TWI461301B - 在接觸壓高於200MPa下工作之經潤滑介質裡的摩擦物件 - Google Patents
在接觸壓高於200MPa下工作之經潤滑介質裡的摩擦物件 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本發明係關於在經潤滑介質裡的摩擦學技術領域。更特定而言,本發明係關於被設計用來減少磨損和最小化正切力的傳動之塗料和表面處理。
對於改善機械物件的摩擦學性能已有提出多種技術性解決之道。基本上在傳統表面硬化處理(case hardening treatments)與由各種方法例如PVD(物理氣相沉積(Physical Vapour Deposition))或PACVD(電漿輔助化學氣相沉積(Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition))所得薄硬層沉積物之間有作出區別。
在薄硬層沉積物中,可以提及者為過渡金屬氮化物(TiN,CrN,TiAIN,等)的沉積物,非晶質碳(DLC)的塗料,等。由於技術性,和機械性理由,顯然地此等表面塗料沉積物通常不超過5微米。高於此厚度時,可能發生該層的脆性和成為薄片之風險。而獲得薄層在長時間的完美黏著和強度也是重要的。因此,諳於此技者主張具有約0.04微米的粗糙度(Ra)之非常輕微地不規則性表面紋理。
因此從先前技藝知悉表面處理和真空沉積物的摩擦學性能僅能用具有輕微粗糙度的表面予以保證。
例如,可提及專利US 6 886 521的教導,其設立表面粗糙度參數(Rz)的最大值與DLC沉積物的硬度及其厚度之函數關係。
在摩擦學領域中,已對接觸表面的地形學(topography)對流體動力學潤滑體系的影響進行許多研究。例如,已有提出進行軸承或止推軸承的紋理化以經由改善的潤滑劑承載能力促進表面的分離。可提及者為,例如,文件US 5,952,080和WO2004/063533的教導。
不過,表面地形學的尺度調定非為一種簡單的事務,使得此解決之道與嚴苛的接觸條件不相容,且也不相容於重度負載的摩擦物件之情況,亦即,接觸壓力造成於稱為彈性流體動力學體系(elastohydrodynamic regime)的條件中操作。事實上,此紋理化,其相當於在接觸表面上蝕刻圖案,會導致承載表面積的顯著減少,使得不合適的紋理化不可避免地導致油膜壓力的劇減及對表面的損壞,此係違反所欲目的者。
因而認定除了在經潤滑介質中輕微負載的摩擦物件外,表面紋理化的原理不會被諳於此技者所應用。
基於此先前技藝的分析,本發明所提出要解決的問題之一為能夠應用摩擦表面的紋理化之原理以延長在經潤滑且重度負載的介質內的諸摩擦物件之間彈性流體動力學潤滑體系的存在,亦即,在接觸壓下(例如,在高於200 MPa下)工作。
事實上,高於某一接觸壓力底限值之上時,潤滑劑黏度的指數性增加(數個數量級)會根本地改變其物理行為。潤滑劑隨後改變狀態,並以更接近固體而非液體的方式表現。隨後會經由相對表面的彈性變形,在變得極度地黏稠的潤滑劑之作用下,促成接觸表面的完全分離。此造成稱為彈性流體力學體系的狀況。潤滑劑與相對表面的物理行為在彈性流體力學體系中者根本不同,因此可解釋為何用於接觸的表面紋理化之最佳化係與其他經潤滑介面的情況相當不同地進行。
本發明的獨創性因此包括,依摩擦和磨損的觀點,將在至少部分於彈性流體動力學體系中操作的接觸之表面紋理化予以成功地最佳化。
要解決此問題,係對接觸表面施以操作以產生具有預定的形狀和尺寸的微米凹穴之週期性網路且其中該週期係經調適成接觸表面的寬度以促進通達到彈性流體動力學潤滑體系。
根據其他特性,微米凹穴係有利地,但不限制地,由洞及/或溝槽組成。凹穴的深度係小於或等於10微米,且有利地小於3微米及小於1微米。此等凹穴的主要長度為介於5與500微米之間。
