TWI585118B - 用於有機半導體裝置之二酮基吡咯并吡咯聚合物 - Google Patents
用於有機半導體裝置之二酮基吡咯并吡咯聚合物 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI585118B TWI585118B TW101145860A TW101145860A TWI585118B TW I585118 B TWI585118 B TW I585118B TW 101145860 A TW101145860 A TW 101145860A TW 101145860 A TW101145860 A TW 101145860A TW I585118 B TWI585118 B TW I585118B
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- Prior art keywords
- alkyl
- group
- independently
- alkoxy
- formula
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- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims description 130
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 title claims description 74
- FYNROBRQIVCIQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5,6-dione Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(=O)C(=O)N=C21 FYNROBRQIVCIQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 12
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 219
- -1 R 116 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 100
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 74
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 73
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 57
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 51
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 50
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 46
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 45
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 41
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 40
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 25
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 125000004209 (C1-C8) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000013086 organic photovoltaic Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000000008 (C1-C10) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000005010 perfluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003107 substituted aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanide Chemical group N#[C-] XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims 3
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 92
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 41
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 33
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 29
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 16
- XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N C60 fullerene Chemical class C12=C3C(C4=C56)=C7C8=C5C5=C9C%10=C6C6=C4C1=C1C4=C6C6=C%10C%10=C9C9=C%11C5=C8C5=C8C7=C3C3=C7C2=C1C1=C2C4=C6C4=C%10C6=C9C9=C%11C5=C5C8=C3C3=C7C1=C1C2=C4C6=C2C9=C5C3=C12 XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 14
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 14
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 14
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 13
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 12
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910003472 fullerene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 9
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 7
- CYPYTURSJDMMMP-WVCUSYJESA-N (1e,4e)-1,5-diphenylpenta-1,4-dien-3-one;palladium Chemical compound [Pd].[Pd].C=1C=CC=CC=1\C=C\C(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1.C=1C=CC=CC=1\C=C\C(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1.C=1C=CC=CC=1\C=C\C(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 CYPYTURSJDMMMP-WVCUSYJESA-N 0.000 description 6
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000006069 Suzuki reaction reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 125000001204 arachidyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000007641 inkjet printing Methods 0.000 description 6
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 6
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 101150003085 Pdcl gene Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000004106 butoxy group Chemical group [*]OC([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 5
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Pd+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
- 238000000206 photolithography Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920002120 photoresistant polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RDOXTESZEPMUJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N anisole Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC=C1 RDOXTESZEPMUJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000306 component Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- LZCLXQDLBQLTDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(C)O LZCLXQDLBQLTDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- LXNAVEXFUKBNMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium(II) acetate Substances [Pd].