TWI661576B - 具有基板上特徵之發光裝置 - Google Patents
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- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 102
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
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- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 4
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- -1 III-nitride Substances 0.000 description 3
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- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910004541 SiN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910002601 GaN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/02—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies
- H01L33/20—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies with a particular shape, e.g. curved or truncated substrate
- H01L33/22—Roughened surfaces, e.g. at the interface between epitaxial layers
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- H01L33/20—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies with a particular shape, e.g. curved or truncated substrate
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- H01L33/10—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies with a light reflecting structure, e.g. semiconductor Bragg reflector
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- H01L33/26—Materials of the light emitting region
- H01L33/30—Materials of the light emitting region containing only elements of Group III and Group V of the Periodic Table
- H01L33/32—Materials of the light emitting region containing only elements of Group III and Group V of the Periodic Table containing nitrogen
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Abstract
本發明揭示一種根據本發明之實施例之照明裝置,其包含一基板,該基板具有自該基板之一表面延伸之複數個孔。一非III族氮化物材料安置於該複數個孔內。該基板之該表面不含該非III族氮化物材料。一半導體結構生長於該基板之該表面上。該半導體結構包含安置於一n型區域與一p型區域之間的一發光層。
Description
本發明係關於一種生長於具有可改良光提取之特徵之一基板上之發光裝置。
包含發光二極體(LED)、共振腔發光二極體(RCLED)、垂直腔雷射二極體(VCSEL)及邊緣發射雷射之半導體發光裝置皆在當前可用之最有效光源之列。在能夠跨越可見光譜操作之高亮度發光裝置之製造中當前所關注之材料系統包含III-V族半導體,尤其係鎵、鋁、銦及氮之二元、三元及四元合金(亦稱作III族氮化物材料)。通常,藉由以下操作來製作III族氮化物發光裝置:藉由金屬有機化學汽相沈積(MOCVD)、分子束磊晶(MBE)或其他磊晶技術而在一藍寶石、碳化矽、III族氮化物或其他適合基板上磊晶生長不同成分及摻雜劑濃度之一半導體層堆疊。該堆疊通常包含形成於基板上方的摻雜有(舉例而言)Si之一或多個n型層、形成於該(等)n型層上方之一作用區域中之一或多個發光層及形成於該作用區域上方的摻雜有(舉例而言)Mg之一或多個p型層。在該等n型及p型區域上形成電觸點。
圖1圖解說明在US 2013/0015487中較詳細地闡述的經設計以自一半導體發光裝置改良光提取效率之一基板。在藍寶石基板10上,沿一第一方向(沿著x軸)延伸之複數個凹槽11形成於一平行條帶圖案中。
剩餘非凹槽表面係該基板之一頂部表面10a。每一凹槽11之寬度在y軸方向上係1.5μm,且沿y軸方向之非凹槽部分10a之每一條帶之寬度在y軸方向上係1.5μm。每一凹槽11之深度係0.1μm。每一凹槽11之深度可在介於自100Å至3μm之一範圍內。
複數個SiO2介電條帶15平行形成於凹槽11之底部表面及側表面以及藍寶石基板10之表面10a上。每一介電條帶15沿一第二方向(y軸方向)延伸。每一介電條帶15之寬度在x軸方向上係1.5μm。每一介電條帶15之厚度可在介於100Å至1μm之一範圍內。在具有圖1中所展示之組態之藍寶石基板10上,沈積具有10nm之一膜厚度之一氮化鋁(AlN)緩衝層。該緩衝層(圖1中未展示)形成於凹槽11之底部表面11a及側表面11b、表面10a以及介電條帶15之頂部表面15a及側表面15b上方。
本發明之一目標係提供一種具有經改良提取之發光裝置。
一種根據本發明之實施例之照明裝置,其包含具有自該基板之一表面延伸之複數個孔之一基板。一非III族氮化物材料安置於該複數個孔內。該基板之該表面不含該非III族氮化物材料。一半導體結構生長於該基板之該表面上。該半導體結構包含安置於一n型區域與一p型區域之間的一發光層。
儘管在下文之論述中,該基板係藍寶石,但可使用任何適合基板材料(諸如藍寶石、SiC、矽、GaN、III族氮化物或複合基板)。在某些實施例中,該基板具有小於生長於該基板上之該III族氮化物材料之折射率的一折射率。舉例而言,藍寶石具有1.7之一折射率,而GaN具有2.4之一折射率。
10‧‧‧藍寶石基板
10a‧‧‧頂部表面/非凹槽部分/表面
11‧‧‧凹槽
11a‧‧‧底部表面
11b‧‧‧側表面/垂直側壁
15‧‧‧SiO2介電條帶/介電條帶
15a‧‧‧頂部表面
15b‧‧‧側表面
20‧‧‧基板
22‧‧‧特徵/典型特徵/相鄰特徵
22a‧‧‧傾斜側壁/側壁
24‧‧‧頂部表面/平坦表面/基板表面/表面
36‧‧‧塗層
38‧‧‧n型區域
40‧‧‧發光或作用區域/作用區域
42‧‧‧p型區域
44‧‧‧p觸點/觸點
46a‧‧‧射線
46b‧‧‧射線
48‧‧‧射線
50‧‧‧n觸點
52‧‧‧電介質/介電層
54‧‧‧互連
56‧‧‧互連
58‧‧‧間隙
60‧‧‧背側表面
圖1圖解說明用於自一半導體發光裝置改良光提取效率之一先前技術基板。
圖2係根據本發明之實施例之具有特徵之一基板之一部分之一平面圖。
圖3係根據本發明之實施例之具有特徵之一基板之一部分之一剖面圖。
圖4係圖3之結構在特徵之表面上形成一或多個塗層之後的一剖面圖。
圖5圖解說明形成於圖4之基板上之一半導體裝置結構。
圖6圖解說明一覆晶裝置。
一半導體發光裝置結構可形成於圖1中所圖解說明之基板上。在具有一平滑基板之一裝置中,一波導形成於基板與半導體材料之間。由於基板及半導體材料之不同折射率,因此波導將光陷困於裝置中。在具有圖1之基板之一裝置中,該基板上之凹槽11及介電條帶15中斷波導且可藉此改良來自該裝置之光提取。沿基板之方向所發射之光可由凹槽11及/或介電條帶15散射,使得更可能地自裝置提取光。
