TW202313634A - 有機半導體化合物及包含其之有機光電元件 - Google Patents

有機半導體化合物及包含其之有機光電元件 Download PDF

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TW202313634A
TW202313634A TW111133944A TW111133944A TW202313634A TW 202313634 A TW202313634 A TW 202313634A TW 111133944 A TW111133944 A TW 111133944A TW 111133944 A TW111133944 A TW 111133944A TW 202313634 A TW202313634 A TW 202313634A
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substituted
alkyl
unsubstituted
electrode
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李威龍
蕭育堂
蔡佳樺
廖椿毅
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天光材料科技股份有限公司
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Abstract

本發明係關於一種有機半導體化合物及包含其之有機光電元件,該有機半導體化合物具有一新穎之化學結構設計,使得該化合物具有良好之紅外光範圍響應值,適用於有機光電元件,如OPD、OPV或OFET等,於使用時可提供更佳之吸光波長範圍和更好的光電響應值。

Description

有機半導體化合物及包含其之有機光電元件
本發明係關於一種化合物及其包含之光電元件,其特別係一種具有良好之物理化學性質,並可使用對環境友善之有機溶劑進行加工操作,提升其生產之便利性及降低對環境影響之有機半導體化合物,及其具有優異之紅外光範圍響應值與低暗電流密度之有機光電元件。
近年來,為了製造更通用、成本更低之電子元件,對於有機半導體化合物(Organic Semiconducting Compound)之需求日增,此一現象係因有機半導體化合物與傳統半導體材料相比,其吸光範圍廣、光吸收係數大且具有可調控結構,其吸光範圍、能階及溶解度皆可以依照目標需求做調整,另外有機材料在元件製作上具有低成本、可撓曲性、毒性較低及可大面積生產之優點,使有機光電材料在各個領域都具有良好之競爭性。此類化合物之應用範圍十分廣泛,包含有機場效應電晶體(Organic field-effect transistor,OFET)、有機發光二極體(Organic light-emitting diode,OLED)、有機光感測器(Organic photodetector,OPD)、有機光伏(Organic photovoltaic,OPV)電池、傳感器、存儲元件和邏輯電路之各種元件或組件中。其中有機半導體材料於上述應用之各元件或組件中,通常以薄層之形式存在,其厚度約為50 nm至1 μm。
有機光感測器(OPD)為近年新興之有機光電領域,此類裝置可偵測環境中之各種光源,並應用於如醫療照護、健康管理、智能駕駛、無人空拍機或數位化家庭等各種領域,因此依據應用領域的不同而有不同之材料需求,且由於使用有機材料,使裝置具備良好之可撓曲性。受益於現今材料科學之發展,OPD不僅可製成薄層,也可針對特定波長進行吸收;而目前市面上之產品依據光源不同,需要吸收之光線波段也各異,因此利用有機材料具有吸光範圍可調控性,能有效針對需要的波段進行吸收而達到降低干擾的效果,且有機材料的高消光係數也能有效的提高偵測效率。近年來OPD的發展從紫外線、可見光,逐漸發展至近紅外線(Near-infrared, NIR )。
其中,有機光感測器中之主動層材料係直接影響元件效能,因此扮演重要角色,而其材料可分為供體與受體兩部分。供體材料方面常見之材料包含有機聚合物、低聚物或小分子單元,現今以發展D-A型之共軛聚合物為主流,藉由其聚合物中多電子單元與缺電子單元間交互作用而形成之推—拉電子效應,可用來調控聚合物之能階與能隙;而搭配之受體材料通常為具有高導電度之富勒烯衍生物,其吸光範圍大約在400-600 nm,此外亦包含石墨烯、金屬氧化物或量子點等,或是近年來逐漸興起之非富勒烯有機化合物及其衍生物等。
在智能駕駛、無人空拍機領域中,為了避免訊號過強的可見光干擾,發展趨勢為採用NIR吸收波段;並且為了有更好的穿透度和長距離偵測性質,應用波長需超過1000 nm。因應逐漸提高之應用領域需求,所採用之光電元件需要有更高之響應度(Responsivity)和更低之暗電流密度(Dark Current Density, J d )。另外,對應各國環保法規要求和良好加工操作性的要求,材料製程中必須盡可能使用對環境友善之溶劑,利於溼式製程操作。現今具有相關潛力之有機半導體材料,有使用供體-受體架構之聚合物類型者,或是小分子類型者,僅在<1000 nm的吸光範圍有良好表現,而吸收範圍>1000 nm的材料其元件表現不彰。目前較具競爭力之聚合物型有機半導體材料,如J. Mater. Chem. C, 2020, 8, 10098-10103前案所揭示,即使可應用於大於1000 nm之範圍,但在700 nm波段有光電響應低落之問題而形成嚴重缺口,難以做到全波段皆有良好響應之效果。另外,由於本領域常用之P3HT聚合物分子容易形成堆疊,必須使用添加劑避免堆疊產生以降低所製備之有機光電元件之暗電流密度,但添加劑的使用會導致元件穩定度下降,影響有機光電元件之使用壽命。進一步而言,此類有機半導體材料在溼式加工所使用之溶劑主要為含鹵素之有機溶劑,對環境造成負面影響,因此,開發一種在紅外光具有更優異之光響應性能、更佳之電性表現、材料分子不易形成堆疊且不須使用含鹵素之有機溶劑進行操作之有機半導體化合物,係有其需求。
鑒於上述對於現今材料不足處之問題,本發明之目的為提供一種新的有機半導體化合物,特別是一種p型有機半導體化合物,其可克服來自先前技術之有機半導體化合物的缺點,及提供一或多個上述有利特性,特別是可藉由適合量產之方法來合成、具備包含大於1000 nm波長範圍之全波段光響應性能、具有良好的元件效率、以及在生產製程中分子不易形成堆疊、以及表現出良好之加工性和對環境友善之溶劑之良好溶解度,有利於使用溶液加工法大規模製造。
本發明之另一目的,為提供一種新的有機光電元件,其中該元件包含本發明之有機半導體化合物,具有寬廣波段之光響應性能,其範圍涵蓋紫外光-可見光-近紅外光、更低之暗電流密度、以及優異之偵測度。
為了達到上述之目的,本發明提供一種有機半導體化合物,以下式表示:
Figure 02_image001
