TWI672155B - 膠原蛋白海綿 - Google Patents
膠原蛋白海綿 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TWI672155B TWI672155B TW104142159A TW104142159A TWI672155B TW I672155 B TWI672155 B TW I672155B TW 104142159 A TW104142159 A TW 104142159A TW 104142159 A TW104142159 A TW 104142159A TW I672155 B TWI672155 B TW I672155B
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- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- collagen
- collagen sponge
- cross
- elastically
- sponge
- Prior art date
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Abstract
本發明係關於下列:-用於促進口腔區域中軟組織體積增大之彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿,其包含60-96%(w/w)膠原蛋白及4-40%(w/w)彈性蛋白,其藉由壓汞式孔隙度測定顯示中值孔直徑介於50μm與90μm之間及孔直徑大於10μm之至少80%孔隙度之互連孔、45℃至57℃之起始溫度及50mg/cm3至65mg/cm3之乾燥狀態之密度;-用於製備該彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿之方法,及-該彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿作為口腔中之值入物用於軟組織體積增大之用途。
Description
本發明係關於用於促進口腔區域中之軟組織體積增大之新彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿、用於製備該彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿之方法及其作為口腔中之植入物用於軟組織體積增大之用途。
軟組織體積增大已成為牙科及顱頜面骨手術中之一個主要挑戰。為改良軟組織體積增大之功能及美學結果二者,諸如游離牙齦移植(FGG)或上皮下結締組織移植(SCTG)等自體組織移植儘管存在其缺點,但仍廣泛用於各種適應症且視為黃金標準(F.Cairo等人,2008,J.Clin.Periodontol.35(增刊8),314-319;R.Jung等人,2004,Int.J.Periodontics Restorative Dent.24(6),545-553及D.Thoma,2009,Clin.Oral Implants Res.20(增刊4),146-165)。然而,用於在第二手術位點處(通常於齶中)之自體組織之收穫程序對於患者而言具有若干缺點且關於可恢復之組織之品質及數量有侷限性。
因此,可期望用於促進口腔區域中之軟組織體積增大之再生裝置。
在咀嚼、吞嚥、舌運動、說話、牙齒運動及矯正治療期間,口腔結締組織之牙齦細胞暴露於複雜機械力。尤其在手術程序後之傷口癒合期間,可存在內力和外力,此對再生裝置及新形成之組織產生壓力。
再生裝置在用於口腔中用於軟組織體積增大之前必須滿足某些準則:其必須係生物相容、活體內可再吸收的,允許牙齦向內生長,顯示良好之組織整合水準以使得允許順利癒合(無過度發炎或開裂),且在植入後傷口癒合過程期間(通常至少約3個月)在充足時間期間能夠藉由作為維持組織體積之支架承受機械力。
迄今為止先前技術中並未揭示此再生裝置。
H.Mathes等人於「A Bioreactor Test System to mimic the Biological and Mechanical Environment of Oral Soft Tissues and to Evaluate Substitutes for Connective Tissue Gafts」,2010,Biotechnology and Bioengineering,第9999卷,第9999期中揭示由膠原蛋白海綿組成之再生裝置之此等性質可藉由以下來達成:藉由使膠原蛋白纖維交聯至使得機械穩定性(高交聯度)與順利軟組織癒合(低交聯度)之間達成適當平衡之程度來硬化基質主體,但完全未記載如何製備此一膠原蛋白海綿。其揭示由豬膠原蛋白I及III型組成之三種不同膠原蛋白海綿原型,其具有92μm之平均孔直徑及93%孔隙度且其交聯度不同(原型由Geistlich Pharma,Wolhusen,瑞士提供),該等膠原蛋白海綿原型在機械刺激下培養14天後顯示令人滿意的體積保留與良好纖維母細胞活力。
DS Thoma等人於「Soft tissue volume augmentation by the use of collagen-based matrixes:a volumetric analysis」,2010,J.of Clin.Periodontology 37,659-666中及「Soft tissue volume augmentation by the use of collagen-based matrixes in a dog mandible-a histological analysis」,2011,J.Clin.Periodontol.:38:1063-1070中揭示上述H.Mathes等人之出版物中提及之膠原蛋白海綿原型中之一者在用於狗下頜骨之長期脊缺陷中28天或84天之時期後顯示與黃金標準SCTG(上皮下結締組織移植)相同之體積保留。
