TWI386396B - 阿朴芬化合物與含羧基藥劑之醫藥可接受鹽類及其製備方法 - Google Patents
阿朴芬化合物與含羧基藥劑之醫藥可接受鹽類及其製備方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI386396B TWI386396B TW098120081A TW98120081A TWI386396B TW I386396 B TWI386396 B TW I386396B TW 098120081 A TW098120081 A TW 098120081A TW 98120081 A TW98120081 A TW 98120081A TW I386396 B TWI386396 B TW I386396B
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- acid
- alkyl
- pharmaceutically acceptable
- hydrogen
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- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical class [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 title claims description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 28
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 title description 55
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- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 41
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Description
本發明是有關一些阿朴芬(aporphine)化合物新穎鹽類及其製備方法,特別是阿朴芬化合物與含羧基藥劑之醫藥可接受鹽類及其製備方法。
許多試驗動物的研究及臨床資料提供證據證明增加活性氧化物(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的產生會造成心血管疾病(包括動脈粥樣化)之發展及進展。尤其是,文獻也證明氧化異常(oxidative stress)能造成動脈粥樣化之不同進程(Chen J et al.,Indian Heart J 2004;56:163-173
)。動脈粥狀硬化是指,於動脈內壁上沉積脂肪堆積物,即所謂垢(plaque)。動脈可攜帶氧及血液到心臟、腦及身體其他部分。當垢堆積在動脈內時,動脈漸漸狹窄並且能夠造成阻塞。當動脈變得愈來愈狹窄,能夠流通之血液則愈來愈少。
氧化異常是指活性氧化物(ROS)的物化、化學、生化及毒理行為。氧化異常於動脈粥狀硬化的病變產生及其併發症扮演一個重要角色。氧化異常部分是透過活性氧化物而導致細胞損傷。於整個動脈粥樣化過程中,已確認有氧化異常的現象。於動脈粥樣化進行過程中,發炎細胞連同其他動脈粥狀硬化垢的組成會釋放大量活性氧化物(ROS),進而加速動脈粥狀硬化。一般而言,增加活性氧化物的產生可能影響四個導致發生動脈粥狀硬化的基本機制:內皮細胞功能缺失,血管平滑肌細胞增生,單核球移入及低密度脂蛋白之氧化(Alexander RW,Hypertension 1995 Feb;25(2):155-61;Berliner JA et al.,Free Radic Biol Med 1996;20:707-727)
。許多研究認為,相較於原有未經改變的低密度脂蛋白,經活性氧化物所氧化改變的低密度脂蛋白是一種較強的動脈粥狀硬化之致病中介物(Heinecke JW.,Atherosclerosis 1998;141:1-15)
。內皮細胞功能缺失之重要特性是無法合成、釋放及活化內皮產生之一氧化氮(NO)。一氧化氮合成脢(NOS)會將精胺酸(Arginine)轉換成一氧化氮,該分子會抵抗垢塊之形成、血管痙攣及不正常之凝集。一些研究證明內皮的一氧化氮可抑制導致動脈粥樣化產生之一些過程。舉例而言,其促使血管放鬆及抑制血小板凝集、血管平滑肌細胞增生及內皮與白血球之互相作用。過氧化陰離子(superoxide anion)使一氧化氮失去活化後,會侷限一氧化氮之生體可用性並且導致對硝酸鹽產生耐受、血管收縮及高血壓及動脈粥狀硬化。據此,假如能產生並且維持一氧化氮,那麼將不會患有心血管疾病。假如能成功重新運作一氧化氮系統,那麼就能使心血管疾病穩定而不惡化。
活性氧化物和細胞內訊息相關。然而,當加強活性氧化物之生成時,生理運作就會失調。超氧化離子(O2 -
)和其他自由基可以和一氧化氮反應而引起內皮功能失調。超氧化離子與一氧化氮間之反應會促使過亞硝酸根(peroxynitrite)的產生。過亞硝酸根本身是一種強氧化劑,其能引起蛋白質、脂質和去氧核糖核酸(DNA)氧化。此外,活性氧化物會刺激血管平滑肌細胞肥大和增生。再者,當活性氧化物之濃度提高時,其可能會經由不同機制而啟動血管前發炎狀態(pro-inflammatory state)之發展。該前發炎狀態可能是經由降低一氧化氮濃度或血管收縮素II-依賴途徑(Angiotension-II-dependent pathways),遂而活化還原氧化敏感性之轉譯因子(redox-sensitive transcription factors)而引起的,如核因子B(nuclear factor B)及白血球吸附分子、血管細胞吸附分子1(vascular cell adhesion molecule 1)。除此之外,動脈粥狀硬化之危險因子,如高血壓及高血脂,也是和活性氧化物之生成增加相關(Patterson C et al.,Circ.Res.2000;87(l2):l074-l076)
。
氧化異常改變許多內皮的功能。如習知技藝所知,氧化異常和許多疾病之發生相關,如心血管疾病,包括高膽固醇血症、動脈粥狀硬化、高血壓、糖尿病和心衰竭等(Cai H et al.,Circ Res.2000;87:840-844)
,以及缺血性腦疾病,包含缺血性腦栓塞、缺血性腦阻塞、低氧缺血性腦病變等。加州大學生理科學部門亦發佈報導:氧化異常於人類各種疾病的病因上扮演重要角色,其包括動脈粥狀硬化、糖尿病、高血壓、老化、失智症(Alzheimer's disease)、腎臟疾病及癌症(ROberts CK et al.,Life Sci.2009 Mar 9)
。另外,於腦缺血病理和其他疾病病因中,自由基機制及氧化-修復血液恒定與神經組織之干擾所扮演的角色也已被發表(Litvinenko IV et al.,Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova.2008;l08(6):37-42)
。
由於活性氧化物於許多疾病中扮演關鍵性之角色,故對於鑑定所涉及之酵素系統及發展降低氧化異常之策略倍感興趣。超氧化歧化酶類似物(superoxide dismutase)、硫醇(thiols)、黃嘌呤氧化酶(xanthine oxidase)及菸鹼胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸還原態(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced form,NAD(P)H)氧化脢抑制劑是一般研究最有興趣的,而基因治療之動物研究亦頗具前景,但目前仍處於早期研究階段。臨床試驗普遍使用的藥物中,已有證據顯示血管收縮素轉換脢抑制劑(angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors)及血管收縮素II第1型接受體阻斷劑(angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers)對氧化異常可展現有益的效用,且該效果更甚於其降血壓性質,而他汀類(statins),除了可改善脂質外,其亦可降低氧化異常(Hamilton CA et al.,Clinical Science 2004;106:219-234)
。
同時,也已研究一些阿朴芬衍生物對於氧化異常之作用。下文將介紹一些已知阿朴芬衍生物,例如沙立朴酚(thaliporphine)、海罌粟鹼(glaucine)、N-[2-(2-甲氧基苯氧基)乙基]去甲海罌粟鹼(N-[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]norglaucine)。
沙立朴酚(Thaliporphine)是一種阿朴芬衍生物,其為一種由五掌楠(Neolitsea konishii K)植物分離出來的酚類(phenolic)生物鹼(Teng CM et al.,Eur J Pharmacol.1993;233(1):7-12)
。沙立朴酚是一種具有負向變時性作用(chronotropic action)之正向肌肉收縮劑(inotropic agent)。該化合物具有抗心律不整之作用(Su MJ et al.,Eur.J.Pharmacol.1994;254:141-150
)。
在缺血或缺血-再灌流(I/R)時,一氧化氮(NO)可有效展現一些有益作用。沙立朴酚能增加一氧化氮濃度,並且對缺血或缺血-再灌流之老鼠產生心臟保護作用。當在缺血或缺血-再灌流之末期,沙立朴酚之治療可明顯增加一氧化氮,並且降低血液中乳酸去氫脢濃度。於缺血或缺血-再灌流期間,沙立朴酚所造成一氧化氮及乳酸去氫脢濃度之改變是與降低心室過速(ventricular tachycardia,VT)及心室顫動(ventricular fibrillation,VF)之發生及持續期有關。沙立朴酚作用是透過NO-依賴或NO-非依賴機制而降低缺血或缺血-再灌流所導致之心臟傷害。
沙立朴酚可作為減低內毒素所導致之循環衰竭及多重器官傷害的新穎藥劑,並且可能增加存活率。沙立朴酚之該些有益作用或許是由於其抑制腫瘤壞死因子α(Tumor necrosis factor alpha)、一氧化氮(NO)及超氧化離子(O2 -
)(Chiao CW et al.,Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol.2005;371(1):34-43
)。
海罌粟鹼(glaucine)之血管放鬆作用已被研究。海罌粟鹼有細胞內作用,並且亦可藉由阻斷電流-依賴性(voltage-dependent)的及接受器-操縱(receptor-operated)的鈣離子通道而對細胞膜產生作用(Loza I,Planta Med.1993;59(3):229-231
)。已對一系列之天然及合成來源之苄基異喹啉類(benzylisoquinolines)的清除活性性質及降鐵活性之性質進行研究。波爾定鹼(Boldine)及海罌粟鹼在透過Fe3+
-EDTA+H2
O2
(Fenton’s reagent)的去氧核醣降解反應中係作為氫氧基之清除劑(Ubeda A et al.,Free Radic Biol Med.1993;15(2):159-167
)。
用正常Wistar大白鼠、鏈脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)-誘發糖尿病(IDDM,胰島素-依賴性糖尿病)老鼠及菸鹼胺-STZ誘發糖尿病(NIDDM,非胰島素-依賴性糖尿病)老鼠做研究,以研究一些阿朴芬化合物及其衍生物之降血糖作用。該些研究化合物包括沙立朴酚(thaliporphine)、海罌粟鹼(glaucine)、波爾定鹼(boldine)及其衍生物、N-[2-(2-甲氧基苯氧基)乙基]去甲海罌粟鹼(N-[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]norglaucine)及diacetyl-N-allylsecoboldine。沙立朴酚(Thaliporphine)可透過胰島素-依賴(insulin-dependent)及胰島素-非依賴(insulin-independent)機制,以展現抗高血糖作用。海罌粟鹼及波爾定鹼在STZ-糖尿病老鼠中具有較低效之降血糖作用,此兩化合物主要是透過胰島素-依賴機制來降低血糖。N-甲基六駁鹼(N-methyllaurotetanine)及原荷包牡丹鹼(predicentrine)則是透過胰島素-非依賴機制而產生降血糖作用(Chi TC et al.Planta Med.2006;72(13):1175-1180
)。
美國專利6,313,134號揭露沙立朴酚(thaliporphine)及其衍生物用於治療和/或預防心臟疾病,包括心律不整、心肌缺血或心肌梗塞、及心臟心律不整或急性心肌梗塞所引起之突然死亡。
美國專利7,057,044號提供一種阿朴芬(aporphine)及氧化阿朴芬(oxoaporphine)化合物,其具有維持或增加內皮一氧化氮合成脢(eNOS)之活性,且可用於製造一種醫藥品,以預防或治療人類及哺乳類之缺血性疾病,而該些缺血性疾病可包括缺血性大腦中風、缺血性腦栓塞、缺血性腦阻塞、低氧缺血性腦病變、缺血性心臟疾病或缺血性腸病變等等。
阿朴芬(Aporphine)及沙立朴酚(Thaliporphine)衍生物具有降血糖活性,阿朴芬及沙立朴酚衍生物可用於預防或治療人類及哺乳類之高血糖疾病。
除了阿朴芬衍生物外,一些已知之含羧基藥劑對氧化異常也有效用,揭露如下述:
他汀類透過PI3K/Akt(Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt)及Rho居間的訊號增加一氧化氮生體可用性。而後,於心肌缺血及再灌流時,一氧化氮可透過作用在冠狀血管及心肌細胞內之粒線體濃度,而達到細胞保護作用。增加一氧化氮生體可用性的血管作用包括減低血小板和白血球之吸附,及減低在冠狀微循環及冠狀血管擴張之堵塞。他汀類調節一氧化氮之產生也能透過粒線體的KATP
通道活化而發揮保護粒線體之作用。打開該些通道將遂使粒線體之膜去極化,並維持粒線體內質完整,且降低缺血及再灌流後粒腺體所產生的活性氧化物。他汀類所指之化合物包含氟伐他汀(fluvastatin)、普伐他汀(pravastatin)、阿托伐他汀(atorvastatin)、司伐他汀(cerivastatin)、瑞舒伐他汀(rosuvastatin)、匹伐他汀(pitavastatin)、洛伐他汀酸(lovastatin acid)以及辛伐他汀酸(simvastatin acid)為主要組成。
