TWI737992B - 包含陶瓷材料表面的模具,以及製造和使用該模具的相關方法 - Google Patents
包含陶瓷材料表面的模具,以及製造和使用該模具的相關方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI737992B TWI737992B TW108116133A TW108116133A TWI737992B TW I737992 B TWI737992 B TW I737992B TW 108116133 A TW108116133 A TW 108116133A TW 108116133 A TW108116133 A TW 108116133A TW I737992 B TWI737992 B TW I737992B
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Abstract
本發明揭示在表面包括陶瓷材料之模具,以及形成該等模具之方法及使用該等模具之方法;該陶瓷材料實質上、大部分或全部由三種命名為M、A及X之元素組分構成;該「M」組分為至少一種過渡金屬;該「A」組分為Si、Al、Ge、Pb、Sn、Ga、P、S、In、As、Tl及Cd中之一者或組合;且該「X」組分為碳、氮或其組合。
Description
以下描述係關於在表面包括陶瓷材料之模具,以及形成該等模具之方法及使用該等模具之方法。
現今之商業玻璃加工技術包括可以各種組合使用以產生用於多個不同類型之成型玻璃產品(亦稱為「成型玻璃製品」)的廣泛範圍之玻璃材料的許多種方法、技術、諸如模具之裝置及玻璃調配物。形成玻璃產品之常用方法通常藉由加熱玻璃材料至軟化點,使用模具或成型器具使玻璃形成所需之成型玻璃製品且使形成之玻璃製品冷卻來完成。
一種用於生產具有特別期望實體屬性之玻璃製品之玻璃技術為形成及模製由稱為鹼金屬-鋁矽酸鹽玻璃的調配物製造之成型玻璃製品的製程。鹼金屬-鋁矽酸鹽玻璃為一種輕型堅固及高度耐刮擦之玻璃材料,舉例而言,發現應用為用於電子裝置之防護玻璃罩,包括行動電話、攜帶型媒體播放機、攜帶型電腦顯示器及電視屏幕。
可使用模具以製備由鹼金屬鋁矽酸鹽玻璃製造之成型玻璃製品。典型模製方法通常涉及使用模具由鋁矽酸鹽玻璃形成成型玻璃製品,自模具移除成型玻璃製品,且接著藉由在熔融鹽浴中之化學處理將鋁矽酸鹽玻璃之成型玻璃製品以化學方式轉化為鹼金屬-鋁矽酸鹽玻璃之成型玻璃製品。
成型玻璃製品(諸如防護玻璃罩)必須具有精密修飾面層,亦即,高度精密且基本上無缺陷修飾面層之高度規則修飾面層。用於形成精密修飾面層之模具亦必須具有精密修飾面層。模具在使用期間必須基本上無缺陷,亦即,必須不含有凹陷、刮擦、空隙或其他疵點或缺陷,當轉移至精密模製玻璃製品(諸如防護玻璃罩)時,該等疵點或缺陷將超過可容許之量。
模具亦應為高度耐用的,例如在形成數百或(較佳)數千成型玻璃製品之使用壽命中有效地保持無缺陷,較佳地具有精密修飾面層之數百或數千成型玻璃製品,例如呈防護玻璃罩形式之成型玻璃製品。
一種可機器加工為有效地無缺陷修飾面層且耐用之模具之類型為金屬模具。然而,金屬模具難以形成為成型模具體且因此昂貴。由於其成本高,金屬模具通常不用於許多消費型精密玻璃產品,因為產品週期不足夠長以證明金屬模具之高成本;金屬模具為不經濟的。
