TWI776999B - 用於製造夾層材料之樹脂吸收減少的高溫發泡體 - Google Patents
用於製造夾層材料之樹脂吸收減少的高溫發泡體 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI776999B TWI776999B TW107141630A TW107141630A TWI776999B TW I776999 B TWI776999 B TW I776999B TW 107141630 A TW107141630 A TW 107141630A TW 107141630 A TW107141630 A TW 107141630A TW I776999 B TWI776999 B TW I776999B
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- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
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Abstract
本發明係關於製造高溫發泡體之領域,如建構飛機、船舶和軌道及其他載具中所使用者,特別是藉由與兩個外層結合而進一步加工成夾層材料。此處,提出一種製造高溫發泡體(HT發泡體)的新方法,其特別適合用於製造用於輕質構造的此夾層組件。此方法達成根據本發明製得之HT發泡體的加工性和該夾層材料的重量降低之改良。該HT發泡體進一步為剛性粒子發泡體,其明顯比製造剛性嵌段發泡體更為經濟。
經由表面建構之與方法相關的最佳化,本發明特別導致纖維複合方法中的樹脂吸收減少。
Description
本發明係關於製造高溫發泡體之領域,如建構飛機、船舶和軌道及其他載具中所使用者,特別是藉由與兩個外層結合而進一步加工成夾層材料。此處,提出一種製造高溫發泡體(HT發泡體)的新方法,其特別適合用於製造用於輕質構造的此夾層組件。此方法達成根據本發明製得之HT發泡體的加工性和該夾層材料的重量降低之改良。該HT發泡體進一步為剛性粒子發泡體,其明顯比製造剛性嵌段發泡體更為經濟。
經由表面建構之與方法相關的最佳化,本發明特別導致纖維複合方法中的樹脂吸收減少。
粒子形式由多個單獨的聚合物發泡體珠粒組成,這些聚合物發泡體珠粒在輪廓模具中藉由供應能量而在界面處燒結。這提供如在圖1實施例中膨脹的聚丙烯(EPP)製的模製物中顯見的特徵表面。各發泡體珠的邊界在模製物中仍清晰可見。
此外,該過程的結果是,用於填充過程的一些空氣總是保留在模腔中,從而導致發泡體珠之間的空隙。涉及粒子發泡模具的先前技術公開了使這些問題最小化的方法。因此,例如,經由將主要結構壓印到發泡體表面中,結構化模具表面可以模糊觀察者眼睛觀察到的粒子邊界。
然而,當模製物作為夾層結構的芯時,此僅具有次要意義。此須要儘可能封閉的表面。這有三個重要原因:必須避免描繪(纖維複合材料)外層表面上的發泡體芯中的缺陷。此現象被視為品質缺陷。此外,為了使輕質結構潛能最大化,應儘量防止樹脂滲入芯材。最後,當使用預浸外層時,樹脂在發泡體表面滲入空隙會在外層產生所謂“乾”點的風險。這些特別是在芯表面上的點,其中樹脂完全滲透到間隙中,因此纖維的固化不足。此會導致外層在載重下的機械故障。
為了解決這些問題,先前技術最初提供純粹來自模具製造的解決方案,以在發泡期間根據需要而改變發泡體表面。圖2顯示了藉由在模具內部使用多孔金屬嵌件的方法生產的特徵表面。然而,仔細檢查發現,此處藉由這種技術也無法完全避免空腔。
為了用這種材料實現完全封閉的表面,在發泡體粒子燒結下游的方法步驟中另外需要將模腔加熱到使發泡體的模製表面變得可流動的程度,從而在發泡體上形成緊緻的表皮。在適當的處理管理下,這種表皮完全封閉並因此不受液體的影響。