先前技術並未揭示或表明此一化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿原型特徵徵或滿足上述用於口腔中用於軟組織體積增大之準則之任何其他再生膠原蛋白裝置之特徵徵或此一裝置可如何製備。
EP-1561480揭示用作生長中腦膜組織之硬腦膜替代物之可再吸收膠原蛋白裝置,其包含大多數孔小於10μm之化學交聯之膠原蛋白薄片;及用於製備該膠原蛋白裝置之方法,其包含以下步驟:將膠原蛋白與水在混合物含有實質上溶解之膠原蛋白之條件下混合,將混合物凍乾成膠原蛋白裝置並使用甲醛或戊二醛作為交聯劑使該膠原蛋白裝置化學交聯。硬腦膜替代物如用於口腔區域中促進軟組織體積增大之再生裝置一樣,在傷口癒合期間並不暴露於由上述複雜機械力產生之壓力。
US-2004-0265785闡述用於產生含有至少20%(w/w)彈性蛋白之膠原蛋白-彈性蛋白膜之方法,其包含以下步驟:首先自天然來源之含彈性蛋白之膠原蛋白材料化學移除疏水性伴隨物質,然後化學移除非疏水性物質。該膠原蛋白-彈性蛋白產物未經化學交聯。
Boekema B.K.L.H.等人,2014,Journal of Material Sciences:Materials in Medicine,2014年2月25:423-433闡述用作真皮替代物之膠原蛋白-彈性蛋白支架上之孔大小及交聯對傷口癒合之效應。所揭示之EDC-NHS化學交聯支架含有10-15%彈性蛋白,具有80μm至120μm之孔大小及64℃至69℃之變性溫度(參見表1,第425頁)。其藉由環氧乙烷氣體處理來滅菌。作者推斷交聯尤其因降低纖維母細胞增殖及由新組織代替真皮替代物之能力而在若干重要參數上不利地影響傷口癒合。真皮替代物如用於口腔區域中促進軟組織體積增大之再生裝置一樣,在傷口癒合期間並不暴露於由上述複雜機械力產生之壓力。
本發明之問題或目標係尋找用於在口腔區域中促進軟組織體積增大之再生膠原蛋白裝置,其係生物相容、活體內可再吸收的,允許
牙齦向內生長,顯示良好之組織整合水準以使得允許順利癒合(無過度發炎或開裂),且在植入後傷口癒合過程期間(通常至少約3個月)在充足時間期間能夠藉由作為維持組織體積之支架承受機械力。
上述問題係由如隨附申請專利範圍中所界定之本發明解決。
本發明係關於用於促進口腔區域中軟組織體積增大之彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿,其包含60-96%(w/w)膠原蛋白及4-40%(w/w)彈性蛋白,其藉由壓汞式孔隙度測定顯示中值孔直徑介於50μm與90μm之間及孔直徑大於10μm之至少80%孔隙度之互連孔、45℃至57℃之起始溫度及50mg/cm3至65mg/cm3之乾燥狀態之密度。
該化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿包含60-96%(w/w)膠原蛋白及4-40%(w/w)彈性蛋白。此處彈性蛋白含量係根據涉及水解及RP-HPLC之已知方法之修改藉由鎖鏈素/異鎖鏈素測定來量測(例如,參見Guida E.等人1990 Development and validation of a high performance chromatography method for the determination of desmosines in tissues Journal of Chromatography或Rodriguqe P 2008 Quantification of Mouse Lung Elastin During Prenatal Development,The Open Respiratory Medicine Journal)。為測定乾燥彈性蛋白之鎖鏈素/異鎖鏈素含量,使海綿之彈性蛋白經受彈性蛋白分離程序,如由Starcher及Galione於1976 Purification and Comparison of Elastin from Different Animal Species in Analytical Biochemistry中所闡述。
該海綿係適宜地衍生自含有此等比例之膠原蛋白及彈性蛋白之天然來源之組織。此等組織之實例包括哺乳動物(例如豬或牛)腹膜或心包膜、胎盤膜、小腸黏膜下層(SIS)及真皮。通常,膠原蛋白主要係膠原蛋白I型、膠原蛋白III型或其混合物。膠原蛋白亦可包括一定比例之尤其膠原蛋白II型、IV型、VI型或VIII型或彼等或任何膠原蛋白類型之任何組合。
於此申請案中所用之術語「膠原蛋白」通常係指60-96%(w/w)膠原蛋白及4-40%(w/w)彈性蛋白之組合。
較佳地,經化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿包含70-90%(w/w)膠原蛋白及10-30%(w/w)彈性蛋白。
用於製備此一化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿之適宜起始材料之實例係藉由與EP-B1-1676592之「實例」中所闡述類似之製程自豬或牛腹膜所製備之膜或藉由極類似製程自豬腹膜所製備之膜Geistlich Bio-Gide®(可自Geistlich Pharma A.G.,瑞士獲得)之膠原蛋白纖維漿液及/或藉由與WO 2012/084214之實例7中所闡述類似之製程自豬真皮之膠原蛋白纖維漿液。
上述彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿藉由培育牙齦細胞之向內生長同時在加載及卸載機械應力之後保持體積來促進口腔區域中之軟組織增大。
為培育牙齦細胞之向內生長,該化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿在適當直徑範圍中必須具有高孔隙度(孔體積分數)以用於牙齦纖維母細胞生長。已發現,當海綿藉由壓汞式孔隙度測定顯示中值孔直徑介於50μm與90μm之間且孔直徑大於10μm之至少80%、較佳至少90%孔隙度之互連孔時,此向內生長適宜地經培育。具有此一孔分佈之化學交聯海綿適宜地藉由包含以下之製程來製備:在交聯之前,以適當比例將如先前段落中所揭示自豬或牛腹膜所製備膜之膠原蛋白纖維漿液及如先前段落中所揭示自豬真皮所製備之膠原蛋白纖維漿液混合。
