 3 , 4 - c ] 吡唑 - 3 - 基 )- 7 - 氟 - 1H - 吲哚 之合成
於N2
下在100℃下攪拌5-(2,4-雙(三氟甲基)苯甲基)-3-碘-2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-6,6-二甲基-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑(200 mg,0.32 mmol)、7-氟-4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜硼雜環戊-2-基)-1H
-吲哚(150 mg,0.57 mmol)、K2
CO3
(276 mg,2.0 mmol)及Pd(dppf)Cl2
與二氯甲烷之複合體(60 mg,0.07 mmol)於二噁烷(6 mL)及水(1 mL)中之混合物5 h。將混合物冷卻至室溫,用EtOAc稀釋,且經由矽藻土栓塞過濾。將濾液收集,真空濃縮,且藉由矽膠急驟層析(0至50% EtOAc/己烷)純化殘餘物,得到4-(5-(2,4-雙(三氟甲基)苯甲基)-2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-6,6-二甲基-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-3-基)-7-氟-1H
-吲哚。1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3
) δ 8.44 (s, 1H), 8.19 (d,J
= 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (s, 1H), 7.75 (d,J
= 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (m, 2H), 7.07 (d,J
= 7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.61 (m, 1H), 6.47 (m, 2H), 4.15 (s, 2H), 3.71 (s, 2H), 2.37 (m, 2H), 2.22 (m, 2H), 1.56 (s, 6H), 1.00 (t,J
= 7.6 Hz, 6H)。MS:(ES)m / z
C34
H32
F7
N4
[M + H]+
計算值:629.2,實驗值:629.2。實例 5 4 -( 5 -( 3 , 5 - 雙 ( 三氟甲基 ) 苯甲基 )- 2 -( 2 , 6 - 二乙基苯基 )- 6 , 6 - 二甲基 - 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 - 四氫吡咯并 [ 3 , 4 - c ] 吡唑 - 3 - 基 )- 7 - 氟 - 1H - 吲哚 之合成
步驟a:在室溫下攪拌2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-3-碘-6,6-二甲基-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c]吡唑鹽酸鹽(2.20 g,5.1 mmol)、3,5-雙(三氟甲基)苯甲醛(1.85 g,7.6 mmol)、NaBH(OAc)3
(3.24 g,15.3 mmol)、i
PrNEt2
(0.84 mL,5.1 mmol) 及乙酸(0.49 mL,7.6 mmol)於DCM (30 mL)中之混合物1.5 h。隨後將其用NaHCO3
水溶液淬滅且用EtOAc萃取。將有機層分離,經Na2
SO4
乾燥,真空濃縮,且藉由矽膠急驟層析(0至30% EtOAc/己烷)純化殘餘物,得到5-(3,5-雙(三氟甲基)苯甲基)-2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-3-碘-6,6-二甲基-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑。MS:(ES)m / z
C26
H27
FIN3
[M + H]+
計算值:622.1,實驗值:622.1。
步驟b:於N2
下在100℃下攪拌5-(3,5-雙(三氟甲基)苯甲基)-2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-3-碘-6,6-二甲基-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c]吡唑(1.50 g,2.4 mmol)、7-氟-4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜硼雜環戊-2-基)-1H-吲哚(817 mg,3.1 mmol)、K2
CO3
(0.830 g,6.0 mmol)及Pd(dppf)Cl2
與二氯甲烷之複合體(30 mg,0.36 mmol)於二噁烷(12 mL)及水(1.5 mL)中之混合物2 h。將反應混合物冷卻至室溫且分配於EtOAc與NaHCO3
水溶液之間。將有機層分離,經Na2
SO4
乾燥且真空濃縮。藉由矽膠急驟層析(0至50% EtOAc/己烷),隨後藉由HPLC (MeCN/H2
O,具有1% TFA)純化殘餘物,得到4-(5-(3,5-雙(三氟甲基)苯甲基)-2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-6,6-二甲基-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-3-基)-7-氟-1H
-吲哚。1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3
) δ 8.48 (s, 1H), 7.92 (s, 2H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 7.24 (dd,J
= 7.6, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d,J
= 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (dd,J
= 7.6, 7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.61 (m, 1H), 6.47 (m, 2H), 4.03 (s, 2H), 3.65 (s, 2H), 2.37 (m, 2H), 2.22 (m, 2H), 1.56 (s, 6H), 1.00 (t,J
= 7.6 Hz, 6H)。MS:(ES)m / z
C34
H32
F7
N4
[M + H]+
計算值:629.2,實驗值:629.2。實例 6 中間物 4 -( 4 , 4 , 5 , 5 - 四甲基 - 1 , 3 , 2 - 二氧雜硼雜環戊 - 2 - 基 )- 1H - 吲哚 - 7 - 甲酸 甲 酯 之合成
步驟a:向4-溴-1H
-吲哚-7-甲酸甲酯(300 mg,1.18 mmol)、雙(頻哪醇根基)二硼(330 mg,1.30 mmol)及KOAc (290 mg,2.96 mmol)於二噁烷(8 mL)中之懸浮液中添加Pd(dppf)Cl2