其中, A 0為一拉電子基團;A 1、A 2為不同於A 0之相同或不同之拉電子基團;Ar 0、Ar 1、Ar 2、π0、π1、π2各自獨立為相同或不同之推電子基團;d、e、f為各自獨立之選自0到5的整數;以及a, b, c為實數且a+b+c=1,其中0 < a ≤ 1,0 < b ≤ 1,0 < c ≤ 1。
為了達到上述之另一目的,本發明進一步係關於一種有機光電元件,其係包含:一基板;一電極模組,其係設置於基板之上,該電極模組包含一第一電極和一第二電極;以及一主動層,設置於該第一電極和該第二電極之間,該主動層之材料係包含至少一種如本發明之有機化合物;其中該第一電極和該第二電極之至少一者為透明或半透明。
為使 貴審查委員對本發明之特徵及所達成之功效有更進一步之瞭解與認識,謹佐以實施例及配合說明,說明如後:
本發明之有機半導體化合物除了易於合成,並且在生產裝置之製程中表現出良好之加工性和對溶劑之良好溶解度,有利於使用溶液加工法大規模製造。
本發明之有機半導體化合物之製備可基於發明所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者已知且描述於文獻中的方法達成,將會進一步於實施例中說明。
本發明提供之有機半導體化合物,以下式表示:
Figure 02_image001
其中, A 0為一拉電子基團;A 1、A 2為不同於A 0之相同或不同之拉電子基團;Ar 0、Ar 1、Ar 2、π0、π1、π2各自獨立為相同或不同之推電子基團;d、e、f為各自獨立之選自0到5的整數;以及a, b, c為實數且a+b+c=1,其中0 < a ≤ 1,0 < b ≤ 1,0 < c ≤ 1。
本發明之有機半導體化合物,其中Ar 0、Ar 1、Ar 2、π0、π1、π2係分別選自由以下基團組成之群組:
Figure 02_image003
Figure 02_image005
Figure 02_image007
Figure 02_image009
Figure 02_image011
Figure 02_image013
Figure 02_image015
其中R 0-R 3係選自由以下基團組成之群組:氫原子、鹵素、氰基、C1~C30之直鏈烷基、C3~C30之支鏈烷基、C1~C30之矽烷基、C2~C30之酯基、C1~C30之烷氧基、C1~C30之烷硫基、C1~C30之鹵代烷基、C2~C30之烯烴、C2~C30之炔烴、C2~C30之經氰基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經硝基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經羥基取代之烷基、和C3~C30之經酮基取代之烷基、未經取代之芳香環、未經取代之雜環、未經取代之稠環、未經取代之稠雜環、經一個或多個R a取代之芳香環、經一個或多個R a取代之雜環、經一個或多個R a取代之稠環、和經一個或多個R a取代之稠雜環;以及R a為選自以下基團組成之群組:氫原子、鹵素、氰基、C1~C30的直鏈烷基、C3~C30的支鏈烷基、C1~C30的矽烷基、C2~C30之酯基、C1~C30之烷氧基、C1~C30之烷硫基、C1~C30之鹵代烷基、C2~C30之烯烴、C2~C30之炔烴、C2~C30之經氰基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經硝基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經羥基取代之烷基、和C3~C30之經酮基取代之烷基。
本發明之有機半導體化合物,其中A 0係選自由以下基團組成之群組:
Figure 02_image017
Figure 02_image019
其中Ar 3與Ar 4分別選自以下基團組成之群組:未經取代之芳香環、未經取代之雜環、未經取代之稠環、未經取代之稠雜環、經一個或多個R a取代之芳香環、經一個或多個R a取代之雜環、經一個或多個R a取代之稠環、和經一個或多個R a取代之稠雜環;Ar 5為選自以下基團組成之群組:氫原子、鹵素、氰基、C1~C30之直鏈烷基、C3~C30之支鏈烷基、C1~C30之矽烷基、C2~C30之酯基、C1~C30之烷氧基、C1~C30之烷硫基、C1~C30之鹵代烷基、C2~C30之烯烴、C2~C30之炔烴、C2~C30之經氰基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經硝基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經羥基取代之烷基、和C3~C30之經酮基取代之烷基、未經取代之芳香環、未經取代之雜環、未經取代之稠環、未經取代之稠雜環、經一個或多個R b取代之芳香環、經一個或多個R b取代之雜環、經一個或多個R b取代之稠環、和經一個或多個R b取代之稠雜環;R a和R b各別選自以下基團組成之群組:氫原子、鹵素、氰基、C1~C30之直鏈烷基、C3~C30之支鏈烷基、C1~C30之矽烷基、C2~C30之酯基、C1~C30之烷氧基、C1~C30之烷硫基、C1~C30之鹵代烷基、C2~C30之烯烴、C2~C30之炔烴、C2~C30之經氰基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經硝基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經羥基取代之烷基、和C3~C30之經酮基取代之烷基;以及g為選自1到8的正整數。
於本發明之該有機半導體化合物中,其中A 1係選自由以下基團組成之群組:
Figure 02_image021
Figure 02_image023
Figure 02_image025
Figure 02_image027
Figure 02_image029
Figure 02_image031
Figure 02_image033