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O LXNAVEXFUKBNMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- PBKONEOXTCPAFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1 PBKONEOXTCPAFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1Cl RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 101100203596 Caenorhabditis elegans sol-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical group C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000004414 alkyl thio group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000002511 behenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-2-ol Chemical compound CCC(C)O BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000547 conjugated polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- SWXVUIWOUIDPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N diacetone alcohol Natural products CC(=O)CC(C)(C)O SWXVUIWOUIDPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005227 gel permeation chromatography Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 125000002463 lignoceryl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 125000002960 margaryl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000001421 myristyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 125000000913 palmityl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 125000002958 pentadecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 3
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QDCPMBZUBOJTGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-bis(4-bromophenyl)-2,5-bis(2-ethylhexyl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-3,6-dione Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)CN1C(=O)C2=C(C=3C=CC(Br)=CC=3)N(CC(CC)CCCC)C(=O)C2=C1C1=CC=C(Br)C=C1 QDCPMBZUBOJTGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QPUYECUOLPXSFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylnaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C)=CC=CC2=C1 QPUYECUOLPXSFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Methylpentane Chemical compound CCCC(C)C AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=C1 UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DKPFZGUDAPQIHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyl acetate Natural products CCCCOC(C)=O DKPFZGUDAPQIHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000006539 C12 alkyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 125000002029 aromatic hydrocarbon group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- JRPBQTZRNDNNOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium titanate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[Ba+2].[O-][Ti]([O-])([O-])[O-] JRPBQTZRNDNNOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000499 benzofuranyl group Chemical group O1C(=CC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 1
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- KVNRLNFWIYMESJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyronitrile Chemical compound CCCC#N KVNRLNFWIYMESJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002704 decyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
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- IYYZUPMFVPLQIF-ALWQSETLSA-N dibenzothiophene Chemical group C1=CC=CC=2[34S]C3=C(C=21)C=CC=C3 IYYZUPMFVPLQIF-ALWQSETLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WMKGGPCROCCUDY-PHEQNACWSA-N dibenzylideneacetone Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1\C=C\C(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 WMKGGPCROCCUDY-PHEQNACWSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000012629 purifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- QKWILNTYPDJSME-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-3,6-dione Chemical group C1=NC(=O)C2=C1C(=O)N=C2 QKWILNTYPDJSME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002294 quinazolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(N=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
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- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- MNWBNISUBARLIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium cyanide Chemical compound [Na+].N#[C-] MNWBNISUBARLIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- MZLGASXMSKOWSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum nitride Chemical compound [Ta]#N MZLGASXMSKOWSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000005622 tetraalkylammonium hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JRMUNVKIHCOMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC JRMUNVKIHCOMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- YESAYZVWGLMPDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecane-2-thiol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC(C)S YESAYZVWGLMPDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CXWXQJXEFPUFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetralin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CCCCC2=C1 CXWXQJXEFPUFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002207 thermal evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- VJYJJHQEVLEOFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N thieno[3,2-b]thiophene Chemical group S1C=CC2=C1C=CS2 VJYJJHQEVLEOFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003606 tin compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BWHOZHOGCMHOBV-BQYQJAHWSA-N trans-benzylideneacetone Chemical compound CC(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 BWHOZHOGCMHOBV-BQYQJAHWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylamine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002948 undecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005292 vacuum distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N vertaline Natural products C1C2C=3C=C(OC)C(OC)=CC=3OC(C=C3)=CC=C3CCC(=O)OC1CC1N2CCCC1 PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc oxide Inorganic materials [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