他汀類係透過抑制HMG-CoA(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA)還原酶來降低膽固醇合成,其被廣泛地用於治療高血脂之處方中,以降低動脈粥狀硬化併發症之危險。於治療冠狀心臟疾病中,大型臨床試驗已證實他汀類降低脂質之效益。然而,他汀類在血管功能方面另展現超越其降低脂質作用之效益。透過抑制L-甲羥戊酸(L-mevalonate)的合成,他汀類亦可避免類異戊二烯(isoprenoid)中間體之合成,包括法呢基焦磷酸(farnesylpyrophosphate)及四異戊二烯焦磷酸(geranylgeranylpyrophosphate)。異戊二烯化(isoprenylation)於各種蛋白質(包括small GTPases Rho、Rac及Ras)之轉譯後改變是重要的,因此其於細胞訊息扮演一個統合之角色。再者,他汀類在血管內皮之許多有益作用在於干擾異戊二烯化,其包括增加內皮一氧化氮合成脢之表現、血管增生之前期作用、增加纖維溶解活性、免疫調節及抗發炎作用,包括增加對補體之抗性(Mason JC.,Clinical Science 2003;105:251-266
)。
一氧化氮在維持正常的內皮功能中扮演重要的角色,且流體剪應力將引發一氧化氮的產生。內皮一氧化氮是一種血管擴張劑,其抑制平滑肌增生,血小板凝集,內皮吸附分子表現和白血球-內皮細胞的交互作用。他汀類藉由增加內皮性一氧化氮合成酶(eNOS)mRNA的半衰期,以增加內皮細胞(ECs)中局部一氧化氮產生的證明,是支持非脂質依賴作用新證據之基礎。於氧化性低密度脂蛋白存在下及低氧狀況下,他汀類保有增加內皮一氧化氮合成酶(eNOS)之能力。另外,他汀類更進一步透過抑制強力第一型血管收縮內皮素的表現,對內皮發揮有助益之作用。在體內與體外相關研究中,已證實一些不同的他汀類具有該些作用,包括辛伐他汀(simvastatin)、洛伐他汀(lovastatin),阿托伐他汀(atorvastatin)、普伐他汀(pravastatin)及氟伐他汀(fluvastatin)(Mason JC.,Clinical Science 2003;105:251-266
)。
動脈粥狀硬化導致內皮的一氧化氮/超氧亞硝酸根離子([NO]/[ONOO-
])平衡功能異常。他汀類藉由HO-1
/內皮一氧化氮合成酶[HO-1
/eNOS],修復[NO]/[ONOO-
]不平衡及降低脂質過氧化,顯示出抗動脈粥狀硬化之作用。
血管收縮素II接受體阻斷劑(ARBs)可用於治療高血壓,且其可能對於其他心臟疾病(例如中風、心臟病發作和鬱血性心臟衰竭)的治療也有所幫助,此外,其似乎對腎臟,特別是對於糖尿病患者的腎臟有助益。
高血壓是動脈粥樣化的重要危險因子。在許多高血壓患者上有腎素-血管收縮素系統(RAS)活化的現象。腎素-血管收縮素系統的活化伴隨血管收縮素II(Ang II)的形成,及隨後活化血管收縮素II(Ang II)接受體(主要為血管收縮素第一型接受器,AT1R),已經被認為和動脈粥樣化有關聯。血管收縮素II(Ang II)能藉著活化血管收縮素第一型接受器(AT1R),而在血管內皮細胞及血管平滑肌細胞中發揮多重的致動脈粥樣化(pro-atherogenic)作用。血管收縮素II(Ang II)會增加氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)的攝取,以及巨噬細胞中膽固醇的生物合成,進而誘使脂泡細胞的形成;血管收縮素II(Ang II)增加血凝素樣氧化低密度脂蛋白受體-1(lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1,LOX-1)基因及增加培養的人類冠狀動脈內皮細胞之蛋白質表現,並且加強氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)之有害作用,此兩者均是透過血管收縮素第一型接受器(AT1R)之活化。血管收縮素II(Ang II)會誘導人類冠狀動脈內皮細胞之凋亡。
血管收縮素II接受體阻斷劑(ARBs)所指之化合物包含氯沙坦(losartan)、纈沙坦(valsartan)、伊貝沙坦(irbesartan)、甘地沙坦(candesartan)、替米沙坦(telmisartan)及奧美沙坦(olmesartan)作為主要組成。纈沙坦(valsartan)、甘地沙坦(candesartan)及替米沙坦(telmisartan)含有一個羧酸側鏈。醫藥組合物中含有它們,且其用途可當作降血壓藥物及用於治療且/或預防中風、心臟病發作及充血性心衰竭及其他心臟疾病,如心臟心律不整、心肌缺血或心肌梗塞。
於導致氧化異常及產生心血管、腎臟疾病之病因中,血管收縮素II(Ang II)扮演一個重要之角色,而血管收縮素II接受體阻斷劑(ARBs)的有益機制是多重的(Shao J et al.,J Hypertens.2007;25(8):1643-1649.)
。
替米沙坦(Telmisartan)可降低細胞中過氧化氫所導致之氧化異常,其被認為是透過接受器-非依賴性(receptor-independent)之抗氧化作用。替米沙坦不會改變抗氧化脢(如催化脢或麩胱甘胺酸(glutathione)過氧化脢)之表現程度。替米沙坦至少部分係透過接受器-非依賴性之方式來達到抑制細胞內氧化異常之作用,其可能歸因於其親脂及抗氧化構造。
於糖尿病中,一些活性氧化物的酵素來源係內皮一氧化氮合成脢(eNOS)無法作用之潛在理由。替米沙坦抑制過氧化來源(如菸鹼胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADPH)氧化脢、粒腺體及黃嘌呤(xanthine)氧化脢)之活化。該些作用或許可以解釋替米沙坦對糖尿病內皮功能缺失之有益作用(Wenzel P et al.,Free Radic Biol Med.2008;45(5):619-626.)
。
於dahl鹽-敏感高血壓老鼠中,替米沙坦係透過過氧化體增殖物活化受體-γ-內皮一氧化氮合成脢(PPAR-γ-eNOS)途徑來發揮心臟保護機制(Kobayashi N et al.,Am J Hypertens.2008;21(5):576-581.)
。替米沙坦是過氧化體增殖物活化受體-γ(PPAR-gamma)之部分促效劑。替米沙坦心臟保護機制可能部分歸因於,改善與PPAR-γ-eNOS相關之內皮功能、氧化異常及Rho-激酶之途徑。
血管收縮素I
轉化脢抑制劑常用於治療心臟血管疾病,尤其是高血壓和充血性心衰竭,其亦經由抑制血管收縮素I轉變為血管收縮素II之機制,而產生許多其他的治療效果。
血管收縮素I
轉化脢抑制劑所指之化合物包含卡特普(captopril)、培哚普利(perindopril)、雷米普利(ramipril)、伊那普利(enalapril)、福辛普利(fosinopril)、奎納普利(quinapril)、利欣諾普(lisinopril)及貝那普利(benazepril)作為主要組成。含有它們之醫藥組合物可用於血壓控制、治療心衰竭及預防高血壓或糖尿病患者的腎臟損害,其亦對心臟病發之病人有益。
藉由阻斷血管收縮素II的形成以及避免血管舒緩激肽(bradykinin)的降解,血管收縮素轉化脢抑制劑可改善血管收縮和舒張間的平衡。於體外試驗中,動物及人體試驗研究中顯示,血管收縮素轉化脢抑制劑具有以下之性質:促進血管舒張、限制當缺血時之神經荷爾蒙活化及血管收縮、經由減低氧化異常而改善內皮功能、及延緩動脈粥狀硬化的發展。在早期試驗中發現,血管收縮素轉化脢抑制劑對於患有心衰竭和心室功能不全之患者,有降低心血管發病的效用。在一個包含6,105個患者的「PROGRESS」試驗中發現,以培哚普利(perindopril)為基礎治療可以降低再發性中風達到28%,且其實質降低腦血管疾病患之心臟病例。另一個包含9,297名患者的「HOPE」試驗中,以雷米普利(ramipril)治療具有高度心臟血管危險之患者,其可降低患者的心血管死亡、心肌梗塞和腦血管意外等危險達22%(Bertrand ME.,Curr Med Res Opin.2004;20(10):1559-69.
)。
卡特普(Captopril)具有免於同半胱胺酸(homocysteine)和脫脂磷酸脂膽鹼(lysophosphatidylcholine)導致血管內皮損傷之保護作用。在分離之大白鼠動脈中,卡特普(captopril)能夠避免同半胱胺酸(homocysteine)所導致之內皮-依賴性放鬆抑制作用,其可能是與清除氧自由基和增加一氧化氮產生有關(Fu YF et al.,J Cardiovasc Pharmacol.2003;42(4):566-572
)。
在大白鼠分離的動脈試驗中發現,同半胱胺酸硫內酯(homocysteine thiolactone)所引起內皮功能障礙的機轉可能包括:減少一氧化氮產生和增加氧自由基的產生,並且卡特普(captopril)可以修復同半胱胺酸硫內酯(homocysteine thiolactone)所引起的內皮-依賴性鬆弛抑制作用,其可能和清除氧自由基相關,且可能為硫氫-依賴性。(Liu YH et al.,J Cardiovasc Pharmacol.2007;50(2):155-161).
同半胱胺酸(homocysteine,Hcy)的形成是基因甲基化的基本過程,同半胱胺酸(homocysteine,Hcy)的累積會導致細胞內氧化異常上昇,降低粒腺體的硫氧還原蛋白及過氧還原蛋白,且增加菸鹼胺腺嘌呤二核酸(NADH)氧化酶的活性。
高同半胱胺酸血症(Hyperhomocysteinaemia)是造成動脈粥狀硬化之獨立危險因子,包括一般民眾之心血管疾病、腦血管疾病以及週邊血管疾病。動脈粥狀硬化之同半胱胺酸(homocysteine)理論,是在1969年由McCully最早提出,其觀察到具有同半胱胺酸尿及血中同半胱胺酸明顯升高之小孩(>100 μmol/L),會有嚴重的早發性動脈疾病。此後,許多臨床和流行病學研究也證明血漿中同半胱胺酸輕度到中度增加是血管疾病的危險因子。
同半胱胺酸對內皮功能之不利作用可能是源自於,氧化異常導致一氧化氮生成及其生體可用性降低。高同半胱胺酸血症(Hyperhomocysteinaemia)經由一連串機轉可能引發氧化異常。使用培養之內皮細胞之體外試驗已證實,同半胱胺酸的自氧化反應會形成活性氧化物,包括超氧化陰離子(superoxide anion)和過氧化氫(hydrogen peroxide),會增加脂肪的過氧化反應,且會破壞抗氧化劑麩胱甘胺酸過氧化酶(glutathione peroxidase)的產生。
具有低濃度的高密度脂蛋白膽固醇、高濃度三酸甘油脂或兩者均有之冠狀心臟疾病病人會增加心血管事件的危險。
酚補力酸衍生物能夠有效的降低三酸甘油脂,提升高密度脂蛋白膽固醇的濃度,但是,其於低密度脂蛋白膽固醇方面之作用是些微有益(稍微降低濃度)至些微有害(稍微增加濃度),且係依三酸甘油脂濃度而變化。酚補力酸(Fibric Acids)所指之化合物包含本札貝特(bezafibrate)、氯貝酸(clofibric acid)、非諾貝特酸(fenofibric acid)和吉非羅齊(gemfibrozil)作為主要組成。
本札貝特之腦梗塞預防(BIP)試驗是一個具有安慰劑-控制組的隨機試驗,此試驗係研究本札貝特(bezafibrate)對患有冠狀心臟疾病的男性及女性的作用(Circulation 2000;102:21-27
)。投予本札貝特(bezafibrate)治療後證明,其可明顯地降低三酸甘油脂和低密度脂蛋白的濃度,並降低纖維蛋白原,同時又可提升高密度脂蛋白濃度。當整個試驗完成後,結果顯示本札貝特(bezafibrate)對於致死或非致死的心肌梗塞和猝死可降低9%(p=0.26)。就整個實驗致死率和新診斷癌症之頻率而言,各組的情況都是相似的,其顯示出本札貝特(bezafibrate)對冠狀心臟疾病之成人是安全的,但是本札貝特(bezafibrate)對於主要冠狀動脈事件發生頻率的效用並不顯著。
雖然已有證據顯示高脂血及主要小密度低密度脂蛋白是和氧化異常提升相關,但並未詳盡研究具有高三酸甘油脂病人之氧化狀態。本札貝特(bezafibrate)能逆轉氧化抗性達到正常範圍。總結來說,實驗顯示出以下結果:(1)高三酸脂血症與體內氧化異常的正常化有關,且會加強脂蛋白對氧化之體外抗性。(2)本札貝特(bezafibrate)降低脂蛋白對銅-引發的氧化抗性,且會降低高三酸甘油脂患者的氧化異常增高(Arteriosclerisis,Thrombosis,and Vascular Biology.2000;20:2434-2440
)。
胰島素分泌之缺損是造成第二型糖尿病發生的重要因素。苯丙胺酸衍生物(meglitinide analogues,“meglitinides”)是一種口服抗糖尿病藥,其可增加胰臟的胰島素分泌。此類藥品的特性即是,其能產生快速但短暫胰島素輸出。苯丙胺酸衍生物(meglitinides)所指之化合物包含瑞格列奈(repaglinide)、那格列奈(nateglinide)及米格列奈(mitiglinide)作為主要組成,其中瑞格列奈(repaglinide)和那格列奈(nateglinide)是目前已使用於臨床上之兩個同類藥品(Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2007;18(2):CD004654
)。
苯丙胺酸衍生物(Glinides;meglitinides)係代表具有快速且短效作用特徵的化學異因性新型胰島素分泌促進劑,其作用是經由關閉ATP-依賴型的鉀離子通道。瑞格列奈(repaglinide)降低糖化血色素值(HbA1c)和常見的磺胺尿素類降血糖藥相當,但其更能降低飯後血糖值。那格列奈(nateglinide)的作用更為短效,而且對空腹血糖值幾乎沒作用。由幾個實驗數據指出,苯丙胺酸衍生物(glinides)能夠保存B-cell功能的時間較磺胺尿素降血糖劑長,且其改善餐後血糖值之作用能發揮長期保護心血管之效果(Diabetes Metab.2006;32(2):113-120
)。
動脈粥狀硬化是造成老年人死亡的主因。內皮功能缺失被認為是造成動脈粥樣化之關鍵早期因子。投予必需胺基酸可以改善老年人肱反應,並且也能經由提升血漿中游離內皮生長因子-1(IGF-1)的量而防止動脈粥狀硬化的進展(Manzella D et al.,Am J Hypertens.2005;18(6):858-863.