為解決根據本發明特性之取得經紋理化表面的問題,凹穴的週期性網路係特別地由飛秒雷射脈衝機削法或由離子束法,或由微機削,或由塑性變形,或由化學侵蝕,或由電侵蝕等所得。
有利地,係於紋理化之前或之後,對不論表面有否經紋理化之摩擦物件,施以一具有摩擦學作用的表面硬化處理(case hardening treatment)。此處理有利地係經由非晶質碳(DLC)薄層的沉積所得,以限制表面的損壞及在重度負載摩擦物件通到彈性流體動力學潤滑內之前,降低摩擦係數。
如上面所述者,摩擦表面的紋理化可由多種方法獲得。飛秒雷射脈衝係用來經由昇華移除物質而不明顯地改變微結構。不過必須提及者,微機削技術(平版印刷(lithography),微侵蝕),或塑性表面變形(刻痕,微震擊)或電化學技術(化學侵蝕,電侵蝕)都可用來得到相似的結果。在紋理化表面上製備的週期性圖案構成可根據下列四個基本參數所界定的凹穴:-表面的平面中之形狀(圓形,橢圓,方形,三角形,溝紋,等。);-材料厚度的輪廓(圓柱,半球,錐,等。);-維度(直徑,寬度,深度,等。);-於所有方向考慮,且針對表面摩擦方向的週期。
凹穴的深度有利地係小於3微米以限制對薄層的損壞及最大化彼等對潤滑體系上的影響,而於約500奈米具有或多或少250奈米深度的圖案觀察到最佳的結果。可觀察到本發明紋理化的物件可在紋理化之前或之後由傳統熱化學處理(膠黏,氮化碳處理,及其他擴散或轉化處理)或由PVD(物理氣相沉積)或PACVD(電漿輔助化學氣相沉積(Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition))所達成的真空沉積,例如過渡金屬的氮化物或碳化物或非晶質碳(DLC)的沉積物。
圖案的此等各種維度和方向係,根據接觸表面的維度,滑動方向和速度,接觸壓和受處理物件的曲率,經調適於要處理的物件。例如,在接受非常高的接觸壓之機械物件,例如於汽車領域中的搖桿物件,需要提供約500奈米的淺圖案深度。
需提及者,關於未塗覆的紋理化表面,硬層的添加,如前文指出者,尤其可用來明顯地減少隨時間對圖案的損壞且,因此之故,維持紋理化表面的摩擦學性能。此外,也觀察到,除了對潤滑體系的影響之外,紋理化也意外地可用來阻隔從沉積的局部化脫離而發生的裂痕之擴散。
可參考下面實施例No.1的處理:被處理的物件為滾子,其具有直徑50毫米的球狀軸承表面,由摩擦處理過的X85WCrMoV6-5-4-2鋼所製成。此等物件已以2微米厚的DLC沉積層所塗覆,其中洞(圓形微凹穴)係經由飛秒雷射脈衝所製備。表面係以79微米直徑及400奈米深,間隔125微米的洞網路予以紋理化,如圖2中顯示者。網路係由放置於滾子摩擦軌的中央處之1毫米寬條上,各具7和8個膠印洞(offset holes)之列所組成。
使用此等滾子於“Amsler”機器上進行摩擦檢驗(參考諳於此技者的摩擦學檢驗),其係在高接觸壓下(1至3.2 GPa最大接觸壓),滑動速度從0.2至2米/秒,及接觸中的低潤滑劑夾帶速度(滑動速度的10%)進行。每一經紋理化物件係經面對未塗覆及未紋理化的滾子進行檢驗,以觀察紋理化在經潤滑體系(10W40機油)中對摩擦係數上的影響,及探討在不同接觸壓上的塗層之使用行為。以DLC塗覆但並未紋理化的滾子也經相對於未塗覆和未紋理化的滾子進行檢驗,以用作參考,並準確地確定所檢驗的紋理化對接觸性能上之影響。
為了量化由微紋理化所獲得的增益,乃在固定的施加負載下,經由逐漸遞減滑動速度以打破油膜的方式,而實施摩擦檢驗。
在塗覆的平滑表面上的檢驗性能,已導致相對於相同但沒有DLC沉積的表面在摩擦係數上的增益,使用DLC以此圖案塗覆的表面在2 GPa接觸壓下揭露出在摩擦係數中的明顯增益。