- C08G61/124—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one nitrogen atom in the ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
- C08G61/126—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one sulfur atom in the ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/36—Sulfur-, selenium-, or tellurium-containing compounds
- C08K5/45—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur in the ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L65/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B57/00—Other synthetic dyes of known constitution
- C09B57/004—Diketopyrrolopyrrole dyes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B69/00—Dyes not provided for by a single group of this subclass
- C09B69/10—Polymeric dyes; Reaction products of dyes with monomers or with macromolecular compounds
- C09B69/105—Polymeric dyes; Reaction products of dyes with monomers or with macromolecular compounds containing a methine or polymethine dye
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B69/00—Dyes not provided for by a single group of this subclass
- C09B69/10—Polymeric dyes; Reaction products of dyes with monomers or with macromolecular compounds
- C09B69/109—Polymeric dyes; Reaction products of dyes with monomers or with macromolecular compounds containing other specific dyes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K10/00—Organic devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching; Organic capacitors or resistors having potential barriers
- H10K10/40—Organic transistors
- H10K10/46—Field-effect transistors, e.g. organic thin-film transistors [OTFT]
- H10K10/462—Insulated gate field-effect transistors [IGFETs]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
- H10K71/12—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/30—Doping active layers, e.g. electron transporting layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
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Description
本發明係關於聚合物(I)或(II),及其等作為有機裝置,尤其有機光伏打裝置(太陽能電池)及光二極體,或含有二極體及/或有機場效電晶體之裝置中之有機半導體之用途。根據本發明之聚合物具有在有機溶劑中之優異溶解度及優異成膜性質。此外,當將本發明之聚合物用於有機場效電晶體、有機光伏打裝置(太陽能電池)及光二極體中時,可觀察到高能量轉化效率、優異場效遷移率、良好通/斷電流比及/或優異穩定性。
US 6451459描述基於二酮基吡咯并吡咯之聚合物及共聚物,其等包含以下單元
其中x係選自0.005至1之範圍,較佳為0.01至1,及y為0.995至0,較佳0.99至0,及其中x+y=1,及其中Ar1及Ar2彼此獨立地表示
及m、n係1至10之數字,及R1及R2彼此獨立地表示H、C1至C18烷基、-C(O)O-C1至C18烷基、全氟-C1至C12烷基、未經取代之C6至C12芳基、或經C1至C12烷基、C1至C12烷氧基或鹵素取代一至三次之C6至C12芳基、C1至C12烷基-C6至C12芳基或C6至C12芳基-C1至C12烷基,R3及R4較佳表示氫、C1至C12烷基、C1至C12烷氧基、未經取代之C6至C12芳基或經C1至C12烷基、C1至C12烷氧基或鹵素取代一至三次之C6至C12芳基或全氟-C1至C12烷基,及R5較佳表示C1至C12烷基、C1至C12烷氧基、未經取代之C6至C12芳基或經C1至C12烷基、C1至C12烷氧基或鹵素取代一至三次之C6至C12芳基或全氟-C1至C12烷基,及其等於EL裝置中之用途。
WO 05/049695揭示基於二酮基吡咯并吡咯(DPP)之聚合物及其等在PLED、有機積體電路(O-IC)、有機場效電晶體(OFET)、有機薄膜電晶體(OTFT)、有機太陽能電池(O-SC)或有機雷射二極體中之用途,但未揭示如式I之具體基於
DPP之聚合物。
較佳聚合物包含如式之重複單元及如式之重複單元,其中R1及R2彼此獨立地係可藉由一或多個氧原子間隔之C1至C25烷基,尤其係C4至C12烷基,及Ar1及Ar2彼此獨立地係如下式之基團
,其中-Ar3-係如下式之基團,,,,或,,或,其中
R6係氫、C1至C18烷基或C1至C18烷氧基,及R32係甲基、Cl或OMe,及R8係H、C1至C18烷基或經E取代及/或藉由D間
隔之C1至C18烷基,尤其係藉由-O-間隔之C1至C18烷基。
WO 08/000664描述包含如下式之(重複)單元之聚合物
於一較佳實施例中,WO08/000664係關於如式(VIIa)或(VIIb)之聚合物,其中A係如上定義及-COM1-係選自如下式之重複單元:
及,其中R7及R7'係...,R44及R41係氫、C1至C18烷基或C1至C18烷氧基,及R45係H、C1至C18烷基或藉由E取代及/或藉由D間隔之C1至C18烷基,尤其係藉由-O-間隔之C1至C18烷基,其中D及E
係...,及-COM2-係如式或之基團,其中R116及R117彼此獨立地係H、可視需要藉由O間隔之C1至C18烷基或可視需要藉由O間隔之C1至C18烷氧基,R119及R120彼此獨立地係H、可視需要藉由O間隔之C1至C18烷基,或R119及R120一起形成如式=CR100R101之基團,其中R100及R101彼此獨立地係H、C1至C18烷基,或R119及R120一起形成可視需要經C1至C18烷基取代之五或六員環。
Y.Zhu等人,Macromolecules 40(2007)6981-6989描述五種新穎可溶性共軛聚合物,其等係藉由鈴木縮聚反應製備。聚合物係自1,4-二酮基-2,5-二己基-3,6-雙(4-溴苯基)吡咯并[3,4-c]吡咯(1a)、1,4-二酮基-2,5-二(2-乙基己基)-3,6-雙(4-溴苯基)吡咯并[3,4-c]吡咯(1b)或1,4-二酮基-2,5-二己基-3,6-雙(4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜硼烷-2-基)苯基)吡咯并[3,4-c]吡咯(1c),及3,6-雙(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜硼烷-2-基)-9-乙基己基咔唑(2)、4,4'-二溴三苯基胺(3)、4,4'-雙(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜硼烷-2-基)三苯基胺(4)、2,7-雙(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜硼烷-2-基)-9,9-二己基茀(5)、9,10-蒽雙頻哪醇根基硼酯(6)及4,7-二溴-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑(7)製備。此等聚合物呈現亮紅色。
聚合物溶液高度發螢光,最大光發射在552與600 nm之間。
K.Zhang等人,Makcromolecules 41(2008)7287-7295描述主鏈含有2,3,5,6-四芳基化吡咯并[3,4-c]吡咯-1,4-二酮單元之聚合物P-1-P-3之合成及特性性質。P-1係自2,5-雙(4-第三丁基苯基)-3,6-雙(4'-溴苯基)吡咯并[3,4-c]吡咯-1,4-二酮(DPP1)及9,9-二正己基茀-2,7'-雙頻哪醇根硼酯3製備,P-2係自2,5-雙(4'-溴-苯基)-3,6-雙(4-第三丁基苯基)-吡咯并[3,4-c]吡咯-1,4-二酮(DPP2)及3製備,及P-3係自DPP1、3及2,5-雙(正己氧基苯)-1,4-雙頻哪醇根硼酯4,經由Pd催化鈴木偶合製備。該等聚合物之分子量為約8000至10000 Da。
A.Kuehne等人,Tetrahedron Letters 49(2008)4722-4724揭示以下聚合物之合成,採取鈴木偶合。乙烯基醚官能性容許發光聚合物活性併入至標準乙烯醚及縮水甘油醚光阻材料中。
EP2034537A2係關於包含半導體層之薄膜電晶體裝置,該半導體層包括含由以下式表示之化學結構之化合物:
其中各X獨立地選自S、Se、O及NR",各R"獨立地選自氫、視需要經取代烴及含雜原子基團,各Z獨立地係視需要經取代烴、含雜原子基團及鹵素中之一者,d係至小1之數字,e係0至2之數字;a表示至小1之數字;b表示0至20之數字;及n表示至小1之數字。
EP2075274A1揭示含有高度共平面重複單元之可溶性聚噻吩衍生物。TPT(噻吩-伸苯基-噻吩)單元之共平面特性改良分子內共軛及分子間π-π相互作用之程度。
WO 2010/049321揭示包含如下式之一或多個(重複)單元之聚合物
或,其中
Ar1、Ar1'、Ar3及Ar3'彼此獨立地係如式或之基團,Ar2係如下式之基團
X1及X2中之一者係N及另一者係CH,及其等作為有機裝置
中之有機半導體之用途。
於WO 2010/049321之實例4中,描述以下聚合物之製備:
WO 2010/049323係關於包含如式之一或多個(重
複)單元及選自如式,及之重複單元之至少一(重複)單元之聚合物;及如式III或IV之聚合物及其等用作有機裝置中,尤其有機光伏打裝置(太陽能電池)及光二極體中之有機半導體之用途。