)。
該抗氧化補充劑,N-乙醯半胱氨酸(N-acetyl cysteine),係製造麩胱甘胺酸(glutathione)所需之含硫氨基酸,麩胱甘胺酸是人體所製造之天然抗氧化酶,其具有對抗自由基的活性。若沒有麩胱甘胺酸,將嚴重危及身體的免疫系統,且會缺乏對毒素和疾病的防禦力。
N-乙醯半胱氨酸可有效用於預防和/或治療癌症、重金屬中毒、吸菸者咳嗽、支氣管炎、心臟病、囊胞性纖維症、乙醯氨酚(acetaminophen)中毒以及敗血性休克。N-乙醯半胱氨酸的排毒作用也可經由保護身體免於氧化異常之傷害,而有助於強化規律運動之益處。
乙醯半胱氨酸是體內形成抗氧化劑麩胱甘胺酸(glutathione)之前驅物。其硫氫基提供抗氧化作用,並且能夠降低自由基。最近之研究認為,高劑量之N-乙醯半胱氨酸可提供免於造影劑腎病(contrast-induced nephropathy)之較佳保護,且N-乙醯半胱氨酸之抗氧化性質亦可提供心臟保護。缺血及再灌流之豬模式試驗顯示,增加N-乙醯半胱氨酸之造影劑可減低心肌梗塞大小,並且有保護腎臟功能。急性心肌梗塞後之栓塞溶解可能導致許多副作用(再灌流傷害),例如,心肌猝倒、心律不整及甚至心肌傷害及梗塞大小之擴大。一些最近之臨床研究已證明,當栓塞溶解時,靜脈輸注N-乙醯半胱氨酸可縮減心肌梗塞大小,並對左心室功能有較佳之保護,其可能歸因於N-乙醯半胱氨酸之抗氧化及自由基清除性質。
甲硫丁氨酸(Methionine)和半胱氨酸(cysteine)藉由肌纖維膜(sarcolemma)及肌漿質網(sarcoplasmic reticulum)膜磷脂質之N-甲基化而加強收縮力。甲硫丁氨酸(Methionine)和較小程度之半胱氨酸(cysteine)可透過作用於氧自由基而降低心肌之傷害(Pisarenko OI.,Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol.1996;23(8):627-633.
)。
氨基酸(如穀氨酸glutamate,天門冬酸aspartate)或酮酸(如丙酮酸pyruvic acid,2-酮戊二酸2-ketoglutaric acid)有心肌保護性質。富含親水性、基礎胺基酸、穀氨酸及天門冬酸或酮酸之心臟停搏液(cardioplegic solution)有加強心肌保護及加強左心室功能。某些氨基酸存在一些生化機制可能減低缺血或再灌流傷害。穀氨酸及天門冬酸在缺血時可能變為較好的心肌燃料。它們或許亦可降低心肌氨產生及降低細胞質的乳酸鹽濃度,因而可去除抑制醣解。一些氨基酸可變成檸檬酸循環之基質。穀氨酸及天門冬酸亦將還原當等價物(reducing equivalents)由細胞質移至粒腺體,其中,穀氨酸及天門冬酸係氧化磷酸化及產生能量所需之必要物質。於心肌梗塞中使用富含胺基酸之心臟停搏類液(cardioplegia-like solution)係有其基本理由的(Clin Cardiol.1998;2l(9):620-624
)。丙酮酸心臟停搏液可用於任何需使心臟停搏之手術中,尤其特別有用於心肺繞道手術。由於該些溶液主要是依賴丙酮酸於心臟停搏期間及心臟停搏後立即保護心臟免於傷害,故就目前心臟停搏液而言,其他添加劑就不是那麼必要,或甚至完全不需要其他添加劑(US Patent Appl.20030124503
)。牛磺酸(taurine,2-aminoethanesulphonic acid)為一種含硫磺之胺基酸,其可在大部分哺乳類組織中被發現。牛磺酸(taurine)可執行各種生理作用,包括保護免於缺血-再灌流之傷害,調整細胞內鈣離子濃度、抗氧化、抗粥狀硬化產生及降血壓作用。文獻報導一則有價值之實驗資訊及一些臨床證據,其中該報導認為牛磺酸(taurine)對於不同病因之心血管疾病係有益的(Exp Clin Cardiol.2008;13(2):57-65.
)。牛磺酸(taurine)可降低鐵-媒介之心肌氧化異常,保護心血管功能及改善鐵超量老鼠之存活率。於保護降低麩胱甘胺酸(glutathione)中,牛磺酸(taurine)提供一種降低氧化異常所導致之心肌損害的重要機制(Oudit GY et al.,Circulation.2004;109(15):1877-1885.
)。
左旋精氨酸(L-Arginine)是一氧化氮合成脢之基質,已知其在預防及治療心血管疾病中能夠產生令人肯定之作用。在一些認為氧代謝物會促使內皮及心肌損傷的情形下,包括粥狀動脈硬化及缺血/再灌流,左旋精氨酸(L-arginine)具有保護作用(Lass A et al.,Mol Pharmacol.2002;61:1081-1088.
)。一氧化氮(NO)在血液中扮演一種基本角色,其原因在於,其對於血管保護有不同之影響,包括已有完整報告之抗增生、抗發炎、抗栓塞及血管擴張作用。在許多血管疾病狀態中,由於內皮功能缺失(其部分是由於左旋精氨酸(L-arginine)可用率降低所導致的),故導致一氧化氮(NO)之生成降低。已有完整報告指出,基於左旋精氨酸(L-arginine)對一氧化氮-依賴及一氧化氮-非依賴機制之作用,補充左旋精氨酸(L-arginine)對於血管疾病病人係有益處的。左旋甲硫丁氨酸(L-methionine)和同半胱胺酸(homocysteine)及其對於一氧化氮(NO)之作用於體內亦扮演著具有影響力之角色(Huynh NN et al.,Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol.2006;33(1-2):1-8
)。
肌肽(carnosine)能夠顯著抑制缺血再灌流收縮之進展,並且於再灌流時可幫助恢復其收縮力。同時,可觀察到由肌細胞釋放之肌紅蛋白及核苷有減少的現象,這顯示肌肽(carnosine)有膜保護作用。在缺血時,肌肽(carnosine)及鵝肌肽(anserine)乙醯化衍生物對於心肌的保護與該些高含量化合物於心肌中優先局部化有關(Alabovsky VV et al.,Biochemistry(Mosc).1997;62(1):77-87.
)。
彙集之化學、生化、臨床和流行病學證據可支持該酚類(phenolic)抗氧化劑對氧化異常-導致疾病之化學保護作用。酚類(phenolic)抗氧化劑之藥理作用主要係源自於自由基清除及金屬螯合性質,以及於細胞傳遞訊息途徑及基因表現之作用(Soobrattee MA et al.,Mutat Res.2005;579(1-2):200-213.
)。
科學研究逐漸證實薑(Zingiber officinale Roscoe)的降血糖作用。特別是薑辣素類(gingerols),其為薑之主要成份,已知其能改善糖尿病,包括加強防護胰島素-敏感性。醛糖還原脢抑制劑(Aldose reductase inhibitors)對於治療糖尿病有相當之潛力,且不會增加低血糖之危險。分析薑中之醛糖還原脢抑制劑(Aldose reductase inhibitors)而分離出五種活性化合物。2-(4-羥基-3-甲氧基苯基)醋酸(2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanoic acid)是該些五種活性化合物中之含羧基酚類(phenolic)化合物,其為一種人類重組醛糖還原脢之優異抑制劑。該些結果顯示,飲食中補充薑或其含有醛糖還原脢抑制劑之抽取物,對於防止或改善糖尿病併發症是有貢獻的(Kato A et al.,J.Agric.Food Chem.2006;54(18):6640-6644.
)。
相較於維他命C,二乙基胺絡合物(Chromocarbe diethylamine)對於運動-誘發之氧化異常是較為有效的。於避免血液中麩胱甘胺酸(glutathione)氧化方面,二乙基胺絡合物(Chromocarbe diethylamine)較維他命C更為有效。再者,二乙基胺絡合物(Chromocarbe diethylamine)可部分避免肌肉損害。二乙基胺絡合物(Chromocarbe diethylamine)是避免運動-誘發血漿中脂質過氧化之最有效化合物(Pharmacol Toxicol.2001;89(5):255-258.)
。
本發明之目的是提供一種新穎之醫藥可接受化合物,即是一種阿朴芬衍生物和一種含羧基藥劑所構成之鹽類化合物,而該阿朴芬衍生物及含羧基藥劑對氧化異常具有效用。
為了達成此目的,本發明提供一種醫藥可接受化合物,其為如下式(I)所示之含鹼基化合物與一含羧基藥劑所形成之1:1鹽類化合物,
其中,每一R1
、R2
、R3
與R4
各自獨立為氫(hydrogen)、C1-6
烷基(alkyl)、或-C(O)R5
;R為氫、C1-6
烷基、-C(O)R5
、或經取代之C1-6
烷基,其取代基為:-C(O)OR6
、-C(O)NR6
R7
、-OR6
、-NR6
R7
、含有選自由N、O與S所組群組中至少一雜原子之C4-9
雜芳基(heteroaryl)、含有選自由N、O與S所組群組中至少一雜原子之C4-9
雜環基(heterocyclyl)、或未經取代或經選自由鹵素(halogen)、氫氧基(hydroxyl)、C1-6
烷氧基(alkoxy)及C1-6
烷基所組群組中至少一者所取代之C6-10
芳基(aryl);R5
為含有選自由N、O與S所組群組中至少一雜原子之C4-9
雜芳基、或經-NR6
R7
或含有選自由N、O與S所組群組中至少一雜原子之C4-9
雜環基所取代之C1-6
烷基;每一R6
與R7
各自獨立為氫、C1-6
烷基、含有選自由N、O與S所組群組中至少一雜原子之C4-9
雜芳基、含有選自由N、O與S所組群組中至少一雜原子之C4-9
雜環基、或未經取代或經選自由鹵素、氫氧基、C1-6
烷氧基及C1-6
烷基所組群組中至少一者所取代之C6-10
芳基;且該含羧基藥劑是選自由:他汀類(statin)、血管收縮素II接受體阻斷劑(angiotensin II receptor blocker)、血管收縮素I轉化脢抑制劑(angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor)、酚補力酸(fibric acid)、苯丙胺酸衍生物(meglitinide)及特殊酸(specific acid)所組成之群組。
據此,由於本發明之醫藥可接受化合物包括兩種活性物(即阿朴芬衍生物和含羧基藥劑),故本發明之醫藥可接受化合物可具有阿朴芬衍生物及含羧基藥劑之協同性藥理活性,以達到較佳之結合治療作用。
關於本發明之醫藥可接受化合物,由於阿朴芬衍生物為一種鹼,而含羧基藥劑為一種酸,因此阿朴芬衍生物和含羧基藥劑能夠互相反應而形成1:1之鹽類化合物(例如:阿朴芬化合物之他汀類鹽,阿朴芬化合物之血管收縮素II接受體阻斷劑鹽,阿朴芬化合物之血管收縮素I轉化脢抑制劑鹽,阿朴芬化合物之酚補力酸鹽,阿朴芬化合物之苯丙胺酸衍生物鹽),依據傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜(Fourier-Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR))、液相層析/質譜(LC/MS)及核磁共振(NMR)之分析試驗結果可知,其具有不同於單獨含羧基藥劑或單獨阿朴芬衍生物之獨特特性。此外,服用本發明之醫藥可接受化合物後,其可於體內轉回含羧基藥劑及該阿朴芬衍生物。
於式(I)中,較佳為,每一R1
、R2
、R3
與R4
各自獨立為氫或C1-6
烷基,且R為氫、C1-6
烷基、-C(O)R5
、或經-C(O)OR6
、-C(O)NR6
R7
、-OR6
或含有選自由N、O及S所組群組中至少一雜原子之C4-9
雜芳基所取代之C1-6
烷基。
於式(I)中,更佳為,每一R1
、R2
、R3
與R4
各自獨立為氫或C1-6
烷基,且R為氫、C1-6
烷基、-C(O)R5
或經-C(O)OR6
、-C(O)NR6
R7
、含有選自由N、O與S所組群組中至少一雜原子之C4-9
雜芳基、一個-OR6
、或氫氧基與-O-C6-10
芳基兩者所取代之C1-6
烷基,而該-O-C6-10
芳基係未經取代或經選自由鹵素、氫氧基、C1-6
烷氧基與C1-6
烷基所組群組中至少一者所取代。
於式(I)中,最佳為,每一R1
、R2
、R3
與R4
各自獨立為氫或C1-6
烷基,且R為氫、C1-6
烷基、-C(O)R5
或經-C(O)NR6
R7
、含有選自由N、O與S所組群組中至少一雜原子之C4-9
雜芳基、一個-OR6
、或氫氧基與-O-C6-10
