TWI502063B - Method for manufacturing cleaning agent particles - Google Patents
Method for manufacturing cleaning agent particles Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TWI502063B TWI502063B TW099144556A TW99144556A TWI502063B TW I502063 B TWI502063 B TW I502063B TW 099144556 A TW099144556 A TW 099144556A TW 99144556 A TW99144556 A TW 99144556A TW I502063 B TWI502063 B TW I502063B
- Authority
- TW
- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- particle group
- weight
- anionic surfactant
- detergent
- group
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims description 278
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 36
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 35
- 239000012459 cleaning agent Substances 0.000 title description 5
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 claims description 110
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 88
- -1 alkyl glyceryl ether Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 74
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 71
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 62
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 54
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910017053 inorganic salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000008051 alkyl sulfates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- NCZPCONIKBICGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2-ethylhexoxy)propane-1,2-diol Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COCC(O)CO NCZPCONIKBICGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- UBHINGQGGSTHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(8-methylnonoxy)propane-1,2-diol Chemical group CC(C)CCCCCCCOCC(O)CO UBHINGQGGSTHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 claims 6
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 32
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 32
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 23
- 239000011362 coarse particle Substances 0.000 description 22
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 20
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 17
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 16
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 13
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 10
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- WYTGDNHDOZPMIW-RCBQFDQVSA-N alstonine Natural products C1=CC2=C3C=CC=CC3=NC2=C2N1C[C@H]1[C@H](C)OC=C(C(=O)OC)[C@H]1C2 WYTGDNHDOZPMIW-RCBQFDQVSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002734 clay mineral Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L phthalate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000005215 alkyl ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 4
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 229910001919 chlorite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052619 chlorite group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorous acid Chemical compound OCl=O QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 4
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium sulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])=O GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 3
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920001495 poly(sodium acrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002310 reflectometry Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 3
- NNMHYFLPFNGQFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium polyacrylate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)C=C NNMHYFLPFNGQFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 235000019832 sodium triphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000002704 decyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 238000004851 dishwashing Methods 0.000 description 2
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006081 fluorescent whitening agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- KEMQGTRYUADPNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O KEMQGTRYUADPNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000021388 linseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000944 linseed oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000010265 sodium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XOAAWQZATWQOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N taurine Chemical compound NCCS(O)(=O)=O XOAAWQZATWQOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YYGNTYWPHWGJRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (6E,10E,14E,18E)-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene Chemical compound CC(C)=CCCC(C)=CCCC(C)=CCCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)C YYGNTYWPHWGJRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FLPJVCMIKUWSDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-formylphenoxy)acetamide Chemical compound NC(=O)COC1=CC=C(C=O)C=C1 FLPJVCMIKUWSDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TWJNQYPJQDRXPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-cyanobenzohydrazide Chemical compound NNC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C#N TWJNQYPJQDRXPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000000703 Cerium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dodecane Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCC SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamic acid Chemical class OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005639 Lauric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021360 Myristic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Myristic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SUZRRICLUFMAQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methyltaurine