後附圖1中的曲線圖顯示由此特定圖案在摩擦係數上所得增益(與相同檢驗但沒有紋理化者比較)相對於在油浴中的相對物件的滑動速度之關係的變化。可觀察到在此2 GPa的接觸壓之下,摩擦係數可由此圖案相較於經塗覆但未紋理化的表面減少30%。附帶地,未紋理化的DLC沉積物之製備相較於經硏磨但未處理的鋼表面已用來減少15%的摩擦係數。
於此精確的構型中,紋理化的沉積物之施加導致摩擦所致功率消耗減低30 W且也用來減低表面和油的過熱,其增進組件的耐久性。
處理實施例No.2:經由完全地採用處理實施例1的相同程序,無論是對於檢驗滾子摩擦軌跡的塗覆和紋理化,如同在Amsler機器上的性能檢驗,於各種接觸壓下進行第二系列的摩擦檢驗。
圖3顯示所得摩擦測量值,其中最大接觸壓係維持於2.4 GPa的定值,且給予不同的滑動速度。
具有球狀軸承表面的第一滾子係以DLC塗覆,接著依照於處理實施例No.1中所述者以圓形微凹穴網路予以紋理化。微凹穴的深度係增加至5微米,此值代表諳於此技者常用的例子。在施加一般所加的接觸力開始檢驗之後,僅在25秒鐘之後就發生因DLC沉積的脫層所致相對表面的破壞及表面膠著。因此按一般實施的表面紋理化不適用於此彈性流體動力性接觸。
圖3示出隨後於此2.4 GPa的接觸壓下實施的其他三個檢驗。如此所得的摩擦曲線清楚地顯示出維度的最佳化,且特別地,微凹穴的深度“d”有利地設定於800奈米,且甚至更有利地450奈米,用來獲得在接觸處產生的摩擦上之明顯減低。
目的是要相對於在接觸表面之間的油膜厚度,由彈性流體動力學潤滑理論的習用分析公式計算,而定出微凹穴的深度之尺寸。依理論計算,此深度有利地係介於潤滑劑膜厚度之0.1與10倍之間。
意外地,圖3因此清楚地顯示設定於450奈米的凹穴深度之選擇可用來系統地減少由摩擦所逸散的能量,相較於沒有微紋理化的相同表面,從15%至35%的範圍。
然後,經由設定最大接觸壓於較高值,即2.6 GPa,2.8 GPa,3 GPa,和3.2 GPa,繼續在有表面塗覆著未紋理化DLC的滾子,及具有表面塗覆著具有450奈米深度紋理化的DLC的滾子之間的比較檢驗。
於壓力保持固定在2.6 GPa的第一檢驗中,參考滾子的經塗覆但未紋理化的表面立即因DLC沉積的脫層接著相對表面的膠著而破壞。因而保留2.6 GPa的值作為能被沒有紋理化的參考表面耐住的最大接觸壓限值。
相比之下,具有塗覆表面且具有450奈米深的紋理化者以完全地相同條件所實施的檢驗都經完成而沒有損壞。
類似地,隨後使用此紋理化至450奈米深的滾子重複此檢驗三次,且進一步增加接觸壓,第一次保持固定於2.8 GPa,第二次3.0 GPa,且第三次3.2 GPa。
意外地,此具有最有利紋理化的滾子之摩擦表面於此系列檢驗結束時未受損壞,且可因此推斷出根據本發明最佳化的紋理化可用來明顯地增加表面耐受施加於其上的接觸壓之能力。
令人驚訝地,除了減少由摩擦散逸掉的能量之外,本發明因此可用來賦予表面更好的負載耐性,且因此實質地增加其使用壽命。
處理實施例3:經處理的物件為矩形且平坦的板,其量度為30毫米×18毫米,及8毫米厚度,係由X85WCrMoV6-5-4-2鋼所製。將此等物件以2微米厚的DLC沉積塗覆,其中洞(圓形微凹穴)係由飛秒雷射脈衝所產生。將該等表面以79微米直徑的洞之網路予以紋理化,具有125微米的間隔,如圖2中所示者。網路由逐列的膠印洞(offset holes)所組成,覆蓋整個摩擦表面。兩個板係根據此等說明予以紋理化,一個具有1200奈米深的微凹穴,另一個具有600奈米深的微凹穴。第三參考板係以完全相同的DLC沈積塗覆,但並未紋理化。所進行的兩種表面紋理化對接觸性能的影響可因此被抽離出來以與經塗覆而平滑的板相比較。
隨後使用此等板在一“圓柱/平面”機器上進行摩擦檢驗。此裝置用來使由X85WCrMoV6-5-4-2鋼所製,具有直徑35毫米外部摩擦軌,及8毫米寬的圓柱接觸前面段落所定義的板。此圓柱係繞其自身的軸旋轉。板係經牢固於一裝備上使其沿主維度方向經歷水平的前後來回移動。在該圓柱的外表面和該板的表面之間所建立的接觸線因此在經處理的平面表面上造成來回路程。一氣動圓柱用來施加一標準負載於支撐該板的裝備上,且因此在運動中的板與圓柱之間產生高接觸壓。接觸中的兩個固體係包封於一填充10W40機油,經加熱並控制溫度的槽內。