芳基兩者所取代之C1-6
烷基,而該-O-C6-10
芳基係未經取代或經選自由鹵素、氫氧基、C1-6
烷氧基與C1-6
烷基所組群組中至少一者所取代者。於此,較佳為,R6
為含有選自由N、O與S所組群組中至少一雜原子之C4-9
雜芳基、含有選自由N、O與S所組群組中至少一雜原子之C4-9
雜環基、或未經取代或經選自由鹵素、氫氧基、C1-6
烷氧基與C1-6
烷基所組群組中至少一者所取代之C6-10
芳基,且R7
為氫。
於式(I)中,具體而言,R可為氫、C1-6
烷基、
式(I)之示例性化合物表示如下:
本發明內,“烷基”一詞係指直鏈或支鏈之碳氫基團(hydrocarbon),烷基之例子包括但不限於甲基(methyl)、乙基(ethyl)、正丙基(n
-propyl)、異丙基(i
-propyl)、正丁基(n
-butyl)、異丁基(i
-butyl)與第三丁基(t
-butyl)。
本發明內,“芳基”一詞係指六個碳的單環、十個碳的雙環芳香環系統,其中每個環可能有1至4個取代基,芳基之例子包括但不限於苯基(phenyl)與萘基(naphthyl)。
本發明內,“烷氧基”一詞係指-O-烷基,烷氧基之例子包括但不限於甲氧基(methoxy)、乙氧基(ethoxy)、正丙氧基(n-propoxy)、異丙氧基(isopropoxy)、正丁氧基(n-butoxy)、異丁氧基(iso-butoxy)、第二丁氧基(sec-butoxy)與第三丁氧基(tert-butoxy)。
本發明內,“雜芳基”一詞係指含有至少一芳香環之環狀碳氫基團(單環或雙環),而該芳香環含有至少一雜原子(如氧、氮或硫等)作為環狀系統的一部分,而其餘者為碳原子。雜芳基之例子包括但不限於呋喃基(furyl)、吡咯基(pyrrolyl)、噻吩基(thienyl)、噁唑基(oxazolyl)、咪唑基(imidazolyl)、噻唑基(thiazolyl)、吡啶基(pyridinyl)、嘧啶基(pyrimidinyl)、苯并咪唑基(benzimidazolyl)、苯并噻唑基(benzothiazolyl)、香豆素基(coumarinyl)、喹唑啉基(quinazolinyl)與吲哚基(indolyl)。本發明內,“雜環基”一詞係指含有至少一個雜環原子(例如氧、氮或硫等)之非芳香環,雜環基之例子包括但不限於哌啶基(piperidinyl)、哌嗪基(piperazinyl)、吡咯烷基(pyrrolidinyl)、二氧雜環己基(dioxanyl)、嗎啉基(morpholinyl)與四氫呋喃基(tetrahydrofuranyl)。
於本發明之醫藥可接受化合物中,較佳為,他汀類(statins)係選自由氟伐他汀(fluvastatin)、普伐他汀(pravastatin)、阿托伐他汀(atorvastatin)、司伐他汀(cerivastatin)、瑞舒伐他汀(rosuvastatin)、匹伐他汀(pitavastatin)、洛伐他汀酸(lovastatin acid)以及辛伐他汀酸(simvastatin acid)所組成之群組。於本發明之前,尚未有任何有關阿朴芬化合物之他汀類鹽的文獻報導。阿朴芬化合物之他汀類鹽可展現協同性藥理活性。他汀類能夠增加內皮一氧化氮合成脢在血管內皮之表現,阿朴芬化合物則能夠抑制脂質過氧化脢,執行自由基清除活性及保護血管平滑肌細胞。協同作用中源自阿朴芬化合物的部分為脂質過氧化脢抑制、自由基清除活性及血管平滑肌細胞保護;而源自他汀類之另一部分為降血脂作用、抗氧化作用、血管保護及增加內皮一氧化氮合成脢之表現。據此,阿朴芬化合物之他汀類鹽具有避免動脈粥狀硬化之進展、保護心血管與預防及治療冠狀心臟疾病事件之較佳結合性治療效果。
於本發明之醫藥可接受化合物中,較佳為,血管收縮素II接受體阻斷劑係選自由纈沙坦(valsartan)、甘地沙坦(candesartan)及替米沙坦(telmisartan)所組成之群組。於本發明之前,尚未有任何關於阿朴芬化合物之血管收縮素II接受體阻斷劑(ARB)鹽之文獻報導。該阿朴芬化合物之血管收縮素II接受體阻斷劑鹽可展現協同性藥理活性。血管收縮素II接受體阻斷劑能夠減低氧化異常及改善血管功能。阿朴芬化合物能夠抑制脂質過氧化脢,執行自由基清除活性及保護血管平滑肌細胞。協同作用中源自阿朴芬化合物的部分為脂質過氧化脢抑制、自由基清除活性及血管平滑肌細胞保護;而源自血管收縮素II接受體阻斷劑之另一部分為抗氧化作用、降血壓作用、氧化異常抑制作用、內皮一氧化氮合成脢加強作用及血管功能改善。據此,阿朴芬化合物之血管收縮素II接受體阻斷劑鹽具有避免動脈粥狀硬化之進展、保護心血管保護與預防及治療冠狀心臟疾病事件之較佳結合性治療效果。
於本發明之醫藥可接受化合物中,較佳為,血管收縮素I
轉化脢抑制劑係選自由卡特普(captopril),培哚普利(perindopril)、雷米普利(ramipril)、伊那普利(enalapril)、福辛普利(fosinopril)、奎納普利(quinapril)、利欣諾普(lisinopril)及貝那普利(benazepril)所組成之群組。於本發明之前,尚未有任何有關阿朴芬化合物之血管收縮素I轉化脢抑制劑鹽之文獻報導。該阿朴芬化合物之血管收縮素I轉化脢抑制劑鹽可展現協同性藥理活性。血管收縮素I
轉化脢抑制劑能夠保護免於同半胱胺酸所導致之血管內皮傷害及清除氧自由基。阿朴芬化合物能夠抑制脂質過氧化脢,執行自由基清除活性及保護血管平滑肌細胞。協同作用中源自阿朴芬化合物的部分為脂質過氧化脢抑制、自由基清除活性及血管平滑肌細胞保護;而源自血管收縮素I
轉化脢抑制劑的其他部分為抗氧化作用、降血壓作用、內皮一氧化氮合成脢加強作用、同半胱胺酸抑制作用及保護血管內皮免於傷害。據此,阿朴芬化合物之血管收縮素I轉化脢抑制劑鹽具有避免動脈粥狀硬化之進展、保護心血管保護與預防及治療冠狀心臟疾病事件之較佳結合性治療效果。
於本發明之醫藥可接受化合物中,較佳為,酚補力酸(fibric acid)係選自由本札貝特(bezafibrate)、氯貝酸(clofibric acid)、非諾貝特酸(fenofibric acid)和吉非羅齊(gemfibrozil)所組成之群組。於本發明之前,尚未有任何有關阿朴芬化合物之酚補力酸鹽之文獻報導。該阿朴芬化合物之酚補力酸鹽可展現協同性藥理活性。酚補力酸(Fibric acids)能夠有效降低三酸甘油脂及逆轉氧化異常。阿朴芬化合物能夠抑制脂質過氧化脢,執行自由基清除活性及保護血管平滑肌細胞。協同作用中源自阿朴芬化合物的部分為脂質過氧化脢抑制、自由基清除活性及血管平滑肌細胞保護;而源自酚補力酸(fibric acids)的另外部分為抗氧化作用、降三酸甘油脂作用、內皮一氧化氮合成脢加強作用及氧化異常抑制作用。據此,阿朴芬化合物之酚補力酸鹽具有避免動脈粥狀硬化之進展、保護心血管保護與預防及治療冠狀心臟疾病事件之較佳結合性治療效果。
於本發明之醫藥可接受化合物中,較佳為,苯丙胺酸衍生物(meglitinide)係選自由瑞格列奈(repaglinide)、那格列奈(nateglinide)及米格列奈(mitiglinide)所組成之群組。於本發明之前,尚未有任何關於阿朴芬化合物之苯丙胺酸衍生物鹽之文獻報導。該阿朴芬化合物之苯丙胺酸衍生物鹽可展現協同性藥理活性。苯丙胺酸衍生物能夠改善飯後血糖值。阿朴芬化合物也能夠發揮降血糖作用。協同作用中源自阿朴芬化合物的部分為脂質過氧化脢抑制、自由基清除活性及血管平滑肌細胞保護;而源自苯丙胺酸衍生物(meglitinides)的其他部分為降血糖作用。據此,阿朴芬化合物之苯丙胺酸衍生物鹽具有預防或治療人類、哺乳類高血糖疾病及保護心血管之較佳結合性治療效果。
於本發明之醫藥可接受化合物中,較佳為,特殊酸係選自由胺基酸(amino acid)、酚酸(phenolic acid)、色烯卡(chromocarb)、奧紮格雷(ozagrel)、卡泊酸(capobenic acid)、丙酮酸(pyruvic acid)、2-酮戊二酸(2-ketoglutaric acid)、磷酸肌酸(phosphocreatine)、硫辛酸(thioctic acid)、阿西莫司(acipimox)、安倍生坦(ambrisentan)、替羅非班(tirofiban)、氯吡多(clopidogrel)之活性代謝物、及噻氯匹定(ticlopidine)之活性代謝物所組成之群組。於此,該胺基酸係選自由半胱胺酸(cysteine)、乙醯半胱胺酸(acetyl cysteine)、硫代脯氨酸(thioproline)、肌肽(carnosine)、肉鹼(carnitine)、磷酸絲氨酸(phosphoserine)、硫普羅寧(tiopronin)、甲硫丁氨酸(methionine)、麩醯胺(glutamine)、麩胱甘胺酸(glutathione)、5-磷酸吡哆醛(pyridoxal 5-phosphate)、菸鹼酸(nicotinic acid)、2-酮戊二酸單精氨酸(mono-arginine oxoglurate)、牛磺酸(taurine)及乳清酸(orotic acid)所組成之群組,而該酚酸(phenolic acid)係選自由乙醯柳酸(acetyl salicylic acid)、雙水楊酸酯(salsalate)、咖啡酸(caffeic acid)、阿魏酸(ferulic acid)、對羥基苯乙酸(p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid)、4-羥基-3-甲氧基苯乙酸(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid)、對香豆酸(ap-coumaric acid)及芥子酸(sinapic acid)所組成之群組。對於阿朴芬化合物之特殊酸鹽而言,協同作用中源自阿朴芬化合物的部分為脂質過氧化脢抑制,自由基清除活性及血管平滑肌細胞保護;而源自特殊酸的部分為抗氧化作用及內皮一氧化氮合成脢加強作用。據此,阿朴芬化合物之特殊酸鹽具有保護心肌與預防及治療心肌保護及冠狀心臟疾病事件之較佳結合性治療效果。
因此,該些新穎的阿朴芬化合物鹽類可用於治療且/或預防高血糖疾病和一些氧化異常相關疾病(如冠狀動脈疾病、神經退化疾病),且可降低膽固醇,亦可展現其他治療功用,包含治療且/或預防心臟疾病,包括心律不整、心肌缺血或心肌梗塞、及心律不整或急性心肌梗塞所引起之突然死亡及心血管疾病之治療,特別是高血壓及充血性心衰竭,並且可預防冠狀動脈粥狀硬化之進展,及治療且/或預防缺血疾病,特別是缺血性腦中風、缺血性腦栓塞、缺血性腦阻塞、低氧缺血性腦病變、缺血性心臟疾病或缺血性腸病變。
在本發明,該醫藥可接受化合物能夠以任何適當之途徑投藥,包括經鼻給藥、局部給藥、直腸給藥、口含給藥、口服給藥或注射給藥。該醫藥可接受化合物可以是液體或固體提供局部、口服或注射給藥,劑型可為錠劑、膠囊及小丸(也可用腸衣包覆)、粉末、顆粒、小粒(pellets)、乳化溶液、懸浮劑、糖漿、酏劑、軟膏、乳膏、注射形式或微脂體。
本發明更提供一種上述醫藥可接受化合物之製備方法,其包括以下步驟:將式(I)之含鹼基化合物(以自由鹼型式或鹽類型態)和含羧基藥劑(以自由酸型式或鹽類型態)溶於第一溶媒中,以形成溶液;及將第一溶媒自該溶液移除或混合該溶液與第二溶媒,以獲得該醫藥可接受化合物。
於本發明醫藥可接受化合物之製備方法中,第一溶劑可為對於式(I)之含鹼基化合物及含羧基藥劑具良好溶解度之任何溶劑,例如水、C1-8
直鏈或支鏈醇類、丙酮(acetone)、甲基乙基酮(methyl ethyl ketone)、甲基異丁基酮(methyl isobutyl ketone)、二氯甲烷(dichloromethane)、乙醚(diethyl ether)、二異丙醚(diisopropyl ether)、二甲基亞碸(dimethyl sulfoxide)、二甲基甲醯胺(N,N’-dimethylformamide)、二甲基乙醯胺(N,N’-dimethylacetamide)與上述溶劑之任意組合。此外,第二溶劑可為能與第一溶劑互溶並可使該醫藥可接受化合物沉澱之任意溶劑,例如乙腈(acetonitrile)、乙醇(ethanol)、丙酮、甲基乙基酮、二氯甲烷、乙醚、二異丙醚或上述的組合。
於本發明醫藥可接受化合物之製備方法中,可藉由任何用於移除溶劑之習知方法來移除混合物中之溶劑。移除溶劑的較佳方法包括但不限於:藉由自然蒸發、真空濃縮或氮氣乾燥來濃縮與結晶。