先前技術揭示了聚丙烯發泡體(發泡的PP/EPP),例如使用必須專門生產的內襯形式之適合的塗層材料。此內襯在製造發泡體的過程中熔化。因此,內襯可以與EPP發泡體結合。例如在DE 2010 200 10 411中描述了這種方法。在根據DE 19 640 130的一個變體中,由內襯形成的此膜也可以有孔並因此是蒸汽可滲透的。根據EP 11 557 99的另一種變體限於發泡的聚苯乙烯(EPS)或EPP,其包含另外進行的蒸汽處理步驟。這使得模製表面熔化並實現封閉的表面。所有這些過程都需要額外的處理步驟,且在某些情況下需要額外的輸入材料。因此,對於上述技術挑戰的更簡單的替代解決方案仍然存在很大的技術需求。
根據WO 2017 125412,亦可以利用輻射能量來熔化發泡體表面。但是,由於與過程和安全相關的挑戰,必須將此程序視為有問題。
問題
因此,在所討論的先前技術的背景下,本發明所解決的問題是提供一種與先前技術相比更簡單和更有效的方法,用於以使夾層材料儘可能輕,同時表現出良好的機械安定性和發泡體芯與外層之間的良好結合的方式。
生產包含由HT發泡體生產的粒子發泡體製成的發泡體芯的夾層材料。
所針對之特別的問題是提供一種新方法,藉由該方法可以簡單且以高生產率生產發泡體表面儘可能封閉的HT發泡體。
特別佳的情況是,生產HT發泡體的新方法以模內發泡方法的改良形式提供。此方法可以迅速且低耗能的方式進行。
此處未明確討論的其他問題可以從先前技術、說明書、權利要求或具體實施例推衍出。
解決方案
藉由生產HT發泡體的新方法解決了這些問題,所述HT發泡體特別適合於進一步加工成夾層材料。根據本發明的方法的特徵特別在於,高溫聚合物粒子在模具中在燒結溫度T1
下發泡和燒結,以形成HT發泡體模製物。發泡方面不一定包括用於生產高溫發泡體的整個發泡過程。反之,可以使用已經預發泡到一定程度的粒子,並且藉由連續發泡而最終在該過程中燒結成模製物。此外,特別是另外地並且特別佳地,在燒結溫度T1
下的發泡未進行到完全的程度,而是僅在進一步的處理中結束。
根據本發明之方法的進一步特徵在於含有現在形成的發泡體模製物的模腔隨後被加熱至溫度T2
達5至120秒,較佳地15至90秒,極特別佳地至多60秒。該溫度T2
比所用HT聚合物的燒結溫度T1
高至少10℃,並且比該HT聚合物的玻璃轉變溫度高不超過20℃。第二步驟中的熱作用應儘可能短,以防止發泡體部分的坍塌,對於本領域技術人員而言,令人驚訝的是,可以在所述的短時間內實現。
該HT聚合物的燒結溫度T1
較佳介於140℃和220℃之間,特別佳地介於145℃和180℃之間。因為存在的發泡劑和所用蒸汽(此二者皆作為塑化劑)的作用,所以此燒結溫度明顯低於HT聚合物(亦可將其描述為基礎聚合物)的玻璃轉變溫度。
該HT聚合物的玻璃轉變溫度較佳介於210℃和235℃之間,特別佳介於215℃和230℃之間。對於不是摻合物的一部分的HT聚合物,玻璃轉變溫度應理解為不含添加劑的純聚合物的玻璃轉變溫度,特別是不加入發泡劑的玻璃轉變溫度。對於摻合物,玻璃轉變溫度應理解為意指在沒有添加劑,特別是不加入發泡劑的聚合物混合物中的相的相應測量的玻璃轉變溫度。
最後,溫度T2
較佳介於180℃和255℃之間且特別佳是介於190℃和240℃之間。
本方法之特別溫和但仍起作用的變體的特徵在於將模腔加熱至溫度T2
達15至90秒,該溫度T2
高於HT聚合物的燒結溫度至少15℃並且低於HT聚合物的玻璃轉變溫度。
根據本發明之方法令人驚訝地導致由高溫粒子發泡體和複合外層組成的夾層芯之樹脂吸收減少。經由將模腔加熱到聚合物熔化但不損壞的程度,令人驚訝地實現了這種效果。實際上完全避免材料表面上的空腔是本領域技術人員意想不到的結果。