與二氯甲烷之複合體(100 mg,0.12 mmol)。用N2
將反應混合物脫氣2分鐘,且在100℃下攪拌1 h。將反應混合物用EtOAc稀釋,經由矽藻土過濾。減壓移除溶劑,且藉由矽膠急驟層析(5至30% EtOAc/己烷)純化殘餘物,得到4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜硼雜環戊-2-基)-1H
-吲哚-7-甲酸甲酯。MS:(ES)m / z
C16
H21
BNO4
[M + H]+
計算值:302.2,實驗值:302.2。實例 7 ( 4 -( 5 -( 2 , 4 - 雙 ( 三氟甲基 ) 苯甲基 )- 2 -( 2 , 6 - 二乙基苯基 )- 6 , 6 - 二甲基 - 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 - 四氫吡咯并 [ 3 , 4 - c ] 吡唑 - 3 - 基 )- 1H - 吲哚 - 7 - 基 ) 甲醇之合成
步驟a:於N2
下在100℃下攪拌5-(2,4-雙(三氟甲基)苯甲基)-2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-3-碘-6,6-二甲基-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c]吡唑(100 mg,0.16 mmol)、4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜硼雜環戊-2-基)-1H-吲哚-7-甲酸甲酯(78 mg,0.26 mmol)、K2
CO3
(150 mg,1.1 mmol)及Pd(dppf)Cl2
與二氯甲烷之複合體(90 mg,0.11 mmol)於二噁烷(4 ml)及水(0.7 mL)中之混合物2 h。將反應混合物冷卻至室溫且分配於EtOAc與NaHCO3
水溶液之間。將有機層分離,經Na2
SO4
乾燥且真空濃縮。藉由矽膠急驟層析(0至40% EtOAc/己烷)純化殘餘物,得到4-(5-(2,4-雙(三氟甲基)苯甲基)-2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-6,6-二甲基-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c]吡唑-3-基)-1H -
吲哚-7-甲酸甲酯。MS:(ES)m / z
C36
H35
F6
N4
O2
[M + H]+
計算值:669.3,實驗值:669.3。
步驟b:在0℃下向4-(5-(2,4-雙(三氟甲基)苯甲基)-2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-6,6-二甲基-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-3-基)-1H -
吲哚-7-甲酸甲酯(25 mg,0.037 mmol)於THF (1.5 mL)中之溶液添加LiAlH4
於醚中之溶液(1.0 M,0.20 mL,0.20 mmol)。在0℃下1 h後,將反應混合物用水淬滅且分配於EtOAc與NaHCO3
水溶液之間。將有機層分離,經Na2
SO4
乾燥且真空濃縮。藉由HPLC (MeCN/H2
O,具有1% TFA),隨後藉由矽膠急驟層析(0至60% EtOAc/己烷)純化殘餘物,得到(4-(5-(2,4-雙(三氟甲基)苯甲基)-2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-6,6-二甲基-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-3-基)-1H -
吲哚-7-基)甲醇。1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3
) δ 8.99 (s, 1H), 8.18 (d,J
= 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (s, 1H), 7.74 (d,J
= 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (m, 2H), 7.06 (d,J
= 7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.70 (d,J
= 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.49 (d,J
= 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.48 (d,J
= 2.6 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (d,J
= 5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.15 (s, 2H), 3.72 (s, 2H), 2.39 (m, 2H), 2.26 (m, 2H), 1.83 (t,J
= 5.8 Hz, 1H), 1.56 (s, 6H), 1.02 (t,J
= 7.6, 6H)。MS:(ES)m / z
C35
H35
F6
N4
O[M + H]+
計算值:641.3,實驗值:641.3。實例 8 中間物 3 , 3 , 3 - 三氟 - 2 , 2 - 二甲基丙醯氯之合成
在室溫下將3,3,3-三氟-2,2-二甲基丙酸(0.312 g,2.0 mmol)、乙二醯氯(0.17 mL,2.0 mmol)及DMF (2滴)於DCM (6.7 mL)中之混合物攪拌30分鐘。將含有3,3,3-三氟-2,2-二甲基丙醯氯之反應混合物直接用於後續步驟而無需進一步純化。實例 9 4 -( 2 -( 2 , 6 - 二乙基苯基 )- 6 , 6 - 二甲基 - 5 -( 3 , 3 , 3 - 三氟 - 2 , 2 - 二甲基丙基 )- 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 - 四氫吡咯并 [ 3 , 4 - c ] 吡唑 - 3 - 基 )- 7 - 氟 - 1H - 吲哚 之合成
步驟a:在室溫下將4-(2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-6,6-二甲基-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-3-基)-7-氟-1H
-吲哚鹽酸鹽(78 mg,0.18 mmol)、3,3,3-三氟-2,2-二甲基丙醯氯(約2 mmol)及NEt3
(0.13 mL,0.89 mmol)於DCM (3 mL)中之混合物攪拌1 h。.
隨後將混合物分配於EtOAc與NaHCO3
水溶液之間。分離有機層,經Na2
SO4
乾燥且真空濃縮。藉由矽膠急驟層析(0至15% EtOAc/DCM)
純化殘餘物,得到1-(2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-3-(7-氟-1H
-吲哚-4-基)-6,6-二甲基-2,6-二氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-5(4H