本發明更提供另一種製備上述醫藥可接受化合物的方法,包括下列步驟:混合式(I)之含鹼基化合物(為自由鹼形式或鹽類型態)與含羧基藥劑(為游離鹼或鹽類形態),以形成混合物;及利用物理-機械性方法,粉碎混合物,以形成該醫藥可接受化合物。在此,該物理-機械性方法舉例為,以研缽與研杵來研磨粉碎混合物。
此外,所獲得之醫藥可接受化合物可進一步藉由將該鹽類溶於適當的溶劑中,並藉由自然蒸發、真空濃縮或氮氣乾燥進行濃縮與再結晶的方式來進行純化。
本發明亦提供一種醫藥劑型,其包括上述醫藥可接受化合物及醫藥可接受之載體。該醫藥劑型適合用於經鼻給藥、經皮膚給藥、經直腸給藥、口服治療或注射給藥。
該些醫藥可接受之鹽類化合物可用於製備治療且/或預防高血糖疾病及治療且/或預防心臟疾病之藥物,包括心律不整、心肌缺血或心肌梗塞、及心律不整或急性心肌梗塞所引起之突然死亡,或用於製備預防或治療缺血性疾病之藥物,而該缺血性疾病可包括缺血性腦中風、缺血性腦栓塞、缺血性腦阻塞、低氧缺血性腦病變、缺血性心臟疾病或缺血性腸病變等等。
本發明範疇亦包括一種治療氧化異常所導致之疾病的方法,其係投予一有效劑量之上述醫藥可接受化合物予一所需個體。
藉由以下詳細描述及隨附圖式,可使本發明之其它目的、優點及新穎特徵更加清楚明白。
於本發明中,可藉由下述方式形成該醫藥可接受鹽類:(1)使酸(即含羧基藥劑)與鹼(即阿朴芬化合物)進行反應;及(2)利用溶劑溶解-移除或碎化方法,來提高鹽類形成之過程。該醫藥可接受鹽類可立即進行過濾與簡單乾燥,如果必要的話,可將該鹽類重新溶於適合溶劑中,再利用乾燥法移除溶劑,或將所形成的溶液與另一溶劑混合,以沉澱該醫藥可接受化合物,進而完成簡單的再純化步驟。
舉例而言,該些醫藥可接受鹽類可依據下列步驟來製備。
於圓底燒瓶中加入阿朴芬化合物、所選取的含羧基藥劑與適當的溶劑系統,再以磁石攪拌器攪拌。於特定溫度下,攪拌反應混合物達特定期間,直到完全溶解。所得溶液經由減壓蒸餾濃縮,或與另一個適合溶劑混合,以得到預期阿朴芬-羧酸鹽類化合物。
另外,關於該些醫藥可接受鹽類中之阿朴芬化合物,有些阿朴芬衍生物是已知的,如沙立朴酚(thaliporphine)、去甲海罌粟鹼(norglaucine)、N-[2-(2-甲氧基苯氧基)乙基]去甲海罌粟鹼(N-[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]norglaucine),而有些阿朴芬衍生物則為新穎的且無法經由商業上提供(例如上述提及之示例性化合物1-7
)。因此,本發明提供新穎阿朴芬衍生物的製備方法。
美國專利4,202,980號已揭露去甲沙立朴酚(Northaliporphine),而美國專利4,120,964號則揭露去甲海罌粟鹼(norglaucine)。可使用波爾定鹼(boldine)、沙立朴酚(thaliporphine)、海罌粟鹼(glaucine)、新木薑子鹼(laurolitsine)作為起始物,以製備如通式(I)所示之阿朴芬衍生物。波爾定鹼可由市面上購得,沙立朴酚與海罌粟鹼可根據美國專利6,313,134 B1號來合成,去甲海罌粟鹼、去甲沙立朴酚與新木薑子鹼則可根據美國專利7,294,715 B2號合成。
阿朴芬衍生物之製備步驟可包含醯化(acylation)或烷基化(alkylation)反應。這些不同之阿朴芬衍生物可藉由不同方法來完成(例如,利用醯基鹵化物、酸酐(acyl anhydride)或混合酸酐進行醯化反應;從適當的烷基化試劑進行烷基化反應;從適當的醛類進行還原性胺化反應;從適當的亞胺類進行氫化反應)。利用上述之製備過程可合成通式(I)化合物。
因此,上述該些示例性化合物1-7
可分別由下列反應流程1-7
合成獲得。
下述實例僅為說明用,其並不因此侷限本發明之範疇。合理的技藝變化可涵蓋於此且不背離本發明之範疇。
取去甲沙立朴酚(380 mg,1.16 mmol)、甲醇(MeOH,10 mL)與2-[(2-甲氧基-苯氧基)甲基]環氧乙烷(2-[(2-methoxy-phenox)-methyl]oxirane,167 mg,0.92 mmol)置於50 mL圓底瓶中並於70℃持續攪拌16小時。再將混合物濃縮至乾燥,利用層析法分離純化殘餘物(矽膠:70-230 mesh 30 g,移動相:2%甲醇/二氯甲烷,v/v),即可得到化合物1
,Rf
為0,15(2%甲醇/二氯甲烷,v/v)。物理數據如下所述:mp:63-68℃.(二氯甲烷);IR(KBr)ν max
:3500,2931,1605,1506,1464,1253,1112 cm-1
;1
H NMR(CDCl3
,500 MHz):δ8.00(s,1H),6.98-6.88(m,4H),6.75 and 6.73(s,1H),6.53(s,1H),6.12(brs,1H),4.24-4.07(m,3H),3.90(s,3H),3.88(s,3H),3.85(s,3H),3.79(s,3H),3.39-2.53(m,9H);EIMS(70 eV):m/z
(%)507[M]+
,339(100).
取去甲沙立朴酚(260 mg,0.794 mmol)、甲醇(10 mL)與2-氯-N-(2,6-二甲基-苯基)乙醯胺(2-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)acetamide,187 mg,0.946 mmol)置於50 mL雙頸圓底瓶中,再滴入三乙胺(Et3
N,0.5 mL,3.55 mmol)於混合溶液,隨後加熱至60℃持續攪拌2天。將混合物濃縮至乾燥,利用水(50 mL)與二氯甲烷(50 mL×3)萃取殘餘物並收集有機層。有機層以無水硫酸鎂(MgSO4
)乾燥除水然後過濾,再將濾液濃縮至乾燥。利用層析法分離純化殘餘物(矽膠:70-230 mesh 30 g,移動相:2%甲醇/二氯甲烷,v/v),即可得到化合物2
,Rf
為0.58(2%甲醇/二氯甲烷,v/v)。物理數據如下所述:mp:205-207℃.(CH2
Cl2
);IR(KBr)ν max
:3312,2945,1663,1604,1511,1477,1258,1087 cm-1
;1
H NMR(CDCl3
,500 MHz):δ8.99(s,1H),8.02(s,1H),7.10(s,3H),6.76(s,1H),6.56(s,1H),6.12(s,1H),3.91(s,9H),3.77-3.11(m,5H),2.98-2.86(m,2H),2.75-2.69(m,2H),2.25(s,6H);EIMS(70 eV):m/z
(%)488[M]+
,326(100).
取去甲海罌粟鹼(300 mg,0.88 mmol)、無水硫酸鎂(1 g)、甲醇(7 mL)、2-噻吩甲醛(2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde,0.14 mL,1.5 mmol)與醋酸(AcOH,0.5 mL,8.88 mmol)置於100 mL雙頸圓底瓶,於室溫下均勻攪拌。反應1小時後加入氰硼氫化鈉(NaBH3
CN,100 mg,1.58 mmol)於混合溶液中,其後加熱至70℃持續攪拌4小時。將混合物濃縮至乾燥,利用水(50 mL)與二氯甲烷(50 mL×2)萃取殘餘物並收集有機層。有機層以無水硫酸鎂乾燥除水然後過濾,再將濾液濃縮至乾燥。利用層析法分離純化殘餘物(矽膠:230-400 mesh 30 g,移動相:乙酸乙酯/正己烷=1/2,v/v),即可得到化合物3
,Rf
為0.77(乙酸乙酯/正己烷=1/1,v/v)。物理數據如下所述:mp:143-148℃.(CH2
Cl2
);IR(KBr)ν max
:2958,1578,1514,1466,1110 cm-1
;1
H NMR(CDCl3
,400 MHz):δ8.05(s,1H),7.22-7.20(m,1H),6.96-6.95(m,2H),6.77(s,1H),6.57(s,1H),4.35(d,J
=14.6 Hz,1H),3.92(s,3H),3.88(s,3H),3.86(s,3H),3.85(d,J
=14.6 Hz,1H),3.62(s,3H),3.36-3.33(m,1H),3.15-3.09(m,2H),3.05-3.02(m,1H),2.71-2.60(m,2H),2.51-2.44(m,1H);EIMS(70 eV):m/z
(%)437[M]+
,97(100).
取2-胺基吡啶(2-Aminopyridine,2 g,21.3 mmol)、氯乙醯氯(chloroacetyl chloride,2.5 mL,31.4 mmol)與三乙胺(4.4 mL,31.8 mmol)溶解於二氯甲烷中(CH2
Cl2
,100 mL),將此混合物於室溫下均勻攪拌17小時後,以10%(w/v)碳酸氫鈉(NaHCO3
)水溶液萃取。有機層以無水硫酸鎂乾燥除水然後過濾,再將濾液濃縮至乾燥。利用層析法分離純化殘餘物(沖提液為二氯甲烷),得到2-(氯乙醯基)醯胺吡啶(2-(chloroacetyl)amidopyridine,2.46 g,68%)。
取去甲海罌粟鹼(0.3 g,0.88 mmol)、2-(氯乙醯基)醯胺吡啶(2-(chloroacetyl)amidopyridine,0.15g,0.88 mmol)、碳酸鉀(K2
CO3
,0.3 g,1.8 mmol)於乙腈(CH3
CN,7 mL)溶劑中加熱至80℃,並持續攪拌16小時。將混合物濃縮至乾燥,利用水(50 mL)與二氯甲烷(50 mL×2)萃取殘餘物並收集有機層。有機層以無水硫酸鎂乾燥除水然後過濾,再將濾液濃縮至乾燥。利用層析法分離純化殘餘物(矽膠:230-400 mesh 30 g,移動相:乙酸乙酯/正己烷=1/1,v/v),即可得到化合物4
,Rf
為0.75(100%乙酸乙酯)。物理數據如下所述:mp:43-46℃.(CH2
Cl2
);IR(KBr)ν max
:3300,2933,1693,1578,1513,1434,1257,1091 cm-1
;1
H NMR(CDCl3
,400 MHz):δ9.87(s,1H),8.29-8.24(m,2H),8.04(s,1H),7.73-7.69(m,1H),7.04-7.01(m,1H),6.70(s,1H),6.61(s,1H),3.89(s,3H),3.87(s,6H),3.63(s,3H),3.61(d,J
=17.2 Hz,1H),3.46-3,42(m,1H),3.30-3.23(m,2H),3.13-3.08(m,1H),2.92-2.68(m,4H);ESI-MS(30 V):m/z
(%)476[M+H]+
(100).
取去甲海罌粟鹼(500 mg,1.47 mmol)、氯乙醯氯(0.35 mL,4.4 mmol)與二氯甲烷(7 mL)置於100 mL圓底瓶中,再滴入0.6 mL三乙胺並於室溫下持續攪拌1小時。將反應溶液加入50 mL水混合攪拌,並以氨水調至pH 8.0,此混合液以二氯甲烷萃取兩次,並收集有機層。有機層以無水硫酸鎂乾燥除水,然後過濾,再將濾液濃縮至乾燥。利用層析法分離純化殘餘物(矽膠:230-400 mesh 30 g,移動相:乙酸乙酯/正己烷=1/1,v/v),即可得到氯乙醯胺A
(chloroacetamideA
),Rf
為0.46(乙酸乙酯/正己烷=1/1,v/v)。
取氯乙醯胺A
(300 mg,0.719 mmol)與哌啶(piperidine,0.5 mL)於乙腈(7 mL)溶劑中加熱至80℃持續攪拌16小時,以薄層色層分析(TLC)來監測其反應程度。將混合物濃縮至乾燥,利用水(50 mL)與二氯甲烷(50 mL×2)萃取殘餘物,並收集有機層。有機層以無水硫酸鎂乾燥除水然後過濾,再將濾液濃縮至乾燥。利用層析法分離純化殘餘物(矽膠:230-400 mesh 20g,移動相:乙酸乙酯/正己烷=1/1,v/v),即可得到化合物5
,Rf
為0.33(100%乙酸乙酯)。物理數據如下所述:mp:108-110℃.(CH2
Cl2
);IR(KBr)ν max
:2934,1640,1514,1451,1254,1102 cm-1
;1
H NMR(CDCl3
,400 MHz):δ8.12(s,1H),6.76(s,1H),6.62(s,1H),5.00-4.00(m,2H),3.89(s,3H),3.88(s,6H),3.65(s,3H),3.33-2.66(m,7H),2.43(m,4H),1.57-1.56(m,4H),1.42(m,2H);EIMS(70 eV):m/z
(%)466[M]+
,381(100).