在圖1中所圖解說明之結構中,介電條帶15形成於平坦表面(凹槽11之間的表面10a及凹槽11之底部表面11a)及非平坦表面(凹槽11之垂直側壁11b)兩者上。平坦表面上之介電材料對光提取具有一最小影響,其可減損生長於基板上之半導體裝置結構之晶體生長品質。
在本發明之某些實施例中,在將半導體裝置結構磊晶生長於基板上之前,特徵形成於該基板上且經塗佈具有一或多個抗反射、散射及/或漸進折射率塗層。該一或多個塗層可完全地或部分地填滿形成於基板表面中之特徵。特徵及塗層之主要功能可為雙重的:(i)增加自III族氮化物材料至基板中之光透射;及(ii)控制光之方向以調諧來自裝置之遠場發射。
塗層受限於在生長期間並不顯著地促進III族氮化物材料之成核
的基板之表面區。此等區通常係相對於基板之平面(相對於藉由x軸及y軸所闡述且垂直於z軸之平面)而形成之特徵之傾斜區及/或垂直區。在基板上之非平坦表面上形成非III族氮化物塗層(諸如介電層)並不顯著地影響基板上之晶體生長,但可增強來自裝置之光提取。
儘管在下文之實例中半導體發光裝置係發射藍色光或UV光之III族氮化物LED,但除LED之外,亦可使用諸如雷射二極體之半導體發光裝置及由其他材料系統(諸如其他III-V族材料、III族磷化物、III族砷化物、II-VI族材料、ZnO或基於Si之材料)製成之半導體發光裝置。
圖2係根據本發明之實施例之包含特徵22之一基板20之一部分之一平面圖。
圖2中所圖解說明之特徵22係形成於基板20中的自該基板之頂部表面向下延伸之孔。該等孔並不延伸穿過基板之整個厚度。該等孔可為任何適合形狀,包含(舉例而言)具有垂直側及平坦底部之孔、具有偏斜側及平坦底部之孔、截頭倒金字塔形、截頭倒圓錐體形、倒金字塔形、倒圓錐體形或任何其他適合形狀。在某些實施例中,該等孔可沿著垂直於基板之頂部表面之一軸線或其他軸線旋轉對稱,但此不係必需的。該等孔可配置成任何適合圖案,該適合圖案包含(舉例而言)諸如一個三角形、正方形、六邊形之一陣列或任何其他適合陣列、一隨機配置或諸如一阿基米德(Archimedean)晶格之一準隨機配置。
可藉由蝕刻、機械技術(諸如鑽孔)或任何其他適合技術來形成孔。舉例而言,可以(舉例而言)一磷酸或硫酸化學浴藉由濕式化學蝕刻或在一電感耦合之電漿(ICP)蝕刻器中藉由乾式蝕刻技術而形成孔。
圖3係包含典型特徵22之一基板20之一部分之一剖面圖。由圖1之x軸及y軸形成之基板之平面係(舉例而言)圖3中所圖解說明之結構之頂部或底部。圖3中所圖解說明之特徵22之實施例具有一倒三角形
剖面,其中每一孔之軸線垂直於基板之平面而定向。該等特徵可具有任何適合剖面。舉例而言,該等特徵可具有平坦底部或圓形底部。該等特徵可具有垂直側、偏斜側、彎曲側或分段側,其中不同分段具有不同斜率及/或形狀。在某些實施例中,該等特徵之偏斜側正交於或實質上正交於發光層之最大角度發射之方向。舉例而言,若由發光層發射之光係以與該裝置之一主平面之法線所成之60度按照具有波瓣最大值之一圖案發射,則該等特徵之偏斜側壁可以與該裝置之一主平面之法線所成之一30度角而定向。
基板20之頂部表面24在特徵22之間可為平坦的,如圖3中所圖解說明,但此不係必需的。舉例而言,頂部表面24可經圖案化、經粗糙化或經紋理化或可相對於孔之定向而偏斜。
該等孔可經定向,使得所有或大多數孔之軸線垂直於基板之平面。在替代方案中,所有或大多數孔之軸線可相對於基板之平面而成角度,或該等孔之軸線可隨機定向。
基板20可具有一厚度34,該厚度在某些實施例中為至少100μm、在某些實施例中不超過500μm、在某些實施例中至少200μm且在某些實施例中不超過400μm。
在特徵22之開口處,在基板之頂部邊緣處,特徵22可具有一寬度26,該寬度在某些實施例中為至少1μm、在某些實施例中不超過20μm、在某些實施例中至少5μm且在某些實施例中不超過15μm。特徵22可具有在某些實施例中為至少1μm、在某些實施例中不超過20μm、在某些實施例中至少5μm且在某些實施例中不超過15μm之一深度。最近相鄰特徵之中心之間的間距32在某些實施例中可為至少2μm、在某些實施例中不超過50μm、在某些實施例中至少20μm且在某些實施例中不超過40μm。基板20之頂部表面24在相鄰特徵22之間的寬度28在某些實施例中可為至少100nm、在某些實施例中不超過50