代替昂貴金屬模具,用於形成精密玻璃製品之模具已經由石墨製造。石墨為用於模具體之有用材料,因為玻璃往往會不黏附石墨,因為石墨相對便宜且因為石墨可經有效地機器加工以形成具有高精度(相對無缺陷)三維模具特徵之模具體。
不管石墨作為模具體材料之優勢如何,石墨在此應用中具有至少一個值得注意之缺點,亦即石墨在玻璃模製操作發生之溫度下易遭受氧化。為例如藉由模製改變玻璃之形狀,必須將玻璃加熱至極高溫,例如至少400℃之溫度,在該溫度下玻璃軟化至允許使用模具使軟化之玻璃重新成型之程度。若模製製程在空氣或另一含有氧氣之氛圍中之進行,此範圍中之溫度可導致模具體之石墨的迅速氧化。
為避免模具體之石墨在玻璃軟化溫度下之氧化,已經在石墨模具體之表面置放各種抗氧化之塗層。舉例而言,參見國際PCT公開案第WO/2017/011315號(國際申請案第PCT/US2016/041554號),其描述塗佈有含鈦塗層及氧化釔塗層之石墨模具體。用於石墨模具體之此等及其他類型之塗層經設計以抗氧化,但若使用足夠時間量或足夠週期數以形成成型玻璃製品,仍然將遭受氧化。在模製步驟期間即使極小量之氧化可藉由產生凹陷、氣孔、「凹痕」、突點或其他缺陷而損壞此等塗層之一的表面,該缺陷可轉移至藉由模具形成之模製玻璃片之表面。損壞可在模具之許多使用中累積至一定程度以終止模具之使用且需要更換模具。
為避免石墨模具或石墨模具表面上之塗層之氧化,使用模具之過程可在氧氣-減少(較佳「無氧氣」)氛圍,例如,含有小於1%、0.5%或0.1%氧氣之氛圍中進行。用於在石墨或塗佈之石墨模具中形成玻璃之「無氧氣」氛圍之常見實例為濃氮氣氛圍,例如意謂含有至少95%、99%、99.5%或99.9%氮氣之氛圍。
雖然各種類型之模具為當前可用的且適用於形成成型玻璃製品,包括精密玻璃製品(諸如用於電子裝置之防護玻璃罩產品),但仍需要改良玻璃成型方法。此等改良可為改良玻璃模具之形式,理想地包括相對容易形成(例如,藉由機械加工)且因此可以經濟之方式製備,且額外具有降低之氧化易感性,且因此可反覆地使用以延長形成精密模製成型玻璃製品之使用壽命的玻璃模具。
本發明係關於適用於形成包括成型玻璃製品之製品之模具。本說明書之玻璃模具包括由陶瓷材料製造之表面,該陶瓷材料實質上、大部分或全部由三種命名為M、A及X之元素組分構成。「M」組分為至少一種過渡金屬;「A」組分為Si、Al、Ge、Pb、Sn、Ga、P、S、In、As、Tl及Cd中之一者或組合;且「X」組分為碳、氮或其組合。M、A及X元素組分之相對量對於生產穩定陶瓷材料可為視需要且適用的,該陶瓷材料可形成至模具體之表面中且有效地充當模具體之表面,諸如用於使用模具形成玻璃。
本說明書亦係關於藉由利用各種適用方法中之任一者(例如,利用化學氣相沈積、原子層沈積、物理氣相沈積(包括反應性物理氣相沈積)、噴塗、氣膠沈積等)將陶瓷材料沈積至模具體之表面上來形成包括模具體(例如,石墨模具體)及陶瓷材料之表面之模具的方法。
對於商業上用於製備成型玻璃製品之模具,模具應宜具有較長使用壽命,意謂模具可用於自模具中形成數百或數千成型玻璃製品而模具不由於分解或磨損而變得不再適合使用。用於形成玻璃之模具可由於模具之氧化開始劣化,該氧化係由在涉及模具之玻璃形成或成型步驟中所使用之氛圍中存在氧氣引起的。許多玻璃形成步驟在減少氧氣之氛圍中,諸如在高濃度氮氣存在下進行。但即使高濃度氮氣或其他惰性氛圍仍可含有可導致模具之氧化的少量氧氣。
本說明書之模具包括由所描述之陶瓷材料製造之表面,其為抗氧化的。陶瓷材料為模具提供抗氧化之塗層,且在包括陶瓷材料下之石墨模具體的模具中保護石墨體免受氧化。