適當的高溫聚合物(HT聚合物)特別是具有介於210℃和235℃之間的玻璃轉變溫度Tg
者。具有較低玻璃轉變溫度的材料通常不適用於滿足高溫發泡體的所欲性質。反之,具較高Tg
值的材料幾乎不實用。根據本發明,玻璃轉變溫度的定義係關於材料之最相關(能量最大)的熱轉變。這意味著即使在此較佳具體實施例中,該材料也很可能具有低於210℃的第二熱轉變。這例如發生於相分離系統中,特別是在聚合物摻合物(聚合物混合物)中。
對於沒有明確揭示的玻璃轉變溫度的材料,可以藉DSC(差示掃描卡計)測定所述溫度。在這方面,本領域技術人員知道,只有在第一次加熱循環至比材料的最高玻璃化轉變溫度或熔化溫度至少高25℃且比最低分解溫度至少低20℃的溫度,材料樣品在該溫度下保持至少2分鐘之後,DSC才足以下結論。然後將樣品冷卻回到比測得之最低玻璃轉變溫度或熔化溫度低至少20℃的溫度,其中冷卻速率應不大於20℃/分鐘,較佳地不大於10℃/分鐘。然後在幾分鐘的進一步等待時間之後進行實際測量,其中樣品以通常10℃/分鐘或更低的加熱速率加熱至比最高熔化溫度或玻璃轉變溫度高至少20℃的溫度。
本領域技術人員可以進一步使用DSC,例如,關於樣品製備,根據DIN EN ISO 11357-1和ISO 11357 -2。DSC本身是一種非常穩定的方法,只有在溫度程序出現偏差的情況下,才會導致測量結果的差異較大。
根據本發明之方法中,已經證實一種特別適合用來作為HT聚合物的材料是聚醚碸(PESU)。作為純的聚合物PESU具有約225℃的玻璃轉變溫度。
或者且同樣較佳地,使用聚苯碸(PPSU)作為HT聚合物。此材料具有約220℃的玻璃轉變溫度。
本方法之特別佳的變體中,HT聚合物是聚醚醯亞胺(PEI)。PEI具有約217℃的玻璃轉變溫度。
根據本發明,可以使用摻合物,其中由於例如玻璃轉變溫度過低,所以根據本發明的組份不可單獨使用。這種混合物可以含有,其本身根據本發明亦可單獨使用的第二種組份。較佳地,兩種聚合物之混合物在根據本發明可使用的聚合物的比例中之比例大於60重量%,特別佳地大於75重量%。
可根據本發明使用的摻合物的其他實例是PPSU和PESU的混合物。此摻合物可以PESU至PPSU之比為1:9至9:0.5,較佳1:1至8.5:1使用。
欲實施該方法,尚有待實現之較佳的其他特點存在。因此可以考慮各種選項以實現加熱到溫度T2
的高溫階段:
這可以藉由第二迴路來實現,經由該第二迴路可以傳導能量傳遞介質,例如蒸汽或傳熱油。模具製造部門熟悉各種各樣的實現選擇,例如模腔的殼狀結構,將管道焊接到遠離模具的模具側面或使用生成方法,例如選擇性的雷射燒結。
亦可以在模具中採用可感應加熱的嵌體或內層。這兩種選項的優點是確保快速和受控地加熱至目標溫度。
在兩種變體中可以任選地添加另外的電路以快速冷卻表面。
為了形成均勻緻密的外層,應該補償由發泡體到緻密聚合物的過渡所引起的體積減小。但是,也可以在沒有這種補償的情況下執行該過程。但是,在考慮補償時,可以獲得定性方面較高的品質結果。用於此目的,也有各種選項。
體積減小可任選地藉由閉合模具來實現,從而減小模具的腔體積。在設計模具時應該考慮這一點。在本文中,本領域技術人員將參考所謂的“透氣模具”。
然而,更好和更簡單的替代方案涉及利用發泡體粒子的固有膨脹。這種固有膨脹係藉由發泡體胞室中含有的發泡劑而實現。因此,較佳地,根據本發明的方法的一個實施方案,其中高溫聚合物粒子在模具中發泡,以在140℃-180℃的燒結溫度T1
下形成HT發泡體模製物,以此方式,在將模腔加熱到溫度T2
時,至少5%重量的最初使用的發泡劑仍保留在材料中。
如上所述,根據本發明,在該方法中也可以使用預發泡粒子。這產生了兩種不同但同樣較佳的方法變體:
這些方法變體中的第一者的特徵在於,在發泡之前,模具填充有粒子尺寸介於0.5和5.0mm之間之未預發泡的HT聚合物粒子。