於一較佳實施例中,該等聚合物包含如式之重複單元,其中A係如下式之基團
R1及R2係C8至C35烷基,R3係C1至C18烷基,
B係如式之基團,R15係C4至C18烷基,D係如式之基團,及x=0.995至0.005,y=0.005至0.995,尤其x=0.4至0.9,y=0.6至0.1,及其中x+y=1。
於另一較佳實施例中,該等聚合物包含如式之重複單元,其中A係如下式之基團:
R1及R2係C8至C35烷基,R3係C4至C18烷基,及B係如式Va、IIb、IIc、IId、IIe、IIf、IIg、IIh或IIi之基
團,或如式Ia、Ib、Ic、Id、Ie、If或Ig之基團,規定B不同於A,R1"及R2"係C8至C35烷基,X1及X2中之一者係N及另一者係CH,D係如式,或之基團,及x=0.995至0.005,y=0.005至0.995,及其中x+y=1。
本發明之聚合物係不同於WO 2010/049323中明確揭示之
聚合物(如,例如(x=0.05至0.8及y=0.95至0.2)),其中Ar1及Ar2表示未經取代之(雜)伸芳基及/或D表示未經取代之(雜)伸芳基。
WO 2010/108873係關於包含如下式之一或多個(重複)單元之聚合物
(I),其中Ar1及Ar1'彼此獨立地係環化(芳族)雜環性環系統,含有至少一噻吩環,該等噻吩環可視需要經一或多個基團取代(參見WO 2010/135723)。
WO 2010/115767包含如下式之重複單元
其中Ar1'係環化(芳族)雜環性環系統,含有至少一噻唑環,其等可視需要經一或多個基團取代,WO 2010/136352係關於一種製備具有高分子量及高區域規則度之共軛聚合物之方法,及可藉由此方法獲得之新穎聚合物。特佳共聚物之實例出示在WO 2010/136352之第21頁上:
根據本發明之如式(I)之聚合物係不同於WO 2010/136352之第21頁上所揭示之聚合物,其中D不
可為如式之基團。
WO 2011/144566係關於包含如式(I)之一或多
個(重複)單元之聚合物或如式(II)或
(III)之聚合物,及其等作為有機裝置,尤其有機光伏打裝置(太陽能電池)及光二極體,或含有二極體及/或有機場效電晶體之裝置中之有機半導體之用途。
於一較佳實施例中,WO 2011/144566係關於包含如式(II)之重複單元之聚合物,其中x=0.995至0.005,y=0.005至0.995,尤其x=0.2至0.8,y=0.8至0.2,及其中x+y=1;A係如式IVa、IVc、IVe、IVg、IVh、IVi或IVj之基團,R1及R2係C1至C35烷基,尤其C8至C35烷基,R104係C1至C25烷基,尤其C4至C25烷基,其可視需要藉由一或多個氧或硫原子間隔,
B及D彼此獨立地係如式Va、Vb、Vc,尤其、Ve、Vf、Vh、Vi、Vj、Vk、Vl、Vm、Vn、Vo、Vp、
Vq、Vr、Vs、Vu、Vv、Vw、Vx,尤其、Vy、Vz或Va'之基團。
於另一較佳實施例中,WO 2011/144566係關於包含如式
(III)之重複單元之聚合物,其中r=0.985至0.005,s=0.005至0.985,t=0.005至0.985,u=0.005至0.985,及其中r+s+t+u=1,A係如式IVa、IVc、IVe、IVg、IVh、IVi或IVj之基團,R1及R2係C1至C35烷基,尤其C8至C35烷基,R104係C1至C25烷基,尤其C4至C25烷基,其可視需要藉由一或多個氧或硫原子間隔,B、D及E彼此獨立地係如式Va、Vb、Vc,尤其
、Ve、Vf、Vh、Vi、Vj、Vk、Vl、Vm、Vn、Vo、Vp、Vq、Vr、Vs、Vu、Vv、Vw、Vx,尤其
、Vy、Vz或Va'之基團。
本發明之聚合物係不同於WO 2011/144566之較佳聚合物,其中B、D及E不為DPP重複單元。
此外,WO 2011/144566揭示聚合物,如,例如,
(IIg),其不包含於本發明之如式I之聚合物(兩不同DPP重複單元,不含重複單元E)亦不包含於如式II之聚合物(不含重複單元E)。
本發明之一目的係降低或克服先前技藝之OSC層之缺
點,提供改良之電子裝置,提供改良之OSC材料及組件供此等裝置使用,及提供其等製造方法。該裝置應展現改良之穩定性、高膜均一性及高OSC層完整性,該等材料應具有高電荷遷移率及良好可加工性,及該方法應允許簡易及具時間及成本效益之裝置製造,尤其在大規模下。專家參考以下詳細敘述將立刻瞭解本發明之其他目的。
因此,本發明之目的係提供當用於有機場效電晶體、有機光伏打裝置(太陽能電池)及光二極體中時展現高能量轉化效率、優異場效遷移率、良好通/斷電流比及/或優異穩定性之聚合物。
該目的已透過如下式之聚合物達成(I)或(II),其中x=0.51至0.99,y=0.49至0.01,尤其x=0.70至0.99,y=0.30至0.01,極尤其x=0.80至0.99及y=0.20至0.01;及其中x+y=1,r+s=0.50至0.99,t+u=0.50至0.01,及其中r+s+t+u=1,
A係如式(III)之基團,其中
R1及R2可相同或不同及選自氫、C1至C38烷基、C2至C36烯基、C3至C36炔基,其等各者可視需要藉由-O-、-S-或COO間隔一或多次;C7至C100芳烷基,其可藉由C1至C8烷基、C1至C8烷氧基、CF3及/或F取代一至五次;及可視需要經C1至C25烷基、C1至C8烷氧基、鹵素或氰基取代一或多次之苯基;
Ar1及Ar2彼此獨立地係如下式之基團:,,
B係如式III之基團,其不同於A,
D具有Ar1之含義,或係如式或之基團;R204及R205彼此獨立地係H、CN、COOR206或C1至C6烷基;R206係C1至C18烷基;E係如下式之基團:
,其不同於D,其中
k係1,l為0或1,v為0或1,z為0或1,a係1至5,尤其1至3之整數,Ar4、Ar5、Ar6及Ar7彼此獨立地係如下式之基團
或,其中X5及X6中之一者係N及另
一者係CR14,Ar20係伸芳基,或雜伸芳基,其等各者可視需要經取代,R12及R12'彼此獨立地係氫、鹵素、C1至C25烷基,尤其C4至C25烷基,其等可視需要藉由一或多個氧或硫原子間隔;C1至C25烷氧基、C7至C25芳烷基或R13,R13係C1至C8烷基或三(C1至C8烷基)甲矽烷基,R14、R14'、R15、R15'、R17及R17'彼此獨立地係H或C1至C25烷基,其等可視需要藉由一或多個氧原子間隔;R18及R18'彼此獨立地係氫、鹵素、C1至C25烷基,其等可視需要藉由一或多個氧或硫原子間隔;C7至C25芳烷基或C1至C25烷氧基;R19係氫、C7至C25芳烷基、C6至C18芳基;經C1至C18烷基或C1至C18烷氧基取代之C6至C18芳基;或可視需要藉由一或多個氧或硫原子間隔之C1至C25烷基;R20及R20'彼此獨立地係氫、C7至C25芳烷基、C1至C25烷基,其可視需要藉由一或多個氧或硫原子間隔,X7係-O-、-S-、-NR115-、-Si(R117)(R117')-、-C(R120)(R120')-
、-C(=O)-、,,,,或
X8係-O-或-NR115-;R100及R100'彼此獨立地係H、F、C1至C18烷基、藉由O間隔之C1至C18烷基、C1至C18烷氧基、藉由O間隔之C1至C18烷氧基、C1至C18全氟烷基、可視需要經C1至C8烷基及/或C1至C8烷氧基取代一至三次之C6至C24芳基、可視需要經C1至C8烷基及/或C1至C8烷氧基取代一至三次之C2至C20雜芳基;R101及R101'彼此獨立地係H、F、C1至C18烷基、藉由O間隔之C1至C18烷基、C1至C18烷氧基、藉由O間隔之C1至C18烷氧基、C1至C18全氟烷基、可視需要經C1至C8烷基及/或C1至C8烷氧基取代一至三次之C6至C24芳基、可視需要經C1至C8烷基及/或C1至C8烷氧基取代一至三次之C2至C20雜芳基;R102及R102'彼此獨立地係H、鹵素、可視需要藉由一或多個氧或硫原子間隔之C1至C25烷基;C7至C25芳烷基或C1至C25烷氧基;R103及R103'彼此獨立地係氫、鹵素、可視需要藉由一或多個氧或硫原子間隔之C1至C25烷基;可視需要經C1至C8烷基及/或C1至C8烷芳基取代一至三次之C6至C24芳基;C7至C25芳烷基、CN或C1至C25烷氧基;或R103及R103'一起形成環,R115及R115'彼此獨立地係氫、C6至C18芳基;經C1至C18烷基或C1至C18烷氧基取代之C6至C18芳基;可視需要藉由一或多個氧或硫原子間隔之C1至C25烷基;或C7至C25芳烷
基,R116係氫、C7至C25芳烷基、C6至C18芳基;經C1至C18烷基、C1至C18全氟烷基或C1至C18烷氧基取代之C6至C18芳基;C1至C25烷基;藉由-O-或-S-間隔之C1至C25烷基;或-COOR119;R119係C1至C38烷基;R117及R117'彼此獨立地係C1至C35烷基、C7至C25芳烷基或可視需要經C1至C8烷基及/或C1至C8烷氧基取代一至三次之苯基,R120及R120'彼此獨立地係氫、可視需要藉由一或多個氧或硫原子間隔之C1至C38烷基;或C7至C25芳烷基,R121係H、可視需要藉由一或多個氧或硫原子間隔之C1至C18烷基、C1至C18全氟烷基、可視需要經C1至C8烷基及/或C1至C8烷氧基取代一至三次之C6至C24芳基;可視需要經C1至C8烷基及/或C1至C8烷氧基取代一至三次之C2至C20雜芳基;或CN。
較佳地,R12及R12'彼此獨立地係氫、鹵素、C1至C25烷基,尤其C4至C25烷基,其可視需要藉由一或多個氧或硫原子間隔;C1至C25烷氧基、C7至C25芳烷基或R13,較佳地,R13係C1至C8烷基或三(C1至C8烷基)甲矽烷基,較佳地,R15及R15'彼此獨立地係H或可視需要藉由一或多個氧原子間隔之C1至C25烷基,較佳地,R18及R18'彼此獨立地係氫、鹵素、C1至C25烷基,尤其C4至C25烷基,其可視需要藉由一或多個氧或硫原子間隔;C7至C25芳烷基或C1至C25烷氧基。
較佳地,R20及R20'彼此獨立地係氫、C7至C25芳烷基、C1至C25烷基,尤其C4至C25烷基,其可視需要藉由一或多個氧或硫原子間隔。
較佳地,R100、R100'、R102及R102'係氫。較佳地,R120及R120'係C1至C38烷基。
R1及R2可不同,但較佳相同。較佳地,R1及R2係C1至C38烷基,較佳C4至C24烷基,更佳C8至C24烷基,如,例如,正十二烷基、十三烷基、十四烷基、十五烷基、十六烷基、2-乙基-己基、2-丁基-己基、2-丁基-辛基、2-己基-癸基、2-辛基-十二烷基、2-癸基-十四烷基、十七烷基、十八烷基、二十烷基、二十一烷基、二十二烷基或二十四烷基。C1至C38烷基、C4至C24烷基及C8至C24烷基可為直線型或支化,但較佳為支化。
合宜地,基團R1及R2可藉由式表示,其中m1=n1+2及m1+n124。對掌性側鏈,如R1及R2,可為同手性或消旋性,其可影響化合物之形態。
較佳x=0.70至0.99及y=0.30至0.01,最佳x=0.80至0.99及y=0.20至0.01。x及y表示用於製造相應式(I)聚合物中之各重複單元之量。
r+s=0.50至0.99,t+u=0.50至0.01,尤其r+s=0.80至0.99,t+u=0.20至0.01。r、s、t及u表示用於製造相應式(II)聚合物中之各重複單元之量。
於一較佳實施例中,Ar1及Ar2彼此獨立地係如式或之基團。
A較佳係如式(IIIa)或
(IIIb)之基團,其中R1及R2彼此獨立地係C1至C38烷基。如式IIIb之基團比如式IIIa之基團更佳。
D較佳係如式或之基團。
E較佳係如下式之基團:(Va)、
其中R100、R100'、R102、R102'、R120及R120'係如上定義,Ar20係可視需要經取代之伸芳基、或雜伸芳基,R12及R12'彼此獨立地係氫、鹵素、C1至C25烷基,尤其C4至C25烷基,其可視需要藉由一或多個氧或硫原子間隔;C1至C25烷氧基、C7至C25芳烷基,或R13,R13係C1至C8烷基,或三(C1至C8烷基)甲矽烷基,R15及R15'彼此獨立地係H或可視需要藉由一或多個氧原子間隔之C1至C25烷基,R18及R18'彼此獨立地係氫、鹵素、C1至C25烷基,尤其C4至C25烷基,其可視需要藉由一或多個氧或硫原子間隔;C7至C25芳烷基或C1至C25烷氧基;及R20及R20'彼此獨立地係C7至C25芳烷基、C1至C25烷基,尤其C4至C25烷基,其可視需要藉由一或多個氧或硫原子間隔。