Chemical class CNCCS(O)(=O)=O SUZRRICLUFMAQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000021314 Palmitic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BHEOSNUKNHRBNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetramethylsqualene Natural products CC(=C)C(C)CCC(=C)C(C)CCC(C)=CCCC=C(C)CCC(C)C(=C)CCC(C)C(C)=C BHEOSNUKNHRBNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BAECOWNUKCLBPZ-HIUWNOOHSA-N Triolein Natural products O([C@H](OCC(=O)CCCCCCC/C=C\CCCCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCC/C=C\CCCCCCCC)C(=O)CCCCCCC/C=C\CCCCCCCC BAECOWNUKCLBPZ-HIUWNOOHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PHYFQTYBJUILEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioleoylglycerol Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC PHYFQTYBJUILEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSNQXZYQEIKDPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Fe] Chemical compound [Li].[Fe] QSNQXZYQEIKDPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- KCZFLPPCFOHPNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;iron Chemical compound [AlH3].[Fe] KCZFLPPCFOHPNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001586 aluminite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum magnesium Chemical compound [Mg].[Al] SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001509 aspartic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001621 bismuth Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000740 bleeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FNAQSUUGMSOBHW-UHFFFAOYSA-H calcium citrate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O FNAQSUUGMSOBHW-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 239000001354 calcium citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- DRVWBEJJZZTIGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ce+3].[Ce+3] DRVWBEJJZZTIGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940074979 cetyl palmitate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dioxosilane;oxygen(2-);hydrate Chemical compound O.[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QYQIKTBQNRWCEW-UHFFFAOYSA-K dichlorosyloxyalumanyl chlorite Chemical compound [Al+3].[O-]Cl=O.[O-]Cl=O.[O-]Cl=O QYQIKTBQNRWCEW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910001649 dickite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YGANSGVIUGARFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium dioxosilane oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O--].[K+].[K+].O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O YGANSGVIUGARFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PRAKJMSDJKAYCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecahydrosqualene Natural products CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C PRAKJMSDJKAYCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003438 dodecyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000003623 enhancer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008233 hard water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003187 heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- XMHIUKTWLZUKEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexacosanoic acid Chemical class CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O XMHIUKTWLZUKEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXDJXZJSCPSGGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanoic acid hexadecyl ester Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC PXDJXZJSCPSGGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000592 inorganic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000787 lecithin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940067606 lecithin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010445 lecithin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001425 magnesium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002960 margaryl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010446 mirabilite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052627 muscovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001421 myristyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Pentadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AMULHDKUJWPBKU-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(2+);dichlorite Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]Cl=O.[O-]Cl=O AMULHDKUJWPBKU-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001117 oleyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])/C([H])=C([H])\C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000002958 pentadecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052628 phlogopite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium benzoate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000011181 potassium carbonates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910052903 pyrophyllite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000275 saponite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 1
- FSYKKLYZXJSNPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sarcosine Chemical class C[NH2+]CC([O-])=O FSYKKLYZXJSNPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007790 scraping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940031439 squalene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- TUHBEKDERLKLEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N squalene Natural products CC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCCC=C(/C)CCC=C(/C)CC=C(C)C)C)C)C TUHBEKDERLKLEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003871 sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960003080 taurine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013337 tricalcium citrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000002889 tridecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- PHYFQTYBJUILEZ-IUPFWZBJSA-N triolein Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC PHYFQTYBJUILEZ-IUPFWZBJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940117972 triolein Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000002948 undecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000013022 venting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052902 vermiculite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010455 vermiculite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019354 vermiculite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D11/00—Special methods for preparing compositions containing mixtures of detergents