此處術語「彈性」意指化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿可抵抗壓力,即在活體外或活體內經受壓力後能夠恢復其原始體積之大部分。
為在口腔區域中保持體積,彈性可再吸收化學交聯之海綿必須
能夠在植入後於癒合過程期間(通常約3個月)在充足時間期間藉由作為維持組織體積之支架來承受由咀嚼、舌運動、說話及牙齒運動引起的複雜機械力。已發現,由經設計以模擬體液之磷酸鹽緩衝鹽水(PBS)溶液濕潤之膠原蛋白海綿在37℃之溫度下之活體外循環壓縮機械測試中,在49個壓縮至12.1kPa壓力之循環後,相對於初始厚度之厚度保留係至少70%、較佳至少80%、更佳至少85%或相對於首次加載之滯後保留係小於55%、較佳小於45%時,獲得植入物之此活體內彈性行為。
已發現,當該海綿顯示45℃至57℃之起始溫度及50mg/cm3至65mg/cm3之乾燥狀態之密度時,獲得上述活體外至少70%之厚度保留及小於55%之滯後保留與活體內癒合(無過度發炎或開裂)之組合。
起始溫度係藉由DSC於膠原蛋白海綿上量測,該膠原蛋白海綿使用緩衝溶液根據美國藥典標準:Ph.Eur.2.2.34,USP<891>濕潤(對於1升水之緩衝組合物:8g氯化鈉、0.2g磷酸鉀、1.15g磷酸鈉及0.2g氯化鉀;開始溫度15℃,終止溫度90℃,加熱速率5℃/min)。此參數反映海綿之交聯度。起始溫度與海綿對循環壓縮之活體外抗性(循環壓縮之機械測試中之厚度保留或滯後保留)、活體內彈性(在植入後癒合過程期間在充足時間期間保持組織體積)及良好的整合於周圍組織中(無過度發炎或開裂)密切相關。
當起始溫度係45℃至57℃、較佳46℃至53℃時,可獲得所需對循環壓縮之活體外抗性及活體內彈性與活體內癒合(無過度發炎或開裂)之組合。當起始溫度低於46℃時,活體外對循環壓縮之抗性及活體內彈性可能不足。當起始溫度高於57℃時,存在諸如植入後出現過度發炎及/或開裂等不良事件之重大風險。
藉由在充分凍乾後(如下文詳細闡述)稱重及量測膠原蛋白海綿之體積量測之乾燥狀態之密度係達到所需活體外對循環壓縮之抗性及活
體內彈性與活體內癒合(無過度發炎或裂開)之組合之另一基本或關鍵參數。當乾燥狀態之密度係50mg/cm3至65mg/cm3、較佳50mg/cm3至60mg/cm3時,可獲得彼等特徵徵。當乾燥狀態之密度低於50mg/cm3時,活體外對循環壓縮之抗性及活體內彈性可能不足。當乾燥狀態之密度高於65mg/cm3時,存在諸如植入後出現過度發炎及/或開裂等不良事件之風險。
此處術語「可再吸收」意指化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿尤其藉助膠原蛋白酶及彈性蛋白酶之作用能夠在活體內再吸收。化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿之受控活體內再吸收能力對於無過度發炎或開裂之癒合係必需的。下文詳細闡述於之使用來自溶組織芽胞梭菌(Clostridium histolyticum)之膠原蛋白酶之酶降解測試給出活體內再吸收能力之優良預測。
在該測試中,對於在活體內顯示感興趣的體積保留及無諸如過度發炎或開裂等不良事件之癒合之所有本發明無菌彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿之試樣而言,膠原蛋白在3小時至5小時內完全降解。
上述彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿適宜地藉由包含冷凍乾燥及化學交聯之製程自天然來源之組織製備。天然來源之適當組織包括豬或牛腹膜或心包膜、豬或牛胎盤膜及豬或牛SIS或真皮。較佳地,天然來源之組織包括豬或牛腹膜及豬真皮。通常,上述包含冷凍乾燥及化學交聯之製程之後為適宜γ輻照或X射線滅菌之滅菌步驟。
化學交聯可使用任何醫藥上可接受之交聯劑來實施,該交聯劑能夠給予彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿在循環壓縮測試中之相對於初始厚度之所需厚度保留或相對於首次加載之滯後保留。適宜此等交聯劑包括戊二醛、甲醛、乙醛、1,4-丁烷二縮水甘油醚
(BDDGE)、6-(4’-疊氮基-2’-硝基苯基胺基)己酸N-磺基琥珀醯亞胺基酯、六亞甲基二異氰酸酯(HMDC)、氰胺、疊氮磷酸二苯酯醯、京尼平(genipin)、EDC(1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基胺基丙基)-碳二亞胺)及EDC及NHS(N-羥基琥珀醯亞胺)之混合物。少量或痕量之未反應交聯劑或其典型的直接反應產物通常可在彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿中檢測到。
較佳地,使用選自戊二醛、EDC(1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基胺基丙基)-碳二亞胺)及EDC及NHS(N-羥基琥珀醯亞胺)之混合物之交聯劑來實施化學交聯。實際上,本發明彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿之感興趣的原型已使用彼等交聯劑中之每一者來製備。
於已使用EDC或EDC及NHS之混合物作為交聯劑製備多於1000種不同膠原蛋白海綿之原型並將其於各種活體外測試及/或活體內動物測試中、尤其於小鼠、大鼠、兔及狗中測試。較佳地,使用該兩種交聯劑中之一者來實施化學交聯。
本發明之彈性可再吸收膠原蛋白海綿已尤其於以下中測試:-動物研究,其涉及與黃金標準SCTG(上皮下結締組織移植)相比,量測藉由值入於狗下頜骨之長期缺陷中之黏膜體積增益,及-臨床研究以調查與關於軟組織體積增大之黃金標準SCTG(上皮下結締組織移植)相比,其在口腔中在牙齒植入物周圍增加黏膜厚度之組織增大程序中之性能及安全性。