因此,某些實例模具包括具有沈積於模具體之表面上方之陶瓷材料層的石墨模具體。在某些實施例中,陶瓷材料層完全覆蓋(例如,囊封)石墨模具體之整個表面。與不存在陶瓷材料層之情況下使用相同之石墨模具體時將導致之石墨氧化量相比,塗層可顯著降低底層石墨模具體表面在玻璃模製期間之氧化程度。塗層亦可較佳地提供脫模或不黏附表面,以至少在很大程度上避免軟化之玻璃(及所得固化之成型玻璃製品)黏附至模具體表面,由此避免或降低在玻璃模製及脫模操作期間藉由模具生產之成型玻璃製品中產生缺陷之可能性,例如,與不存在陶瓷材料塗層之情況下使用相同模具體表面形成相同模製的成型玻璃製品時將出現的黏附程度相比。
在實例模具實施例中,可藉由利用諸如化學氣相沈積、原子層沈積、物理氣相沈積(包括反應性物理氣相沈積)、噴塗、氣膠沈積等方法將陶瓷材料沈積至石墨模具體之表面上來製造精密玻璃模具。
在一態樣中,本發明係關於一種包括由式(I)之陶瓷材料、式(II)之陶瓷材料或含有式(I)之陶瓷材料及式(II)之陶瓷材料兩者的陶瓷材料製造之表面的模具。式(I)如下:
M2
A1
X1
(I)
其中
M為至少一種過渡金屬,
A選自Si、Al、Ge、Pb、Sn、Ga、P、S、In、As、Tl及Cd及其組合,及
X為碳、氮,或其組合。
式(II)如下:
M3
A1
X2
(II)
其中
M為至少一種過渡金屬,
A選自Al、Ge及Si中之一者及其組合,及
X為碳、氮,或其組合。
在另一態樣中,本發明係關於一種形成成型玻璃製品之方法。該方法包括:軟化鋁矽酸鹽玻璃且將軟化之鋁矽酸鹽玻璃與所描述模具之一或多個模具特徵接觸置放。
在又一態樣中,本發明係關於一種形成包括模具體及陶瓷材料表面之模具之方法。該方法包括將以下沈積至模具體上:具有式(I)之陶瓷材料、具有式(II)之陶瓷材料或具有式(I)之陶瓷材料及具有式(II)之陶瓷材料之組合。
相關申請案之交互參照
本申請案主張2018年5月11日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第62/670,070號之根據35 USC 119的權利,該申請案之揭示內容出於所有目的在此以全文引用之方式併入本文中。
以下為對適用於形成製品(例如,由玻璃製造之製品)之模具之描述。本說明書之模具包括由陶瓷材料製造之表面,該陶瓷材料實質上、大部分或全部由三種命名為M、A及X之元素組分構成。「M」組分為至少一種過渡金屬;「A」組分為Si、Al、Ge、Pb、Sn、Ga、P、S、In、As、Tl及Cd中之一者或組合;且「X」組分為碳、氮或其組合。M、A及X元素組分之相對量對於生產穩定陶瓷材料可為視需要且適用的,該陶瓷材料可形成至模具表面中且有效地充當模具之表面,諸如用於使用模具形成玻璃。
本說明書亦係關於藉由利用各種適用方法中之任一者(例如,藉由化學氣相沈積、原子層沈積、物理氣相沈積(包括反應性物理氣相沈積)、噴塗、氣膠沈積等)將陶瓷材料沈積至模具體之表面上來形成包括模具體(例如,石墨模具體)及陶瓷材料之表面之模具的實例方法。
陶瓷材料為有時稱作「三元」陶瓷材料或「MAX」陶瓷材料之一種類型之陶瓷材料,此等名稱基於陶瓷材料之三元素組成,亦即,三種元素為「M」指示過渡金屬;「A」指示選自Si、Al、Ge、Pb、Sn、Ga、P、S、In、As、Tl及Cd及其組合之元素;且X為碳、氮或其組合。此等類型之三元或「MAX」陶瓷材料之實例經描述於例如美國專利第6,231,969號及第6,497,922號中,此等文獻之內容以其全文引用之方式併入本文中。