伸芳基之實例係如下式之基團:,,
或。R18及R18'彼此獨立地係氫、鹵素、C1至C25烷基,尤其C4至C25烷基,其可視需要藉由一
或多個氧或硫原子間隔;C7至C25芳烷基或C1至C25烷氧基。
雜伸芳基之實例係如下式之基團:,,
,或。R114及R114'彼此獨立地係氫或C1至C18烷基,及R116係H或C1至C25烷基。
於一較佳實施例中,本發明係關於包含如式(I)之重複單元之聚合物,其中x=0.70至0.99,y=0.30至0.01,尤其x=0.80至0.99,y=0.20至0.01,及其中x+y=1,
A係如式(IIIa’)或(IIIb’)之基團,其中R1係C1至C38烷基,尤其C8至C38烷基,D係如式之基團,E係如下式之基團:(Va’),(Vb’),
(Vj’),其中R12及R12'彼此獨立地係氫、鹵素、可視需要藉由一或多個氧或硫原子間隔之C1至C25烷基、C1至C25烷氧基、C7至C25芳烷基或R13,R13係C1至C8烷基或三(C1至C8烷基)甲矽烷基,及R120及R120'彼此獨立地係氫或可視需要藉由一或多個氧或硫原子間隔之C1至C38烷基。
如式(IIIa')之基團較如式(IIIb')之基團次佳。
於另一較佳實施例中,本發明係關於包含如式(II)之重複單元之聚合物,其中r+s=0.70至0.99,t+u=0.30至0.01,尤其r+s=0.80至0.99,t+u=0.20至0.01,及其中r+s+t+u=1,A係如式(IIIa’)或(IIIb’)之基團,
B係如式(IIIa’)或(IIIb’)之基團,其不同於A,其中R1係C1至C38烷基,尤其C8至C38烷基,D係如式之基團,E係如下式之基團:(Va’),(Vb’),
(Vj’),其中R12及R12'彼此獨立地係氫、鹵素、可藉由一或多個氧或硫原子間隔之C1至C25烷基、C1至C25烷氧基、C7至C25芳烷基或R13,R13係C1至C8烷基或三(C1至C8烷基)甲矽烷基,及R120及R120'彼此獨立地係氫或可視情況藉由一或多個氧或硫原子間隔之C1至C38烷基。
如式(IIIa')之基團較如式(IIIb')之基團次佳。
於該實施例中,A可為如式(IIIb”)之基團,其中R1係直線型C2至C24烷基,尤其直線型C8至C24烷基,B係如式(IIIb’)之基團,其中R2係支化型C2至C24烷基,尤其支化型C8至C24烷基;或A係如式(IIIb’)之基團,及B係如式(IIIb”)之基團,其中R1及R2不同且係直線型或支化型C2至C24烷基。
較佳聚合物之實例在以下顯示:
其中x=0.70至0.99,y=0.30至0.01,尤其x=0.80至0.99,y=0.20至0.01,及其中x+y=1,及R1係C2至C24烷基。C2至C24烷基較佳係支化型C2至C24烷基,如,例如,2-己基-癸基、2-辛基-十二烷基或2-癸基-十四烷基。
如式I或II之聚合物可透過例如鈴木反應獲得。芳族酸鹽與鹵化物(尤其溴化物)之縮合反應,常稱為「鈴木反應」容許存在各種不同有機官能基,如N.Miyaura及A.Suzuki在Chemical Reviews,Vol.95,pp.457-2483(1995)中所提出。
為了製備對應式I之聚合物,使對應式X11'-A-X11'之二鹵化物與對應式X11-D-X11及X11-E-X11之二酸或二酸鹽反應;或使對應式X11-A-X11之二酸或二酸鹽與對應式X11'-D-X11'及X11'-E-X11'之二鹵化物反應,其中X11'在各次出現時獨立地係Cl、Br或I,及X11在各次出現時獨立地係-B(OH)2、-B(OY1)2、或,其中Y1在各次出現時獨立地係C1至C10烷基及Y2在各次出現時獨立地係C2至C10伸烷基,如-CY3Y4-CY5Y6-、或-CY7Y8-CY9Y10-CY11Y12-,其中Y3、Y4、Y5、Y6、Y7、Y8、Y9、Y10、Y11及Y12彼此獨立地係氫或C1至C10烷基,尤其-C(CH3)2C(CH3)2-、-CH2C(CH3)2CH2-、或-C(CH3)2CH2C(CH3)2-,且Y13及Y14彼此獨立地係氫或C1至C10烷基,反應在溶劑中及在觸媒存在下進行,如例如在Pd及三苯基膦之催化作
用下進行。為了製備對應式II之聚合物,使對應式X11'-A-X11'及X11'-B-X11'之二鹵化物與對應式X11-D-X11及X11-E-X11之二酸或二酸鹽反應;或使對應式X11-A-X11及X11-B-X11之二酸或二酸鹽與對應式X11'-D-X11'及X11'-E-X11'之二鹵化物反應;其中r、s、t、u、v、x及y、X11、X11'、A、B、D及E係如上定義。
較佳觸媒為2-環己基膦基-2',6'-二烷氧基聯苯基/乙酸鈀(II)、三烷基-鏻鹽/鈀(0)衍生物及三烷基膦/鈀(0)衍生物。尤佳觸媒係2-二環己基膦基-2',6'-二甲氧基聯苯基(sPhos)/乙酸鈀(II)及四氟酸三第三丁基鏻((t-Bu)3P*HBF4)/三(二苄叉基丙酮)二鈀(0)(Pd2(dba)3)及三第三丁基膦(t-Bu)3P/三(二苄叉基丙酮)二鈀(0)(Pd2(dba)3)。該反應一般在約0℃至180℃下於芳族烴溶劑(如甲苯,二甲苯)中進行。其他溶劑,如二甲基甲醯胺、二氧雜環己烷、二甲氧基乙烷及四氫呋喃亦可單獨或與芳族烴混合使用。將鹼水溶液,較佳碳酸鈉或碳酸氫鈉、磷酸鉀、碳酸鉀或碳酸氫鉀用作酸、酸鹽之活化劑及用作HBr淨化劑。聚合反應可進行0.2至100小時。有機鹼(如,例如,氫氧化四烷基銨)及相轉移觸媒(如,例如,TBAB)可增強硼之活性(參見,例如,Leadbeater & Marco;Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Eng.42(2003)1407及其中所引述之文獻)。反應條件之其他變化出示於T.I.Wallow及B.M.Novak,J.Org.Chem.59(1994)5034-5037;及M.Remmers、M.Schulze及G.
Wegner,Macromol.Rapid Commun.17(1996)239-252中。分子量之控制可透過使用過量二溴化物、二酸或二酸鹽或鏈終止劑實現。
特佳方法描述於WO 2010/136352中。根據WO 2010/136352中所描述之方法,聚合係在以下物質存在下實施a)觸媒/配體系統,包含鈀觸媒及具體有機膦或鏻化合物,b)鹼,c)溶劑或溶劑混合物。較佳有機膦選自如下式之三取代膦
1)R305及R306一起形成環。2)R303及R304一起形成環
較佳觸媒之實例包括以下化合物:乙醯丙酮化鈀(II)、鈀(0)二苄叉基丙酮錯合物、丙酸鈀(II),Pd2(dba)3:[三(二苄叉基丙酮)二鈀(0)],Pd(dba)2:[雙(二苄叉基丙酮)鈀(0)],Pd(PR3)2,其中PR3係如式VI之三取代膦,Pd(OAc)2:[乙酸鈀(II)]、氯化鈀(II)、溴化鈀(II)、四氯鈀酸(II)鋰,PdCl2(PR3)2;其中PR3係如式VI之三取代膦;鈀(0)二烯丙醚錯合物、硝酸鈀(II),PdCl2(PhCN)2:[二氯雙(苯甲腈)鈀(II)],PdCl2(CH3CN):[二氯雙(乙腈)鈀(II)],及PdCl2(COD):[二氯(1,5-環辛二烯)鈀(II)]。
尤佳者係PdCl2、Pd2(dba)3、Pd(dba)2、Pd(OAc)2或Pd(PR3)2。最佳者係Pd2(dba)3及Pd(OAc)2。
鈀觸媒係以催化量存在於反應混合物中。術語「催化量」係指明顯低於一當量(雜)芳族化合物之量,較佳基於所使用之(雜)芳族化合物之當量數之0.001至5莫耳%,最佳0.001至1莫耳%。
反應混合物中膦或鏻鹽之量較佳為基於所使用之(雜)芳
族化合物之當量數之0.001至10莫耳%,最佳0.01至5莫耳%。Pd:膦之較佳比為1:4。
該鹼可選自所有水性及非水性鹼及可為無機物或有機物。反應混合物宜存在至少1.5當量該鹼/硼官能基。合適鹼為,例如,鹼及鹼土金屬氫氧化物、羧酸鹽、碳酸鹽、氟化物及磷酸鹽,如鈉及鉀之氫氧化物、乙酸鹽、碳酸鹽、氟化物及磷酸鹽亦或金屬醇化物。亦可使用鹼混合物。鹼較佳係鋰鹽,如,例如,鋰烷醇鹽(如,例如,甲醇鋰及乙醇鋰)、鋰之氫氧化物、羧酸鹽、碳酸鹽、氟化物及/或磷酸鹽。
最佳鹼係水性LiOHxH2O(LiOH之單水合物)及(無水)LiOH。
該反應一般在約0℃至180℃,較佳20至160℃,更佳40至140℃及最佳40至120℃下進行。聚合反應可進行0.1,尤其0.2至100小時。
於本發明之一較佳實施例中,溶劑係THF,鹼係LiOH*H2O及反應係於THF回流溫度(約65℃)下進行。
該溶劑係例如選自甲苯、二甲苯、苯甲醚、THF、2-甲基四氫呋喃、二氧雜環己烷、氯苯、氟苯或包含一或多種溶劑之溶劑混合物,類似於例如THF/甲苯及視需要水。最佳者係THF或THF/水。
合宜地,該聚合係於以下物質存在下實施a)乙酸鈀(II)或Pd2(dba)3、(三(二苄叉基丙酮)二鈀(0))及有機膦A-1至A-13,
b)LiOH或LiOHxH2O;及c)THF,及視需要水。若使用LiOH之單水合物,則不需要添加水。
較佳地,該聚合反應係於不存在氧之惰性條件下進行。將氮氣及更佳氬氣用作惰性氣體。
WO 2010/136352中描述之方法適合大規模應用,可輕易實現及以高產率、高純度及高選擇性將起始材料轉化為各聚合物。若需要,可將單官能芳基鹵化物或芳基酸鹽用作此等反應之鏈終止劑,形成末端芳基。
可透過控制鈴木反應中單體進料之順序及組成來控制所
獲得之共聚物中單體單元之次序。
本發明聚合物之其他製備方法更詳細地在下文中針對式I聚合物說明。如式II之聚合物可利用針對製備式I聚合物所描述之方法製備。
本發明之聚合物亦可透過斯蒂爾偶合(Stille coupling)合成(參見,例如,Babudri等人,J.Mater.Chem.,2004,14,11-34;J.K.Stille,Angew.Chemie Int.Ed.Engl.1986,25,508)。
為了製備對應式I之聚合物,使如式X11'-A-X11'之二鹵化物與如式X21-D-X21及X21-E-X21之化合物反應;或使如式X11'-D-X11'及X11'-E-X11'之二鹵化物與如式X21-A-X21之化合物反應,其中X21係基團-SnR207R208R209及X11'係如上定義,反應在0℃至200℃之溫度下,於惰性溶劑中,在含鈀觸媒存在下進行,其中R207、R208及R209相同或不同及係H或C1至C6烷基,其中兩個基團視需要形成共用環及此等基團視需要經支化或不支化。此處應保證所使用之所有單體之總量具有有機錫官能對鹵官能之高度平衡比。此外,證明宜在反應結束時透過使用單官能試劑進行末端蓋封來移除任何過量反應性基團。為了實施該方法,較佳將錫化合物及鹵化合物導入一或多種惰性有機溶劑中及在0至200℃,較佳30至170℃之溫度下攪拌1小時至200小時,較佳5小時至150小時。粗產物可藉由熟習本項技術者已知且適合各聚合物之方法(例如重複再沉澱或甚至藉
由透析)純化。
用於所描述方法之合適有機溶劑為,例如,醚,例如二乙醚、二甲氧基乙烷、二乙二醇二甲醚、四氫呋喃、二氣雜環己烷、二氧雜環戊烷、二異丙醚及四丁基甲醚;烴,例如己烷、異己烷、庚烷、環己烷、苯、甲苯及二甲苯;醇,例如甲醇、乙醇、1-丙醇、2-丙醇、乙二醇、1-丁醇、2-丁醇及第三丁醇;酮,例如丙酮、乙基甲基酮及異丁基甲基酮;醯胺,例如二甲基甲醯胺(DMF)、二甲基乙醯胺及N-甲基吡咯啶酮;腈,例如乙腈、丙腈及丁腈;及其等混合物。
鈀及膦組分應類似於針對鈴木反應所描述般選擇。
或者,本發明之聚合物亦可藉由勒幾西(Negishi)反應合成,使用鋅試劑A-(ZnX22)2,其中X22係鹵素及鹵化物;及D-(X23)2及E-(X23)2,其中X23係鹵素或三氟甲磺酸根,或使用D-(X22)2、E-(X22)2及A-(ZnX23)2。參考例如E.Negishi等人,Heterocycles 18(1982)117-22。
或者,本發明之聚合物亦可透過檜山(Hiyama)反應合成,使用有機矽試劑A-(SiR210R211R212)2,其中R210、R211及R212相同或不同及係鹵素或C1至C6烷基,及D-(X23)2及E-(X23)2,其中X23係鹵素或三氟甲磺酸根,或使用A-(X23)2、D-(SiR210R211R212)2及E-(SiR210R211R212)2。參考例如T.Hiyama等人,Pure Appl.Chem.66(1994)1471-1478及T.Hiyama等人,Synlett(1991)845-853。