將菸鹼酸(nicotinic acid,0.1 g,0.86 mmol)與亞硫醯氯(thionyl chloride,1.0 mL,12.4 mmol)加熱迴流1小時,減壓濃縮抽乾溶劑,得到灰白色固體後立刻進行下一步反應。
取去甲海罌粟鹼(0.2 g,0.58 mmol)與三乙胺(0.23 mL,1.56 mmol)溶解於乙腈(1 mL),將菸醯氯(nicotinoyl chloride)溶解於1 mL乙腈,於室溫下逐滴滴入上述混合溶液中,此混合物於室溫均勻攪拌1小時後減壓濃縮抽乾溶劑。利用水(10 mL)與二氯甲烷(10 mL)萃取殘餘物,減壓濃縮抽乾有機層。利用層析法分離純化殘餘物(矽膠:230-400 mesh 15 g,移動相:乙酸乙酯/正己烷=1/1,v/v),即可得到化合物6
,Rf
為0.3(100%乙酸乙酯)。物理數據如下所述:mp:178-181℃.(CH2
Cl2
);IR(KBr)ν max
:2947,1632,1514,1466,1265,1099 cm-1
;1
H NMR(CDCl3
,400 MHz):δ8.70(s,1H),8.67(brd,J
=4.1 Hz,1H),8.14(s,1H),7.78(brd,J
=7.7 Hz,1H),7.39-7.36(m,1H),6.78(s,1H),6.62(s,1H),3.90(s,6H),3.88(s,3H),3.66(s,3H),3.72-2.64(m,6H);EIMS(70 eV):m/z
(%)446[M]+
(100).
將菸鹼酸(865 mg,7 mmol)與亞硫醯氯(3.5 mL,48.5 mmol)加熱迴流1小時,減壓濃縮抽乾溶劑,得到灰白色固體後立刻進行下一步反應。
取波爾定鹼(1 g,3.1 mmol)、菸醯氯(1 g,7.1 mmol)、三乙胺(1.3 mL,9.3 mmol)與甲苯(toluene,12 mL)置於100 mL圓底瓶,其後將混合液加熱至80℃持續攪拌17小時,以薄層色層分析來監測其反應程度,過濾移除鹽類,將濾液濃縮至乾燥,再以水(75 mL)與二氯甲烷(75 mL×3)萃取殘餘物並收集有機層。有機層以無水硫酸鎂乾燥除水然後過濾,再將濾液濃縮至乾燥。利用層析法分離純化殘餘物(矽膠:230-400 mesh 50 g,移動相:甲醇/二氯甲烷=1/8,v/v),即可得到化合物7
,Rf
為0.58(甲醇/二氯甲烷=1/6,v/v)。物理數據如下所述:mp:110-113℃.(MeOH);IR(KBr)ν max
:2955,1744,1589,1421,1273,1096 cm-1
;1
H NMR(CD3
OD,400 MHz):δ9.25(d,J
=2.0 Hz,1H),9.19(d,J
=2.0 Hz,1H),8.77(dd,J
=5.1,1.4 Hz,1H),8.74(dd,J
=5.0,1.4 Hz,1H),8.53-8.50(m,1H),8.47-8.45(m,1H),8.05(s,1H),7.60-7.54(m,1H),7.14(s,1H),6.99(s,1H),3.73(s,3H),3.52(s,3H),2.50(s,3H),3.15-2.46(m,7H);ESI-MS(30 V):m
/z
(%)538[M+H]+
,106(100).
於下述實施例中,可藉由傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜儀(Fourier-Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy,FTIR)、液相層析/質譜(LC/MS)及核磁共振(NMR)之分析證實,由阿朴芬衍生物與含羧基藥劑所製備之鹽類化合物具有特別的物性與化性,其與原來單一的阿朴芬衍生物或單一的含羧基藥劑並不相同。
紅外線光譜長期來一直被用於化合物之評估。傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜儀已被用於鑑定與評估有機與無機材料或化合物。傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜儀可收集光譜數據,並將干涉圖譜轉換為光譜圖。此程式會刪除背景訊號,以藉由分子之“指紋”(fingerprint)來鑑定特定化合物分子。
電噴灑游離質譜法(Electro-spray Ionization Mass Spectroscopy,ESI-MS)可用於鑑定醫藥可接受鹽類之分子量與化學結構。
核磁共振儀(Nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)可提供液體與固體等化學系統中不同原子之種類、數量及排列等有用資料。
阿托伐他汀游離鹼(0.0741 g,0.217 mmol)與阿托伐他汀游離酸(0.1262 g,0.226 mmol)充分混合後加入甲醇(5 mL),再將其混合物攪拌至溶解。利用減壓或真空濃縮移除甲醇或以氮氣乾燥直到樣品完全乾燥為止,以得到沙立朴酚的阿托伐他汀鹽類。
IR(KBr)ν max
:3272,1602,1517,1465,1255,1112,1083 cm-1
分子量:341
IR(KBr)ν max
:3380,1717,1640,1508 cm-1
分子量:558
IR(KBr)ν max
:3402,2959,1663,1596,1510,1465,1253,1107 cm-1
分子量:899
ESI-MS(30V):m/z
(%)900[M+H]+
,342(100)
1
H NMR(CD3
OD,500 MHz):δ8.14(s,1H),7.29-7.28(m,2H),7.23-7.19(m,4H),7.13-7.00(m,8H),6.89(s,1H),6.67(s,1H),4.06-3.90(m,2H),3.88(s,3H),3.85(s,3H),3.83(s,3H),3.66-3.58(m,2H),3.39-3.35(m,2H),3.19-3.16(m,2H),2.99-2.93(m,1H),2.82-2.78(m,5H),2.65(t,J
=14.0 Hz,1H),2.35-2.24(m,2H),1.71-1.65(m,2H),1.53-1.48(m,2H),1.46(d,J
=7.0 Hz,6H).
沙立朴酚游離鹼(0.12 g,0.351 mmol)與替米沙坦游離酸(0.18 g,0.351 mmol)充分混合後加入甲醇(5 mL),再將其混合物攪拌至溶解。利用減壓或真空濃縮移除甲醇或以氮氣乾燥直到樣品完全乾燥為止,以得到沙立朴酚的替米沙坦鹽類。
IR(KBr)ν max
:3272,1602,1517,1465,1255,1112,1083 cm-1
分子量:341
IR(KBr)ν max
:3431,3059,2963,1696,1461,1267,742 cm-1
分子量:514
IR(KBr)ν max
:3392,2957,1601,1516,1461,1253,1106 cm-1
分子量:855
ESI-MS(30V):m/z
(%)856[M+H]+
,279(100)
1
H NMR(CD3
OD,500 MHz):δ8.12(s,1H),7.63(d,J
=6.5 Hz,2H),7.47-7.46(m,2H),7.40(t,J
=7.5 Hz,2H),7.29-7.22(m,6H),7.03(d,J
=7.0 Hz,2H),6.82(s,1H),6.60(s,1H),5.45-5.37(m,2H),3.84(s,3H),3.81(s,9H),3.69(s,3H),3.60-3.58(m,2H),3.17-2.95(m,5H),2.67(s,3H),2.51-2.45(m,2H),1.82-1.81(m,2H),1.02(t,J
=7.5 Hz,3H).
沙立朴酚游離鹼(0.1222 g,0.356 mmol)與卡特普游離酸(0.078 g,0.359 mmol)充分混合後加入甲醇(2 mL),再將其混合物攪拌至溶解。利用減壓或真空濃縮移除甲醇或以氮氣乾燥直到樣品完全乾燥為止,以得到沙立朴酚的卡特普鹽類。
IR(KBr)ν max
:3272,1602,1517,1465,1255,1112,1083 cm-1
分子量:341
IR(KBr)ν max
:2980,2566,1748,1589 cm-1
分子量:217
IR(KBr)ν max
:3421,2966,1607,1517,1464,1396,1255,1106 cm-1
分子量:558
ESI-MS(30V):m/z
(%)559[M+H]+
,342(100)
1
H NMR(CD3
OD,500 MHz):δ8.14(s,1H),6.90(s,1H),6.70(s,1H),4.39-4.36(m,1H),3.89(s,3H),3.86(s,3H),3.83(s,3H),3.69-3.53(m,4H),3.28-3.15(m,3H),2.94(s,3H),2.86-2.66(m,4H),2.44-2.33(m,1H),2.21-2.11(m,2H),2.01-1.91(m,2H),1.13(d,J
=7 Hz,3H).
N-[2-(2-甲氧基苯氧基)乙基]去甲海罌粟鹼游離鹼(0.128 g,0.26 mmol)與本札貝特游離酸(0.094 g,0.26 mmol)充分混合後加入甲醇(5 mL),再將其混合物攪拌至溶解。利用減壓或真空濃縮移除甲醇或以氮氣乾燥直到樣品完全乾燥為止,以得N-[2-(2-甲氧基苯氧基)乙基]去甲海罌粟鹼的本札貝特鹽類。
IR(KBr)ν max
:2933,1593,1506,1463,1253,1113,1095,1025 cm-1
分子量:491
IR(KBr)ν max
:3358,2886,1718,1610,1549,1147 cm-1
分子量:361
IR(KBr)ν max
:3402,2935,1595,1508,1465,1253,1110 cm-1
分子量:852
ESI-MS(30V):m/z
(%)853[M+H]+
,492(100)
1
H NMR(CD3
OD,500 MHz):δ8.00(s,1H),7.72(d,J
=7.5 Hz,2H),7.43(d,J
=7.5 Hz,2H),7.07(d,J
=8.0 Hz,2H),7.01(d,J
=8.0 Hz,1H),6.95-6.90(m,4H),6.82(d,J
=8.0 Hz,2H),6.77(s,1H),4.37-4.33(m,2H),3.86(s,6H),3.85(s,3H),3.70(s,3H),3.64(s,3H),3.51(t,J
=7.0 Hz,2H),3.49-2.87(m,8H),2.81(t,J
=7.0 Hz,2H),1.50(s,6H).
海罌粟鹼游離鹼(0.2 g,0.563 mmol)與瑞格列奈游離酸(0.255 g,0.563 mmol)充分混合後加入甲醇(5 mL),再將其混合物攪拌至溶解。利用減壓或真空濃縮移除甲醇或以氮氣乾燥直到樣品完全乾燥為止,以得到海罌粟鹼的瑞格列奈鹽類。
IR(KBr)ν max
:2962,1597,1516,1463,1251,1112,1091 cm-1
分子量:355
IR(KBr)ν max
:3308,2935,1687,1637,1217 cm-1
分子量:452
IR(KBr)ν max
:3292,2934,1653,1609,1516,1464,1110cm-1
分子量:807
ESI-MS(30V):m
/z
(%)808[M+H]+
,162(100)
1
H NMR(CD3
OD,500 MHz):δ7.92(s,1H),7.46(d,J
=7.7 Hz,1H),7.17(brd,J
=7.3 Hz,1H),7.10-7.03(m,2H),6.97-6.93(m,1H),6.85(s,2H),6.79(brd,J
=7.3 Hz,1H),6.68(s,1H),5.53-5.50(m,1H),3.93(q,J
=6.9 Hz,2H),3.79(s,3H),3.78(s,3H),3.77(s,3H),3.56(s,3H),3.45(s,2H),3.45-3.39(m,2H),3.12-3.08(m,2H),2.97(brm,2H),2.85-2.71(m,3H),2.69(s,3H),2.57(t,J
=13.8 Hz,2H),1.67(brm,2H),1.56-1.36(m,7H),1.27(t,J
=6.9 Hz,3H),0.87(d,J
=6.1 Hz,3H),0.85(d,J
=6.1 Hz,3H).
沙立朴酚游離鹼(0.1353 g,0.396 mmol)與乙醯半胱胺酸游離酸(0.0647 g,0.396 mmol)充分混合後加入甲醇(5 mL),再將其混合物攪拌至溶解。利用減壓或真空濃縮移除甲醇或以氮氣乾燥直到樣品完全乾燥為止,以得到沙立朴酚的乙醯半胱胺酸鹽類。
IR(KBr)ν max
:3272,1602,1517,1465,1255,1112,1083 cm-1
分子量:341
IR(KBr)ν max
:3374,2547,1718,1534cm-1
分子量:163
IR(KBr)ν max
:3381,2938,2558,1605,1480,1254,1105 cm-1
分子量:504
ESI-MS(30V):m/z
(%)505[M+H]+
,342(100)
1
H NMR(CD3
OD,500 MHz):δ8.14(s,1H),6.91(s,1H),6.71(s,1H),4.43(brs,1H),4.00-3.98(m,1H),3.89(s,3H),3.85(s,3H),3.83(s,3H),3.50-3.48(m,3H),3.18-3.15(m,2H),2.91(brs,3H),2.85-2.82(m,1H),2.79-2.76(m,2H),1.99(s,3H).