在該兩個研究中,本發明之彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿顯示,在植入3個月後可優良整合至周圍組織中而不會過度發炎或開裂,與SCTG具有相同之安全性及相同(即,無統計學上差異)之軟組織體積保留。
上述彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿可藉由包含以下步驟之製程來製備:
(a)使豬或牛腹膜或心包膜經受於pH高於12之氫氧化鈉溶液之鹼處理、於pH為1至3之鹽酸溶液中之酸處理、使用水溶性有機溶劑之脫水處理及使用有機溶劑之脫脂處理,使用切割磨機碾磨獲得之乾燥膜,藉助0.5-2mm篩來篩分並將所獲得粉末懸浮於pH為2.5至3.5之酸化水溶液中,以便獲得膠原蛋白纖維漿液,(b)使研磨之牛或豬真皮經受以下處理:使用水溶性有機溶劑之脫水處理、使用有機溶劑之脫脂處理、於pH高於12之強無機鹼中之鹼處理、於pH為0至1之強無機酸中之酸處理,使用水沖洗並懸浮膠原蛋白纖維、冷凍乾燥、使用有機溶劑清洗經乾燥膠原蛋白纖維,及於pH為3至4之酸化溶液中研磨經清洗之乾燥纖維,以便獲得膠原蛋白纖維漿液,(c)將3.5份至4.5份在(a)中所獲得之膠原蛋白纖維漿液與0.5份至1.5份在(b)中所獲得之膠原蛋白纖維漿液混合以便獲得所得漿液,(d)冷凍乾燥在(c)中所獲得之所得漿液並於含有交聯劑之溶液中交聯冷凍乾燥之產物,使用水洗滌並冷凍乾燥,及(e)視情況藉由γ輻照或X射線輻照將(d)中所獲得之冷凍乾燥產物滅菌。
步驟(a)可以類似於於EP-B1-1676592之「實例」中所述之製程藉由使來自幼犢或幼豬之腹膜經受以下處理來實施:用水洗滌,使用2%氫氧化鈉溶液之鹼處理,使用水洗滌,於0.5%鹽酸溶液中之酸處理,使用水洗滌直至獲得pH為3.5之pH,使用7%鹽水溶液使材料收縮,使用水洗滌,使用丙酮脫水且使用正己烷脫脂,使用切割磨機碾磨所獲得之乾燥膜,藉助0.5-2mm篩來篩分並將所獲得粉末懸浮於pH為2.5至3.5之酸化水溶液中,以便獲得豬或牛腹膜膠原蛋白纖維漿液。
步驟(a)方便地藉由以下來實施:使用切割磨機碾磨無菌膜Geistlich Bio-Gide®(可自Geistlich Pharma A.G.,瑞士獲得),藉助0.5-2mm篩來篩分並將所獲得粉末懸浮於pH為2.5至3.5之酸化水溶液中,以便獲得豬腹膜膠原蛋白纖維之漿液。
較佳地,使用切割磨機碾磨後所獲得之粉末藉助0.5-1mm篩來篩分。
步驟(b)可以類似於揭示於WO2012/084214之實例7中之製程藉由使經研磨豬皮經受以下處理來實施:使用水溶性有機溶劑(例如醇或酮)之脫水處理,使用有機溶劑(例如二氯乙烷或二氯甲烷)之脫脂處理,於pH高於12之強無機鹼中鹼處理6小時至24小時之時期,於pH為0至1之強無機酸中酸處理1小時至12小時之時期,使用水沖洗並在溶脹調節劑之存在下懸浮膠原蛋白纖維,冷凍乾燥,使用不同有機溶劑(例如醇、醚、酮及氯化烴)清洗經乾燥膠原蛋白纖維並於膠體磨機中於pH為3至4之酸化溶液中研磨經清洗經乾燥纖維,以便獲得豬真皮膠原蛋白纖維之漿液。
步驟(a)中所製備膠原蛋白纖維漿液中之膠原蛋白%(w/w)及步驟(b)中所製備膠原蛋白纖維漿液中之膠原蛋白%(w/w)在設定彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿之乾燥狀態密度中起作用。實際上,後者主要取決於一方面步驟(c)中藉由將1.5份至4.5份在(a)中所獲得之膠原蛋白纖維漿液與0.5份至1.5份在(b)中所獲得之膠原蛋白纖維漿液混合所獲得之所得膠原蛋白纖維漿液之膠原蛋白%(w/w)及另一方面步驟(d)中之交聯反應條件。
為使彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿達成50mg/cm3至65mg/cm3之所需乾燥狀態之密度,步驟(a)中所製備之膠原蛋白纖維漿液通常含有2.0%至4.5%(w/w)、較佳2.5%至3.75%(w/w)膠原蛋白且步驟(b)中所製備之膠原蛋白纖維漿液含有通常3.0%至7.0%(w/w)、較
佳4.0%至6.0%(w/w)膠原蛋白。
步驟(c)包含將3.5重量份至4.5重量份在(a)中所獲得之膠原蛋白纖維漿液與0.5重量份至1.5重量份在(b)中所獲得之膠原蛋白纖維漿液混合以便獲得所得漿液。
來自不同豬或牛組織且已經受包括不同研磨程序之不同處理(切磨機用於步驟(a)且膠體磨機用於步驟(b))給予不同大小之膠原蛋白纖維粒子之適當比例之兩種不同膠原蛋白纖維之漿液的此混合步驟係用於獲得彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿之所期望孔隙度分佈或譜(即如藉由壓汞式孔隙度測定所測定,互連孔具有介於50μm與90μm之間之中值孔直徑且孔直徑大於10μm之至少80%、較佳至少90%之孔隙度)之簡便方法。
所得漿液通常含有3.0%至6.5%(w/w)、較佳3.5%至6.0%(w/w)膠原蛋白。
步驟(d)包含冷凍乾燥在(c)中所獲得之所得漿液,於含有交聯劑之溶液中交聯冷凍乾燥產物,使用水洗滌及冷凍乾燥。
交聯步驟之前及之後之冷凍乾燥通常在低於-10℃之溫度下實施。
交聯劑適宜地選自由戊二醛、EDC(1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基胺基丙基)-碳二亞胺)及EDC及NHS(N-羥基琥珀醯亞胺)之混合物組成之群。亦可使用已知用於交聯膠原蛋白之其他交聯劑,例如甲醛、乙醛、1,4-丁烷二縮水甘油醚(BDDGE)、6-(4’-疊氮基-2’-硝基苯基胺基)己酸N-磺基琥珀醯亞胺基酯、六亞甲基二異氰酸酯(HMDC)、氰胺、疊氮磷酸二苯酯醯或京尼平。
當交聯劑係戊二醛時,冷凍乾燥後所獲得之海綿適宜地於pH為7.0至7.5之含有0.01%至0.10%、較佳0.04%至0.06%戊二醛之磷酸鹽緩衝溶液中進行化學交聯。經化學交聯之海綿可依次使用水、1-3M