其中R 4-R 6係選自由以下基團組成之群組:氫原子、鹵素、氰基、C1~C30之直鏈烷基、C3~C30之支鏈烷基、C1~C30之矽烷基、C2~C30之酯基、C1~C30之烷氧基、C1~C30之烷硫基、C1~C30之鹵代烷基、C2~C30之烯烴、C2~C30之炔烴、C2~C30之經氰基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經硝基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經羥基取代之烷基、和C3~C30之經酮基取代之烷基、未經取代之芳香環、未經取代之雜環、未經取代之稠環、未經取代之稠雜環、經一個或多個R a取代之芳香環、經一個或多個R a取代之雜環、經一個或多個R a取代之稠環、和經一個或多個R a取代之稠雜環;X係選自O、S、或Se;Ar 6與Ar 7分別選自以下基團組成之群組:未經取代之芳香環、未經取代之雜環、未經取代之稠環、未經取代之稠雜環、經一個或多個R a取代之芳香環、經一個或多個R a取代之雜環、經一個或多個R a取代之稠環、和經一個或多個R a取代之稠雜環;Ar 8為選自以下基團組成之群組:氫原子、鹵素、氰基、C1~C30之直鏈烷基、C3~C30之支鏈烷基、C1~C30之矽烷基、C2~C30之酯基、C1~C30之烷氧基、C1~C30之烷硫基、C1~C30之鹵代烷基、C2~C30之烯烴、C2~C30之炔烴、C2~C30之經氰基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經硝基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經羥基取代之烷基、和C3~C30之經酮基取代之烷基、未經取代之芳香環、未經取代之雜環、未經取代之稠環、未經取代之稠雜環、經一個或多個R b取代之芳香環、經一個或多個R b取代之雜環、經一個或多個R b取代之稠環、和經一個或多個R b取代之稠雜環;R a和R b各別選自以下基團組成之群組:氫原子、鹵素、氰基、C1~C30之直鏈烷基、C3~C30之支鏈烷基、C1~C30之矽烷基、C2~C30之酯基、C1~C30之烷氧基、C1~C30之烷硫基、C1~C30之鹵代烷基、C2~C30之烯烴、C2~C30之炔烴、C2~C30之經氰基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經硝基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經羥基取代之烷基、和C3~C30之經酮基取代之烷基;以及h為選自1到8的正整數。
於本發明之該有機半導體化合物中,其中A 2係選自由以下基團組成之群組:
Figure 02_image035
Figure 02_image037
Figure 02_image039
Figure 02_image041
Figure 02_image043
Figure 02_image045
Figure 02_image047
Figure 02_image049
Figure 02_image051
Figure 02_image053
其中R 7-R 14係選自由以下基團組成之群組:氫原子、鹵素、氰基、C1~C30之直鏈烷基、C3~C30之支鏈烷基、C1~C30之矽烷基、C2~C30之酯基、C1~C30之烷氧基、C1~C30之烷硫基、C1~C30之鹵代烷基、C2~C30之烯烴、C2~C30之炔烴、C2~C30之經氰基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經硝基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經羥基取代之烷基、和C3~C30之經酮基取代之烷基、未經取代之芳香環、未經取代之雜環、未經取代之稠環、未經取代之稠雜環、經一個或多個R b取代之芳香環、經一個或多個R b取代之雜環、經一個或多個R b取代之稠環、和經一個或多個R b取代之稠雜環;R b為選自以下基團組成之群組:氫原子、鹵素、氰基、C1~C30之直鏈烷基、C3~C30之支鏈烷基、C1~C30之矽烷基、C2~C30之酯基、C1~C30之烷氧基、C1~C30之烷硫基、C1~C30之鹵代烷基、C2~C30之烯烴、C2~C30之炔烴、C2~C30之經氰基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經硝基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經羥基取代之烷基、和C3~C30之經酮基取代之烷基;以及X係選自O、S、或Se。
以下舉例說明本發明之有機半導體化合物之製備方式
有機化合物C10之製備如下:
Figure 02_image055
化學反應式1
Figure 02_image057
化學反應式2
Figure 02_image059
化學反應式3
Figure 02_image061
化學反應式4
Figure 02_image063
化學反應式5
首先,化學反應式1:取C1 (10 g, 86.3 mmol)放入500 mL四頸反應瓶,加入50 mL 無水四氫呋喃(tetrahydrofuran, THF)後攪拌溶解並降溫至15 oC。緩慢滴入34.5 mL 正丁基鋰 (n-BuLi),溶液呈淡橘色。回溫至室溫並攪拌1小時。在15 oC下,滴入C2 (19.81 g, 5.62 mmol),此時溶液呈淡黃色澄清。將反應物回溫至室溫並攪拌20小時,之後加入5 mL 水中止反應。以旋轉濃縮除去有機溶劑後,加入100 mL 庚烷溶解,並以20 mL H 2O萃取三次。收集有機層並用硫酸鎂(Magnesium sulfate, MgSO 4)除水,以旋轉濃縮除去有機溶劑得到粗產物。使用減壓蒸餾方式除去起始物與雜質(0.25 torr, 80-100 oC)。釜殘物以矽膠管柱純化,沖提液為庚烷 (heptane)。收集主要段,旋轉濃縮除去有機溶劑,在真空50 oC下乾燥可得9.3 g的淡黃色油狀物C3(產率=51%)。 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3):δ 7.09 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 2.72 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.68 (m, 1H), 1.27 (m, 24H), 0.88 (m, 6H)。
化學反應式2:取C3 (20 g, 58.31 mmol)放入250 mL三頸反應瓶。加入160 mL 四氫呋喃。冰浴下(< 10 oC)加入正丁基鋰 (23.32 mL, 58.31 mmol)。保持在冰浴下持續攪拌一小時。另取溴化亞銅 (CuBr) (8.36 g, 58.31 mmol)與溴化鋰 (LiBr) (5.06 g, 58.31 mmol)置於另一個500 mL三頸反應瓶,冰浴下加入160 mL 四氫呋喃。將在250 mL三頸反應瓶中的反應物加入到500 mL三頸反應瓶中,於冰浴下攪拌1小時。在冰浴下,加入草醯氯(oxalyl chloride) (3.36 g, 2.27 mL, 26.5 mmol),回溫至室溫攪拌18小時。加入100 mL水終止反應,加入200 mL Heptane,以100 mL水萃取三次。收集有機層並使用硫酸鎂除水。將溶劑移除後用矽膠管柱純化,沖提液為庚烷/二氯甲烷 (dichloromethane, CHCl 2) =4/1。收集主要段,濃縮乾燥得12 g 橘黃色油狀液體C4,產率61.2%。 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3): δ 7.88 (s, 2H), 2.80 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 4H), 1.76 (m, 2H), 1.29 (m, 48H), 0.88 (m, 12H)。