陶瓷材料可包括M、A及X元素之各種不同組合中之任一者,且不同元素可以原子計以各種相對量存在於陶瓷材料中。MAX陶瓷材料之一些實例經稱為「2-1-1相」陶瓷,其意謂元素之原子比M:A:X為2:1:1。其他實例經稱為「3-1-2相」陶瓷,其意謂元素之原子比M:A:X為3:1:2。一些實例陶瓷材料在材料中可僅具有單一類型之各M、A及X元素,例如,單一類型之各M、A及X。其他實例可包括M、A及X元素中之一或多者之不同元素的組合。在此態樣中,在所描述之模具中使用之MAX陶瓷材料可包括僅Si或僅Al作為A元素,或可包括Si及Al兩者之混合物作為A元素。類似地,在所描述之模具中使用之MAX陶瓷可包括僅N或僅C作為X元素,或可替代地包括N及C兩者之混合物作為X元素。
作為此等陶瓷材料之更具體實例,「2-1-1相」類型之某些可用於所描述之模具中的MAX陶瓷材料包括式(I)之彼等:
M2
A1
X1
(I)。
在式(I)中,M為至少一種過渡金屬;A選自Si、Al、Ge、Pb、Sn、Ga、P、S、In、As、Tl及Cd及其組合;且X為碳、氮或其組合。
「3-1-2相」類型之某些可用於所描述之模具中的MAX陶瓷材料包括式(II)之彼等:
M3
A1
X2
(II)。
在式(II)中,M為至少一種過渡金屬;A選自Al、Ge及Si中之一者及其組合;且X為碳、氮或碳與氮之組合。
適用之過渡金屬之實例包括鈦、鈮、鋯、鉿、鉻、鉭、鉬、釩及鈧。
所描述之模具之實例陶瓷材料可為由式(I)之陶瓷材料、式(II)之陶瓷材料製造或可包括式(I)之陶瓷材料及具有式(II)之陶瓷材料之組合。
如本文所描述之用作玻璃模具之模具表面的適用及較佳陶瓷材料為彼等陶瓷材料:將有效用作玻璃模具之表面以提供不黏附至玻璃之表面;可形成(例如,藉由機械加工)至具有模具表面之模具體中,或替代地沈積至具有模具表面之模具體上;且為充分耐熱性及抗氧化,以在多次(數百或數千)玻璃模製循環中與軟化玻璃接觸而不產生過多之裂痕、凹痕、突點或其他瑕疵。實例陶瓷材料包括Ti3
SiC2
、Ti2
SiC、Ti3
AlC2
、Ti2
AlC、Ti3
SiN2
、Ti2
SiN、Ti3
AlN2
、Ti2
AlN或其組合。
在某些實例模具中,在模具之表面處之陶瓷材料包含、基本上由或由MAX材料之元素組成。實例陶瓷材料可含有至少80、90或95原子百分比之M、A及X元素,及不超過5、10或20原子百分比之其他元素。基本上由MAX材料組成之陶瓷材料為包括至少98、99、99.5或99.9原子百分比之M、A及X元素及不超過0.1、0.5、1或2原子百分比之其他元素之陶瓷材料。
模具可為僅由陶瓷材料製造,亦即,可為由形成至模具體中之陶瓷材料之主體塊製造。在此等實施例中,陶瓷材料之主體塊可經生產且機器加工以形成具有經選擇以產生特定成型玻璃製品之模具特徵的所需模具體。
在其他實例實施例中,模具可包括由不同於陶瓷材料之材料(諸如石墨或可形成至模具體中之另一材料)製造之模具體,其中陶瓷層經塗佈(亦即「沈積」)至模具體之模具特徵上。
根據某些當前較佳之實例,本說明書之模具包括具有包括本文所描述之沈積陶瓷材料之表面之石墨模具體。沈積之陶瓷材料有效抑制在高溫下使用模具以形成或成型軟化玻璃期間模具體之石墨所發生的氧化量。陶瓷材料自身亦為抗氧化性。在表面處之抗氧化陶瓷材料減少模具在使用期間發生之氧化量,其有效地延長模具之使用壽命。與具有由低抗氧化材料製造之表面的模具相比,包括具有所描述之陶瓷材料之表面的模具可用於在模具之有效使用壽命期間生產更多之成型玻璃製品。