NaCl溶液、0.05-0.15M Na2HPO4溶液及水洗滌,然後冷凍乾燥。
當交聯劑係EDC時,冷凍乾燥後獲得之海綿適宜地首先在高於110℃之溫度下經受脫水熱處理,然後於含有0.05-0.15M MES(2-(N-嗎啉基)-乙磺酸)或0.05-0.15M乙酸及2-20%(w/w)之選自由甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、異丙醇及丁醇組成之群之醇之緩衝溶液中與每g膠原蛋白0.03-0.80g、較佳0.2-0.4g EDC進行化學交聯達1小時至8小時之時期。膠原蛋白對反應介質(上述緩衝溶液)之(w/w)比率通常係1/10至1/100、較佳1/20至1/50。當醇係乙醇時,其適宜地以3-7%(w/w)存在於緩衝溶液中。化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿可首先使用0.05-0.15M Na2HPO4溶液、0.5-3M NaCl溶液、然後使用水洗滌,然後冷凍乾燥。
當交聯劑係EDC及NHS之混合物時,將冷凍乾燥後所獲得之海綿適宜地於含有0.1-0.3M MES(2-(N-嗎啉基)-乙磺酸)或0.1-0.3M乙酸及10-70%(w/w)選自由甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、異丙醇及丁醇組成之群之醇的緩衝溶液中與每g膠原蛋白0.01-0.60g、較佳0.05-0.2g EDC及0.01-0.6g、較佳0.05-0.2g NHS化學交聯達1小時至8小時之時期。EDC對NHS之莫耳比通常係4至0.5、較佳2至1。膠原蛋白對反應介質(上述緩衝溶液)之(w/w)比率通常係1/10至1/100、較佳1/20至1/50。當該醇係乙醇時,其適宜地以40-60%(w/w)存在於緩衝溶液中。化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿可首先使用0.05-0.15M Na2HPO4溶液、然後使用水來洗滌,然後冷凍乾燥。
對於在(c)中所獲得之膠原蛋白纖維漿液之每一混合物,熟習此項技術者將能夠於基於本申請案之教示僅使用此項技術之常見知識及常規實驗來尋找交聯劑及交聯條件以獲得具有指定起始溫度及乾燥狀態之密度之本發明彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿。
因此,例如,對於含有3.0至6.5(w/w)%膠原蛋白之膠原蛋白漿
液,以下已藉由常規實驗發現:-當交聯劑係EDC時:-隨著緩衝溶液中之EDC濃度、EDC對膠原蛋白之比率、反應介質對膠原蛋白之(w/w)比率或緩衝溶液中之醇%升高,起始溫度升高。
-隨著緩衝溶液中之醇%升高,乾燥狀態之密度減小(膠原蛋白之更多收縮)。
-當交聯劑係混合物EDC及NHS時:-隨著緩衝溶液中交聯劑濃度、交聯劑(EDC+NHS)對膠原蛋白之(w/w)比率、EDC對NHS之比率、反應介質對膠原蛋白之(w/w)比率或緩衝溶液中之醇%升高,起始溫度升高。
-隨著緩衝溶液中之醇%升高,乾燥狀態之密度減小(膠原蛋白之更多收縮)。
在步驟(d)結束時所獲得之冷凍乾燥之彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿將通常經受藉由γ輻照或X射線輻照來滅菌之步驟(e)。若步驟(c)中所獲得之膠原蛋白漿液之混合物已無菌且步驟(d)係在無菌條件下實施,則可無需該步驟。
使用詳細闡述於下文之活體外循環壓縮測試及使用溶組織芽胞梭菌之膠原蛋白酶之酶降解測試在預測化學交聯之海綿植入口腔中後之活體內行為、尤其其保持體積及癒合而無諸如過度發炎或開裂等不良事件之能力中極為有用。
本發明亦係關於上述用於製備彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿之方法。
本發明亦係關於上述用作口腔植入物之彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿、該彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿用於製備口腔植入物之用途及尤其藉由培育牙齦細胞之向內生長同時在機械應
力下保持體積增大口腔區域中之軟組織體積之方法,其包含將上述彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿植入口腔中。
以下實驗方法、測試及實例說明本發明而不限制本發明之範圍。
將彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿試樣引入至經配衡塑膠管中,將該等塑膠管於冷凍乾燥機中在20℃之溫度下及低於0.5毫巴之壓力下乾燥達至少2小時。將含有乾燥試樣之管稱重並計算呈乾燥狀態之試樣的淨重。
彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿試樣之長度、寬度及高度係藉由使用電子游標卡尺、藉由施加足夠接觸壓力使得試樣鬆散地固定(即,固定以抵抗藉由其重量引起之力但當該力增加約10倍時易於移動)來量測。計算呈乾燥狀態之試樣的體積。
然後計算每一試樣之彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿之乾燥狀態之密度(重量/體積)。
初始厚度%及49個壓縮至12.1kPa之壓力之循環後相對於首次加載之滯後係使用機械壓縮機(即由Zwick Roell製造之Z2.5材料壓縮機)使用程式Test Expert II來量測。
該量測係浸沒於PBS中在37℃下於pH為7.4之PBS溶液(藉由將80.0g NaCl、2.0g KCl、17.7g Na2HPO4及2.4g KH2PO4溶解於1000ml水中,將該溶液於水中稀釋10次並使用HCl調節pH至7.4來製備)中培育2小時之無菌彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿試樣上在37℃下來實施。