這些方法變體中的第二者的特徵在於,在發泡之前,模具填充有預發泡的HT聚合物粒子,其具有1.0至10mm的最大粒子尺寸和30至200kg/m3
的整體密度。
較佳地,相較於未發泡材料的密度,根據本發明的發泡體具有的發泡度降低為介於1%和98%之間,較佳介於50%和97%之間,特別佳介於70%和95%之間。較佳地,發泡體具有介於20和1000kg/m3
之間,較佳介於40和250kg/m3
之間,特別佳介於50和150kg/m3
之間的密度。
除了聚合物本身之外,高溫聚合物的待發泡組成物較佳地包含0.5至10重量%,較佳1至9重量%的發泡劑。其尤其可以另外含有0重量%至10重量%,較佳1重量%至5重量%的添加劑。
該添加劑特別可以是阻燃劑、塑化劑、顏料、抗靜電劑、UV安定劑、成核劑、衝擊性改質劑、黏著促進劑、流變性改質劑、鏈增長劑、纖維和/或奈米粒子。
所用阻燃劑通常是磷化合物,特別是磷酸鹽、膦或亞磷酸鹽。適當的UV安定劑和/或UV吸收劑是本領域技術人員一般已知者。HALS化合物,Tinuvins或三唑通常用於此目的。所用衝擊性改質劑通常是包含彈性/撓性相的聚合物粒子。這些通常是具有外殼的芯-(殼-)殼粒子,其本身的交聯度弱,並且純聚合物將表現出與PEI之至少最小的互溶性。基本上,可施用任何已知顏料。應當理解,特別是對於相對大的量,應該研究所有其他以高於0.1重量%的量使用的添加劑對於發泡過程之影響。此可由本領域技術人員不費力地執行。
適當的塑化劑、流變性改質劑和鏈增長劑為本領域技術人員自HT聚合物或含有HT聚合物的摻合物製備薄膜、膜或模製物的常識,且可以不費力地用於以根據本發明之組成物製造發泡體。
選用添加的纖維通常是已經知道可加至聚合物組成物中的纖維材料。本發明之特別適合的具體實施例中,該纖維是PEI纖維、PES纖維、PPSU纖維或摻合纖維,後者選自所述聚合物。
可為例如管、小板、棍、球或其他已知形式的該奈米粒子通常是無機材料。它們可以同時在最終發泡體中執行各種功能。因此,在某些情況下,這些粒子在發泡期間充當成核劑。粒子可進一步影響發泡體的機械性能以及(氣體)擴散性質。此外,粒子進一步導致低可燃性。
除了所述的奈米粒子之外,還可以包括微粒或可互溶的相分離聚合物作為成核劑。當考慮組成物時,所述聚合物必須與其他成核劑分開考慮,因為後者主要影響發泡體的機械性能、組成物的熔融黏度並因此影響發泡條件。相分離聚合物作為成核劑的額外效果是此組份的額外所需效果,但在這種情況下不是主要效果。因此,這些額外的聚合物出現於整體的上部,與其他添加劑分開。
添加劑還可任意地包括至多9重量%用於調節物理性質之另外的聚合物組份。此另外的聚合物可以是例如聚醯胺、聚烯烴(特別是PP)、聚酯(特別是PET)、其他HT聚合物(特別是硫系聚合物,例如PSU,PPSU,PESU)或聚(甲基)丙烯醯亞胺。
發泡劑的選擇是相對自由的,並且對於本領域技術人員尤其通過所選擇的發泡方法、其在聚合物中的溶解度和發泡溫度來決定。適合的是例如醇(例如異丙醇或丁醇)、酮(例如丙酮或甲基乙基酮)、烷烴(例如異丁烷、正丁烷、異戊烷、正戊烷、己烷、庚烷或辛烷)、烯烴(例如戊烯、己烯、庚烯或辛烯)、CO2
、N2
、水、醚(例如二乙醚)、醛(例如甲醛或丙醛)、氫(氯)碳氟化合物、化學發泡劑或多種這些物質的混合物。
化學發泡劑是相對或完全不揮發的物質,其在發泡條件下經歷化學分解以在分解時形成實際的發泡劑。三級丁醇是一個非常簡單的例子,因為它在發泡條件下形成異丁烯和水。其他例子是NaHCO3
、檸檬酸、檸檬酸衍生物、偶氮二甲醯胺(ADC)和/或基於彼之化合物、甲苯磺醯基聯氨(TSH)、氧雙(苯并磺基氫疊氮)(OBSH)或5-苯基四唑(5-PT)。