)-基)-3,3,3-三氟-2,2-二甲基丙-1-酮。MS:(ES)m / z
C30
H33
F4
N4
O[M + H]+
計算值:541.3,實驗值:541.2。
步驟b:向1-(2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-3-(7-氟-1H
-吲哚-4-基)-6,6-二甲基-2,6-二氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-5(4H
)-基)-3,3,3-三氟-2,2-二甲基丙-1-酮(35 mg,0.064 mmol)於THF (2 mL)中之溶液添加DIBAL-H於DCM中之溶液(1.0 M,1.5 mL,1.5 mmol)。在室溫下1 h後,將反應混合物用NaHCO3
水溶液淬滅且分配於EtOAc與NaHCO3
水溶液之間。分離有機層,經Na2
SO4
乾燥且真空濃縮。藉由矽膠急驟層析(0至10% EtOAc/DCM)
純化殘餘物,得到4-(2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-6,6-二甲基-5-(3,3,3-三氟-2,2-二甲基丙基)-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-3-基)-7-氟-1H
-吲哚。1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3
) δ 8.49 (s, 1H), 7.27 (dd,J
= 2.4, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (dd,J
= 8.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (d,J
= 7.2 Hz, 2H), 6.63 (m, 1H), 6.56 (m, 1H), 6.47 (m, 1H), 3.93 (s, 2H), 2.84 (s, 2H), 2.35 (m, 2H), 2.20 (m, 2H), 1.41 (s, 6H), 1.19 (s, 6H), 0.98 (t,J
= 7.6 Hz, 6H)。MS:(ES)m / z
C30
H35
F4
N4
[M + H]+
計算值:527.3,實驗值:527.2。實例 10 4 -( 5 -( 2,4 -( 雙 ( 三氟甲基 ) 苯甲基 )- 2 -( 2 , 6 - 二乙基苯基 )- 6 , 6 - 二甲基 - 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 - 四氫吡咯并 [ 3 , 4 - c ] 吡唑 - 3 - 基 )- 3 - 氟 - 1H - 吲哚 之合成
步驟a:向4-溴-3-氟基-1H
-吲哚(240 mg,1.1 mmol)、雙(頻哪醇根基)二硼(420 mg,1.7 mmol)及KOAc (320 mg,3.3 mmol)於二噁烷(5 mL)中之懸浮液添加Pd(dppf)Cl2
與二氯甲烷之複合體(140 mg,0.17 mmol)。將反應混合物用N2
脫氣2分鐘,且在90℃下攪拌2 h。將反應混合物吸附至矽膠上且藉由矽膠急驟層析(0至100% EtOAc/己烷)純化,得到3-氟-4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜硼雜環戊-2-基)-1H
-吲哚。MS:(ES)m / z
C14
H18
BFNO2
[M + H]+
計算值:262.1,實驗值:261.2。
步驟b:向5-(2,4-雙(三氟甲基)苯甲基)-2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-3-碘-6,6-二甲基-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑(74 mg,0.12 mmol)、3-氟-4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜硼雜環戊-2-基)-1H
-吲哚(64 mg,0.25 mmol)及K2
CO3
(169 mg,1.2 mmol)於二噁烷(6 mL)及水(1 mL)中之懸浮液添加Pd(dppf)Cl2
與二氯甲烷之複合體(49 mg,0.060 mmol)。將反應混合物用N2
脫氣2分鐘,且於N2
下在90℃下攪拌16 h。將反應混合物吸附至矽膠上且藉由矽膠急驟層析(0至30% MTBE/己烷),隨後藉由HPLC (MeCN/H2
O,具有1% TFA)及製備型TLC (EtOAc/甲苯)純化,得到4-(5-(2,4-雙(三氟甲基)苯甲基)-2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-6,6-二甲基-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-3-基)-3-氟-1H
-吲哚。1
H NMR (400 MHz, CD3
OD) δ 8.25 (d,J
= 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.89-7.94 (m, 2H), 7.28 (t,J
= 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (dd,J
= 8.0, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.09-7.15 (m, 3H), 6.85 (t,J
= 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (d,J
= 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (s, 2H), 3.65 (s, 2H), 2.19-2.50 (m, 4H), 1.54 (s, 6H), 0.87-1.21 (m, 6H)。MS:(ES)m / z
C34
H32
F7
N4
[M + H]+
計算值:629.3,實驗值:629.3。實例 11 4 -( 5 -( 2 , 4 - 雙 ( 三氟甲基 ) 苯甲基 )- 2 -( 2 , 6 - 二乙基苯基 )- 6 , 6 - 二甲基 - 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 - 四氫吡咯并 [ 3 , 4 - c ] 吡唑 - 3 - 基 )- 3 - 甲基 - 1H - 吲哚之合成
步驟a:向4-溴-3-甲基-1H
-吲哚(240 mg,1.1 mmol)、雙(頻哪醇根基)二硼(910 mg,3.6 mmol)及KOAc (710 mg,7.2 mmol)於二噁烷(6 mL)中之懸浮液添加Pd(dppf)Cl2
與二氯甲烷之複合體(290 mg,0.36 mmol)。將反應混合物脫氣(N2
) 2分鐘,且在90℃下攪拌4 h。將反應混合物吸附至矽膠上且藉由矽膠急驟層析(0至25% MTBE/己烷)純化,得到3-甲基-4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜硼雜環戊-2-基)-1H
-吲哚。MS:(ES)m / z
C15
H21
BNO2
[M + H]+
計算值:258.2,實驗值:258.1。
