TWI469950B - 耐火熔渣帶 - Google Patents

耐火熔渣帶 Download PDF

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TWI469950B
TWI469950B TW98104889A TW98104889A TWI469950B TW I469950 B TWI469950 B TW I469950B TW 98104889 A TW98104889 A TW 98104889A TW 98104889 A TW98104889 A TW 98104889A TW I469950 B TWI469950 B TW I469950B
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refractory
zirconia
slag
monoclinic
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Norman Edward Rogers
David Kennedy
David Millar
Shibiao Yang
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Refractory Intellectual Prop
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Description

耐火熔渣帶
本發明係關於一種使用於鑄製程序中的耐火帶,特別地關於一種應用於製鋼的連續鑄造程序中與熔渣接觸的耐火體之耐火帶(通常稱為”熔渣帶”)。
在連續鑄造製鋼程序中,熔化金屬經由一鑄杓從一盛桶澆入一俗稱餵槽的大型容器當中。該餵槽具有一個或多個出口,透過出口,熔鋼從餵槽流入一或多個各別鑄模。該熔鋼在鑄模中冷卻並形成一固態硬殼,最後形成金屬固態連續絞股。一浸入式注口或鑄造管口係位於該餵槽和每一鑄模之間,以控制從餵槽流入鑄模之熔鋼的流動特性,並防止空氣侵入之發生。鋼流入每一鑄模的速率通常藉由一存在於餵槽之塞桿來控制,該塞桿藉由一舉升設備可垂直移動,以進出浸入式注口的入口。
許多耐火體,諸如鑄杓、浸入式注口和塞桿,具有若干區域,該區域經常與沈積在熔化金屬上端的一熔渣層接觸。該熔渣具有高度腐蝕性,因此在相當短時間浸沒或部分浸沒於熔化金屬之後,所有上述裝置皆具有被腐蝕的危險,除非它們可受到若干方式的保護以防止熔渣腐蝕特性的危害。
此問題一般解決方式是設置一”熔渣帶”,亦即在使用時可能與熔渣接觸的耐火體區域設置一材料耐磨區域。一個此類材料可為一碳結合氧化鋯石墨,但是其使用時具有一個缺點:氧化鋯為一在室溫時以一單斜晶型態存在之多型態物質,在1170℃時轉變為一四面體結構,在約2300℃時則轉變為一立方體形式。該單斜晶至四面體的轉變係伴隨一約5%可逆體積改變(收縮)(見圖1),此導致該等顆粒爆裂,因此造成耐火效果喪失。藉由數量控制之各種立方體氧化物的添加,例如鈣、氧化鎂和氧化釔,此不需要的體積改變已被減輕至某些程度。這些穩定氧化物與氧化鋯形成一固態溶液,並造成為立方體和單斜晶氧化鋯之混合體的結構,即為習知的”部分穩定氧化鋯(partially stabilized zirconia;PSZ)”。PSZ因為被視為可展現熱膨脹和溫度衝擊抵抗特性的最佳平衡而在熔渣帶中被使用。