- C11D11/0082—Special methods for preparing compositions containing mixtures of detergents one or more of the detergent ingredients being in a liquefied state, e.g. slurry, paste or melt, and the process resulting in solid detergent particles such as granules, powders or beads
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
- C11D1/83—Mixtures of non-ionic with anionic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
- C11D17/06—Powder; Flakes; Free-flowing mixtures; Sheets
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D3/2068—Ethers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/02—Anionic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
- C11D1/72—Ethers of polyoxyalkylene glycols
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2009286592 | 2009-12-17 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| TW201129691A TW201129691A (en) | 2011-09-01 |
| TWI502063B true TWI502063B (zh) | 2015-10-01 |
Family
ID=44167274
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| TW099144556A TWI502063B (zh) | 2009-12-17 | 2010-12-17 | Method for manufacturing cleaning agent particles |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP5709302B2 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN102686716B (ja) |
| AU (1) | AU2010331312B2 (ja) |
| TW (1) | TWI502063B (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2011074522A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP5971753B2 (ja) * | 2012-07-09 | 2016-08-17 | 花王株式会社 | 洗剤粒子の製造方法 |
| JP2016069394A (ja) * | 2014-09-26 | 2016-05-09 | ライオン株式会社 | 粒状洗剤及びその製造方法並びに洗剤製品 |
| US9932546B2 (en) | 2015-05-22 | 2018-04-03 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Surfactant and detergent compositions containing propoxylated glycerine |
| WO2016191237A1 (en) * | 2015-05-22 | 2016-12-01 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Surfactant and detergent compositions containing ethoxylated glycerine |
| EP3298115B1 (en) * | 2015-05-22 | 2019-03-20 | The Procter and Gamble Company | Method of making surfactant compositions and detergent compositions comprising alkoxylated glycerine as a solvent |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1827759A (zh) * | 2005-02-28 | 2006-09-06 | 花王株式会社 | 表面活性剂组合物 |
| CN101001943A (zh) * | 2004-08-06 | 2007-07-18 | 花王株式会社 | 单核性洗涤剂粒子群的制造方法 |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP4799951B2 (ja) * | 2004-10-14 | 2011-10-26 | 花王株式会社 | 単核性洗剤粒子群の製造方法 |
| JP4794946B2 (ja) * | 2005-08-26 | 2011-10-19 | 花王株式会社 | 乳化液の製造方法 |
| JP5101997B2 (ja) * | 2007-11-09 | 2012-12-19 | 花王株式会社 | 高嵩密度洗剤組成物 |
| CN102015992B (zh) * | 2008-05-19 | 2012-07-11 | 花王株式会社 | 表面活性剂担载用颗粒群 |
| JP5326152B2 (ja) * | 2008-05-27 | 2013-10-30 | ライオン株式会社 | 粒状洗剤組成物 |
| JP2010144045A (ja) * | 2008-12-18 | 2010-07-01 | Kao Corp | 単核性洗剤粒子群の製造方法 |
-
2010
- 2010-12-13 CN CN201080057049.0A patent/CN102686716B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-12-13 WO PCT/JP2010/072344 patent/WO2011074522A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2010-12-13 AU AU2010331312A patent/AU2010331312B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2010-12-13 JP JP2010276672A patent/JP5709302B2/ja active Active
- 2010-12-17 TW TW099144556A patent/TWI502063B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101001943A (zh) * | 2004-08-06 | 2007-07-18 | 花王株式会社 | 单核性洗涤剂粒子群的制造方法 |
| CN1827759A (zh) * | 2005-02-28 | 2006-09-06 | 花王株式会社 | 表面活性剂组合物 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| TW201129691A (en) | 2011-09-01 |
| JP2011144362A (ja) | 2011-07-28 |
| CN102686716B (zh) | 2014-11-19 |
| AU2010331312B2 (en) | 2013-02-14 |
| AU2010331312A1 (en) | 2012-06-21 |
| CN102686716A (zh) | 2012-09-19 |
| WO2011074522A1 (ja) | 2011-06-23 |
| JP5709302B2 (ja) | 2015-04-30 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP5465872B2 (ja) | アニオン界面活性剤組成物 | |
| TWI441917B (zh) | 界面活性劑擔載用顆粒群 | |
| TWI502063B (zh) | Method for manufacturing cleaning agent particles | |
| JPS60156514A (ja) | 界面活性剤含有組成物中で使用するのに適した抑泡剤およびその製法 | |
| JPH0326795A (ja) | ゼオライト集塊形成工程および生成物 | |
| JP4417195B2 (ja) | 粒状アニオン界面活性剤の製造法 | |
| CN102712884B (zh) | 洗涤剂颗粒群的制造方法 | |
| EP1788071B1 (en) | Process for production of uni-core detergent particles | |
| JP3444817B2 (ja) | 洗剤粒子群の製法 | |
| JPH083598A (ja) | 粉末、微粒又は顆粒状アニオン性界面活性剤組成物の製造方法、並びに清掃及びメンテナンス製品における前記組成物の使用 | |
| JP5713644B2 (ja) | 界面活性剤担持用顆粒群の製造方法 | |
| JP4772415B2 (ja) | 単核性洗剤粒子群の製造方法 | |
| JP4591704B2 (ja) | 粒状洗剤組成物及びその製造方法 | |
| JP3720632B2 (ja) | ベース顆粒群 | |
| JP4393862B2 (ja) | 洗剤粒子群の製法 | |
| JP4870339B2 (ja) | 界面活性剤担持用顆粒群 | |
| JP2011202149A (ja) | 粒状洗剤組成物 | |
| JP4384906B2 (ja) | 洗浄剤組成物 | |
| WO2000077149A1 (fr) | Procede de production de particules detergentes a un seul noyau | |
| JP2007009087A (ja) | 低温での溶解性を改善した粉末洗剤組成物 | |
| JP2009108164A (ja) | 洗剤粒子 | |
| JP2010144045A (ja) | 単核性洗剤粒子群の製造方法 | |
| JP5971753B2 (ja) | 洗剤粒子の製造方法 | |
| JP2002114995A (ja) | 界面活性剤担持用顆粒群の製法 | |
| JP2001019998A (ja) | 界面活性剤担持用顆粒群の製法 |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MM4A | Annulment or lapse of patent due to non-payment of fees |