使試樣以33%初始高度/min之應變速率經受總共49個介於0.5kPa與12.1kPa之間之加載循環,在0.25kPa之預壓力下開始分析。
將在0.5kPa壓力下之初始高度用於計算49個加載及卸載循環後初始高度之保留。「相對於首次加載之滯後」係在卸載期間耗散之功%,其使用介於0.5kPa與12.1kPa之間之首次加載之功(W1,加載,以Nm表示)及自第49個卸載循環之功(W49,卸載,以Nm表示)根據方程XY:
49個壓縮至12.1kPa之壓力之循環後,程式Test Expert or Excel計算初始厚度之保留%及初始滯後之保留%。
圖1顯示循環壓縮測試之典型結果。
對於本發明彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿之試樣,在活體內顯示感興趣的體積保留及癒合而無過度發炎或開裂:-49個壓縮至12.1kPa之循環後,相對於初始高度之高度或厚度保留係至少70%、較佳至少80%、更佳至少85%,及-49個壓縮至12.1kPa之循環後,相對於首次加載之滯後保留係小於55%、較佳小於45%。
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在人體中,膠原蛋白係藉由人類組織基質金屬蛋白酶(MMP)、細胞自溶酶且推定地藉由一些絲胺酸蛋白酶來降解。研究最佳者係MMP,其中膠原蛋白酶(尤其MMP-1、MMP-8、MMP-13及MMP-18)係用於直接膠原蛋白降解之最重要酶(Lauer-Fields等人2002 Matrix metalloproteinases and collagen catabolism,Biopolymers-Peptide Science部分中及Song等人2006 Matrix metalloproteinase dependent and independent collagen degradation,Frontiers in Bioscience中)。膠原蛋白酶降解膠原蛋白組織及膜之能力取決於受質撓性及膠原蛋白類型、MMP活性位點及MMP外部位點。膠原蛋白酶於三螺旋膠原蛋白處對準,使其解開並隨後將其裂解(Song等人2006,參見上文)。為克服不同膠原蛋白類型之間之降解差異,通常使用具有高催化速度之自溶組織芽胞梭菌之膠原蛋白酶來評價膠原蛋白之膠原蛋白酶降解(Kadler等人2007 Collagen at a glance,J Cell Sci中)。通常,天然膠原蛋白產物比化學交聯之膠原蛋白產物降解快。
在此測試中,將膠原蛋白產物(本發明之彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿試樣)在37℃下與50單位/ml溶組織芽胞梭菌(1個單位定義為於在5小時中在pH 7.4下在37℃下在鈣離子之存在下自牛跟腱之膠原蛋白釋放之肽等效於寧海準顯色1.0微莫耳之白胺酸)於含鈣Tris緩衝液中一起培育,並目視地及使用自Bio-Rad Laboratories之「DC Protein Assay」(Hercules,USA,目錄號Nr.500-0116)使用膠原蛋白I型作為參照材料來量測膠原蛋白基質之降解。使用微孔板光譜儀(Infinite M200,可自Tecan購得)來測定膠原蛋白濃度。
對於活體內顯示癒合而無過度發炎或開裂之本發明彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿之試樣,膠原蛋白在3小時至5小時內完全降解(藉由目視檢查無可檢測膠原蛋白纖維)。
藉由機械方式使來自幼豬之腹膜完全沒有肉及油脂,在流水下洗滌並使用2% NaOH溶液處理12小時。然後在流水下洗滌該等膜並使用0.5% HCl酸化。在材料已酸化貫穿其整個厚度(約15min)後,洗滌該材料直至獲得3.5之pH。然後,使用7%鹽水溶液收縮材料,使用1% NaHCO3溶液中和並在流水下洗滌。然後材料使用丙酮脫水並使用正己烷脫脂。
將材料使用乙醇醚乾燥並使用包括0.5mm至1.0mm之梯形篩之切割磨機碾磨(例如自Fritsch之Pulverisette 25:參見www.fritsch.de./produkte/mahlen/schneidmuehlen/pulverisette-25或自Retsch之SM300:www.retsch.de/de/produkte/zerkleinern/schneidmuehlen.htlm)。
藉由將足夠量之乾燥粉末懸浮於水中並使用10mM鹽酸調節pH至2.6來製備4%(w/w)膠原蛋白纖維漿液及6%(w/w)膠原蛋白纖維漿液。
將Geistlich Bio-Gide®膜(自Geistlich Pharma AG,CH-6110,瑞士購得)乾燥並使用包括0.5mm至1.0mm之梯形篩之切割磨機碾磨。藉由將足夠量之乾燥粉末懸浮於水中並使用10mM鹽酸調節pH至2.6來製備4%(w/w)膠原蛋白纖維之膠原蛋白漿液及6%(w/w)膠原蛋白纖維之膠原蛋白漿液。
將豬皮於磨肉機中研磨成1mm至20mm之小片。使用水溶性溶劑(例如醇或酮)將水移除。使用氯化烴(例如二氯乙烷或二氯甲烷)或非氯化烴(例如己烷或甲苯)將膠原蛋白纖維脫脂。移除溶劑後,將膠原蛋白使用pH高於12之強無機鹼處理6小時至24小時之時期並使用pH為0至1之強無機酸處理1小時至12小時之時期。藉由使用水沖洗來移除過量酸且藉由在諸如無機鹽等溶脹調節劑之存在下將膠體研磨成0.5%至2%膠原蛋白纖維之均質懸浮液來使懸浮液均質化。藉由冷凍乾燥將懸浮液乾燥且使用不同有機溶劑(例如醇、醚、酮及氯化烴)依次清洗經乾燥之膠原蛋白纖維,然後將溶劑在真空下蒸發至小於1%(w/w)之溶劑殘留物。
2.5%(w/w)膠原蛋白纖維之膠原蛋白漿液及3.75%(w/w)膠原蛋
白纖維之膠原蛋白漿液係在3.4之pH下藉由經由膠體研磨足夠量之上文利用水所獲得之經清洗乾燥纖維之精細研磨來製備。