步驟b:向5-(2,4-雙(三氟甲基)苯甲基)-2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-3-碘-6,6-二甲基-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑(65 mg,0.10 mmol)、3-甲基-4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜硼雜環戊-2-基)-1H
-吲哚(127 mg,0.49 mmol)及K2
CO3
(256 mg,1.9 mmol)於二噁烷(6 mL)及水(1 mL)中之懸浮液添加Pd(dppf)Cl2
與二氯甲烷之複合體(51 mg,0.062 mmol)。將反應混合物用N2
脫氣2分鐘,且於N2
下在90℃下攪拌2 h。將反應混合物吸附至矽膠上且藉由矽膠急驟層析(0至100% MTBE/己烷),隨後藉由HPLC (MeCN/H2
O,具有1% TFA)及製備型TLC (40% 丙酮/己烷)純化,得到4-(5-(2,4-雙(三氟甲基)苯甲基)-2-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-6,6-二甲基-2,4,5,6-四氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-3-基)-3-甲基-1H
-吲哚。1
H NMR (400 MHz, CD3
OD) δ 8.25-8.18 (m, 1H), 7.92 (d,J
= 9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.29-7.17 (m, 3H), 7.04 (d,J
= 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.97-6.90 (m, 1H), 6.77 (dd,J
= 8.2, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.44 (dd,J
= 7.4, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 4.25-4.10 (m, 2H), 3.66 (d,J
= 11.6 Hz, 1H), 3.51 (d,J
= 11.6 Hz, 1H), 2.28-2.58 (m, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.00-2.11 (m, 1H), 1.55 (s, 3H), 1.53 (s, 3H), 1.34 (t,J
= 7.6 Hz, 3H), 0.77 (t,J
= 7.6 Hz, 3H)。MS:(ES)m / z
C35
H35
F6
N4
[M + H]+
計算值:625.3,實驗值:625.3。實例 12 2 -( 2 , 6 - 二甲基苯基 )- 3 -( 1H - 吲哚 - 5 - 基 )- 4 , 6 - 二氫吡咯并 [ 3 , 4 - c ] 吡唑 - 5 - 甲酸 第三丁酯之合成
步驟a:向3-氰基-4-側氧基-吡咯啶-1-甲酸第三丁酯(19.5 g,92.54 mmol)及(2,6-二甲基苯基)鹽酸肼(16 g,92.65 mmol)添加EtOH (160 mL)及AcOH (40 mL)。在50℃下攪拌所得懸浮液隔夜。完成後,將反應混合物用1 N NaOH水溶液淬滅,且用EtOAc (2 × 100 mL)萃取,乾燥(MgSO4
),且真空濃縮。隨後藉由矽膠急驟層析(50% EtOAc/己烷)純化粗產物,獲得3-胺基-2-(2,6-二甲基苯基)-4,6-二氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-5-甲酸第三丁酯。MS:(ES)m / z
C18
H25
N4
O2
[M + H]+
計算值:329.2,實驗值:329.2。
步驟b:在室溫下將亞硝酸異戊酯(11.74 mL,87.5 mmol)緩慢添加至3-胺基-2-(2,6-二甲基苯基)-4,6-二氫吡咯并[3,4-c]吡唑-5-甲酸第三丁酯(14.35 g,43.75 mmol)、二碘甲烷(14 mL,175 mmol)及MeCN (180 mL)之混合物。在室溫下攪拌所得反應混合物2 h。將反應混合物吸附至矽膠上且藉由矽膠急驟層析(30% EtOAc/己烷)純化,得到2-(2,6-二甲基苯基)-3-碘-4,6-二氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-5-甲酸第三丁酯。MS:(ES)m / z
C18
H23
IN3
O2
[M + H]+
計算值:440.1,實驗值:440.2。
步驟c:向2-(2,6-二甲基苯基)-3-碘-4,6-二氫吡咯并[3,4-c]吡唑-5-甲酸第三丁酯(878 mg,2 mmol)、5-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜硼雜環戊-2-基)-1H
-吲哚(729 mg,3 mmol)及Na2
CO3
(530 g,5 mmol)於二噁烷(8 mL)及水(2 mL)中之懸浮液中添加Pd(dppf)Cl2
與二氯甲烷之複合體(163 mg,0.2 mmol)。將反應混合物用N2
脫氣2分鐘,且在90℃下攪拌2 h。將反應混合物用EtOAc稀釋且經由矽藻土過濾。減壓移除溶劑,且藉由矽膠急驟層析(0至100% EtOAc/己烷)純化殘餘物,得到2-(2,6-二甲基苯基)-3-(1H -
吲哚-5-基)-4,6-二氫吡咯并[3,4-c
]吡唑-5-甲酸第三丁酯。MS:(ES)m / z
C26
H29
N4
O2
[M + H]+
計算值:429.2,實驗值:429.2。實例 13
[0001]
使用上述方法製備下表 1
及表 2
中之化合物。提供每一所列化合物之特徵化資料(MS及/或NMR)。表 1 : 特定實施例之結構及 NMR / MS 特徵化資料 表 2 :特定實施例之結構及 MS 特徵化資料 實例 14
此實例說明對與本發明之特異性化合物相關之生物活性的評價。材料及方法
A. 細胞 1.C5a 受體表現細胞 a ) U937 細胞
U937細胞為表現C5aR之單核球性細胞株且獲自ATCC (VA)。在補充有2 mM L-麩醯胺酸、1.5 g/L重碳酸鈉、4.5 g/L葡萄糖、10 mM HEPES、1 mM丙酮酸鈉及10% FBS之RPMI-1640培養基中以懸浮形式培養此等細胞。細胞於37℃下生長於5% CO2
/95%空氣、100%濕度下,且以1:6每週兩次進行繼代培養(以1 × 105
至2 × 106
個細胞/毫升之密度範圍培養細胞)且以1×106
個細胞/毫升進行採集。在分析之前,用0.5 mM環狀AMP (Sigma,OH)將細胞處理隔夜,並在使用之前洗滌一次。經cAMP處理之U937細胞可用於C5aR配體結合及功能分析。b ) 經分離人類嗜中性球
任選地,人類或鼠類嗜中性球可用於分析化合物活性。可使用密度分離及離心自新鮮人血分離嗜中性球。簡言之,將全血與等份3%聚葡萄糖一起培育且使其分離45分鐘。在分離後,頂層在15 ml聚蔗糖(Ficoll)(用於每30 ml的血液懸浮液之15 ml聚蔗糖)之頂部上分層且在400 × g下不間斷離心30分鐘。接著分離試管之底部處之集結粒且再懸浮於PharmLyse RBC裂解緩衝液(BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA)中,其後在400 × g下將該樣品間斷式地再離心10分鐘。按需要再懸浮剩餘細胞集結粒,且其由經分離嗜中性球組成。 B. 分析1. C5aR 配體結合之抑制