將PSZ使用於熔渣帶所伴隨的一項缺點為:因為該材料的高熱膨脹係數(10 x 10-6 /℃),使其在可被使用於液態金屬流動之前需要預熱。預熱溫度一般位於900℃到1400℃之間,並且預熱時間通常在1到8小時之間。此顯然不符所需,因為其增加製程成本,同時如果基於任何理由該製程必須停止時造成過長的停工期。製鋼業者針對浸入式注口/套管需要熔渣帶具有冷啟用(cold start)的能力,特別是在例如當因為啟用失敗而造成渣帶喪失之緊急狀況。為了維持在此狀況下鋼的鑄造,一未預熱管被放置於備用渣帶上面使用。這些冷啟用管可配置一熔渣帶,該熔渣帶的製造係以碳化矽替代約10%的氧化鋯,並且該等管被除碳。然而,雖然碳化矽的低熱膨脹針對一冷啟用能給予充分的溫度衝擊抵抗,但是碳化矽在鑄模熔渣內會溶解。因此,此僅可當作一臨時手段來使用,因為管子的耐腐蝕力被嚴重的降低。
本發明的目的在於提供一改良型耐火帶,特別是一冷啟用熔渣帶,其能克服或至少減輕前述的問題。
緣此,本發明一第一面向在於提供一種當作冷啟用熔渣帶來使用的耐火組成物,包括部分穩定氧化鋯及/或全穩定氧化鋯與單斜晶氧化鋯的摻合物,其中該單斜晶相對於全部氧化鋯含量的重量比例為至少40%。
本發明一第二面向在於提供一耐火冷啟用熔渣帶,包括一部份穩定氧化鋯及/或全穩定氧化鋯與單斜晶氧化鋯的摻合物,其中該單斜晶相對於全部氧化鋯含量的重量比例為至少40%。
本發明人已驚人的發現到:將部分穩定氧化鋯(PSZ)或全穩定氧化鋯(FSZ)混合單斜晶氧化鋯的結果,其整體熱膨脹係遠低於僅使用PSZ或FSZ,藉此,本發明的耐火帶不僅可使用於冷啟用,同時能夠一貫地維持耐火性。雖然本發明人不希望受限於理論,但是可確信的是:在耐火帶加熱期間,各種類氧化鋯能造成PSZ/FSZ熱膨脹和單斜晶氧化鋯收縮間的平衡效應。
單斜晶氧化鋯可包括整體氧化鋯含量的至少50wt%或約57wt%。在其他具體實施例當中,該單斜晶氧化鋯可包括整體氧化鋯含量的至少70wt%。
在若干具體實施例當中,單斜晶氧化鋯相對整體氧化鋯含量的最大重量比例可為85wt%(特別的是當剩餘的氧化鋯是FSZ時)。在其他具體實施例當中,該單斜晶氧化鋯含量相對整體氧化鋯含量比例可位於65wt%到90wt%之間(特別是當剩餘氧化鋯是FSZ時)。
在其他具體實施例當中,特別是當剩餘氧化鋯是PSZ時,該單斜晶氧化鋯含量比例可在65wt%到80wt%之間。
提供在摻合物當中的PSZ/FSZ和單斜晶氧化鋯顆粒可為任何適當尺寸,亦即PSZ/FSZ的顆粒大小可等於或不同於單斜晶氧化鋯的顆粒大小。但是,在若干具體實施例當中,單斜晶氧化鋯的最大顆粒直徑係等於或小於1毫米,在其他具體實施例當中,則介於0.25-0.5毫米之間。
本發明所使用的PSZ和FSZ可由氧化鋯與控制數量的各種氧化物融熔而形成,此些氧化物例如鈣、鎂和釔,最佳地是使用鈣。其將瞭解到:針對給定的摻雜物,諸如鈣,不管形成的是PSZ或FSZ,其完全是依據摻雜物的添加程度而定。
除了氧化鋯之外,其它適當成分可包括在組成物或熔渣帶當中,特別是石墨。在若干具體實施例當中,組成物或熔渣帶至少有50%重量比例係包括由PSZ/FSZ和單斜晶氧化鋯所構成之摻合物,在若干具體實施例當中,其為至少75%重量比例。
該氧化鋯摻合物可為一碳基黏結劑所結合。該黏結劑可包括組成物的2wt%或至少3wt%的重量比例。在若干具體實施例當中,該黏結劑可包括整體組成物不超過10wt%或不超過6wt%的重量比例。在更進一步具體實施例當中,該黏結劑可包括組成物4wt%的重量比例。
根據一第三面向,本發明歸屬於一包含第二面向之冷啟用熔渣帶的耐火物品。