將4份實例1或實例2中所獲得之4%(w/w)膠原蛋白纖維之膠原蛋白漿液與1份實例3中所獲得之2.5%(w/w)膠原蛋白纖維之膠原蛋白漿液混合併傾倒於8mm×25mm×25mm之模具中。在-45℃下藉由冷凍乾燥來乾燥所得3.7%膠原蛋白纖維漿液。然後,在120℃下在減壓下(小於200毫巴)將經乾燥膠原蛋白海綿脫水熱處理24小時。
然後,將膠原蛋白海綿於pH為5.5之含有0.1M MES(2-(N-嗎啉基)-乙磺酸)及5%乙醇之緩衝溶液中與每g膠原蛋白0.3g EDC(1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基胺基丙基)碳二亞胺)在攪動下在室溫下化學交聯達120min之時期。
化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿首先使用0.10M Na2HPO4溶液、1M NaCl溶液、2M NaCl溶液、然後水來洗滌,並在-45℃下冷凍乾燥。
將經乾燥化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿在30kGy下經γ-滅菌。
經滅菌化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿之經量測起始溫度及乾燥狀態之密度分別係47℃及64mg/cm3。
在37℃下於PBS中之49個壓縮至12.1kPa之壓力之循環後,經滅菌化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿顯示其初始厚度之87%保留及初始滯後之41%保留。
壓汞式孔隙度測定顯示經滅菌化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿具有88μm之中值孔直徑及孔直徑大於10μm之95%孔隙度。
使用自溶組織芽胞梭菌之膠原蛋白酶之酶降解測試顯示膠原蛋白在3.25小時內完全降解。
將4份實例1或實例2中所獲得之6%(w/w)膠原蛋白纖維漿液與1份實例3中所獲得之3.75%(w/w)膠原蛋白纖維漿液混合併傾倒於6mm高度之模具中。在-10℃下藉由冷凍乾燥來乾燥所得5.55%(w/w)膠原蛋白纖維之膠原蛋白漿液。
將該等海綿於pH為5.5之含有0.2M MES(2-(N-嗎啉基)-乙磺酸)及50% w/w乙醇之溶液中與每克膠原蛋白0.1g EDC(1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基胺基丙基)-碳二亞胺)及每克膠原蛋白0.1g NHS(N-羥基琥珀醯亞胺)在攪動下在室溫下化學交聯達120min之時期。化學交聯海綿首先使用0.1M Na2HPO4溶液、1M NaCl溶液、2M NaCl溶液、然後水來洗滌,並在-10℃下冷凍乾燥。
將經乾燥化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿在26kGy下藉由γ-輻照滅菌。
經滅菌化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿之經量測起始溫度及乾燥狀態之密度分別係52℃及59mg/cm3。
在37℃下於PBS中之49個壓縮至12.1kPa之壓力之循環後,經滅菌化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿顯示其初始厚度之90%保留及相對於首次加載之38%滯後。
壓汞式孔隙度測定顯示經滅菌化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿具有69.1μm之中值孔直徑及孔直徑大於10μm之93.1%孔隙度。
使用自溶組織芽胞梭菌之膠原蛋白酶之酶降解測試顯示膠原蛋白在3.5小時內完全降解。
將4份實例2中所獲得之6%(w/w)膠原蛋白纖維漿液與1份實例3中所獲得之3.75%(w/w)膠原蛋白纖維漿液混合併傾倒於6mm高度之模具中。在-10℃下藉由冷凍乾燥來乾燥所得5.55%(w/w)膠原蛋白纖維之膠原蛋白漿液。
將該等海綿於pH為5.5之含有0.2M MES(2-(N-嗎啉基)-乙磺酸)及50% w/w乙醇之溶液中與每克膠原蛋白0.01g EDC(1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基胺基丙基)-碳二亞胺)及每克膠原蛋白0.01g NHS(N-羥基琥珀醯亞胺)在攪動下在室溫下進行化學交聯達120min之時期。化學交聯海綿首先使用0.1M Na2HPO4溶液、1M NaCl溶液、2M NaCl溶液、然後水來洗滌,並在-10℃下冷凍乾燥。
化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿之經量測起始溫度及乾燥狀態之密度分別係57℃及57mg/cm3。
在37℃下於PBS中之49[個壓縮至12.1kPa之壓力之循環後,化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿顯示其初始厚度之80%保留。
壓汞式孔隙度測定顯示,化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿具有71.0μm之中值孔直徑及孔直徑大於10μm之94.0%孔隙度。
將4份實例1中所獲得之膠原蛋白纖維漿液與1份實例3中所獲得之膠原蛋白纖維漿液混合併傾倒於6mm高度之模具中。在-45℃下藉由冷凍乾燥來乾燥膠原蛋白漿液。將該等海綿於含有0.05%(w/w)戊二醛之磷酸鈉緩衝液(pH 7.0-7.5)中在10℃下化學交聯達60min。依次使用水、2M NaCl溶液及0.1M Na2HPO4溶液來洗滌化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿。最後用水沖洗後將海綿在-45℃下冷凍乾燥。
將化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿在25kGy下藉由γ-輻照滅菌。