將經cAMP處理之表現C5aR之U937細胞離心且再懸浮於分析緩衝液(20 mM HEPES pH 7.1、140 mM NaCl、1 mM CaCl2
、5 mM MgCl2
,及具有0.1%牛血清白蛋白)中,達到3×106
個細胞/毫升之濃度。結合分析設定如下。將0.1 mL細胞添加至含有5 µL化合物之分析培養盤,得到每種最終濃度為約2-10 μM的用於篩選之化合物(或用於化合物IC50
測定之劑量反應的一部分)。隨後,添加在分析緩衝液中稀釋至約50 pM之最終濃度(產生約30,000 cpm/孔)之0.1 mL經125
I標記之C5a (獲自Perkin Elmer Life Sciences, Boston, MA),密封培養盤且在4℃下在震盪器平台上培育約3小時。在真空細胞收集器(Packard Instruments;Meriden, CT)上,將反應物抽吸至預浸泡於0.3%聚乙二亞胺(PEI)溶液中之GF/B玻璃過濾器上。將閃爍流體(40 uL;Microscint 20,Packard Instruments)添加至各孔中,密封培養盤且在TopCount閃爍計數器(Packard Instruments)中量測放射能。僅含有稀釋劑(用於總計數)或多餘C5a (1 μg/mL,用於非特異性結合)之對照孔用於計算對於化合物之總抑制百分比。使用來自GraphPad, Inc. (San Diego, Ca)之電腦程式Prism來計算IC50
值。IC50
值為使經放射性標記C5a與受體之結合減少50%所需的彼等濃度。(關於配體結合及其他功能分析之進一步分析參見Dairaghi等人,J . Biol . Chem
.274 :
21569-21574 (1999)、Penfold等人,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.96 :
9839-9844 (1999)及Dairaghi等人,J . Biol . Chem . 272 :
28206-28209 (1997))。2. 鈣移動
任選地,可進一步分析化合物抑制細胞中之鈣流之能力。為偵測鈣之胞內儲存之釋放,在室溫下於細胞培養基中將細胞(例如,經cAMP刺激之U937或嗜中性球)與3 μM INDO-1AM染料(Molecular Probes; Eugene, OR)一起培育45分鐘,並用磷酸鹽緩衝鹽水(PBS)洗滌。在INDO-1AM載入後,將細胞再懸浮於流量緩衝液(漢克氏經平衡鹽溶液(HBSS)及1% FBS)中。使用光子技術國際分光光度計(Photon Technology International; New Jersey),以350 nm之激勵及400 nm及490 nm之螢光發射之雙同步記錄來量測鈣移動。相對胞內鈣含量經表現為400 nm/490 nm發射比。在37℃下藉由在透光管中不斷混合來執行實驗,該等透光管中之每一者含有2 mL流量緩衝液中106
個細胞。可在1至100 nM之範圍內使用趨化細胞素配體。隨時間標繪發射比(通常為2-3分鐘)。在10秒添加候選配體阻斷化合物(至多10 μM),隨後在60秒添加趨化細胞素(亦即,C5a;R&D Systems;Minneapolis, MN)及在150秒添加對照趨化細胞素(亦即,SDF-1α;R&D Systems;Minneapolis, MN)。3. 趨化性分析
任選地,可進一步分析化合物抑制細胞中之趨化性之能力。在96孔趨化性腔室(Neuroprobe; Gaithersburg, MD)中,使用趨化性緩衝液(漢克氏經平衡鹽溶液(HBSS)及1% FBS),使用5 μm孔隙的經聚碳酸酯、聚乙烯吡咯啶酮塗佈之過濾器來執行趨化性分析。C5aR配體(亦即,C5a, R&D Systems; Minneapolis, MN)用於評估C5aR介導之遷移之化合物介導抑制。其他趨化細胞素(亦即,SDF-1α; R&D Systems; Minneapolis, MN)用作特異性對照。下部腔室裝有29 μl趨化細胞素(亦即0.03 nM C5a)及不同量的化合物;頂部腔室含有20 μl的100,000個U937或嗜中性細胞。在37℃下將腔室保溫1.5小時,且下部腔室中之細胞之數目係藉由在5個高倍視野中之每孔直接細胞計數或藉由CyQuant分析(Molecular Probes)定量,即一種量測核酸含量及微觀觀測之螢光染色方法。 C. C5aR之抑制劑之鑑別1. 分析
為評估防止C5a受體結合配體之有機小分子,採用偵測放射性配體(亦即C5a)結合於在細胞表面上表現C5aR之細胞(例如,經cAMP刺激之U937細胞或經分離人類嗜中性球)的分析。對於抑制結合之化合物,無論是否有競爭性,在與不受抑制之對照相比時觀測到較少放射性計數。
將相同細胞編號添加至培養盤中之各孔。接著將細胞與經放射性標記之C5a一起培育。藉由洗滌細胞來移除未結合配體,且藉由定量放射性計數來測定經結合配體。對在無任何有機化合物的情況下培育之細胞進行總計數;藉由將細胞與未標記配體及經標記配體一起培育來測定非特異性結合。藉由以下等式測定抑制百分比: 2. 劑量反應曲線
為確定候選化合物對於C5aR之親和力以及確認其抑制配體結合之能力,在化合物濃度之1 × 10- 10
至1 × 10- 4
M範圍內對抑制活性進行滴定。在分析中,化合物之量係變化的;同時使細胞數目及配體濃度保持恆定。 D. 活體內功效模型
可藉由測定化合物於動物模型中之功效來評估所關注化合物在治療C5a介導之病況方面的潛在功效。除了下文所描述之模型以外,用於研究所關注化合物之其他適合動物模式可見於Mizuno, M等人,Expert Opin . Investig . Drugs
(2005), 14(7), 807-821中,其以全文引用的方式併入本文中。 1. C5a誘發之白血球減少症之模型 a) 人類C5aR基因嵌入小鼠模型中之C5a誘發之白血球減少症
為研究本發明化合物在動物模型中之功效,可使用標準技術建立重組小鼠,其中編碼小鼠C5aR之基因序列經編碼人類C5aR之序列置換,以建立hC5aR-KI小鼠。在此小鼠中,投與hC5a引起血管壁上之黏著分子之上調,該等黏著分子結合白血球,從而使該等白血球自血流螯合。向動物投與20ug/kg hC5a且1分鐘後藉由標準技術定量末梢血液中之白血球。用不同劑量之本發明化合物預處理小鼠幾乎可完全阻斷hC5a誘發之白細胞減少症。 b) 獼猴模型中之C5a誘發之白細胞減少症
為研究本發明化合物在非人類靈長類模型中之功效,以獼猴模型研究C5a誘發之白血球減少症。在此模型中,投與hC5a引起血管壁上之黏著分子之上調,該等黏著分子結合白血球,從而使該等白血球自血流螯合。向動物投與10ug/kg hC5a且1分鐘後定量末梢血液中之白血球。ANCA 誘發之血管炎之小鼠模型
第0天,向hC5aR-KI小鼠靜脈內注射50mg/kg經純化之髓過氧化酶抗體 (Xiao等人,J . Clin . Invest . 110
:955-963 (2002))。另外以每日口服劑量之本發明化合物或媒劑向小鼠給藥,持續七天,隨後處死小鼠並收集腎臟以供組織學檢查。在與經媒劑處理之動物相比時,對腎臟部分之分析可表明腎小球中之新月體型及壞死性病灶之顯著較少的數目及嚴重程度。2.