μm、在某些實施例中至少5μm且在某些實施例中不超過25μm。如圖3中所圖解說明,該等孔並未穿透基板之整個厚度。在替代方案中,某些或所有孔可穿透基板之整個厚度。
圖4圖解說明具有特徵22及一或多個塗層之一基板。塗層36僅形成於特徵22之傾斜側壁22a上。可藉由如此項技術中已知之習用光遮罩程序而形成塗層36。舉例而言,可遮蔽基板,然後形成塗層,然後移除遮罩;可形成塗層,然後藉由遮蔽及蝕刻而使其圖案化;或可僅將塗層選擇性地形成於該等特徵之側壁上。特徵22之間的基板20之頂部(通常平坦表面24)可保持不變(亦即不由塗層36覆蓋)以確保在下文所闡述之III族氮化物裝置結構之磊晶生長期間結晶程序之正確成核。在磊晶生長期間,特徵22之側壁22a並不顯著地促進III族氮化物晶體之成核,此乃因III族氮化物晶體將優先地成核於塗層36上方之基板表面24上。
塗層36可包含與磊晶程序相容之任何適合材料。適合材料之實例包含非III族氮化物材料、介電材料、藉由除磊晶生長(諸如沈積)之外的技術形成之材料、SiN、SiO2、TiO2、氧化物及氮化物。在某些實施例中,塗層36之折射率可介於基板之折射率與GaN之折射率之間(例如諸如,SiN及SiO2與TiO2之複合物,以形成具有介於1.5與2.5之間的範圍內之折射率之層)。
可使用多個塗層36。可選擇適合的層組合以放大以下既定效應:增加自III族氮化物材料至基板中之光透射或沿一特定角度方向引導所發射光束或者既增加光透射又沿特定方向引導所發射光束。可基於抗反射體塗佈之原理或藉由模仿一漸進折射率材料而選擇多個塗層以將光自高折射率平穩地轉變成低折射率。在某些實施例中,最接近基板且通常與基板接觸之塗層(首先沈積之塗層)之折射率具有最低折射率,亦即最接近基板之折射率的折射率。距基板最遠之塗層(最後
沈積之塗層)具有最高折射率,亦即最接近III族氮化物層之折射率的折射率。因此,在某些實施例中,塗層堆疊可在III族氮化物材料與基板之間形成一漸進折射率(gradient index;GRIN)光學界面。
在一項實例中,塗層36係一單個SiN層,該SiN層填充孔深度之至少20%,高達孔深度之50%。舉例而言,在2μm深之孔之情形中,塗層36可具有高達1μm之一厚度。
塗層36可部分地或完全地填充特徵22。特定而言,在某些實施例中,塗層36可填充特徵22,使得塗層36之頂部表面與基板之在特徵之間的頂部表面24齊平。填充特徵22使非成核表面最小化。
在形成塗層36之後,生長一半導體裝置結構,如圖5中所圖解說明。該半導體結構包含夾在n型與p型區域之間的一發光或作用區域。
可首先生長一n型區域38且其可包含具有不同成分及摻雜劑濃度之多個層,舉例而言,該多個層包含可為n型或非經刻意摻雜之製備層(諸如緩衝層或成核層、接觸層及限制層)及經設計用於使發光區域有效地發射光所期望之特定光學、材料或電性質之n型或甚至p型裝置層。
n型區域之第一部分可填充於特徵中且聚合以形成足夠高品質之一表面以生長裝置層。n型區域之此部分在某些實施例中可為至少2μm厚且在某些實施例中不超過5μm厚。最初生長之III族氮化物材料優先地成核於基板之在特徵之間的頂部表面24上,而非特徵22中之塗層36上。
在n型區域上方生長一發光或作用區域40。適合發光區域之實例包含一單一厚或薄發光層或一多量子井發光區域,該多量子井發光區域包含由障壁層分隔之多個薄或厚發光層。
然後,可在發光區域上方生長一p型區域42。如同n型區域,該p型區域可包含具有不同成分、厚度及摻雜劑濃度之多個層,包含非經
刻意摻雜之層或n型層。
在生長之後,在p型區域之表面上形成一p觸點44。p觸點44通常包含多個導電層,諸如一反射金屬及可防止或減小反射金屬之電遷移之一防護金屬。反射金屬通常係銀,但可使用任一或任何適合材料。
圖5圖解說明光在裝置中之行為。以掠射角照到基板20之表面24之光(諸如射線46a)可由基板與III族氮化物材料之間的波導全內反射,從而將該光陷困於裝置內,如藉由射線46b所圖解說明。特徵22中斷該波導,使得以掠射角發射至特徵22中之光(諸如射線48)得以自半導體材料被提取。表面24所反射之某些射線被觸點44再次反射,然後入射於一特徵22上,射線在該特徵上自半導體材料最終被提取。在不存在特徵22之情況下,可以相同角度藉由多個表面持續反射光且使光保持陷困於半導體結構中,直至光能量轉換成熱量為止。