該耐火帶可與需要在熔渣中被保護的耐火物品一體成型。該物品可例如一鑄杓、塞桿或浸入式注口/水口和較佳地一浸入式水口。在若干具體實施例當中,該耐火帶係與耐火體合壓而成,該耐火體係包括任何適當的惰性耐熱材料,例如陶瓷材料。
替代地,該耐火帶可獨立於耐火物品來成型,隨後再附加於耐火物品上面。例如,該耐火帶可以環狀套筒成型,然後圍繞附加在耐火物品於使用時會與熔渣接觸的區域。在若干具體實施例當中,該套筒的內尺寸係相對於耐火體的外尺寸,藉此套筒被安置以產生一保護屏障,以延長耐火物品壽命。
針對耐火物品工作壽命期間,該耐火帶需具有充分的厚度,以保護耐火物品免於受到熔渣的腐蝕效應。應該瞭解到:耐火帶寬度應該依據耐火物品與熔渣接觸的長度來設計,典型地,該耐火帶具有約20公分的寬度。在若干具體實施例當中,一轉變層係提供在耐火帶和耐火物品之間,該轉變層的構成物質在於減輕熱膨脹,亦即解決耐火帶和耐火物品之間的熱膨脹差異。
依據本發明一第四面向,其提供一種形成浸入式注口的方法,該方法包括將一依據本發明第一面向之耐火組成物與一耐火材料共同均壓以形成具有一冷啟用熔渣帶的浸入式注口。
為了更加瞭解本發明並且更清楚地表示如何付諸實行產生效果,藉由參考隨附圖式以範例說明。
隨附之圖2表示一用於熔鋼連續鑄造設備的若干概要元件。熔化在一煉鋼爐(未表示)的鋼傳送到一盛桶2。熔鋼5從該盛桶2澆入一習稱”餵槽”的大型容器4當中。一大致管狀的鑄杓6以其一上末端連接盛桶2之一出口,並以其下末端延伸至餵槽4中金屬表面之下(當時係處於穩態鑄造情況)。該餵槽4具有至少一出口8,該出口8透過一浸入式注口12將熔鋼從餵槽4遞送至一水冷鑄模10當中。一往復移動的塞桿14係裝設在餵槽4當中,以調節熔化金屬從餵槽4流入浸入式注口12的流量。
一旦遞送到鑄模10,相鄰於鑄模表面的鋼表面開始固化,該絞股藉由一系列滾筒14滾壓,以成形為一水平鋼板。該固化鋼板然後藉由氣炬15被切割成數節段。其它元件係為習知鑄鋼技藝之標準元件,諸如閘閥、餵槽煉爐和水冷噴嘴,為了簡化關係,這些標準零件並未在圖中表示出來。
從圖2可清楚看到:該鑄杓6、塞桿14和浸入式注口12都會與熔化金屬接觸。這些耐火體最危險的區域為與形成在熔化金屬頂部之高度腐蝕性熔渣20之層接觸的區域。除非受到一屏障層適當保護,該等耐火體在與熔渣20接觸的區域將迅速地腐蝕,因而降低操作壽命,因此,在耐火體6,12,14與熔渣20接觸的區域四周將裝設一耐火熔渣帶30。
圖2表示在每個耐火體6,12,14上面與熔化金屬接觸的耐火帶30,但是應該瞭解到:這不是一定需要如此之案例,或者至少每一耐火帶30依據本發明不必然需要。甚者可構想到:本發明的耐火帶可被使用以保護其它個體受到熔渣的腐蝕效應。
範例
測試件的配製方式係依據下面表1所列處方進行。融熔耐火氧化物,亦即部分穩定氧化鋯(16mol%鈣摻雜物)或全穩定氧化鋯和單斜晶氧化鋯,在一Eirich攪拌機與石墨薄片乾燥混合三分鐘,隨後添加一液態酚甲醛樹脂。該混合連續進行額外的15分鐘,隨後冷卻該組成物質至室溫,以震動方式填入一鑄模當中,然後以冷等壓方式壓製成型。
適用於溫度衝擊試驗的測試件形狀表示在圖3當中。基本上,該測試件40係一簡化的管口,由一具有呈向外喇叭形狀之上末端44的管狀導管42組成。共壓於該測試件之一下方區域的是一熔渣帶46。除了該熔渣帶本身之外,該等測試件係以普通方式從標準氧化鋁成型。