脈絡膜新生血管之小鼠模型
為研究本發明化合物在年齡相關黃斑變性(AMD)之治療中的功效,藉由雷射光凝使hC5aR-KI小鼠之眼中之布魯赫膜破裂(Nozika等人,PNAS 103
:2328-2333(2006)。用媒劑或每日口服或適當玻璃體內劑量之本發明化合物處理小鼠一至兩週。藉由組織學及血管造影評定雷射誘導損害之修復及新血管生成。3. 類風濕性關節炎模型 a) 毀壞性關節發炎之兔模型
為研究候選化合物對抑制兔對細菌膜組分脂多糖(LPS)之關節內注射之發炎反應的效應,使用毀壞性關節發炎之兔模型。此研究設計模擬關節炎中發現之毀壞性關節發炎。LPS之關節內注射引起急性發炎反應,其特徵在於釋放細胞介素及趨化細胞素,其中許多已於類風濕性關節炎關節中鑑別。經標記之白血球增加回應於此等趨化性介體之升高而發生於滑液及滑膜中。趨化細胞素受體之選擇性拮抗劑已展示出在此模型中之功效(參見Podolin等人,J . Immunol .
169(11):6435-6444 (2002))。
基本上如Podolin等人如上所描述來進行兔LPS研究,用LPS (10 ng)連同僅媒劑(具有1% DMSO之磷酸鹽緩衝鹽水)或利用添加總體積為1.0 mL之候選化合物(劑量1 = 50 µM或劑量2 = 100 µM)在關節內單膝處理紐西蘭母兔(大約2公斤)。LPS注射後十六個小時,灌洗膝部且執行細胞計數。藉由對滑膜發炎之組織病理學評價來測定有益處理效果。發炎計分用於組織病理學評價:1-微小,2-輕度,3-適中,4-適中-標記。b) 評估膠原蛋白誘發之關節炎之大鼠模型中之化合物
進行17天對II型膠原蛋白關節炎的研究以評估候選化合物對關節炎誘導之臨床踝腫脹的功效。大鼠膠原蛋白關節炎為多發性關節炎之實驗模型,其已廣泛用於多種抗關節炎試劑之臨床前測試(參見Trentham等人,J . Exp . Med . 146 ( 3 )
:857-868 (1977), Bendele等人,Toxicologic Pathol . 27
:134-142 (1999), Bendele等人,Arthritis Rheum . 42
:498-506 (1999))。此模型之標誌為穩固的可容易量測之多關節發炎之可靠發作及進展、顯著的軟骨損壞以及血管翳形成及輕度至中度的骨骼再吸收及骨膜骨骼增生。
用異氟醚麻醉雌性路易斯大鼠(約0.2公斤),且在此17天研究之第0天及第6天,在尾巴根部及背上兩個部位處注射含有2 mg/mL牛II型膠原蛋白之弗氏不完全佐劑(Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant)。自第0天直至第17天每日以有效劑量以皮下方式給藥候選化合物。進行踝關節直徑之測徑規測量,且減少的關節腫脹視為功效之量度。4.
敗血症之大鼠模型
為研究所關注化合物對抑制與敗血症類疾病相關之廣泛性發炎反應的效應,使用敗血症之盲腸結紮穿孔(CLP)大鼠模型。基本上如Fujimura N等人所描述來進行大鼠CLP研究(American Journal Respiratory Critical Care Medicine
2000; 161:440-446)。此處簡言之,在實驗前,使重量介於200至250 g之間的兩種性別之威斯塔白化大鼠禁食十二小時。使動物保持正常12小時晝夜循環且進行標準飼料餵養直至實驗前12小時。接著將動物分為四組:(i)兩個假手術組及(ii)兩個CLP組。此等兩組(亦即,(i)及(ii))中之每一者經分為媒劑對照組及測試化合物組。敗血症由CLP方法誘發。在短暫麻醉下,使用最低程度剝離來進行中線開腹術且用3-0真絲將盲腸剛好結紮於迴盲腸瓣下方,因此保持腸道連續性。在相隔1 cm之兩個位置處用18計量注射針將盲腸之對系膜表面穿孔,且溫和地擠壓盲腸,直至擠出糞便物。接著使腸回到腹部且閉合切口。在手術結束時,用生理食鹽水使所有大鼠復蘇,3 ml/100 g體重,以皮下方式給予。術後,在接下來16個小時使大鼠斷食但可自由飲水,直至其被處死。向假手術組給予開腹術,且盲腸經處理但未結紮或穿孔。藉由對組織及器官之組織病理學計分以及對肝功能、腎功能及脂質過氧化之若干關鍵指標之量測來量測有益處理效果。為測試肝功能,量測天冬胺酸轉胺酶(AST)及丙胺酸轉胺酶(ALT)。研究血尿素氮及肌酐濃度以評定腎功能。亦藉由ELISA分析諸如TNF-α及IL-1β之促發炎細胞介素的血清水平。5.
實驗狼瘡性腎炎之小鼠SLE模型
為研究所關注化合物對全身性紅斑性狼瘡症(SLE)之效應,使用MRL/lpr
鼠類SLE模型。MRL/Mp-Tmfrsf6lpr / lpr
病毒株(MRL/lpr
)為人類SLE之常用小鼠模型。為測試在此模型中之化合物功效,將13週齡的MRL/lpr
雄性小鼠同等地劃分於對照拮抗劑組與C5aR拮抗劑組之間。隨後,經接下來的6週,經由滲透泵向動物投與化合物或媒劑,以維持有效區並將對動物之應力效應降至最低。在疾病發作及進展之6週期間每兩週收集血清及尿樣品。在少數此等小鼠中,發生腎小球硬化,導致動物因腎衰竭而死亡。在死亡後,由於腎衰竭之指標為經量測準則中之一者,且成功處理通常將導致測試組中之猝死發病的延遲。此外,亦可利用血尿素氮(BUN)及白蛋白尿量測來不斷監測腎病之存在及量級。亦在19週採集組織及器官,且對其進行病理組織學及免疫組織化學,並基於組織損傷及細胞浸潤計分。6.