所描述之適用及較佳模具的實例可由石墨模具體製造,其中陶瓷材料層沈積在石墨模具體之外表面上。模具體包括一或多個模具特徵,且經成型及適用於由軟化玻璃形成三維製品(亦即,「成型玻璃製品」),該軟化玻璃經置放於模具體中以接觸模具空腔之例如一或多個模具特徵。較佳之模具體可反覆地使用以形成多個成型玻璃製品,例如,數百或數千成型玻璃製品。「模具特徵」可為或可包括空腔、凹槽、平坦表面、有角表面、突起或此等之組合,諸如包括一或多個突起之空腔、包括一或多個開口或凹槽之三維空腔、由在周邊處以邊緣或邊角為接界之平坦表面界定之矩形空腔或用於形成成型玻璃製品之任何其他特徵。
陶瓷材料層可至少沈積在所有模具特徵上,意謂用於接觸及形成成型玻璃製品之模具體之所有表面。在某些實施例中,陶瓷材料層覆蓋模具體之所有表面,包括模具特徵及所有非模具特徵表面,亦即,「囊封」模具體。
較佳之模具體可由細晶粒石墨製造,例如,包含、基本上由或由細晶粒石墨組成。如本文通常使用,「基本上由」特定材料或材料(例如,細晶粒石墨)之組合組成之模具體為含有特定材料或材料之組合及不超過不顯著量之任何其他材料,例如,不超過1重量%、較佳地不超過0.5重量%、0.1重量%或0.01重量%之另一材料的模具體。
如本文所使用,「細晶粒石墨」係指包含、由或基本上由尺寸不超過10微米之石墨顆粒(晶粒)組成的石墨坯料或錠。在一些實施例中,細晶粒石墨之石墨顆粒尺寸(晶粒尺寸)可為約1微米。在其他實施例中,石墨顆粒(晶粒)尺寸可為約5微米且仍在其他實施例中,石墨顆粒(晶粒)尺寸可為約10微米。將認識到在各種實施例中,石墨之晶粒尺寸可基本上落在晶粒尺寸分佈之有限範圍內,例如,在1至10微米之範圍內或在2至10微米、2至8微米、1.5至6.5微米之範圍內或在另一合適之範圍內。可較佳的使用具有均一或實質上均一晶粒尺寸之石墨坯料或錠,使得由石墨製造之模具體之熱膨脹係數(CTE)以及其他效能特性儘可能為向同性及均質的。
具有所選擇之晶粒尺寸,包括本文所描述之適用或較佳的晶粒尺寸或晶粒尺寸分佈的細晶粒石墨顆粒可藉由已知方法製備且亦可購自商業來源。晶粒尺寸可藉由使用標準篩篩分石墨顆粒來選擇以獲得所需之顆粒尺寸。具有約10微米或更小之(精細)晶粒尺寸之石墨的非限制性實例可自Poco Graphite,Decatur,TX,USA以Glassmate-LT®商標商購。
在較佳實例中,石墨體之石墨可經純化以減少污染物且形成高純度石墨體,例如在美國專利第3,848,739號中所描述,其中石墨模具體或石墨坯料體經置放於純化鍋爐內,在該純化鍋爐中,該主體與含鹵素氣體接觸一段時間,且在足以准許鹵素滲透至石墨體中的溫度下,以使得鹵素與無機雜質反應且揮發無機雜質,且將此類雜質自石墨中排出。特別較佳之石墨可經純化以含有小於5百萬分率(按重量計)之無機雜質,如藉由標準灰分測試所量測。
在具有塗佈至另一材料(例如,石墨)之模具體上之陶瓷材料層的實例模具中,該層之厚度可為任何適用或所需之厚度。陶瓷材料層之厚度可為適用於提供模具之所需效能的厚度,諸如所需之抗黏附效能、底層石墨表面及陶瓷材料層之抗氧化及模具用作精密玻璃形成模具以形成精密玻璃製品之有效或延長的使用壽命形式之耐久性。在一些實例中,選擇厚度以減少底層石墨之氧化。在各種實施例中,陶瓷材料層之厚度可大於或等於10奈米且小於或等於500,000奈米,亦即,10 nm <厚度< 500,000 nm,例如,厚度介於50至500奈米或100至300奈米之範圍內。亦可使用任何其他塗層厚度,如認為係適用的且適合於所需玻璃成型模具或玻璃成型模具之所選擇之部分或片段。