圖5中所圖解說明之結構可形成為任何適合裝置結構。通常,在具有帶有如上文所闡述之光提取特徵之一基板之一裝置中,光主要係透過基板自裝置被提取,該基板保持為裝置之部分,但此不係必需的。儘管在圖6中圖解說明一覆晶,但圖5之結構可形成為任何適合裝置。
如圖6中所圖解說明,在形成p觸點44之後,移除p觸點44、p型區域42及作用區域40之一部分以曝露其上形成有一n觸點50之n型區域38之一部分。n觸點50及p觸點44藉由一間隙彼此電隔離,該間隙可填充有一電介質52(諸如一種矽氧化物)或任何其他適合材料。可形成多個n觸點導通體;n觸點50及p觸點44並不限於圖6中所圖解說明之配置。可重新分佈n觸點及p觸點以形成具有如在此項技術中已知之一電介質/金屬堆疊之接合墊(圖6中未展示)。
為了形成至裝置之電連接,將一或多個互連54及互連56形成於n觸點50及p觸點44上或電連接至n觸點50及p觸點44。在圖6中互連54電
連接至n觸點50。互連56電連接至p觸點44。互連54及互連56藉由介電層52及間隙58與n觸點50及p觸點44電隔離且彼此電隔離。互連54及56可為(舉例而言)焊料、柱形凸塊、金層或任何其他適合結構。
將諸多個別LED形成於一單個基板晶圓上,然後自裝置之一晶圓切割該等LED。可在切割之前、期間或之後將基板20薄化。在某些實施例中,除薄化之外或替代薄化,將基板20之背側表面60圖案化、紋理化或粗糙化以改良自基板至周圍空氣中之光提取。
圖6中所圖解說明之裝置在一側上可為(舉例而言)約1mm長。因此,在某些實施例中,一單個裝置之基板可包含數十或數百個特徵。在一項實例中,在每3μm×3μm的基板區部分中可存在平均一個至兩個特徵。
詳細闡述本發明後,熟習此項技術者將瞭解,在給定本揭示內容之情況下,可在不背離本文中所闡述之本發明概念之精神之情況下對本發明做出修改。因此,並不意欲將本發明之範疇限制於所圖解說明及闡述之特定實施例。
Claims (15)
- 一種照明裝置,其包括:一基板;及一半導體結構,其生長於該基板之一表面上,該半導體結構包括安置於一n型區域與一p型區域之間的一發光層,其中光主要係透過基板自該照明裝置被提取,其中該基板包括複數個孔,其中該等孔自於其上生長該半導體結構之該基板之該表面延伸,其中一非III族氮化物材料係安置於該複數個孔內用於增加透射該基板之光及/或引導所發射光,及其中於其上生長該半導體結構之該基板之該表面不含該非III族氮化物材料。
- 如請求項1之照明裝置,其中該複數個孔具有一個三角形剖面。
- 如請求項1之照明裝置,其中該非III族氮化物材料填充該等孔。
- 如請求項1之照明裝置,其中該非III族氮化物材料係在該半導體結構與該基板之間形成一漸進折射率光學界面之一層堆疊。
- 如請求項1之照明裝置,其中該複數個孔在該表面處具有介於1μm與20μm之間的一寬度。
- 如請求項1之照明裝置,其中該複數個孔延伸至該基板中達介於1μm與20μm之間的一深度。
- 如請求項1之照明裝置,其中最近相鄰孔之中心之間的一間距係介於2μm與50μm之間。
- 如請求項1之照明裝置,其中該複數個孔配置成一陣列。
- 如請求項1之照明裝置,其中在每3μm乘3μm的該基板之區中形成平均介於1個與2個之間的孔。
- 一種照明裝置,其包括:一藍寶石基板,其包括自該基板之一平坦表面延伸之複數個孔,其中該等孔包括相對於該基板之該平坦表面傾斜之側壁;一介電材料,其安置於該等傾斜側壁上而非該基板之該平坦表面上;及一半導體結構,其生長於該基板之該平坦表面上,該半導體結構包括安置於一n型區域與一p型區域之間的一III族氮化物發光層。
- 如請求項10之照明裝置,其中該半導體結構填充於該複數個孔中。
- 如請求項10之照明裝置,其中該複數個孔具有一個三角形剖面。
- 如請求項10之照明裝置,其中該複數個孔配置成一陣列。
- 如請求項10之照明裝置,其中介於1與2之間的一平均值之孔形成於該基板之每個3μm乘3μm之區中。
- 如請求項10之照明裝置,其中該介電材料安置於該半導體結構與該基板之間的該複數個孔中。
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