COPD之大鼠模型
嚙齒動物模型中之煙霧誘發之呼吸道發炎可用於評定化合物於慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)中之功效。趨化細胞素之選擇性拮抗劑已展示出在此模型中之功效(參見Stevenson等人,Am . J . Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol
. 288 L514-L522, (2005))。如Stevenson等人所描述來進行COPD之急性大鼠模型。經由口服或IV給藥全身性投與所關注化合物;或局部投與經噴霧化合物。將雄性史泊格多利大白鼠(350-400 g)置放於有機玻璃腔室中並暴露於經由泵吸入之香菸煙霧(每30秒50 mL,其間有新鮮空氣)。使大鼠暴露達32分鐘之總時段。直至初始暴露後7天將大鼠處死。藉由發炎性細胞浸潤之減少、趨化細胞素及細胞介素含量之減少來評定任何有益處理效果。
在慢性模型中,使小鼠或大鼠暴露於每日菸草煙霧暴露直至12個月。經由每日一次口服給藥全身性投化合物,或潛在地經由經噴霧化合物局部投與。除用急性模型(Stevensen等人)觀測到的發炎以外,動物亦可呈現類似於人類COPD中發現之病變的其它病變(諸如肺氣腫) (如由增加之肺泡平均截距)以及變更之肺化學方法(參見Martorana等人,Am . J . Respir . Crit Care Med .
172(7):848-53)。7.
多發性硬化之小鼠EAE模型
實驗性自身免疫性腦脊髓炎(EAE)為人類多發性硬化之模型。該模型之變化已經公佈且在此項技術中為人所熟知。在典型方案中,將C57BL/6 (Charles River Laboratories)用於EAE模型。在第0天,以皮下方式(s.c.)將小鼠用含有4 mg/ml結核分支桿菌(Sigma-Aldrich)之傳氏完全佐劑(CFA)乳化的200ug髓鞘寡樹突神經膠細胞糖蛋白(MOG) 35-55 (Peptide International)免疫。此外,在第0天及第2天,靜脈內(i.v)向動物給予200 ng百日咳毒素(Calbiochem)。臨床計分係基於0-5之範圍:0,無疾病症狀;1,軟尾;2,後肢無力;3,後肢麻痹;4,前肢無力或麻痹;5,瀕死。可在第0天(預防性)或在第7天(治療性,當疾病之組織學跡象存在但較少動物呈現臨床症狀時)開始待評定之所關注化合物之給藥,且以適合於其活性及藥代動力學性質之濃度每天給藥一次或多次,例如100 mg/kg s.c。可藉由比較嚴重程度(最大意謂相較於媒劑在化合物存在下之臨床計分),或藉由量測自脊髓分離之巨噬細胞(F4/80陽性)之數目的減少來評定化合物之功效。可經由不連續Percoll梯度分離脊髓單核細胞。可使用大鼠抗小鼠F4/80-PE或大鼠IgG2b-PE (Caltag Laboratories)對細胞染色,且藉由每樣品使用10 ul Polybeads之FACS分析(Polysciences)定量。8.
腎臟移植之小鼠模型
移植模型可於小鼠中進行,例如,自C57BL/6至BALB/c小鼠之同種異體腎臟移植之模型描述於Faikah Gueler等人,JASN Express, 2008年8月27日中。簡言之,麻醉小鼠且將供體左腎臟連接於主動脈及具有小腔靜脈封套之腎靜脈封套,且尿管移除塊。在接受者之左腎切除後,血管封套分別吻合接受者腹部主動脈及腔靜脈,低於自體腎血管水平。尿管直接吻合於膀胱中。冷缺血時間為60分鐘,且熱缺血時間為30分鐘。可在同種異體移植時或在抑制後第4天移除自體右腎以供長期存活研究。監測小鼠之全身狀況以獲得排斥反應之跡象。在手術前或緊接在移植後例如藉由每日一次皮下注射開始動物之複合處理。研究小鼠之腎功能及存活率。藉由自動化方法(Beckman Analyzer, Krefeld, Germany)量測血清肌酐含量。9.