鹵素係氟、氯、溴及碘,尤其係氟。
C1至C25烷基(C1至C18烷基)一般係直線型或支化型,視需要而定。實例為甲基、乙基、正丙基、異丙基、正丁基、第二丁基、異丁基、第三丁基、正戊基、2-戊基、3-戊基、2,2-二甲基丙基、1,1,3,3-四甲基戊基、正己基、1-甲基己基、1,1,3,3,5,5-六甲基己基、正庚基、異庚基、1,1,3,3-四甲基丁基、1-甲基庚基、3-甲基-庚基、正辛基、1,1,3,3-四甲基丁基及2-乙基己基、正壬基、癸基、十一烷基、十二烷基、十三烷基、十四烷基、十五烷基、十六烷基、十七烷基、十八烷基、二十烷基、二十一烷基、二十二烷基、二十四烷基或二十五烷基。C1至C8烷基一般為甲基、乙基、正丙基、異丙基、正丁基、第二丁基、異丁基、第三丁基、正戊基、2-戊基、3-戊基、2,2-二甲基-丙基、正己基、正庚基、正辛基、1,1,3,3-四甲基丁基及2-乙基己基。C1至C4烷基一般為甲基、乙基、正丙基、異丙基、正丁基、第二丁基、異丁基、第三丁基。鹵烷基係其中一或多於一個氫原子經鹵素原子代替之烷基。實例係C1至C4全氟烷基,其可經支化或非支化,如,例如,-CF3、-CF2CF3、-CF2CF2CF3、-CF(CF3)2、-(CF2)3CF3、及-C(CF3)3。
C1至C25烷氧基(C1至C18烷氧基)係直鏈或支化烷氧基,例如甲氧基、乙氧基、正丙氧基、異丙氧基、正丁氧基、第二丁氧基、第三丁氧基、戊氧基、異戊氧基或第三戊氧基、庚氧基、辛氧基、異辛氧基、壬氧基、癸氧基、十一烷氧基、十二烷氧基、十四烷氧基、十五烷氧基、十六烷
氧基、十七烷氧基及十八烷氧基。
C1至C8烷氧基之實例為甲氧基、乙氧基、正丙氧基、異丙氧基、正丁氧基、第二丁氧基、異丁氧基、第三丁氧基、正戊氧基、2-戊氧基、3-戊氧基、2,2-二甲基丙氧基、正己氧基、正庚氧基、正辛氧基、1,1,3,3-四甲基丁氧基及2-乙基己氧基,較佳C1至C4烷氧基,如,一般為甲氧基、乙氧基、正丙氧基、異丙氧基、正丁氧基、第二丁氧基、異丁氧基、第三丁氧基。術語「烷硫基」意指與烷氧基相同之基團,不同的是醚橋鍵之氧原子經硫原子代替。
C2至C38烯基係直鏈或支化烯基且可未經取代或經取代。實例係烯丙基、甲基烯丙基、異丙烯基、2-丁烯基、3-丁烯基、異丁烯基、正戊-2,4-二烯基、3-甲基-丁-2-烯基、正辛-2-烯基、正十二烷-2-烯基、異十二烷烯基、正十二烷-2-烯基或正十八烷-4-烯基。
C2-38炔基係直鏈或支化型且可未經取代或經取代。實例係乙炔基、1-丙炔-3-基、1-丁炔-4-基、1-戊炔-5-基、2-甲基-3-丁炔-2-基、1,4-戊二炔-3-基、1,3-戊二炔-5-基、1-己炔-6-基、順式-3-甲基-2-戊烯-4-炔-1-基、反式-3-甲基-2-戊烯-4-炔-1-基、1,3-己二炔-5-基、1-辛炔-8-基、1-壬炔-9-基、1-癸炔-10-基或1-二十四炔-24-基。
C7至C100芳烷基一般係C7至C25芳烷基。芳烷基可經C1至C8烷基、C1至C8烷氧基、CF3及/或F取代一至五次。實例係苄基、2-苄基-2-丙基、β-苯基-乙基、α,α-二甲基苄基、
ω-苯基-丁基、ω,ω-二甲基-ω-苯基-丁基、ω-苯基-十二烷基、ω-苯基-十八烷基、ω-苯基-二十烷基或ω-苯基-二十二烷基,較佳C7至C18芳烷基,如苄基、2-苄基-2-丙基、β-苯基-乙基、α,α-二甲基苄基、ω-苯基-丁基、ω,ω-二甲基-ω-苯基-丁基、ω-苯基-十二烷基或ω-苯基-十八烷基,及特佳C7至C12芳烷基,如苄基、2-苄基-2-丙基、β-苯基-乙基、α,α-二甲基苄基、ω-苯基-丁基、或ω,ω-二甲基-ω-苯基-丁基,其中脂族烴基及芳族烴基皆可未經取代或經取代。較佳實例係苄基、2-苯基乙基、3-苯基丙基、萘基乙基、萘基甲基及異丙苯基。
伸芳基一般係C6至C24伸芳基,其視需要可經取代。實例係伸苯基、4-甲基伸苯基、4-甲氧基伸苯基、伸萘基,尤其1-伸萘基或2-伸萘基、伸芘基、2-或9-伸茀基、伸菲基或伸蒽基,其等可未經取代或經一或多個C1至C18烷基取代。
可視需要經G取代之C2至C30伸雜芳基A4、A5及A6表示具有五至七個環原子之環或縮合環系統,其中雜原子可為氮、氧或硫,且一般為具有五至30個具有至少六個共軛電子之原子之雜環基團,如伸噻吩基、噻吩并伸噻吩基、苯并伸噻吩基、二苯并伸噻吩基、伸噻嗯基、伸呋喃基、伸糠基、2H-伸哌喃基、苯并伸呋喃基、異苯并伸呋喃基、二苯并伸呋喃基、苯氧基伸噻吩基、伸吡咯基、伸咪唑基、伸吡唑基、伸吡啶基、伸雙吡啶基、伸三基、伸嘧啶基、伸吡基、伸嗒基、伸吲基、伸異吲哚基、伸
吲哚基、伸吲唑基、伸嘌呤基、伸喹基、伸喹啉基、伸異喹啉基、伸酞基、伸萘啶基、伸喹噁啉基、伸喹唑啉基、伸啉基、伸喋啶基、伸咔唑基、伸咔啉基、伸苯并三唑基、伸苯并噁唑基、伸菲啶基、伸吖啶基、伸嘧啶基、伸啡啉基、伸吩基、伸異噻唑基、伸吩噻基、伸異噁唑基、伸呋呫基、伸咔唑基或伸吩噁基,其等可未經取代或經一或多個C1至C18烷基取代。
上述基團之可行取代基為C1至C8烷基、羥基、巰基、C1至C8烷氧基、C1至C8烷硫基、鹵素、鹵基-C1至C8烷基、氰基、硝基或甲矽烷基,尤其C1至C8烷基、C1至C8烷氧基、C1至C8烷硫基、鹵素、鹵基-C1至C8烷基或氰基。
藉由一或多個O間隔之C1至C25烷基係例如(CH2CH2O)1-9-Rx,其中Rx係H或C1至C10烷基;CH2-CH(ORy')-CH2-O-Ry,其中Ry係C1至C18烷基,及Ry'涵蓋Ry之相同含義或係H。藉由一或多個S間隔之C1至C25烷基係例如(CH2CH2S)1-9-Rx,其中Rx係H或C1至C10烷基;CH2-CH(SRy')-CH2-S-Ry,其中Ry係C1至C18烷基,及Ry'涵蓋Ry之相同含義或係H。
若取代基,如例如R101在基團中出現多於一次,則其在各次出現時可不同。
本發明之聚合物可用作半導體裝置中之半導體層。因此,本發明亦係關於包含本發明之聚合物之半導體裝置或有機半導體材料、層或組件。該半導體裝置尤其係有機光伏打(PV)裝置(太陽能電池)、光二極體或有機場效電晶體。
含有本發明聚合物之混合物形成包含本發明聚合物(一般5%至99.9999重量%,尤其20至85重量%)及至少另一材料之半導體層。該另一材料可為,但不限於具有不同分子量之同一本發明聚合物的一部分、另一本發明聚合物、半導體聚合物、聚合黏結劑、有機小分子、碳奈米管、富勒烯衍生物、無機顆粒(量子點、量子棒、量子三腳架、TiO2、ZnO等)、導電顆粒(Au、Ag等)、絕緣材料,類似於針對門介電材料所描述者(PET、PS等)。如上所述,半導體層亦可由本發明之一或多種聚合物與聚合黏結劑之混合物組成。本發明聚合物對聚合黏結劑之比可在5至95百分比內變化。較佳,該聚合黏結劑係半晶形聚合物,如聚苯乙烯(PS)、高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、聚丙烯(PP)及聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)。透過本技術,可避免電學性能退化(參見WO 2008/001123A1)。
因此,本發明亦係關於有機半導體材料、層或組件,其包含(a)根據本發明之聚合物,及(b)視需要另一材料。
於一較佳實施例中,該另一材料係小分子。此類小分子描述於例如WO 2010/108873、WO09/047104、US6,690,029、WO 2007082584(包括,但不限於化合物(I1)、(I2)、(I3)、(I4)、(I5)、(I6)、(I7)、(I8)及(I9))、WO 2008107089(包括,但不限於化合物A1、A2、B1、B2、C1及C2)及WO 2009047104中。
小分子較佳係如下式之化合物(VI)其中A1及A2彼此獨立地係如下式之基團
a'為1或2;b為0或1;c為0或1;R1'及R2'可相同或不同且選自氫、C1至C38烷基、C2至C38烯基、C3至C38炔基,其等各者可視需要藉由-O-、-S-或COO間隔一或多次;可經C1至C8烷基、C1至C8烷氧基、CF3及/或F取代一至五次之C7至C100芳烷基;及可視需要經C1至C25烷基、C1至C8烷氧基、鹵素或氰基取代一或多次之苯基;A3、A4及A5彼此獨立地係如下式之二價基團
R214及R214'彼此獨立地係氫、鹵素、鹵代C1至C25烷基,尤其係CF3、氰基、可視需要藉由一或多個氧或硫原子間隔之C1至C25烷基;C7至C25芳烷基或C1至C25烷氧基;R3係氫、鹵素、氰基、C1至C25烷基、或
,其中R22至R25及R29至R33彼此獨立地表示H、鹵素、氰基或C1至C25烷基,及R26係H、鹵素、氰基、苯基或C1至C25烷基。
如式VI之化合物係以基於如式I或II之DPP聚合物與如式VI之化合物之量之0.1至99.9%,尤其5至95重量%之量使用。
A3、A4及A5彼此獨立地係如式,,或
之二價基團。
A3較佳係如式,,或之基團
(虛線表示與DPP鹼性單元鍵結)。更佳,A3係如式,,或之基團。最佳,A3係如式
,或之基團。A3及A4較佳係如式
,,或之基團。更佳,A3及A4係
如式或之基團。
R3較佳係氫、氰基、,或
如式VI之化合物較佳係如下式之化合物
,其中a'為1或2;b為0或1;c為0或1;R1'及R2'相同或不同且係C1至C38烷基,
A3、A4及A5彼此獨立地係如式或之二價基團,R3係氫、氰基、或。如式VI之化合物之實例顯示如下:
其中R1'及R2'相同及係C1至C38烷基。
R1'及R2'係C1至C38烷基,較佳C4至C24烷基,更佳C8至C24烷基,如,例如,正十二烷基、十三烷基、十四烷基、十五烷基、十六烷基、2-乙基-己基、2-丁基-己基、2-丁基-辛基、2-己基癸基、2-癸基-十四烷基、十七烷基、十八烷基、二十烷基、二十一烷基、二十二烷基或二十四烷基。C1至C38烷基、C4至C24烷基及C8至C24烷基可係線型或支化型,但較佳係支化型。較佳R1'及R2'具有相同
含義。合宜地,基團R1'及R2'可藉由式表示,其
中m1=n1+2及m1+n124。對掌性側鏈,如R1'及R2'可呈同手性或消旋性,其等可影響化合物之形態。
如式(VI)之化合物及其等合成例如描述於WO 2009/047104及WO 2012/041849中。
本發明最佳之如式VI之化合物係如下式之化合物
(VIa-1)。該衍生物特別利於摻雜DPP聚合物,結合至源/汲電極,及提供在常見溶劑中之良好穩定性。
本發明之聚合物可單獨或組合地用作半導體裝置之有機半導體層。該層可藉由任何有用方式提供,如,例如,氣相沈積(針對具有相對低分子量之材料)及印刷技術。本發明之化合物可充分地溶於有機溶劑中及可溶液沈積及圖案化(例如,透過旋塗、蘸塗、噴墨印刷、凹版印刷、柔性版印刷、平版印刷、網版印刷、微接觸(波)-印刷、滴或區域澆鑄或其他已知技術)。
本發明之聚合物可用於包含複數個OTFT之積體電路,及各種電子物件中。此等物件包括,例如,射頻識別(RFID)標籤、用於撓性顯示器之底板(用於例如,個人電腦、蜂巢式電話或手持式裝置中)、智慧卡、記憶裝置、感測器(例如,光、影像、生物、化學、機械或溫度感測
器),尤其光二極體或安保裝置及類似者。由於其兩極性,該材料亦可用於有機發光電晶體(OLET)中。
本發明之另一態樣係包含本發明之一或多種聚合物之有機半導體材料、層或組件。另一態樣係本發明之聚合物或材料在有機光伏打(PV)裝置(太陽能電池)、光二極體或有機場效電晶體(OFET)中之用途。另一態樣係包含本發明聚合物或材料之有機光伏打(PV)裝置(太陽能電池)、光二極體或有機場效電晶體(OFET)。
本發明之聚合物一般以較佳小於30微米厚之薄有機層或膜之形式用作有機半導體。一般而言,本發明之半導體層至多為1微米(=1 μm)厚,但若需要,可更厚。就各種電子裝置應用而言,厚度亦可小於約1微米厚。例如,就用於OFET中而言,層厚度一般可為100 nm或更小。層之準確厚度視例如使用該層之電子裝置之要求而定。
例如,在OFET之汲極與源極之間之活性半導體通道可包含本發明之層體。
根據本發明之OFET裝置較佳包含:- 源電極,- 汲電極,- 閘電極,- 半導體層,- 一或多個閘絕緣層,及-視需要基板,其中該半導體層包含根據本發明之聚合物,或根據本發明之有機半導體材料、層或組件。