經由從1000 rpm至100 rpm逐增量地降低圓柱的旋轉速度(分別給予在2米/秒與0.2米/秒之間的滑動速度),依次地以不同的施加於接觸之固定力,亦即40 daN,80 daN,120 daN,然後160 daN,而實施所述檢驗。此速度降低因此用來減低在相對表面之間的油膜厚度,且促進在彈性流體動力潤滑體系與混合體系之間的轉變。
對於所檢驗且保持固定於160 daN(產生700 MPa的最大接觸壓)之標準負載,所得摩擦測量繪於圖4中。
意外地,與圖4中三個摩擦曲線比較之下,觀察到根據本發明經最佳化的紋理化,且有利地具有600奈米的深度“d”,在此可用來系統地減少測量到的摩擦係數。當潤滑條件為最嚴苛時,由摩擦散逸的能量減少在此達到至高達30%。
根據本發明表面紋理化的應用可用來將彈性流體動力學體系與混合體系之間的轉變以朝向更嚴苛的操作條件偏移。
此摩擦上的減少再次經由調整維度,且特別者,微凹穴的深度“d”而獲得,該深度必須有利地為潤滑劑膜厚度的0.1與10倍之間。
由此三個實施例闡明的本發明之優點從說明中清楚地呈現,且特定言之,其經強調並經回想為其:-在明確界定的操作條件中經由有利於轉變到彈性流體動力潤滑體系而明顯地減少摩擦係數;-於所處理的表面破壞之前增加該表面可允許的最大接觸壓;-經由在所製備圖案的兩個週期之間限制薄片,及經由移除凹穴中磨損的顆粒,來限制對沉積物的損壞;-藉由限制機械物件的磨損,增加彼等的耐久性。
本發明在有關重度負載摩擦物件(接觸壓高於0.2 MPa,高於0.5 MPa,高於0.8 MPa)的彈性流體動力學體系內之潤滑方面具有特別有利的應用,特別是在汽車領域且更特別地在製造引擎組件,特別是休閒或競賽車輛領域中的搖桿例如槓桿或挺桿。
本發明也在有關重度負載的動力傳輸摩擦物件之彈性流體動力體系內的潤滑方面具有有利應用,特別係用於齒輪齒的處理,特別是休閒或競賽車輛的齒輪箱中所用者。
以下將配合後附圖式更詳細地討論本發明,其中:圖1為顯示由具有紋理化表面的圖案所提供增益之曲線圖;圖2顯示由洞的網路將表面紋理化之實施例;圖3顯示當最大接觸壓維持於2.4 GPa時所得摩擦力測量;圖4顯示三摩擦曲線,顯示出微紋理化對摩擦層級的影響。
Claims (16)
- 一種在接觸壓高於200MPa下工作之經潤滑介質裡的摩擦物件,其具有經紋理化並在紋理化之前或之後接受一為摩擦學功能的表面硬化處理(case hardening treatment)的表面,其特徵在於該表面具有週期性微米凹穴網路,該等凹穴具有介於5與500微米之間的主要長度,週期係小於接觸寬度的一半,而該等凹穴的深度係小於或等於3微米,以促進過渡到彈性流體動力學摩擦體系。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項的物件,其中該等微米凹穴包含洞及/或溝槽。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項的物件,其中該等凹穴的深度係小於或等於1微米。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項的物件,其中該週期性凹穴網路係經由飛秒雷射脈衝機削方法所得。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項的物件,其中該週期性凹穴網路係經由微機削所得。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項的物件,其中該週期性凹穴網路係經由表面的塑性變形所得。