陶瓷材料可藉由已知在基板(在此情況下,模具體)上製備陶瓷層或陶瓷塗層之各種適用方法中之任一者沈積至模具體上。實例包括藉由化學氣相沈積、原子層沈積、物理氣相沈積(包括反應性物理氣相沈積)、噴塗、氣膠沈積等。此等類型之塗層及沈積方法之實例已熟知且可適於形成如本文所描述之陶瓷材料。參見例如美國專利第6,497,922號及第6,231,969號中描述之方法。
陶瓷材料層可較佳地安置於模具體之整個表面上,例如,以整體覆蓋(例如,囊封)模具體以抑制模具表面之石墨之所有表面的氧化。此允許玻璃模具由以低成本機器加工之石墨製造。然而,重要的係陶瓷材料層在使用期間,例如當與軟化玻璃接觸時不自石墨表面移除,該軟化玻璃固化且隨後自與表面之接觸中移除。為避免陶瓷材料在與軟化玻璃接觸時經移除及隨後固化玻璃的移除,陶瓷材料可具有與底層模具體之CTE幾乎匹配之熱膨脹係數(CTE)。底層模具體及陶瓷材料層之大致相同的熱膨脹係數將避免陶瓷材料在與軟化玻璃接觸及固化玻璃的固化及移除期間相對於模具體之熱膨脹差異,使得陶瓷材料層展現對石墨模具體表面之良好黏著力。
較佳地,陶瓷材料可具有與模具體之熱膨脹係數相差不超過(大於或小於)模具體之CTE的一個百萬分率/℃之量的熱膨脹係數,其中陶瓷材料之CTE及模具體之CTE兩者藉由相同技術以相同單位量測。一個百萬分率/℃或更小之CTE差異降低陶瓷材料層對不同熱膨脹及收縮效應之易感性,其將導致陶瓷材料層易遭受自模具體之表面分層,亦即,處於陶瓷材料層與模具體之材料(例如,石墨)間之更大CTE差異下。舉例而言,用於製備所描述之玻璃成型模具體之細晶粒石墨體可有利地具有在7至9百萬分率/℃範圍內之熱膨脹係數(CTE);陶瓷材料及石墨體之各別CTE值之間的較佳差異可不超過一百萬分率/℃,較佳地小於0.75 ppm/℃,且更佳地為小於0.5 ppm/℃。
對於較佳之模製應用,模具表面之陶瓷材料可足夠光滑使得軟化玻璃在使用期間不黏附至模具表面,包括在使軟化玻璃與塗佈之表面接觸期間,允許軟化玻璃固化,接著自表面移除固化玻璃。另外,較佳之陶瓷材料表面可具有足夠光滑之表面粗糙度以產生「精密模製」之玻璃製品。舉例而言,在模具之表面(例如,模具特徵表面)處之陶瓷材料可較佳地具有與模具的平均表平面偏差不超過約25微米之表面粗糙度,例如,與模具表面之平均表平面偏差不超過約20、15或10微米。模具表面之此光滑度之程度可允許模具用於生產成型玻璃製品(例如,「精密模製」或「精密」成型玻璃製品),該等成型玻璃製品可用於製造各種消費型電子裝置(諸如蜂巢式電話、平板電腦、MP3播放機、ATM機器、醫療器械、電視、觸控式螢幕顯示器、光學裝置等)之防護玻璃罩。
應瞭解,模具體之表面亦可或可替換地用其他術語表徵(例如,參見均方根粗糙度或其他參數化特徵)以指定具有理想地光滑模製表面之模具體表面。模具之陶瓷材料表面之修飾面層或光滑度可用可商購之表面輪廓儀或雷射裝置進行機械量測。模具表面亦可藉由檢查經由模具生產之成型玻璃製品之表面的光散射特徵來間接地評估。