化學反應式3:取C5 (2 g, 5.21 mmol)放入100 mL三頸反應瓶。加入60 mL 冰醋酸。磁石劇烈攪拌下,加入鐵粉 (5.83 g, 104.4 mmol)。加熱至80 oC反應16小時。降溫至室溫,反應混合物倒入200 mL冰塊水中並過濾收集固體,用蒸餾水沖洗固體後抽乾。以200 mL 四氫呋喃溶解粗產物並過濾除去鐵粉。減壓濃縮除去有機溶液並在真空下乾燥得1.35 g,C6產率80%。在反應瓶中加入C6、C4 (2.7 g, 3.65 mmol)與40 mL冰醋酸 (acetic acid, CH 3COOH)。磁石劇烈攪拌下,加熱至120 oC反應16小時。降溫至室溫,反應混合物倒入50 mL冰塊水。以二氯甲烷萃取,並以50 mL蒸餾水清洗有機層三次。有機層以無水硫酸鎂除水,減壓濃縮得粗產物。將粗產物以矽膠管柱純化,沖提液為庚烷/二氯甲烷=4/1。收集主要段,濃縮得暗紅色固體,真空乾燥後得2.4 g,C7產率61.6%。 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3): δ 7.45 (s, 2H), 2.83 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 4H), 1.83 (m, 2H), 1.30 (m, 48H), 0.89 (m, 12H)。
化學反應式4:取C7(2 g, 1.942 mmol)與C8(1.60 g, 4.287 mmol)放入100 mL三頸反應瓶,加入40 mL 四氫呋喃。通入氬氣除氧15分鐘。加入三(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀 (Pd 2(dba) 3) (0.071 g, 0.078 mmol)與三(鄰甲苯基)膦 (三(鄰甲苯基)膦) (0.095 g, 0.311 mmol),加熱至66 oC攪拌2小時。降溫後,以矽藻土 (celite) 過濾反應物並以庚烷沖洗,旋轉濃縮去除有機溶劑。以矽膠管柱層析純化,沖提液為二氯甲烷/庚烷=1/4。收集主要段,濃縮得1.81 g 褐色黏稠液體C9。產率90.1%。 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl 3): δ 8.88 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 7.43 (s, 2H), 7.34 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.85 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 4H), 1.83 (m, 2H), 1.30 (m, 48H), 0.88 (m, 12H)。
化學反應式5:取C9 (1.81 g, 1.75 mmol)放入100 mL三頸反應瓶,在氮氣環境下加入107 mL 四氫呋喃。冰浴下加入N-溴代丁二醯亞胺 (0.716 g, 4.023 mmol)後緩慢回到室溫並攪拌18小時。以旋轉濃縮除去有機溶劑得到粗產物。以矽膠管柱層析純化,沖提液為二氯甲烷/庚烷=1/4。收集主要段,濃縮得1.88 g 深褐色黏稠液體C10,產率89.8 %。 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl 3): δ 8.73 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (s, 2H), 7.21 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 2.88 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 4H), 1.87 (m, 2H), 1.29 (m, 48H), 0.85 (m, 12H)。
有機化合物C16之製備如下:
Figure 02_image065
化學反應式6
Figure 02_image067
化學反應式7
Figure 02_image069
化學反應式8
Figure 02_image071
化學反應式9
Figure 02_image073
化學反應式10
化學反應式6:取C11 (20 g, 64.83 mmol)放入250 mL三頸反應瓶。加入160 mL 四氫呋喃。加入正丁基鋰 (25.93 mL, 64.83 mmol)在冰浴下攪拌一小時。另取溴化亞銅 (9.30 g, 64.83 mmol)與溴化鋰 (5.63 g, 64.83 mmol)置於另一個500 mL三頸反應瓶,冰浴下加入160 mL 四氫呋喃。冰浴下,將250 mL三頸反應瓶中的反應物加入500 mL三頸反應瓶中攪拌1小時。冰浴下,加入草醯氯 (2.65 g, 30.87 mmol),回溫至室溫攪拌18小時。加入100 mL水終止反應,以旋轉濃縮去除四氫呋喃後加入200 mL 庚烷,以100 mL水萃取三次。收集有機層並用硫酸鎂除水後濃縮去除溶劑。以矽膠管柱純化,沖提液為庚烷/二氯甲烷=4/1。收集主要段,濃縮得9.3 g橘黃色油狀液體C12,產率 66.6%。 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3): δ 7.87 (d, J = 4.2 Hz, 2H), 7.86 (d, J = 4.2 Hz, 2H), 2.82 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 4H), 1.69 (m, 2H), 1.29 (m, 48H), 0.87 (m, 12H)。
化學反應式7:取C5(1 g, 2.60 mmol)與C8(2.33 g, 6.25 mmol)放入100 mL三頸反應瓶,加入30 mL 四氫呋喃。通入氬氣除氧15分鐘。加入三(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀 (0.095 g, 0.104 mmol) 與三(鄰甲苯基)膦(0.126 g, 0.416 mmol),加熱至66 oC攪拌2小時。降溫後,以矽藻土過濾,再以四氫呋喃沖洗後用旋轉濃縮去除有機溶液。以異丙醇與四氫呋喃再結晶,過濾收集固體並真空乾燥得到0.87 g。C13產率85.6%。 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl 3): δ 7.75 (dd, 2H, J = 5.1Hz, J = 0.7Hz), 7.52 (dd, 2H, J = 4.7Hz, J = 1.1Hz), 7.25 (m, 2H)。