該等壓製件首先保存在約200℃的環境中,然後以一還原環境烘乾至900℃。各種測試方式係牽涉到10種依據下列條件測試的測試件。該等測試件係以其下末端伸出而懸吊在一沙箱當中。該沙箱然後以塗佈有酚甲醛樹脂之沙填充,以在室溫硬化。當該沙已經硬化到足夠支撐測試件的程度,將測試件突出末端浸入1550℃液態鋼(約達熔渣帶的中點)當中約10分鐘。該等測試件然後目測是否在該氧化鋯-石墨熔渣帶有溫度衝擊裂痕發生。
2 顆粒大小<0.5毫米
在所有已測試的10個測試件當中,所有具有範例二成型的測試件皆通過,並且不具有因為溫度衝擊所引起的爆裂。相反地,依據比較之範例一成型的7個測試件,因為溫度衝擊而爆裂,因此無法通過測試。
圖4表示一依據範例二成型的樣品的熱膨脹和溫度(上升溫度)關係圖。該熱膨脹係以一膨脹計(廠牌:Netzsch Geratebau GmbH,型號:DIL402PC)量測。如該圖所示,不同於圖1所表示之單斜晶氧化鋯所展現的大幅度收縮或PSZ和FSZ所展現的相當大連續膨脹(圖1),範例二成型者除了在加溫至約900℃之前有穩定膨脹,之後則看不出有任何更進一步地膨脹。
圖5表示一含有以範例二成型的熔渣帶之浸入式注口(submerged entry nozzle;SEN)50。該SEN 50類似於測試件40,係為一個在其上末端具有一凸緣54的一般管狀導管52。該SEN 50在其下末端56係封閉的,但是裝設有兩徑向通口58。該熔渣帶60一般係裝設在該SEN 50兩末端的居中區域。使用時,該SEN 50藉由凸緣54被夾持於例如一餵槽的內管口之上,而不需要事先加熱。熔鋼流經該導管52,然後經由該兩徑向通口58流出並進入該鑄模。
2...盛桶
4...餵槽/大型容器
5...熔鋼
6...鑄杓/耐火體
8...出口
10...鑄模
12...浸入式注口/耐火體
14...塞桿/耐火體/滾筒
15...氣炬
20...熔渣
30...耐火(熔渣)帶
40...測試件
42...導管
44...上末端
46...熔渣帶
50...浸入式注口(SEN)
52...導管
54...凸緣
56...下末端
58...徑向通口
60...熔渣帶
圖1係一表示各種形式氧化鋯的熱膨脹之圖表;
圖2係一用於依據本發明含有若干耐火體的熔化金屬連續鑄造設備的概要示意圖;
圖3係一測試件的剖視圖;
圖4係表示用於本發明之構想的熱膨脹;和
圖5係依據本發明一浸入式注口的剖視圖。
40...測試件
42...導管
44...上末端
46...熔渣帶

Claims (5)

  1. 一種耐火物品,係合併一耐火冷啟用熔渣帶(refractory cold start slag band),該熔渣帶包括一部份穩定氧化鋯及/或全穩定氧化鋯、單斜晶氧化鋯和石墨的摻合物,其中該單斜晶相對於整體氧化鋯含量的重量比例為至少50wt%且熔渣帶的至少50wt%包含PSZ/FSZ及單斜晶氧化鋯之摻合物。
  2. 根據申請專利範圍第1項所述之耐火物品,其中該熔渣帶含有FSZ,且該單斜晶氧化鋯含量相對於整體氧化鋯含量的重量比例係不多於85%。
  3. 根據申請專利範圍第1或2項所述之耐火物品,其中該熔渣帶含有PSZ,且該單斜晶氧化鋯含量相對於整體氧化鋯含量的重量比例係不多於65%。
  4. 根據申請專利範圍第1或2項所述之耐火物品,其中該單斜晶氧化鋯顆粒直徑係介於0.25至0.5毫米之間。
  5. 根據申請專利範圍第1項所述之耐火物品,其係為一鑄杓(ladle shroud)、塞桿(stopper rod)或浸入式注口(submerged entry nozzle)/杓(shroud)。
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