較佳地,根據本發明之粒子發泡體具有根據ISO1926之大於0.4MPa的抗拉強度、根據ISO1926之介於5%和15%之間的破裂時拉長率、根據ASTM C273之大於6MPa的室溫切變模數、根據ASTM C273之大於0.35MPa的室溫切變抗性、根據ISO 844之大於10MPa的室溫壓縮模數、和根據ISO 844之大於0.3MPa的室溫壓縮強度。當採用下文所述的製備粒子發泡體的方法時,本領域技術人員在保持根據本發明的玻璃轉變溫度和泡孔尺寸的同時符合這些機械性能是一件簡單的事情。此外,亦驚訝地發現,根據本發明的粒子發泡體可滿足根據FAR 25.852的防火規範或防火性能,這對於在航空工業中的飛機內部使用特別重要。
根據本發明製造的HT發泡體可如所述進一步加工成模製物或發泡體–芯複合材料。該發泡體模製物或發泡體–芯複合材料尤其可以用於大規模生產,例如用於車身製造或用於汽車工業中的內飾、軌道載具構造或造船中的內部部件、航太工業、機械工程中、生產運動器材、家具建造或風力渦輪機的建造。
使用基於聚碸(PESU和PPSU)和基於聚醚醯胺(PEI)的聚合物發泡體珠進行實驗。使用Teubert Maschinenbau GmbH的TVZ162/100自動模製機進行發泡體珠粒的加工。
將基於PESU的粒子發泡體發泡並在145-165℃的溫度範圍內燒結成模製物。表面轉化為表皮的溫度範圍為185-235℃。
圖1:根據先前技術的粒子發泡模製件的特徵表面
圖2:根據先前技術在模具中使用多孔燒結金屬的均勻且相對封閉但部分開放的粒子發泡體表面
圖3:根據先前技術的粒子發泡模製物的特徵表面與經由根據本發明改良但是在其他方面類似的方法製備的粒子發泡模製物的比較。
Claims (10)
- 一種製造供進一步加工製成夾層材料之高溫發泡體(HT發泡體)之方法,其特徵在於使高溫聚合物粒子於燒結溫度T1在模具中發泡和燒結以形成HT發泡體模製物及之後使該模具腔加熱至比該高溫聚合物(HT聚合物)的該燒結溫度高至少10℃且比該HT聚合物的玻璃轉變溫度高不超過20℃的溫度T2達5至120秒,其中該HT聚合物的該燒結溫度T1介於140℃和220℃之間,該HT聚合物的該玻璃轉變溫度介於210℃和235℃之間且溫度T2介於180℃和255℃之間。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該HT聚合物的該燒結溫度T1介於145℃和180℃之間,該HT聚合物的該玻璃轉變溫度介於215℃和230℃之間且溫度T2介於190℃和240℃之間。
- 如請求項1或2之方法,其中使該模具腔加熱至溫度T2達15至90秒。
- 如請求項1或2之方法,其中該HT聚合物係聚醚碸(PESU)。
- 如請求項1或2之方法,其中該HT聚合物係聚苯基碸(PPSU)。
- 如請求項1或2之方法,其中該HT聚合物係聚醚醯亞胺(PEI)。
- 如請求項1或2之方法,其中使該高溫聚合物粒子在該模具中於介於140℃和180℃之間的該燒結溫度T1發泡而形成該HT發泡體模製物,其方式使得該模具腔在加熱至溫度T2之後,至少5重量%之原施用的發泡劑仍留在該材料中。
- 如請求項1或2之方法,其中該模具腔加熱至比該HT聚合物的該燒結溫度高至少15℃且低於該HT聚合物的該玻璃轉變溫度之溫度T2達5至120秒。
- 如請求項1或2之方法,其中在發泡之前,該模具充填具有介於0.5和5.0mm之間的粒子尺寸之未預發泡的(non-prefoamed)HT聚合物粒子。
- 如請求項1或2之方法,其中在發泡之前,該模具充填具有介於1.0和10mm之間的最大粒子尺寸和30至200kg/m3的整體密度之預發泡的HT聚合物粒子。
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