化學反應式8:取C13 (0.86 g, 2.20 mmol)放入100 mL三頸反應瓶,加入30 mL 冰醋酸。加入鐵粉 (1.73 g, 30.8 mmol) 以磁石劇烈攪拌並加熱至80 oC反應5小時。降溫至室溫後,將反應混合物倒入200 mL冰塊水中並過濾收集固體,再用蒸餾水沖洗固體後抽乾。用乙酸乙酯溶解粗產物並過濾除去鐵粉。減壓濃縮除去有機溶液後得C14,在真空下乾燥可得0.69 g的C14(產率=95%)。 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3): δ 7.57 (dd, 2H, J = 5.5Hz, J = 1.1Hz), 7.37 (dd, 2H, J = 3.3Hz, J = 1.1Hz), 7.26 (t, 2H, J = 4.7Hz), 4.39 (br, 4H)。
化學反應式9:取C14 (0.5 g, 1.52 mmol)、C12 (1.02 g, 1.52 mmol)放入100 mL三頸反應瓶。加入15 mL 冰醋酸。以磁石劇烈攪拌並加熱至120 oC反應3小時。降溫至室溫的反應混合物倒入50 mL冰塊水。以二氯甲烷萃取,並以50 mL蒸餾水清洗有機層三次。有機層以無水硫酸鎂除水,減壓濃縮得粗產物。以矽膠管柱純化,沖提液為庚烷/二氯甲烷=4/1。收集主要段,濃縮得暗紅色固體C15。真空乾燥後產率:0.75 g, 51.3%。 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3): δ 8.90 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 7.70 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (d, J = 3.5 Hz, 2H), 7. 32 (t, J = 4.5 Hz, 2H), 6.73 (d, J = 3.5 Hz, 2H), 2.86 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 4H), 1.75 (m, 2H), 1.32 (m, 48H), 0.88 (m, 12H)。
化學反應式10:取C15 (0.75 g, 0.777 mmol)放入100 mL三頸反應瓶,在氮氣環境下加入23 mL 四氫呋喃。冰浴下加入N-溴代丁二醯亞胺 (0.318 g, 1.787 mmol),再回溫至室溫下攪拌18小時。以旋轉濃縮除去有機溶劑。以管柱層析純化,沖提液為二氯甲烷/庚烷=1/4。收集主要段,濃縮得0.81 g深褐色黏稠液體C16,產率92.8 %。 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl 3): δ 8.77 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (d, J = 3.5 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 2H), 6.75 (d, J = 3.5 Hz, 2H), 2.88 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 4H), 1.87 (m, 2H), 1.29 (m, 48H), 0.87 (m, 12H)。
有機化合物C21之製備如下:
Figure 02_image075
化學反應式11
Figure 02_image077
化學反應式12
Figure 02_image079
化學反應式13
Figure 02_image081
化學反應式14
化學反應式11:取C17 (2.00 g, 21.25 mmol),1-碘己烷 (iodohexane) (2.82 mL, 19.13 mmol)與碳酸鈉 (sodium carbonate) (2.94 g, 21.25 mmol) 放入100 mL雙頸瓶。加入40 mL 二甲基甲醯胺 (dimethylformamide, DMF)。加熱至90 oC 反應18小時。反應降溫,加入水及乙酸乙酯 (ethyl acetate)萃取,取有機層然後用硫酸鎂除水,減壓旋轉濃縮去除有機溶劑。以矽膠管柱純化,沖提液為庚烷/二氯甲烷=1/5。收集主要段,濃縮得2.70 g透明液體C18,產率71.2%。 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl 3): δ 7.28 (m, 1H), 6.91 (m, 4H), 3.96 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 1.79 (m, 2H), 1.49 (m, 6H), 0.92 (m, 3H)。
化學反應式12:取氯化鋁 (Aluminum chloride, AlCl 3) (1.17 g, 8.8 mmol)置於100 mL三頸瓶,並加入25 mL 無水二氯甲烷。在氬氣環境下降溫至 -20 oC,並加入草醯氯 (0.254 g, 2.0 mmol)。回溫至0 oC後,C18 (0.783 g, 4.4 mmol)與無水吡啶 (pyridine) (0.16 mL, 2.0 mmol) 溶於5 mL 無水二氯甲烷加入至三頸瓶,再緩慢回到室溫反應18小時。加100 mL水中止反應,用二氯甲烷和水萃取,取有機層並用硫酸鎂除水,減壓旋轉濃縮去除有機溶劑。以矽膠管柱純化,沖提液為乙酸乙酯/庚烷 = 1/2 。收集主要段,濃縮得到0.36 g白色固體產物C19,產率43.6%。 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3): δ 7.22 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 4H), 6.94 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 4H), 4.03 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 4H), 1.81 (m, 4H), 1.38 (m, 12H), 0.91 (m, 6H).