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項的物件,其中該週期性凹穴網路係經由化學侵蝕或電侵蝕所得。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項的物件,其中該週期性凹穴網路係經由離子束機削法所得。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項的物件,其中該表面硬化 處理係由沉積非晶質碳(DLC)薄層所得。
- 一種根據申請專利範圍第1至9項中任一項之物件的用途,係用於汽車領域的引擎和齒輪箱。
- 根據申請專利範圍第10項之用途,其係用於進行在搖桿組件上的處理。
- 根據申請專利範圍第11項之用途,其中該搖桿組件為槓桿型或挺桿型者。
- 根據申請專利範圍第10項之用途,其係用於進行在動力傳輸組件上的處理。
- 根據申請專利範圍第13項之用途,其中該動力傳輸組件為齒輪齒。
- 根據申請專利範圍第10至14項中任一項之用途,其係用於對於在全部或部分操作期間受到高於0.5GPa的最大接觸壓之物件,藉有利地使用具有小於1微米深度的微凹穴進行處理。
- 根據申請專利範圍第10至14項中任一項之用途,其係用於對於在全部或部分操作期間受到高於0.8GPa的最大接觸壓之物件,藉有利地使用具有小於1微米深度的微凹穴進行處理。
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JP5956104B2 (ja) | 2016-07-20 |
US8859078B2 (en) | 2014-10-14 |
WO2008047062A2 (fr) | 2008-04-24 |
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JP2010507056A (ja) | 2010-03-04 |
EP2097208B1 (fr) | 2012-09-26 |
CN101573206B (zh) | 2013-11-20 |
KR20090086522A (ko) | 2009-08-13 |
MX2009003947A (es) | 2009-07-16 |
CA2668288C (fr) | 2014-11-25 |
EP2097208A2 (fr) | 2009-09-09 |
ES2393559T3 (es) | 2012-12-26 |
US20100024592A1 (en) | 2010-02-04 |
KR101403743B1 (ko) | 2014-06-30 |
BRPI0717129B1 (pt) | 2018-06-26 |
SI2097208T1 (sl) | 2013-02-28 |
WO2008047062A3 (fr) | 2008-06-05 |
JP2015148344A (ja) | 2015-08-20 |
CN101573206A (zh) | 2009-11-04 |
RU2009118947A (ru) | 2010-11-27 |
FR2907356A1 (fr) | 2008-04-25 |
FR2907356B1 (fr) | 2009-05-22 |
MY149379A (en) | 2013-08-30 |
TW200838693A (en) | 2008-10-01 |
CA2668288A1 (fr) | 2008-04-24 |
PL2097208T3 (pl) | 2013-02-28 |
BRPI0717129A2 (pt) | 2013-10-08 |
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