經滅菌化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿之經量測起始溫度及乾燥狀態之密度分別係51℃及52mg/cm3。
在37℃下49個壓縮至12.1kPa之壓力之循環後,於PBS中之經滅菌化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿顯示其初始厚度之74%保留及相對於首次加載之48%滯後。
壓汞式孔隙度測定顯示對於經滅菌化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿具有63.7μm之中值孔直徑及孔直徑大於10μm之92.7%孔隙度。
使用自溶組織芽胞梭菌之膠原蛋白酶之酶降解測試顯示膠原蛋白在4.5小時內完全降解。
圖1顯示循環壓縮測試之典型結果。
Claims (15)
- 一種彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿,其包含60-96%(w/w)膠原蛋白及4-40%(w/w)彈性蛋白,其中藉由壓汞式孔隙度測定顯示中值孔直徑介於50μm與90μm之間及孔徑大於10μm之至少80%孔隙度之互連孔、45℃至57℃之起始溫度及50mg/cm3至65mg/cm3之乾燥狀態之密度。
- 如請求項1之彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿,其顯示起始溫度為46℃至53℃。
- 如請求項1或2之彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿,其顯示乾燥狀態之密度為50mg/cm3至60mg/cm3。
- 如請求項1之彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿,其包含70-90%(w/w)膠原蛋白及10-30%(w/w)彈性蛋白。
- 如請求項1之彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿,其顯示孔直徑大於10μm之至少90%孔隙度。
- 如請求項1之彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿,其使用選自由以下組成之群之交聯劑製得:戊二醛、EDC(1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基胺基丙基)-碳二亞胺),及EDC與NHS(N-羥基琥珀醯亞胺)之混合物。
- 如請求項1之彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿,其藉由包含以下之方法從天然來源之組織衍生而成:冷凍乾燥及化學交聯,視情況隨後γ滅菌或X射線滅菌。
- 如請求項7之彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿,其中該天然來源之組織包括豬或牛腹膜或心包膜、豬或牛胎盤膜或豬或牛SIS或真皮。
- 如請求項1之彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿,其藉由PBS溶液濕潤,其經49次壓縮至壓力12.1kPa之循環後保持至少70%之初始厚度。
- 如請求項1之彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿,其藉由PBS溶液濕潤,其經49次壓縮至壓力12.1kPa之循環後相對於首次加載保持小於55%滯後(hysteresis)。
- 如請求項1之彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿,其在植入口腔區域中後顯示與SCTG(上皮下結締組織移植)相同之體積保留(volume retention)。
- 一種用於製備如請求項1至11中任一項之彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿之方法,其包含以下步驟:(a)使豬或牛腹膜或心包膜經受以下處理:於pH高於12之氫氧化鈉溶液之鹼處理、於pH為1至3之鹽酸溶液之酸處理、使用水溶性有機溶劑之脫水處理及使用有機溶劑之脫脂處理、使用切割磨機碾磨所獲得乾燥膜,藉助0.5-2mm篩來篩分並將所獲得粉末懸浮於pH為2.5至3.5之酸化水溶液中,以便獲得膠原蛋白纖維漿液,(b)使經研磨牛或豬真皮經受以下處理:使用水溶性有機溶劑之脫水處理、使用有機溶劑之脫脂處理、於pH高於12之強無機鹼中之鹼處理、於pH為0至1之強無機酸中之酸處理,使用水沖洗並將該等膠原蛋白纖維懸浮、冷凍乾燥、使用有機溶劑清洗該等經乾燥之膠原蛋白纖維並於pH為3至4之酸化溶液中研磨該等經清洗乾燥之纖維,以便獲得膠原蛋白纖維漿液,(c)將3.5份至4.5份在(a)中所獲得之該膠原蛋白纖維漿液與0.5份至1.5份在(b)中所獲得之該膠原蛋白纖維漿液混合,以便獲得所得漿液,(d)將在(c)中所獲得之該所得漿液冷凍乾燥並於含有交聯劑之溶液中將該冷凍乾燥之產物進行交聯,使用水洗滌並冷凍乾燥,及(e)視情況將在(d)中所獲得之冷凍乾燥之產物藉由γ輻照或X射線輻照來滅菌。
- 如請求項12之方法,其中該交聯劑選自由以下組成之群:戊二醛、EDC(1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基胺基丙基)-碳二亞胺),及EDC與NHS(N-羥基琥珀醯亞胺)之混合物。
- 如請求項12或13之方法,其中步驟(a)中所製備之該膠原蛋白纖維漿液含有2.5%至3.75%(w/w)膠原蛋白,且步驟(b)中所製備之該膠原蛋白纖維漿液含有4.0%至6.0%(w/w)膠原蛋白。
- 如請求項1之彈性可再吸收化學交聯之膠原蛋白海綿,其用作口腔中之植入物。
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