沙立朴酚游離鹼(0.1285 g,0.376 mmol)與色烯卡游離酸(0.0715 g,0.376 mmol)充分混合後加入甲醇(2 mL),再將其混合物攪拌至溶解。利用減壓或真空濃縮移除甲醇或以氮氣乾燥直到樣品完全乾燥為止,以得到沙立朴酚的色烯卡鹽類。
IR(KBr)ν max
:3272,1602,1517,1465,1255,1112,1083 cm-1
分子量:341
IR(KBr)ν max
:3080,1737,1631,1239 cm-1
分子量:190
IR(KBr)ν max
:3402,1632,1613,1518,1465,1254,1105 cm-1
分子量:531
ESI-MS(30V):m/z
(%)532[M+H]+
,342(100)
1
H NMR(CD3
OD,500 MHz):δ8.09(s,1H),8.07-8.05(m,1H),7.77-7.73(m,1H),7.62-7.61(m,1H),7.44-7.42(m,1H),6.90(s,1H),6.89(s,1H),6.68(s,1H),4.19-4.17(m,1H),3.87(s,3H),3.84(s,3H),3.82(s,3H),3.76-3.26(m,4H),3.12(s,3H),2.98-2.81(m,2H).
化合物1
游離鹼(0.050 g,0.099 mmol)與阿托伐他汀游離酸(0.055 g,0.099 mmol)充分混合後加入甲醇(5 mL),再將其混合物攪拌至溶解。利用減壓或真空濃縮移除甲醇或以氮氣乾燥直到樣品完全乾燥為止,以得到化合物1
的阿托伐他汀鹽類。
IR(KBr)ν max
:3500,2931,1605,1506,1464,1253,1112 cm-1
分子量:507
IR(KBr)ν max
:3380,1717,1640,1508 cm-1
分子量:558
IR(KBr)ν max
:3402,2936,1655,1595,1508,1438,1254,1106 cm-1
分子量:1065
ESI-MS(30V):m/z
(%)1066[M+H]+
,279(100)
1
H NMR(CD3
OD,400 MHz):δ8.04 and 8.03(s,1H),7.21-7.10(m,4H),7.05-6.88(m,14H),6.75 and 6.73(s,1H),6.59 and 6.57(s,1H),4.24-4.22(m,1H),4.00-3.72(m,7H),3.80(s,3H),3.74(s,9H),3.29-2.50(m,8H),2.24-2.20(m,2H),1.62-1.42(m,4H),1.38(d,J
=7.1 Hz,6H).
化合物1
游離鹼(0.040 g,0.079 mmol)與Bezafibrate游離酸(0.028 g,0.079 mmol)充分混合後加入甲醇(5 mL),再將其混合物攪拌至溶解。利用減壓或真空濃縮移除甲醇或以氮氣乾燥直到樣品完全乾燥為止,以得到化合物1
的本札貝特鹽類。
IR(KBr)ν max
:3500,2931,1605,1506,1464,1253,1112 cm-1
分子量:507
IR(KBr)ν max
:3358,2886,1718,1610,1549,1147 cm-1
分子量:361
IR(KBr)ν max
:3418,2938,1640,1596,1508,1465,1258,1106 cm-1
分子量:868
ESI-MS(30V):m/z
(%)869[M+H]+
,508(100)
1
H NMR(CD3
OD,400 MHz):δ8.03(s,1H),7.61(d,J
=6.7 Hz,2H),7.31(d,J
=6.7 Hz,2H),6.95-6.70(m,9H),6.60 and 6.58(s,1H),4.34-4.30(m,1H),4.03-3.93(m,3H),3.79-3.65(m,12H),3.41-2.65(m,12H),1.39(s,6H).
穩定性氮中心自由基1,1-二苯基-2-苦味胼(DPPH,濃度100 μM)之乙醇溶液和試驗化合物(濃度10-8
-10-4
M或1-100 μM)於94-孔盤中培育反應,然後在室溫避光的環境下徹底混合,30分鐘後,以光學測定儀在波長517 nm測定吸收值。抑制自由基DPPH之活性會導致吸收值降低。
圖1顯示試驗化合物1-2
在濃度大於約10-5
M時能展現清除DPPH自由基之活性。因此,由此可證實,化合物1-2
及其鹽類具有抑制自由基DPPH之活性。
圖2顯示沙立朴酚之阿托伐他汀鹽類相較於單獨阿托伐他汀及單獨沙立朴酚是能夠產生較有效之DPPH自由基清除活性。
圖3顯示沙立朴酚之替米沙坦鹽類相較於單獨替米沙坦及單獨沙立朴酚是能夠產生較有效之DPPH自由基清除活性。
圖4顯示沙立朴酚之卡特普鹽類相較於單獨卡特普及單獨沙立朴酚是能夠產生較有效之DPPH自由基清除活性。
圖5顯示沙立朴酚之本札貝特鹽類相較於單獨本札貝特及單獨沙立朴酚是能夠產生較有效之DPPH自由基清除活性。
圖6顯示沙立朴酚之那格列奈鹽類相較於單獨那格列奈及單獨沙立朴酚是能夠產生較有效之DPPH自由基清除活性。
圖7顯示沙立朴酚之乙醯半胱胺酸鹽類相較於單獨乙醯半胱胺酸及單獨沙立朴酚是能夠產生較有效之DPPH自由基清除活性。
圖8顯示沙立朴酚之雙水楊酸酯鹽類相較於單獨雙水楊酸酯及單獨沙立朴酚是能夠產生較有效之DPPH自由基清除活性。
所以,由此可證實,該些新穎之阿朴芬衍生物鹽類相較於單獨含羧基藥劑及單獨阿朴芬衍生是能夠產生較有效之DPPH自由基清除活性。
參考Tsuchiya等人所描述之方法(Methods Enzymol 1992;213:460-472)進行實驗,以評估試驗化合物清除親水性過氧化基之作用。於實驗中,過氧化物將和螢光物質反應,進而使觀得之螢光強度發生變化。所以,於加入試驗化合物後,可藉由測定螢光強度之變異,進而評估試驗化合物清除自由基之作用。
首先,在石英管中加入磷酸溶液(2 ml,pH 7.4),接著加入β-藻紅蛋白(β-phycoerythrin,5 nM),以增加相對螢光強度。5分鐘後,再加入2,2’-偶氮二(2-脒基丙烷)二鹽酸鹽(2,2’-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride,25 mM,AAPH)。接著,透過螢光光譜儀(Shimadzu RF-5301PC,Japan),於激發波長為540 nm而放射波長為570 nm之條件下,測量β-藻紅蛋白之螢光強度。然後,再加入試驗化合物(5×10-6
M,以觀察螢光強度之變異,並以0.1%二甲基亞碸(DMSO)當做控制組。
圖9顯示試驗化合物1-2
能夠保護β-藻紅蛋白免於過氧化基AAPH導致之傷害,進而延遲β-藻紅蛋白之螢光衰退。所以,由此可證實,化合物1-2
及其鹽類具有請除AAPH自由基之活性。
依據Gillespie及其共同合作者先前報告所述之方法(Gillespieet al.,
2007)進行自動分析,以評估試驗化合物之氧自由基吸收能力。該實驗是在37℃及pH為7.4的條件下進行,並以空白樣品作為對照。簡要而言,2,2’-偶氮二(2-脒基丙烷)二鹽酸鹽(2,2’-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride,AAPH)係作為過氧化劑。於96孔微盤定量之每個黑色微盤中,最後的反應混合物含有溶於75 mM磷酸緩衝液之螢光素(fluorescenin,0.06 μM)、AAPH(18.75 mM)及適當試驗物質(1 μM)。試驗物質係直接溶於DMSO中,並用75 mM磷酸鉀緩衝液(pH 7.4)稀釋,以進行分析。於加入AAPH後,藉由該分析儀,以紀錄螢光素之每分鐘螢光值。使用FLUOstar Galaxy分析儀(Roche Diagnostic System Inc.,Branchburg,NJ),讀取螢光測試值,其中所有螢光測試值係以相對於起始讀值(激發波長為485 nm,放射波長為530 nm)表示。原始資料從Fluostar Galaxy軟體輸出至Excel(Microsoft,Roselle,IL)表格,以進行進一步計算。所有反應混合物皆製備雙份,而每個樣品至少進行三次獨立分析(Gillespie,K.M.et al.,Nature Protocols 2007;2:867-870
)。
圖10顯示沙立朴酚之阿托伐他汀鹽相較於單獨之阿托伐他汀及單獨之沙立朴酚是能夠產生較有效之AAPH自由基清除活性。
圖11顯示沙立朴酚之卡特普鹽相較於單獨之卡特普及單獨之沙立朴酚是能夠產生較有效之AAPH自由基清除活性。
圖12顯示沙立朴酚之本札貝特鹽相較於單獨之本札貝特及單獨之沙立朴酚是能夠產生較有效之AAPH自由基清除活性。
圖13顯示沙立朴酚之那格列奈鹽相較於單獨之那格列奈及單獨之沙立朴酚是能夠產生較有效之AAPH自由基清除活性。
圖14顯示沙立朴酚之乙醯半胱胺酸鹽相較於單獨之乙醯半胱胺酸及單獨之沙立朴酚是能夠產生較有效之AAPH自由基清除活性。
圖15顯示沙立朴酚之雙水楊酸酯鹽相較於單獨之雙水楊酸酯及單獨之沙立朴酚是能夠產生較有效之AAPH自由基清除活性。
圖16顯示海罌粟鹼之奧紮格雷鹽相較於單獨之奧紮格雷及單獨之海罌粟鹼是能夠產生較有效之AAPH自由基清除活性。
因此,由此可證實,該些新穎阿朴芬衍生物鹽類相較於單獨含羧基藥劑及單獨阿朴芬衍生物能夠產生較有效之活性。
該定量分析乃是參考Biochem Biophys Res Commun.1986 Mar 28;135(3):1015-21
.之方法進行實驗,定量分析條件如下所述,且其結果顯示於表1。
(a)來源:Dunkin Hartley天竺鼠肝臟微粒體
(b)物質:多不飽和脂肪酸
(c)溶媒:1% DMSO
(d)前培育時間/溫度:15分鐘/37℃
(e)培育時間/溫度:20分鐘/37℃
(f)培育緩衝液:0.25 M磷酸鉀,pH 7.4,0.1 mM乙烯二胺四乙酸
(g)定量方法:丙二醛之光譜分析定量
表1之試驗結果證實,試驗化合物1-2
及其鹽類具有抑制脂質過氧化脢之活性。
將老鼠的平滑肌細胞(2x104
cells/mL×1 mL)定量種在24孔盤中,並且在含有10%胎牛血清(FBS)的Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium(DMEM)中培養達24小時,以達到細胞吸附。在細胞吸附後,將含有10%胎牛血清的DMEM medium置換為含有0.1%胎牛血清的新鮮DMEM medium,再做細胞培養48小時。
然後,將試驗化合物加入培養液中(最後濃度:0.1,1,10 μM)。在30分鐘後,加入H2
O2
(200 μM),並於培養器中進行反應達24小時。其後,於避光環境下,於每個孔中加入3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基)-2,5-二苯基四唑溴(MTT)(100 μL),並於37℃反應達3小時。移除浮在表層之液體,而後加入異丙醇(500 μL),再振搖10分鐘。靜置10分鐘後,將浮在表層之液體(200 μL)轉置於96孔盤中。最後,量測波長為540 nm(OD540)及630 nm(OD630)之吸收值(O.D.)。藉由該些測得之吸收值(OD540-OD630),可評估該些試驗化合物對細胞生長之作用,如圖3所示。
將不同濃度之過氧化氫及老鼠血管平滑肌細胞置於37℃培養器中反應24小時後,觀察過氧化氫引起之濃度-依賴性之胞毒性,結果顯示,過氧化氫濃度大於100 μM時會導致細胞死亡。
該些不同濃度之試驗化合物(化合物1
及2
)與老鼠血管平滑肌細胞反應30分鐘後,隨即加入過氧化氫(200 μM),以反應24小時。結果顯示,過氧化氫(200 μM)明顯引起細胞數目之下降(#P<0.05),而試驗化合物2
(10 μM)能稍微抑制過氧化氫所造成之血管平滑肌細胞傷害,試驗化合物1
(10 μM)則能夠明顯抑制過氧化氫所造成之血管平滑肌細胞傷害,進而增加細胞之存活率(**P<0.01),如圖17所示。
由試驗例1-4可證實,本發明所提供之醫藥可接受鹽類可有效抑制脂質過氧化脢,且具有清除自由基之活性,並可保護血管平滑肌細胞,因而可降低氧化異常。
雖然本發明已闡明其相關參考之較佳實例,但許多其他可能之修改及變動,仍可涵蓋而不背離以下申請專利範圍之發明範圍。
圖1顯示化合物1
及化合物2
的DPPH吸收值相對於濃度之圖示(-■-代表化合物1
,-○-代表化合物2
);圖2顯示沙立朴酚、阿托伐他汀及沙立朴酚之阿托伐他汀鹽類的DPPH吸收值相對於濃度之圖示(-●-代表沙立朴酚,-○-代表阿托伐他汀,-▼-代表沙立朴酚之阿托伐他汀鹽類);圖3顯示沙立朴酚、替米沙坦及沙立朴酚之替米沙坦鹽類的DPPH吸收值相對於濃度之圖示(-●-代表沙立朴酚,-○-代表替米沙坦,-▼-代表沙立朴酚之替米沙坦鹽類);圖4顯示沙立朴酚、卡特普及沙立朴酚之之卡特普鹽類的DPPH吸收值相對於濃度之圖示(-●-代表沙立朴酚,-○-代表卡特普,-▼-代表沙立朴酚之卡特普鹽類);圖5顯示沙立朴酚、本札貝特及沙立朴酚之本札貝特鹽類的DPPH吸收值相對於濃度之圖示(-●-代表沙立朴酚,-○-代表本札貝特,-▼-代表沙立朴酚之本札貝特鹽類);圖6顯示沙立朴酚、那格列奈及沙立朴酚之那格列奈鹽類的DPPH吸收值相對於濃度之圖示(-●-代表沙立朴酚,-○-代表那格列奈,-▼-代表沙立朴酚之那格列奈鹽類);圖7顯示沙立朴酚、乙醯半胱胺酸及沙立朴酚之乙醯半胱胺酸的DPPH吸收值相對於濃度之圖示(-●-代表沙立朴酚,-○-代表乙醯半胱胺酸,-▼-代表沙立朴酚之乙醯半胱胺酸鹽類);圖8顯示沙立朴酚、雙水楊酸酯及沙立朴酚之雙水楊酸酯鹽類的DPPH吸收值相對於濃度之圖示(-●-代表沙立朴酚,-○-代表雙水楊酸酯,-▼-代表沙立朴酚之雙水楊酸酯鹽類);圖9顯示β-藻紅蛋白之螢光衰退動力學圖示(-代表0.1% DMSO控制組,----代表濃度5×10-6