化學反應式13:取C19 (0.202 g, 0.492 mmol)與C14 (0.17 g, 0.517 mmol)於100 mL 雙頸反應瓶。在氮氣環境下加入20 mL 醋酸,並加熱120 oC反應18小時。倒入水中停止反應後,以二氯甲烷和水萃取,取有機層並用硫酸鎂除水,減壓旋轉濃縮去除有機溶劑。以矽膠管柱純化,沖提液為二氯甲烷/庚烷 = 1/2 ,收集主要段,減壓旋轉濃縮去除有機溶劑,得到0.31 g墨綠色固體C20,產率89.0%。 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3): δ 8.99 (d, J = 3.5 Hz, 2H), 7.80 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 4H), 7.68 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (m, 2H), 6.94 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 4H), 4.03 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 4H), 1.83 (m, 4H), 1.38 (m, 12H), 0.91 (m, 6H).
化學反應式14:取C20 (0.30 g, 0.426 mmol) 和9 mL 四氫呋喃 於100 mL 雙頸瓶。冰浴及氮氣下,N-溴代丁二醯亞胺 (0.167 g, 0.937 mmol, 2.2 equiv.)緩慢加入,在室溫反應18小時。加入水及二氯甲烷和水萃取,取有機層並用硫酸鎂除水,減壓旋轉濃縮去除有機溶劑。以矽膠管柱純化,沖提液為二氯甲烷/庚烷 = 2/3。收集主要段,減壓旋轉濃縮去除有機溶劑,得到墨綠色固體產物C21。產率: 0.296 g, 80.6%。 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3): δ 8.87 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 4H), 7.23 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 4H), 4.05 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 4H), 1.83 (m, 4H), 1.38 (m, 12H), 0.91 (m, 6H)。
有機化合物C25之製備如下:
Figure 02_image083
化學反應式15
Figure 02_image085
化學反應式16
化學反應式15:取C22 (1.0 g, 2.226 mmol) 與C23(2.4 g, 5.779 mmol)放入100 mL三頸反應瓶,加入45 mL 四氫呋喃。通入氬氣除氧15分鐘。加入三(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀(0.082 g, 0.090 mmol)與三(鄰甲苯基)膦(0.108 g, 0.355 mmol),加熱至66 oC並攪拌2小時。降溫後,以矽藻土過濾,以庚烷沖洗,有機溶液以旋轉濃縮去除。以矽膠管柱層析純化,沖提液為二氯甲烷/庚烷=1/4。收集主要段,濃縮得1.64 g褐色黏稠液體C24,產率93.2%。 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl 3): δ 8.69 (s, 2H), 7.23 (s, 2H), 4.91 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.76 (m, 4H), 2.38 (s, 1H), 1.74 (m, 4H), 1.38 (m, 2H), 1.07 (m, 42H), 0.89 (m, 12H)。
化學反應式16:取C24 (1.0 g, 1.265 mmol)放入100 mL三頸反應瓶,在氮氣環境下,加入45 mL 四氫呋喃。冰浴下,加入N-溴代丁二醯亞胺 (N-Bromosuccinimide, NBS) (0.450 g, 2.528 mmol)。室溫下攪拌18小時。以旋轉濃縮除去有機溶劑。以管柱層析純化,沖提液為二氯甲烷/庚烷=1/4。收集主要段,濃縮得1.15 g深褐色黏稠液體C25,產率95.6 %。 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl 3): δ 8.54 (s, 2H), 4.95 (m, 2H), 2.70 (m, 4H), 2.38 (s, 1H), 1.74 (m, 4H), 1.38 (m, 2H), 1.07 (m, 42H), 0.88 (m, 12H)。
有機半導體化合物DP1之製備如下:
Figure 02_image087
取C27 (0.15 g, 0.366 mmol)、C10 (0.218 g, 0.183 mmol)、C21 (0.063 g, 0.073 mmol)與C26 (0.050 g, 0.109 mmol)放入100 mL三頸反應瓶,加入36.6 mL 氯苯 (chlorobenzene)。通入氬氣除氧15分鐘。加入三(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀 (3.35 mg, 0.0037 mmol)與三(鄰甲苯基)膦 (4.46 mg, 0.0147 mmol),加熱至130 oC並攪拌0.5小時。倒入70 mL甲醇中析出過濾,收集固體。用索氏萃取純化,溶劑使用甲醇與乙酸乙酯。殘餘固體真空乾燥得到0.258 g,DP1產率85.0%。
Figure 02_image089