所描述之光滑的模具的有關表面不需要作為模具或特定模具特徵之整個表面來量測。展現所描述之理想地光滑修飾面層之表面可作為為模具體之一部分或模具特徵之一部分,諸如具有例如1平方公分,2、5、或10平方公分之尺寸之部分的表面經量測。替代地,在玻璃形成步驟期間接觸玻璃之整個陶瓷材料模具表面可為如描述之光滑,且實質上不含表面偏差。用於形成為防護玻璃罩之成型玻璃製品,或用於形成防護玻璃罩之整個平坦表面或平坦表面之一部分(例如,模具之模具表面之平坦表面的1平方公分表面或2、5或10平方公分尺寸的表面),可實質上不含表面不連續性,例如,具有所描述之表面粗糙度。
本說明書之模具可用於模製成型玻璃製品(例如,用於模製精密成型玻璃製品),藉由包括使模具之陶瓷材料表面與軟化玻璃接觸、允許軟化玻璃在模具內固化,及自表面及模具移除固化玻璃之步驟。藉由與陶瓷材料模具表面接觸模製之玻璃類型通常可為適合於形成三維成型玻璃製品之任何玻璃。在一些實例實施例中,玻璃可為離子可交換之鋁矽酸鹽玻璃。在此實例中,在自模具中移除成型玻璃製品之後,例如藉由將成型玻璃製品浸入至熔融鹽浴中來使成型玻璃製品與熔融鹽接觸,該熔融鹽浴可在至少300或400華氏度之溫度下。在離子可交換鋁矽酸鹽玻璃與熔融鹽接觸期間,熱量導致浴液中之鉀離子開始注入至玻璃表面中,取代表面處將離開玻璃之鈉離子。鉀離子之尺寸與經取代之鈉離子相比較大。玻璃隨後在玻璃表面處與玻璃中含有之鉀離子一起冷卻。
通常或典型地,使用所描述之模具形成模製玻璃製品之步驟係在含有降低或極低氧氣含量之氛圍(例如,含有小於5%、1%、0.5%或0.1%氧氣或更低之惰性氣體氛圍)中進行。諸如氛圍之實例為高濃度氮氣之氛圍,例如,至少90%、95%、99%、99.5%或99.9%之氮氣氛圍。自模製步驟之氛圍中除去氧氣防止氧化,否則在氧氣或高含量氧氣之存在下,該氧化將發生在模具之表面或模具體之石墨表面處。理想地,為降低提供低氧氣氛圍以執行模製步驟所需之成本及努力,包括所描述之陶瓷材料表面的模具可足夠抵抗氧化以允許模具在未專門用較低或極低含量之氧氣製備之氛圍中使用,例如空氣之氛圍或含有在過去玻璃模製步驟中使用所需之相對較高含量之氧氣的氛圍。
較佳地,本方法可用於形成高強度、耐刮擦精密成型鹼金屬-鋁矽酸鹽玻璃製品,其具有極高光滑度之表面,例如,實質上不含皺折、凹痕、空腔、突起及不為成型玻璃製品之所需或預期特徵之其他表面不連續性及突點。此類型之成型玻璃製品之較佳實例可具有與成型玻璃製品的表面之平均表平面偏差不超過約25微米之表面粗糙度,例如,與成型玻璃製品之平均表平面偏差不超過約20、15或10微米。成型玻璃製品表面之此光滑度之水準為適合於成型玻璃製品之光滑度的水準,該成型玻璃製品為用於各種消費型電子裝置(諸如,蜂巢式電話、醫療器械、電視、觸控式螢幕顯示器、光學裝置等)之防護玻璃罩。
所描述之理想光滑之成型玻璃製品的有關表面不需要作為製品之整個外表面或製品之特定特徵的整個表面(例如整個平坦表面)來評估。展現所描述之理想光滑修飾面層之表面可作為成型玻璃製品的整個表面量測,或可替代地作為成型玻璃製品之整個表面之一部分(諸如具有例如1平方公分,2、5或10平方公分之尺寸之部分)來量測。對於作為防護玻璃罩之成型玻璃製品,防護玻璃罩之整個平坦表面或平坦表面之一部分(例如,模具之模具表面之平坦表面的1平方公分表面,或2、5或10平方公分尺寸之表面)可實質上不含所描述之表面不連續性,例如,可具有與平坦表面之平均表平面偏差不超過約25微米之表面粗糙度,例如,與平坦表面之平均表平面偏差不超過約20、15或10微米。