在OFET裝置中之閘、源及汲電極及絕緣及半導體層可依任何順序排列,條件係源及汲電極係藉由絕緣層自閘電極分離,閘電極及半導體層均接觸該絕緣層,及源電極及汲電極均接觸該半導體層。
較佳,該OFET包含具有第一側面及第二側面之絕緣體,閘電極位於該絕緣體之第一側面上,包含本發明聚合物之層體位於該絕緣體之第二側面上,而汲電極及源電極位於該聚合層上。
該OFET裝置可係頂閘裝置或底閘裝置。
OFET裝置之合適結構及製造方法係為熟習本項技術者已知且描述於文獻中,例如,WO03/052841。
一般而言,本發明之半導體層至多為1微米(=1 μm)厚,然而若需要,可更厚。就各種電子裝置應用而言,厚度亦可小於約1微米。例如,就用於OFET中而言,層厚度一般可為100 nm或更小。層之準確厚度係視例如使用該層之電子裝置之要求而定。
絕緣層(介電層)基本上可為無機材料膜或有機聚合膜。適合作為閘介電層之無機材料之說明性實例包括氧化矽、氮化矽、氧化鋁、鈦酸鋇、鈦酸鋇鋯及類似者。用於閘介電層之有機聚合物之說明性實例包括聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚(乙烯基苯酚)、聚醯亞胺、聚苯乙烯、聚(甲基丙烯酸酯)、聚(丙烯酸酯)、環氧樹脂、如WO07/113107中所描述之光敏光阻材料及類似者。於示例性實施例中,熱生長氧化矽(SiO2)可用作該介電層。
該介電層之厚度為,例如,約10奈米至約2000奈米,視所使用之介電材料之介電常數而定。介電層之典型厚度為約100奈米至約500奈米。介電層可具有例如小於約10-12 S/cm之導電率。
該閘絕緣層可包含例如,氟聚合物,類似於例如市售Cytop 809M®或Cytop 107M®(來自Asahi Glass)。較佳,閘絕緣層係藉由例如旋塗、刮刀塗敷、環棒式塗佈、噴塗或蘸塗或其他已知方法,自包含絕緣體材料及具有一或多個氟原子之一或多種溶劑(氟溶劑),較佳全氟溶劑之調配物沈積。合適全氟溶劑係例如FC75®(購自Acros,型錄號12380)。其他合適氟聚合物及氟溶劑在先前技藝中知曉,類似於例如全氟聚合物鐵氟龍AF® 1600或2400(獲自DuPont),或Fluoropel®(獲自Cytonix)或全氟溶劑FC 43®(Acros,No.12377)。
為了利用如式I或II之DPP聚合物形成有機活性層,可將包括氯仿或氯苯之組合物用於該有機活性層。在用於有機活性層之組合物中使用之溶劑之實例可包括氯仿、氯苯、二氯苯、三氯苯、甲苯、二甲苯、甲基萘、均三甲苯、茚滿、四氫萘、十氫萘或其等混合物。形成該有機活性層之方法之實例包括,但不限於,網印、印刷、旋塗、狹模塗覆、蘸塗或噴墨。
若介電材料係自溶液沈積至有機半導體上,則其不應導致有機半導體溶解。類似地,若將有機半導體自溶液沈積於介電材料上,則該介電材料不應被溶解。避免此類溶解
之技術包括:使用正交溶劑,即使用用於沈積最上層但不溶解下層及使下層交聯之溶劑。該絕緣層之厚度較佳小於2微米,更佳小於500 nm。
在包含於本發明之OFET中之閘電極及源/汲電極中,可使用常見金屬,其具體實例包括,但不限於,鉑(Pt)、鈀(Pd)、金(Au)、銀(Ag)、銅(Cu)、鋁(Al)、鎳(Ni)。亦可使用合金及氧化物,如三氧化鉬及氧化銦錫(ITO)。較佳,閘、源及汲電極中之至少一者之材料係選自群Cu、Ag、Au或其等合金。源及汲電極可藉由熱蒸發沈積及使用本技藝已知之標準光微影法及剝離技術圖案化。
基板可為剛性或可撓性。剛性基板可選自玻璃或矽及可撓性基板可包含薄玻璃或塑膠,如聚(對苯二甲酸乙二酯)(PET)、聚萘二甲酸乙二酯(PEN)、聚碳酸酯、聚碳酸酯、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸酯、聚醯亞胺、聚降冰片烯及聚醚碸(PES)。
或者,導電聚合物可沈積作為源及汲電極。此類導電聚合物之一實例係聚(伸乙基二氧噻吩)(PEDOT),然而本技藝已知其他導電聚合物。此類導電聚合物可自溶液,使用例如旋塗或噴墨印刷技術及其他溶液沈積技術沈積。
為了製造簡易,源及汲電極較佳係由相同材料形成。然而,將瞭解源及汲電極可由不同材料形成以使電荷注入及引出分別最優化。
源及汲電極之常見厚度為例如約40奈米至約1微米,更具體厚度為約100至約400奈米。
在源與汲電極之間所界定之通道之長度可至長為500微米,但較佳該長度小於200微米,更佳小於100微米,最佳小於20微米。
在裝置架構中可包含其他層。例如,可將自組裝單層(SAM)沈積於閘、源或汲電極、基板、絕緣層及有機半導體材料上以增進結晶度、降低接觸電阻、修復表面特性及增進有需要處之黏著。用於此類單層之示例性材料包括具有長鏈烷基之氯-或烷氧基-矽烷,例如十八烷基三氯矽烷。
製造該有機薄膜電晶體之方法可包含:沈積源及汲電極;將半導體層形成於該源及汲電極上,該半導體層包含DPP聚合物及在該源與汲電極之間之通道區域中之受體化合物。該有機半導體材料較佳係自溶液沈積。較佳溶液沈積技術包括旋塗及噴墨印刷。其他溶液沈積技術包括蘸塗、輥印刷及網印。
底閘OFET裝置可利用如下說明之方法形成。
1.閘沈積及圖案化(例如,ITO塗覆基板之圖案化)。
2.介電材料沈積及圖案化(例如,可交聯、光可圖案化介電材料)。
3.源-汲材料沈積及圖案化(例如,銀,光微影法)。
4.源-汲表面處理。可藉由將基板蘸入自組裝材料溶液中,或透過旋塗稀釋溶液來施加表面處理基團。可藉由清洗移除過量(未附接)材料。
5.沈積有機半導體材料(例如,藉由噴墨印刷)。
此技術亦與頂閘裝置相容。於此情況中,首先沈積及圖案化源-汲層。隨後對該源-汲層施加表面處理,然後係有機半導體材料、閘介電材料及閘極沈積。
OFET具有寬範圍應用。一此應用係驅動有機裝置(設備),較佳有機光學裝置中之像素。此類光學裝置之實例包括光響應裝置,特定言之光偵測器,及光發射裝置,特定言之有機發光裝置。高遷移率OTFT特別適合作為供主動矩陣有機發光裝置使用,例如,在顯示器應用中使用之底板。
本發明之聚合物可用於有機光伏打(PV)裝置(太陽能電池)中。因此,本發明提供包含本發明聚合物之PV裝置。含此結構之裝置亦具有整流性質,故亦可稱為光二極體。光響應裝置可用作自光產電之太陽能電池及用作測量或偵測光之光偵測器。
PV裝置依照此順序包含:(a)陰極(電極),(b)視需要過渡層,如鹼鹵化物,尤其氟化鋰,(c)光活性層,(d)視需要平滑層,(e)陽極(電極),(f)基板。
光活性層包含本發明之聚合物。較佳,光活性層係由本發明之共軛聚合物製成,作為電子供體及受體材料,類似於富勒烯,尤其官能化富勒烯PCBM,作為電子受體。
就異質接面太陽能電池而言,該活性層包含較佳本發明聚合物與富勒烯(如[60]PCBM(=6,6-苯基-C61-丁酸甲酯)或[70]PCBM)之1:1至1:3重量比混合物。可用於本發明中之富勒烯可具有寬範圍尺寸(每分子之碳原子數)。如本文中所使用之術語富勒烯包括各種純碳籠形分子,包括巴克敏斯特富勒烯(Buckminsterfullerene)(C60)及相關「球形」富勒烯,及碳奈米管。富勒烯可選自本技藝已知之彼等物,範圍涵蓋例如C20至C1000。較佳,富勒烯選自範圍C60至C96。最佳,富勒烯係C60或C70,如[60]PCBM或[70]PCBM。亦容許使用化學改質富勒烯,條件係經改質之富勒烯維持受體類型及電子遷移特性。受體材料亦可係選自由以下組成之群之材料,任何半導體聚合物,如例如,本發明之聚合物,條件係該等聚合物維持受體類型及電子遷移特性,有機小分子、碳奈米管、無機顆粒(量子點、量子棒、量子三腳架、TiO2、ZnO等)。
光活性層可由本發明之聚合物製成,作為電子供體,及由富勒烯,尤其官能化富勒烯PCBM製成,作為電子受體。將此兩組分與溶劑混合及藉由(例如)旋塗方法、滴鑄方法、朗繆爾-布羅傑特(Langmuir-Blodgett(“LB"))方法、噴墨印刷方法及滴塗方法,以溶液施用於平滑層上。塗刷或印刷方法亦可用於將此類光活性層塗覆至較大表面。代替常用之甲苯,較佳將分散劑(如氯苯)用作溶劑。於此等方法中,就操作簡易及費用方面而言,真空沈積方法、旋塗方法、噴墨印刷方法及澆鑄方法特別適合。
於透過使用旋塗方法形成該層之情況中,可使用透過將組合物以0.01至90重量%之濃度溶解或分散於合適有機溶劑(如苯、甲苯、二甲苯、四氫呋喃、甲基四氫呋喃、N,N-二甲基甲醯胺、丙酮、乙腈、苯甲醚、二氯甲烷、二甲亞碸、氯苯、1,2-二氯苯及其等混合物)中所製備之溶液及/或分散液實施塗覆。
光伏打(PV)裝置亦可由多個接面太陽能電池組成,該等太陽能電池在彼此頂部上經加工以吸收更多太陽光譜。此等結構描述於例如App.Phys.Let.90,143512(2007)、Adv.Funct.Mater.16,1897-1903(2006)及WO 2004/112161中。
所謂之「串聯太陽能電池」依此順序包含:(a)陰極(電極),(b)視需要過渡層,如鹼鹵化物,尤其氟化鋰,(c)光活性層,(d)視需要平滑層,(e)中間電極(如Au、Al、ZnO、TiO2等)(f)視需要額外電極以匹配能級,(g)視需要過渡層,如鹼鹵化物,尤其氟化鋰,(h)光活性層,(i)視需要平滑層,(j)陽極(電極),(k)基板。
PV裝置亦可在纖維上加工,如例如US20070079867及US 20060013549中所描述。
由於其等優異自組織性質,包含本發明聚合物之材料或膜亦可單獨或與其他材料一起用於或用作LCD或OLED裝置中之配向層,如例如US2003/0021913中所描述。
以下實例僅以說明性目的出示且不限制申請專利範圍之範圍。除非另外說明,否則所有份及百分比係以重量計。重量平均分子量(Mw)及多分散性(Mw/Mn=PD)係藉由熱溫凝膠滲透層析法(Heat Temperature Gel Permeation Chromatography)(HT-GPC)確定[設備:GPC PL 220,來自Polymer Laboratories(Church Stretton,UK;現為Varian),產生來自折射率(RI)之反應,層析條件:管柱:3「PLgel Olexis」管柱,獲自Polymer Laboratories(Church Stretton,UK);具有13 ìm之平均粒徑(尺寸300×8 mm I.D.)移動相:1,2,4-三氯苯,藉由真空蒸餾純化及藉由丁基羥基苯(BHT,200 mg/l)穩定化,層析溫度:150℃;移動相流速:1 ml/分鐘;溶質濃度:約1 mg/ml;注射體積:200 ìl;偵測:RI,分子量校正程式:透過使用獲自Polymer Laboratories(Church Stretton)之分子量範圍橫跨1'930'000 Da至5'050 Da之一組10個聚苯乙烯校正標準劑(即,PS 1'930'000、PS 1'460'000、PS 1'075'000、PS 560'000、PS 330'000、PS 96'000、PS 52'000、PS 30'300、PS 10'100、PS 5'050 Da)進行相對校正。將多項式校正用於計算分子量。
在以下實例中給出之所有聚合物結構係透過描述聚合製
程所獲得之聚合物產物之理想化表示。若將多於兩種組分彼此共聚合,則聚合物之順序可為交替或隨機,視聚合條件而定。
在氬氣下,將4.021 g(1當量)二溴化合物[1000623-98-2]、1.204 g(0.8當量)二酸酯[175361-81-6]、0.368 g(0.2當量)二酸酯[239075-02-6]、0.0395 g乙酸鈀(II)及0.202 g
膦配體[672937-61-0]溶於在反應器中回流之脫氣四氫呋喃中。隨後添加1.13 g LiOH單水合物[1310-66-3]及將反應混合物再回流2小時。隨後將反應混合物傾倒至甲醇上,過濾及藉由甲醇清洗。隨後藉由索格利特(Soxhlet)萃取來分級濾餅,首先使用正庚烷,隨後使用環己烷及最後使用四氫呋喃。使用丙酮將產物自四氫呋喃餾
份中沉積出來,過濾及藉由丙酮清洗。隨後將產物溶於氣仿中及與5% NaCN水溶液再回流過夜。分離相及藉由水清洗氯仿溶液三次及隨後使用甲醇將產物自氯仿溶液中沉積出來以得到如式P-1之聚合物(x:y=80:20)。藉由高溫GPC表徵該聚合物及分子量係54700,Mw/Mn比為2。
隨後透過將0.75%聚合物P-1溶於甲苯中製備溶液(Sol-1)。在40℃下攪拌2小時後,藉由0.45微米過濾器過濾Sol-1。