取C16 (0.1234 g, 0.110 mmol)、C10 (0.2182 g, 0.183 mmol)、C28 (0.0773 g, 0.073 mmol)和C29 (0.180 g, 0.366 mmol)放入100 mL三頸反應瓶,加入36.6 mL 氯苯。通入氬氣除氧15分鐘。加入三(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀(3.35 mg, 0.0037 mmol)與三(鄰甲苯基)膦(4.46 mg, 0.0147 mmol),加熱至130 oC,攪拌1小時。倒入70 mL甲醇中析出過濾,收集固體。固體以甲醇與乙酸乙酯進行索氏萃取純化。殘餘固體真空乾燥得到DP2。產率:0.20 g, 95.0%。
Figure 02_image091
取C25 (0.0355 g, 0.0374 mmol)、C16 (0.042 g, 0.0374 mmol)、C30 (0.0131 g, 0.0187 mmol)與C33 (0.0576 g, 0.0935 mmol)放入100 mL三頸反應瓶,加入20 mL 氯苯。通入氬氣,除氧15分鐘。加入三(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀 (0.86 mg, 0.0009 mmol)與三(鄰甲苯基)膦 (1.14 mg, 0.0004 mmol),加熱至130 oC並攪拌1小時。倒入40 mL甲醇中析出過濾並收集固體。固體以甲醇與乙酸乙酯進行索氏萃取純化。殘餘固體真空乾燥得到0.091 g,DP5產率88.6 %。
本發明之有機半導體化合物實施例如表一 表一   本發明之有機半導體化合物實施例
Figure 02_image093
DP1
Figure 02_image095
DP2
Figure 02_image097
DP3
Figure 02_image099
DP4
Figure 02_image101
DP5
Figure 02_image103
DP6
Figure 02_image105
DP7
Figure 02_image107
DP8
Figure 02_image109
DP9
Figure 02_image111
DP10
Figure 02_image113
DP11
Figure 02_image115
DP12
Figure 02_image117
DP13
本發明之有機半導體化合物進一步適合做為有機光電元件之電子給體或p型半導體,以及適合製備n型及p型半導體之摻合物應用於有機光偵測器元件等領域。其中,該術語「n型」或「n型半導體」將被理解為是指外質半導體,其中導電電子密度超過移動電洞密度,而術語「p型」或「p型半導體」將被理解為是指外質半導體,其中移動電洞密度超過導電電子密度(亦見J. Thewlis, Concise Dictionary of Physics, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973)。
而當本發明之有機半導體化合物要進行加工操作時,係先需要加入一或多個具有電荷傳輸、半導體性、導電、光導、電洞阻擋及電子阻擋特性之一或多個的小分子化合物及/或聚合物,混合製備成第一組成物。
更進一步地,本發明之有機半導體化合物可與一或多個有機溶劑(較佳溶劑為脂肪族烴、氯化烴、芳香族烴、酮類、醚類及其混合物,如甲苯、鄰二甲苯、對二甲苯、1,3,5-三甲基苯或1,2,4-三甲基苯、四氫呋喃、2-甲基四氫呋喃),混合並製備成第二組成物。
本發明之有機半導體化合物亦可用於如本文描述之裝置中的圖案化有機半導體化合物層。對於現代微電子應用,一般所欲為生產小結構或圖案以降低成本(更多裝置/單元面積),及電力消耗。包括本發明之有機半導體化合物之薄層圖案化可例如由微影術、電子束蝕刻技術或雷射圖案化進行。
對於電子或光電裝置中用作為薄層,本發明之由有機半導體化合物所組成之第一組成物或第二組成物可由任何適當方法沉積。裝置之液態塗佈比真空沉積技術更好。而由本發明之有機半導體化合物所組成之第二組成物可以使數個液態塗佈技術之使用變的可行。
較佳沉積技術包括,但非限制,浸塗、旋轉塗佈、噴墨印刷、噴嘴印刷、凸版印刷、網版印刷、凹版印刷、刮刀塗佈、輥印刷、反向輥印刷、平版印刷術印刷、乾式平版印刷術印刷、快乾印刷、網路印刷(web printing)、噴塗、簾塗佈、刷塗、狹縫式塗佈(slot-dye coating)或移印。
因此,本發明亦提供包含該有機半導體化合物或由其所組成之第一組成物或第二組成物之有機光電元件。該些有機光電元件係包含:一基板;一電極模組,其係設置於基板之上,該電極模組包含一第一電極和一第二電極;以及一主動層,設置於該第一電極和該第二電極之間,該主動層之材料係包含至少一種如本發明之有機化合物;其中該第一電極和該第二電極之至少一者為透明或半透明。
在本發明之第1實施方式中,請參見第1A圖,該有機光電元件10係包含:一基板100,一電極模組110以及一主動層120,其中,該電極模組110設置於該基板100之上,該電極模組110包含一第一電極112和一第二電極114,該主動層120設置於該第一電極112及該第二電極114之間,且該第一電極112介於該基板100和該主動層120之間,該第二電極114位於該主動層120之上。
其中,本實施方式之該主動層120係包含至少一種本發明之有機半導體化合物;其中該第一電極112和該第二電極114之至少一者為透明或半透明。
在本發明之第2實施方式中,請參見第1B圖,該有機光電元件10係包含:一基板100,一電極模組110以及一主動層120,其中,該電極模組110設置於該基板100之上,該電極模組110包含一第一電極112和一第二電極114,該主動層120設置於該第一電極112及該第二電極114之間,且該第二電極114介於該基板100和該主動層120之間,該第一電極112位於該主動層120之上。