已出於說明及描述之目的呈現本發明之較佳實施例的前述描述。其並不意欲為窮盡的或將本發明限制至所揭示之精確形式。有可能根據上文教示進行修改以及變化或可自本發明的實踐獲得修改以及變化。選擇且描述實施例以便解釋本發明之原理及其實際應用,以使熟習此項技術者能夠在各種實施例中利用本發明且各種修改適合於所涵蓋之特定用途。意欲藉由本文隨附之申請專利範圍及其等效物來定義本發明之範疇。
Claims (9)
- 一種模具,其包含具有一或多個模具特徵之石墨模具體,該等模具特徵具有包含以下之表面:具有式(I)之陶瓷材料:M2A1X1 (I)其中M為至少一種過渡金屬,A選自Si、Al、Ge、Pb、Sn、Ga、P、S、In、As、Tl及Cd及其組合,及X為碳、氮或其組合;具有式(II)之陶瓷材料:M3A1X2 (II)其中M為至少一種過渡金屬,A選自Al、Ge及Si中之一者及其組合,及X為碳、氮或其組合;或包括具有式(I)之陶瓷材料及具有式(II)之陶瓷材料之組合的陶瓷材料;其中該模具係用於形成成型玻璃製品之精密玻璃模具;且其中該陶瓷材料之熱膨脹係數與該石墨模具體之熱膨脹係數相差一個百萬分率/℃或更小。
- 如請求項1之模具,其中該陶瓷材料包括至少95原子百分比之該等元素M、A及X。
- 如請求項1之模具,其中A選自矽、鋁及其組合。
- 如請求項1之模具,其中該陶瓷材料為Ti3SiC2、Ti2SiC、Ti3AlC2、Ti2AlC、Ti3SiN2、Ti2SiN、Ti3AlN2、Ti2AlN或其組合。
- 如請求項1之模具,其中該一或多個模具特徵包括具有與該模具特徵之該表面之平均表平面偏差不超過約25微米的表面粗糙度之表面。
- 一種形成成型玻璃製品之方法,該方法包含:軟化鋁矽酸鹽玻璃,及將軟化之鋁矽酸鹽玻璃與模具之該一或多個模具特徵接觸置放以形成該成型玻璃製品,其中該模具包含具有該一或多個模具特徵且具有包含以下之表面的石墨模具體:具有式(I)之陶瓷材料:M2A1X1 (I)其中M為至少一種過渡金屬,A選自Si、Al、Ge、Pb、Sn、Ga、P、S、In、As、Tl及Cd及其組合,及 X為碳、氮或其組合;具有式(II)之陶瓷材料:M3A1X2 (II)其中M為至少一種過渡金屬,A選自Al、Ge及Si中之一者及其組合,及X為碳、氮或其組合;或包括具有式(I)之陶瓷材料及具有式(II)之陶瓷材料之組合的陶瓷材料。
- 如請求項6之方法,其進一步包含自該模具中移除該成型玻璃製品且將該成型玻璃製品與熔融鹽接觸。
- 如請求項6之方法,其中軟化之鋁矽酸鹽玻璃與該石墨模具體之該一或多個模具特徵接觸置放,同時該石墨模具體及軟化之鋁矽酸鹽玻璃處於濃氮氣氛圍中。
- 一種形成包含石墨模具體及陶瓷材料表面之模具之方法,該方法包含:將以下沈積至石墨模具體上:具有式(I)之陶瓷材料:M2A1X1 (I)其中 M為至少一種過渡金屬,A選自Si、Al、Ge、Pb、Sn、Ga、P、S、In、As、Tl及Cd及其組合,及X為碳、氮或其組合;具有式(II)之陶瓷材料:M3A1X2 (II)其中M為至少一種過渡金屬,A選自Al、Ge及Si中之一者及其組合,及X為碳、氮或其組合;或包括具有式(I)之陶瓷材料及具有式(II)之陶瓷材料之組合的陶瓷材料;其中該模具係用於形成成型玻璃製品之精密玻璃模具;且其中該陶瓷材料之熱膨脹係數與該石墨模具體之熱膨脹係數相差一個百萬分率/℃或更小。
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