M之化合物1
,---代表濃度5×10-6
M之化合物2
);圖10顯示螢光素之螢光衰退動力學圖示(-代表0.1% DMSO控制組,…代表濃度10-6
M之沙立朴酚,---代表濃度10-6
M之阿托伐他,----代表濃度10-6
M之沙立朴酚之阿托伐他鹽類);圖11顯示螢光素之螢光衰退動力學圖示(-代表0.1% DMSO控制組,…代表濃度10-6
M之沙立朴酚,---代表濃度10-6
M之卡特普,----代表濃度10-6
M之沙立朴酚之卡特普鹽類);圖12顯示螢光素之螢光衰退動力學圖示(-代表0.1% DMSO控制組,…代表濃度10-6
M之沙立朴酚,---代表濃度10-6
M之本札貝特,----代表濃度10-6
M之沙立朴酚之本札貝特鹽類);圖13顯示螢光素之螢光衰退動力學圖示(-代表0.1% DMSO控制組,…代表濃度10-6
M之沙立朴酚,---代表濃度10-6
M之那格列奈,----代表濃度10-6
M之沙立朴酚之那格列奈鹽類);圖14顯示螢光素之螢光衰退動力學圖示(-代表0.1% DMSO控制組,…代表濃度10-6
M之沙立朴酚,---代表濃度10-6
M之乙醯半胱胺酸,----代表濃度10-6
M之沙立朴酚之乙醯半胱胺酸鹽類);圖15顯示螢光素之螢光衰退動力學圖示(-代表0.1% DMSO控制組,…代表濃度10-6
M之沙立朴酚,---代表濃度10-6
M之雙水楊酸酯,----代表濃度10-6
M之沙立朴酚之雙水楊酸酯鹽類);圖16顯示螢光素之螢光衰退動力學圖示(-代表0.1% DMSO控制組,…代表濃度10-6
M之海罌粟鹼,---代表濃度10-6
M之奧紮格雷,----代表濃度10-6
M之海罌粟鹼之奧紮格雷鹽類);圖17顯示化合物1
及化合物2
的細胞生存率相對於濃度之圖示(代表控制組,代表濃度200 μM之過氧化氫組,代表化合物1
+濃度200 μM過氧化氫組,代表化合物2
+濃度200 μM過氧化氫組)。
Claims (15)
- 一種醫藥可接受化合物,其為如下式(I)所示之含鹼基化合物與一含羧基藥劑所形成之1:1鹽類化合物,
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之醫藥可接受化合物,其中該他汀類係選自由氟伐他汀(fluvastatin)、普伐他汀(pravastatin)、阿托伐他汀(atorvastatin)、司伐他汀(cerivastatin)、瑞舒伐他汀(rosuvastatin)、匹伐他汀(pitavastatin)、洛伐他汀酸(lovastatin acid)以及辛伐他汀酸(simvastatin acid)所組成之群組;該血管收縮素II接受體阻斷劑係選自由纈沙坦(valsartan)、甘地沙坦(candesartan)及替米沙坦(telmisartan)所組成之群組;該血管收縮素I 轉化脢抑制劑係選自由卡特普(captopril)、培哚普利(perindopril)、雷米普利(ramipril)、伊那普利(enalapril)、福辛普利(fosinopril)、奎納普利(quinapril)、利欣諾普(lisinopril)及貝那普利(benazepril)所組成之群組;該酚補力酸係選自由本札貝特(bezafibrate)、氯貝酸(clofibric acid)、非諾貝特酸(fenofibric acid)及吉非羅齊(gemfibrozil)所組成之群組;且該苯丙胺酸衍生物係選自由瑞格列奈(repaglinide)、那格列奈(nateglinide)及米格列奈(mitiglinide)所組成之群組。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之醫藥可接受化合物,其中每一R1 、R2 、R3 與R4 各自獨立為氫或C1-6 烷基,且R為氫、C1-6 烷基、-C(O)R5 或經-C(O)OR6 、-C(O)NR6 R7 、-OR6 或含有選自由N、O及S所組群組中至少一雜原子之C4-9 雜芳基所取代之C1-6 烷基。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項所述之醫藥可接受化合物,其中R為氫、C1 -6 烷基、-C(O)R5 或經-C(O)OR6 、-C(O)NR6 R7 、含有選自由N、O與S所組群組中至少一雜原子之C4-9 雜芳基、一個-OR6 、或氫氧基與-O-C6-10 芳基兩者所取代之C1-6 烷基,而該-O-C6-10 芳基係未經取代或經選自由鹵素、氫氧基、C1-6 烷氧基及C1-6 烷基所組群組中至少一者所取代。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項所述之醫藥可接受化合物,其中R為氫、C1-6 烷基、-C(O)R5 、或經-C(O)NR6 R7 、含有選自由N、O與S所組群組中至少一雜原子之C4-9 雜芳基、一個-OR6 、或氫氧基與-O-C6-10 芳基兩者所取代之C1-6 烷基,而該-O-C6-10 芳基係未經取代或經選自由鹵素、氫氧基、C1-6 烷氧基及C1-6 烷基所組群組中至少一者所取代。
- 如申請專利範圍第5項所述之醫藥可接受化合物,其中R6 為含有選自由N、O與S所組群組中至少一雜原子之C4-9 雜芳基、含有選自由N、O與S所組群組中至少一雜原子之C4-9 雜環基、或未經取代或經選自由鹵素、氫氧基、C1-6 烷氧基及C1-6 烷基所組群組中至少一者所取代之C6-10 芳基,且R7 為氫。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項所述之醫藥可接受化合物,其中R為氫、C1-6 烷基、、
- 一種製備如申請專利範圍第1項所述之該醫藥可接受化合物的方法,包含:混合如申請專利範圍第1項所述之自由鹼基型態之該式(I)含鹼基化合物及自由酸基型態之該含羧基藥劑,以製成一混合物;及利用物理-機械性方法,粉碎該混合物,以製成如申請專利範圍第1項所述之該醫藥上可接受化合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第8項所述的方法,其中該他汀類係選自由氟伐他汀(fluvastatin)、普伐他汀(pravastatin)、阿托伐他汀(atorvastatin)、司伐他汀(cerivastatin)、瑞舒伐他汀(rosuvastatin)、匹伐他汀(pitavastatin)、洛伐他汀酸(lovastatin acid)以及辛伐他汀酸(simvastatin acid)所組成之群組;該血管收縮素II接受體阻斷劑係選自由纈沙坦(valsartan)、甘地沙坦(candesartan)及替米沙坦(telmisartan)所組成之群組;該血管收縮素I轉化脢抑制劑係選自由卡特普(captopril)、培哚普利(perindopril)、雷米普利 (ramipril)、伊那普利(enalapril)、福辛普利(fosinopril)、奎納普利(quinapril)、利欣諾普(lisinopril)及貝那普利(benazepril)所組成之群組;該酚補力酸係選自由本札貝特(bezafibrate)、氯貝酸(clofibric acid)、非諾貝特酸(fenofibric acid)和吉非羅齊(gemfibrozil)所組成之群組;且該苯丙胺酸衍生物係選自由瑞格列奈(repaglinide)、那格列奈(nateglinide)及米格列奈(mitiglinide)所組成之群組。
- 如申請專利範圍第8項所述的方法,其中每一R1 、R2 、R3 與R4 各自獨立為氫或C1-6 烷基,且R為氫、C1-6 烷基或經-C(O)NR6 R7 、含有選自由N、O及S所組群組中至少一雜原子之C4-9 雜芳基、一個-OR6 、或氫氧基與-O-C6-10 芳基兩者所取代之C1-6 烷基,而該-O-C6-10 芳基係未經取代或經選自由鹵素、氫氧基、C1-6 烷氧基及C1-6 烷基所組群組中至少一者所取代。
- 如申請專利範圍第10項所述的方法,其中R為氫、C1-6 烷基、、、
- 一種製備如申請專利範圍第1項所述之該醫藥可接受化合物的方法,包含:將如申請專利範圍第1項所述之自由鹼基型態的該式(I)含鹼基化合物與自由酸基型態之該含羧基藥劑溶於一第一溶媒中,以製成一溶液;及將該第一溶媒自該溶液移除,或將該溶液混合一第二溶媒,以獲得如申請專利範圍第1項所述之該醫藥上可接受化合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第12項所述的方法,其中該他汀類係選自由氟伐他汀(fluvastatin)、普伐他汀(pravastatin)、阿托伐他汀(atorvastatin)、司伐他汀(cerivastatin)、瑞舒伐他汀(rosuvastatin)、匹伐他汀(pitavastatin)、洛伐他汀酸(lovastatin acid)以及辛伐他汀酸(simvastatin acid)所組成之群組;該血管收縮素II接受體阻斷劑係選自由纈沙坦(valsartan)、甘地沙坦(candesartan)及替米沙坦(telmisartan)所組成之群組;該血管收縮素I轉化脢抑制劑係選自由卡特普(captopril)、培哚普利(perindopril)、雷米普利(ramipril)、伊那普利(enalapril)、福辛普利(fosinopril)、奎 納普利(quinapril)、利欣諾普(lisinopril)及貝那普利(benazepril)所組成之群組;該酚補力酸係選自由本札貝特(bezafibrate)、氯貝酸(clofibric acid)、非諾貝特酸(fenofibric acid)和吉非羅齊(gemfibrozil)所組成之群組;且該苯丙胺酸衍生物係選自由瑞格列奈(repaglinide)、那格列奈(nateglinide)及米格列奈(mitiglinide)所組成之群組。
- 如申請專利範圍第12項所述的方法,其中每一R1 、R2 、R3 與R4 各自獨立為氫或C1-6 烷基,且R為氫、C1-6 烷基、-C(O)R5 或經-C(O)NR6 R7 、含有選自由N、O及S所組群組中至少一雜原子之C4-9 雜芳基、一個-OR6 、或氫氧基與-O-C6-10 芳基兩者所取代之C1-6 烷基,而該-O-C6-10 芳基係未經取代或經選自由鹵素、氫氧基、C1-6 烷氧基及C1-6 烷基所組群組中至少一者所取代。
- 如申請專利範圍第14項所述的方法,其中R為氫、C1-6 烷基、、、
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GB1364318A (en) * | 1971-03-15 | 1974-08-21 | Bellon Labor Sa Roger | Laurotetanine derivatives |
DE2625116C2 (de) | 1976-06-04 | 1984-01-26 | Gödecke AG, 1000 Berlin | Verfahren zur Herstellung von 4-Hydroxy-aporphin-Derivaten |
DE2757281C3 (de) | 1977-12-22 | 1980-10-23 | Goedecke Ag, 1000 Berlin | Verfahren zur Herstellung von 1 -Hydroxy-Aporphinderivaten |
US20030124503A1 (en) * | 2001-12-28 | 2003-07-03 | Olivencia-Yurvati Albert H. | Pyruvate cardioplegia solutions for administration to the heart during cardiopulmonary surgery and methods of use thereof |
JP2006527699A (ja) * | 2003-06-19 | 2006-12-07 | 美時化学製薬股▲ふん▼有限公司 | アポルフィン、及び、ケトンアポルフィン化合物とその用途 |
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TWI225397B (en) * | 2000-05-04 | 2004-12-21 | Nat Science Council | Uses of thaliporphine or its derivatives in treatment of cardiac diseases and preparation of the same |
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US20090318489A1 (en) | 2009-12-24 |
US20090318488A1 (en) | 2009-12-24 |
TWI404536B (zh) | 2013-08-11 |
US8202995B2 (en) | 2012-06-19 |
US8093260B2 (en) | 2012-01-10 |
TW201004622A (en) | 2010-02-01 |
TW201004929A (en) | 2010-02-01 |
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