缺血/再灌注之小鼠模型
可如Xiufen Zheng等人,Am . J . Pathol
, 173:4卷, 2008年10月所描述來執行缺血/再灌注損傷之小鼠模型。簡言之,麻醉6至8週大的CD1小鼠且置放於加熱墊上以在手術期間保暖。由於腹部切口,鈍剝離腎蒂且將微血管夾置放於左腎蒂上達25至30分鐘。由於缺血,將夾連同右腎一起移除,縫合切口,且使動物恢復。收集血液以供血清肌酐及BUN分析以作為腎臟保健之指標。或者,隨時間監測動物存活。可在手術之前及/或之後投與化合物且將對血清肌酐、BUN或動物存活之效應用作化合物功效之指標。 10. 腫瘤生長之小鼠模型
向6至16週齡之C57BL/6小鼠於右或左後側腹中皮下注射1×105
TC-1細胞(ATCC, VA)。細胞注射後約2週,每2至4 d用測徑規量測腫瘤直至必需殺滅小鼠的腫瘤大小為止。在處死時,使動物經歷充分屍檢且移除脾及腫瘤。量測所切除腫瘤並稱重。可在腫瘤注射之前及/或之後投與化合物,且腫瘤生長之延遲或抑制用於評定化合物功效。
在下表 3
中,提供本文所描述之代表性化合物之結構及活性。如下提供如本文所描述之趨化性分析中之抑制活性(參見實例14 B. 3):+,500 nM ≤ IC50;++,50 nM ≤ IC50< 500 nM;+++,5 nM ≤ IC50< 50 nM;及++++,IC50< 5 nM。表 3 :特定實施例之結構及 生物活性
[0002]
雖然本文描述了本發明之特定實施例,但在閱讀本說明書後,所揭示實施例之變化可變得對此項技術之工作人員顯而易見,且預期彼等熟練的技術人員可按需要採用此類變化。因此,意欲本發明不同於如本文所特定描述來實踐,且本發明包括如由適用法律准許之在隨附申請專利範圍中敍述之主題之所有修改及等效物。此外,除非本文中另外指示或另外上下文明顯矛盾,否則本發明涵蓋上述要素以其所有可能變化形式之任何組合。
本說明書中所引用之所有公開案、專利申請案、寄存編號及其他參考文獻皆以引用之方式併入本文中,如同各個別公開案或專利申請案特定地且個別地指示為以引用之方式併入一般。
Claims (35)
- 一種式(I)化合物
- 如請求項1或2之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、立體異構體或水合物,其中各R4獨立地選自由以下組成之群:C1-4烷基、C1-4烷氧基、C1-6羥基烷基、鹵素、氰基及-CO2R4a;且其中R4取代基可連接於該雙環雜芳基之任何適合的碳環頂點。
- 如請求項1或2之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、立體異構體或水合物,其中各R5獨立地選自由以下組成之群:C1-8烷基、C1-8烷氧基、C1-8鹵烷基、C1-8鹵烷氧基、C1-8羥基烷基、C3-6環烷基、鹵素、OH、-NR5aR5b及CO2R5a,其中各R5a及R5b獨立地選自由以下組成之群:氫、C1- 8烷基及C1-8鹵烷基。
- 如請求項1或2之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、立體異構體或水合物,其中R1為經1或2個R5取代之-CH2-苯基,其中各R5獨立地為C1-4鹵烷基。
- 如請求項1或2之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、立體異構體或水合物,其中R1為經1或2個CF3取代之-CH2-苯基。
- 如請求項1或2之化合物或其醫藥上可接受鹽、立體異構體或水合物,其中R2b、R2c及R2d各為H。
- 如請求項1或2之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、立體異構體或水合物,其中R2a及R2e各自獨立地選自由以下組成之群:C1-6烷基及C1-6鹵烷基。
- 如請求項1或2之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、立體異構體或水合物,其中R2a及R2e各自獨立地選自由以下組成之群:甲基及乙基。
- 如請求項1或2之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、立體異構體或水合物,其中n為0、1或2。
- 如請求項1或2之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、立體異構體或水合物,其中各R3獨立地為C1-4烷基。
- 一種醫藥組合物,其包含如請求項1至24中任一項之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、立體異構體或水合物,及醫藥學上可接受之載劑。
- 一種如請求項1至24中任一項之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、立體異構體或水合物或如請求項25之組合物的用途,其係用於製備用於治療涉及自C5a之病理性活化之疾病或病症的醫藥品。
- 一種如請求項1至24中任一項之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、立體異構體或水合物的用途,其係用於製備用於抑制C5a介導之細胞趨化性的醫藥品,其中該醫藥品包含C5a調節量並與哺乳動物白血球接觸。
- 如請求項26之用途,其中該疾病或病症為發炎疾病或病症、心血管或腦血管病症、自體免疫疾病或癌症疾病或病症。
- 如請求項26之用途,其中該疾病或病症為ANCA血管炎。
- 如請求項26之用途,其中該疾病或病症係選自由韋格納氏肉芽腫病及顯微鏡下多血管所組成之群。
- 如請求項26之用途,其中該疾病或病症為血管炎。
- 如請求項26之用途,其中該疾病或病症為C3-腎小球病變。
- 如請求項26之用途,其中該疾病或病症係選自由C3-腎小球腎炎及密度沈積病所組成之群。
- 如請求項26之用途,其中該疾病或病症選自由以下組成之群:嗜中性球減少症、嗜中性球增多症、膜增生性腎小球腎炎、川崎病、溶血尿毒症候群、非典型性溶血性尿毒症症候群(aHUS)、組織移植排斥反應、移植器官之超急性排斥反應、類風濕性關節炎、全身性紅斑性狼瘡症、狼瘡性腎炎、狼瘡性腎小球腎炎、自身免疫溶血性及血小板減少性病況、免疫血管炎、移植物抗宿主疾病、海曼腎炎、膜性腎炎、腎小球腎炎及IGA腎病。
- 如請求項26之用途,其中該疾病或病症係選自由以下組成之群:黑素瘤、肺癌、淋巴瘤、肉瘤、癌瘤、纖維肉瘤、軟骨肉瘤、骨原性肉瘤、血管肉瘤、淋巴管肉瘤、滑膜瘤、間皮瘤、腦膜瘤、白血病、淋巴瘤、鱗狀細胞癌、基底細胞癌、腺癌、乳頭狀癌、囊腺癌、支氣管癌、腎細胞 癌、肝細胞癌、移行細胞癌、絨膜癌、精細胞癌、胚胎性瘤、威耳姆士瘤、多形性腺瘤、肝細胞乳頭狀瘤、腎源性小管性腺瘤、囊腺瘤、乳頭瘤、腺瘤、平滑肌瘤、橫紋肌瘤、淋巴管瘤、骨瘤、軟骨瘤、脂肪瘤及纖維瘤。
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CA3064025A1 (en) | 2018-12-06 |
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KR102586710B1 (ko) | 2023-10-10 |
AU2018277523A1 (en) | 2019-12-05 |
TW201902897A (zh) | 2019-01-16 |
IL270842B1 (en) | 2023-01-01 |
US20180346471A1 (en) | 2018-12-06 |
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AR111841A1 (es) | 2019-08-21 |
EP3630774A1 (en) | 2020-04-08 |
US11479553B2 (en) | 2022-10-25 |
EP3630774B1 (en) | 2022-11-23 |
IL270842A (en) | 2020-01-30 |
US20210009594A1 (en) | 2021-01-14 |
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