藉由30 nm厚金層塗覆可撓性聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)箔片(Mitsubishi Hostaphan GN)。藉由光微影法在金層上製造叉指電極。通道寬度L係10微米及其長度W係10000微米,獲得1000之W/L比。隨後藉由丙酮及異丙醇小心清潔基板以移除用於製造電極之任何殘留痕量光阻材料。
將半導體溶液Sol-1旋塗於經清潔之可撓性基板上。隨後在加熱板上,在90℃空氣中乾燥膜30秒。旋塗條件(1500 rpm,15秒)使得乾燥後之半導體膜之厚度為50+/-5 nm(藉由Dektak 6M(獲自Veeco)測量厚度)。
介電材料溶液係4%聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)950 K之乙酸丁酯/乳酸乙酯(60/40)溶液(1004084,購自Allresist)。
藉由旋塗(rpm=1800,持續30秒)將介電材料溶液施用於乾半導體層,獲得500 nm+/-10 nm之厚度(乾燥後)。將介電層在90℃空氣中乾燥2分鐘。介電膜之電容率為5.8±0.2 nF/cm2。
閘電極係藉由在介電材料上熱蒸發50 nm金製成。蒸發係於高真空(<10-5托)下進行。
OFET之飽和轉移曲線係藉由Keithley 2612A電源電錶測量。在-15 V之閘電壓下所觀察到之飽和電洞遷移率(平均42個OFET)為0.11+/-0.004 cm2/sec*V(汲電壓設定為-20 V)及亞臨限浮動為1 V/dec。
聚合物P-1具有在有機溶劑中之優異溶解度及優異成膜性質。如應用實例1之OFET(其中半導體層由聚合物P-1組成)展現優異可加工性(可再現性)、電洞遷移率及亞臨限浮動。
聚合物P-2至P-9係如針對實例1a)中之聚合物P-1所描述般製備,不同的是二酸酯[175361-81-6]與二酸酯[239075-02-6]之比經相應改變。
隨後透過將0.75%各聚合物溶於甲苯中來製備溶液。在40℃下攪拌2小時後,藉由0.45微米過濾器過濾溶液,藉
此獲得半導體溶液。
藉由30 nm厚金層塗覆聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)可撓箔片(Mitsubishi Hostaphan GN)。藉由光微影法在金層上製造叉指電極。通道寬度L係10微米及其長度W係10000微米,獲得1000之W/L比。隨後藉由丙酮及異丙醇小心清潔基板以移除用於製造電極之任何殘留痕量光阻材料。
將半導體溶液旋塗於經清潔之可撓性基板上。隨後將膜在加熱板上,在90℃空氣中乾燥30秒。旋塗條件使得乾燥後之半導體膜之厚度為50+/-5 nm(藉由Dektak 6M(獲自Veeco)測量厚度)。
介電材料溶液係4% PMMA 950K(1004084,購自Allresist)之乙酸丁酯/乳酸乙酯(60/40)溶液。藉由旋塗(rpm=1800,持續30秒)將介電材料溶液施用於乾半導體層,獲得500 nm+/-10 nm之厚度(乾燥後)。將介電層在90℃空氣中乾燥2分鐘。介電膜之電容率為5.8±0.1 nF/cm2。
閘電極係藉由在介電材料上熱蒸發50 nm金製成。蒸發係於高真空(<10-5托)下進行。
在實例2至5及對照實例1至4中所獲得之OFET飽和轉移曲線係藉由Keithley 2612A電源電錶測量。所觀察到之電洞遷移率係使用汲電壓=-20 V,在-15 V閘電壓下自飽和轉移曲線計得之42個OFET之平均值。在實例2至5及對照實例1至4中透過將聚合物P-2至P-9用作半導體所獲得之OFET之電洞遷移率及聚合物P-2至P-9之x、Mw、Mn及Mw/Mn出示於下表中
對照實例2及3中所獲得之OFET之遷移率(其中將聚合物P-7(x=0.60)、P-8(x=0.40)及P-9(x=0)用作半導體)低於實例2至5中所獲得之OFET之遷移率(其中將x=0.70至0.99之聚合物用作半導體)。在對照實例1中所獲得之OFET之遷移率之標準偏差(其中將聚合物P-6(x=1)用作半導體)高於在實例2至5中所獲得之OFET之遷移率之標準偏差(其中將x=0.70至0.99之聚合物用作半導體)(較高再現性)。x=0.8(y=0.2)時之值對應最佳平衡,係因在盡可能高之遷
移率下達到最小標準偏差(最高再現性)。
藉由30 nm厚金層塗覆聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)可撓箔片(Mitsubishi Hostaphan GN)。藉由光微影法在金層上製造叉指電極。通道寬度L係10微米及其長度W係10000微米,獲得1000之W/L比。隨後藉由丙酮及異丙醇小心清潔基板以移除用於製造電極之任何殘留痕量光阻材料。
溶液A:將0.75%聚合物
(P-10,Mw:60700;x=0.80,y=0.20)在4小時內在80℃下溶於甲苯中。
溶液B:將0.75%化合物(A-1)
在2小時內在50℃下溶於甲苯與氯仿(95:5)之混合物中。
將5重量%溶液B與95重量%溶液A混合(=半導體溶液)。
將半導體溶液在空氣(潔淨室)中刮塗於經清潔之可撓性基板上。隨後在加熱板上,在90℃空氣中將該膜乾燥30秒。該刮塗條件使得該半導體膜在乾燥後之厚度為60±5 nm(厚度藉由Dektak 6M(獲自Veeco)測量)。
介電材料溶液係Cytop溶液(AGC CE(Asahi Glass Chemical),CYTOP CT-809M)。藉由旋塗(rpm=1800,持續30秒)將介電材料溶液施用於乾半導體層上,獲得500 nm±10 nm之厚度(乾燥後)。將介電層在90℃空氣中乾燥2分鐘。介電膜之電容率為3.8±0.02 nF/cm2。
閘電極係藉由在介電材料上熱蒸發50 nm金製成。蒸發係於高真空(<10-5托)下進行。
OFET之飽和轉移曲線係藉由Keithley 2612A電源電錶測量。在-15 V之閘電壓下所觀察到之電洞遷移率(使用汲電壓=-20 V自飽和轉移曲線計得之42個OFET之平均值)為0.75±0.03 cm2/sec*V及亞臨限浮動為小於0.6 V/DEC。亞臨限浮動(越低越佳)係在介電/半導體介面處之陷阱能級之濃度的指示。最佳而言,在室溫下,其可為60 mV/dec。
重複實例7,不同的是以聚合物P-10代替聚合物P-10與化合物A-1形成半導體層,獲得0.5±0.05 cm2/秒*V之遷移率,及小於0.7 V/DEC之亞臨限浮動。
Claims (22)
- 一種如下式之聚合物,
- 如請求項1之聚合物,其中Ar1及Ar2彼此獨立地係如式或之基團。
- 如請求項1或2之聚合物,其中A係如式 或之基團,其中R1及R2彼此獨立地係C1至C38烷基。
- 如請求項1或2之聚合物,其中D係如式或 之基團。
- 如請求項1或2之聚合物,其中E係如下式之基團
- 如請求項1之聚合物,其包含如式之重複單元,其中x=0.70至0.99,y=0.30至0.01,及其中x+y=1,A係如式或之基團, 其中R1係C1至C38烷基, D係如式之基團, E係如下式之基團:
- 如請求項1之聚合物,其包含如下式之重複單元,其中r+s=0.70至0.99,t+u=0.30至0.01,及其中r+s+t+u=1, A係如式或之基團,B係如式或之基團,其不同於A,其中R1係C1至C38烷基,尤其係C8至C24烷基, D係如式之基團, E係如下式之基團:
- 如請求項1之聚合物,其係如下式之聚合物
- 一種有機半導體材料,其包含如請求項1至8中任一項之聚合物。
- 如請求項9之有機半導體材料,其包含至少另一材料。
- 如請求項10之有機半導體材料,其中該另一材料係如下式之化合物 ,其中A1及A2彼此獨立地係如下式之基團
- 一種有機半導體層,其包含如請求項1至8中任一項之聚合物。
- 如請求項12之有機半導體層,其包含至少另一材料。
- 如請求項13之有機半導體層,其中該另一材料係如下式之化合物 ,其中A1及A2彼此獨立地係如下式之基團
- 一種有機半導體組件,其包含如請求項1至8中任一項之聚合物。
- 如請求項15之有機半導體組件,其包含至少另一材料。
- 如請求項16之有機半導體組件,其中該另一材料係如下式之化合物 ,其中A1及A2彼此獨立地係如下式之基團
- 一種半導體裝置,其包含如請求項1至8中任一項之聚合物、如請求項9至11中任一項之有機半導體材料、如請求項12至14中任一項之有機半導體層或如請求項15至17中任一項之有機半導體組件。
- 如請求項18之半導體裝置,其係有機光伏打裝置、光二極體或有機場效電晶體。
- 一種製備有機半導體裝置之方法,該方法包含將如請求項1至8中任一項之聚合物在有機溶劑中之溶液及/或分散液施用至合適基板及移除該溶劑。
- 一種如請求項1至8中任一項之聚合物、如請求項9或10 之有機半導體材料、如請求項12或13之有機半導體層或如請求項15或16之有機半導體組件在光伏打裝置、光二極體或有機場效電晶體中之用途。
- 一種製備如式之聚合物之方法,其包含使對應於式X11'-A-X11'之二鹵化物與對應於式X11-D-X11及X11-E-X11之二酸或二酸鹽在溶劑中及在觸媒存在下反應;或包含使對應於式X11-A-X11之二酸或二酸鹽與對應於式X11'-D-X11'及X11'-E-X11'之二鹵化物在溶劑中及在觸媒存在下反應;或一種製備如式之聚合物之方法,包含使對應於式X11'-A-X11'及X11'-B-X11'之二鹵化物與對應於式X11-D-X11及X11-E-X11之二酸或二酸鹽反應;或包含使對應於式X11-A-X11及X11-B-X11之二酸或二酸鹽與對應於式X11'-D-X11'及X11'-E-X11'之二鹵化物反應;其中r、s、t、u、v、x及y、A、B、D及E係如請求項1中所定義,X11'在各次出現時獨立地係Cl、Br或I, X11在各次出現時獨立地係-B(OH)2、-B(OY1)2、 或,其中Y1在各次出現時獨立地係C1至C10烷基及Y2在各次出現時獨立地係C2至C10伸烷基,及Y13及Y14彼此獨立地係氫或C1至C10烷基。
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CN105891267B (zh) * | 2015-04-27 | 2018-08-28 | 济南大学 | 一种基于一氨基苯基取代卟啉纳米材料的二氧化氮气敏传感器 |
WO2017006703A1 (ja) * | 2015-07-07 | 2017-01-12 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 有機半導体素子、化合物、有機半導体組成物、並びに、有機半導体膜及びその製造方法 |
WO2017202635A1 (en) * | 2016-05-25 | 2017-11-30 | Basf Se | Semiconductors |
WO2018060015A1 (en) | 2016-09-27 | 2018-04-05 | Basf Se | Star-shaped styrene polymers with enhanced glass transition temperature |
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EP2789024A1 (en) | 2014-10-15 |
EP2789024B1 (en) | 2015-11-18 |
TW201329132A (zh) | 2013-07-16 |
WO2013083506A1 (en) | 2013-06-13 |
US9276215B2 (en) | 2016-03-01 |
JP2015507644A (ja) | 2015-03-12 |
KR20140106648A (ko) | 2014-09-03 |
CN103975454A (zh) | 2014-08-06 |
CN103975454B (zh) | 2018-02-09 |
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JP6029679B2 (ja) | 2016-11-24 |
US20140332730A1 (en) | 2014-11-13 |
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