上述之基板100,較佳為使用具有機械强度、熱强度且具有透明性的玻璃基板或透明性軟性基板,其中透明性軟性基板材質可為:聚乙烯、乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物、乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯基丁醛、尼龍、聚醚醚酮、聚碸、聚醚碸、四氟乙烯-全氟烷基乙烯基醚共聚物、聚氟乙烯、四氟乙烯-乙烯共聚物、四氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物、聚氯三氟乙烯、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚氨基甲酸酯、聚醯亞胺等。
上述之第一電極112,較佳為使用具有透明性的銦氧化物、錫氧化物等的金屬氧化物及其摻雜鹵素的衍生物(Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide,FTO)、或是複合金屬氧化物的銦錫氧化物(Indium Tin Oxide,ITO)、銦鋅氧化物(Indium Zinc Oxide,IZO)等。
上述之第二電極114,為金屬氧化物、金屬(銀、鋁、金)、導電聚合物、碳基導體、金屬化合物、或由上述材料交替組成之導電薄膜。
較佳地,該有機光電元件10之該主動層120包含至少一種p型有機半導體化合物,且該p型有機半導體化合物為如本發明之有機半導體化合物,以及至少一種n型有機半導體化合物。
更佳地,該有機光電元件10之n型有機半導體化合物係具有下列化學式:
Figure 02_image119
N1
Figure 02_image121
N2
Figure 02_image123
N3
Figure 02_image125
N4
Figure 02_image127
N5
Figure 02_image129
N6
Figure 02_image131
N7
Figure 02_image133
N8
Figure 02_image135
N9
Figure 02_image137
N10
Figure 02_image139
N11
Figure 02_image141
N12
Figure 02_image143
N13
Figure 02_image145
N14
Figure 02_image147
N15
Figure 02_image149
N16
Figure 02_image151
N17
Figure 02_image153
N18
Figure 02_image155
N19
Figure 02_image157
N20
Figure 02_image159
N21
Figure 02_image161
N22
Figure 02_image163
N23
Figure 02_image165
N24
Figure 02_image167
N25
Figure 02_image169
N26
Figure 02_image171
N27
Figure 02_image173
N28
Figure 02_image175
N29
Figure 02_image177
N30
Figure 02_image179
N31
Figure 02_image181
N32
Figure 02_image183
N33
Figure 02_image185
N34
Figure 02_image187
N35
Figure 02_image189
N36
在本發明之第3實施方式中,參見第1C圖,其中該有機光電元件10之各元件順序係同於本發明之第1實施方式,並進一步包含:一第一載子傳遞層130,設置於該第一電極112和該主動層120之間;以及一第二載子傳遞層140,設置於該第二電極114和該主動層120之間。
在本發明之第4實施方式中,參見第1D圖,其中該有機光電元件10之各元件順序係同於本發明之第1實施方式,並進一步包含:一第一載子傳遞層130,設置於該第二電極114和該主動層120之間;以及一第二載子傳遞層140,設置於該第一電極112和該主動層120之間。
在本發明之第5實施方式中,參見第1E圖,其中該有機光電元件10之各元件之順序係同於本發明之第2實施方式,並進一步包含:一第一載子傳遞層130,設置於該第二電極114和該主動層120之間;以及一第二載子傳遞層140,設置於該第一電極112和該主動層120之間。
在本發明之第6實施方式中,參見第1F圖,其中該有機光電元件10之各元件之順序係同於本發明之第2實施方式,並進一步包含:一第一載子傳遞層130,設置於該第一電極112和該主動層120之間;以及一第二載子傳遞層140,設置於該第二電極114和該主動層120之間。
在前述之第3至第6實施方式中,該第一載子傳遞層可選自共軛聚合物電解質,例如PEDOT:PSS;或聚合物酸,例如聚丙烯酸酯;或共軛聚合物,例如聚三芳基胺(PTAA);或絕緣聚合物,例如納菲薄膜、聚乙烯亞胺或聚苯乙烯磺酸鹽;或聚合物摻雜金屬氧化物,該些金屬氧化物係例如MoOx, NiOx, WOx, SnOx;或有機小分子化合物,例如N,N'-二苯基-N,N' -雙(1-萘基)(1,1'-聯苯)-4,4'-二胺(NPB)、N,N'-二苯基-N,N'-(3-甲基苯基)-1,1'-聯苯- 4,4'-二胺(TPD);或上述一或多種材料的組合。
在前述之第3至第6實施方式中,該第二載子傳遞層可選自共軛聚合物電解質,例如聚乙烯亞胺;共軛聚合物,例如聚[3-(6-三甲基銨己基)噻吩]、聚(9,9) -雙(2-乙基己基-芴)-b-聚[3-(6-三甲基銨己基) 噻吩]或聚[(9,9-雙(3’-(N,N-二甲基氨基)丙基)-2, 7-芴)-alt-2,7-(9,9-二辛基芴)]、有機小分子化合物,例如三(8-喹啉基)-鋁(III)(Alq 3)、4,7-二苯基- 1,10-菲咯啉;金屬氧化物,例如ZnOx,摻鋁的ZnO(AZO)、TiOx或其奈米顆粒;鹽,例如LiF、 NaF、CsF、CsCO 3;胺,例如伯胺、仲胺或叔胺。
為說明本發明之有機半導體化合物應用於有機光電元件後帶來之功效改良,將製備包含本發明之有機半導體化合物之有機光電元件進行性質測試和功效表現,該些測試結果如下: 材料吸收光譜測試
使用紫外光/可見光光譜儀偵測樣品之吸收光譜。樣品以鄰-二甲苯溶解後,方可測量溶液態之吸收光譜。薄膜樣品之製備為配置樣品濃度為 10 mg/ mL,以玻璃當作基材,用旋轉塗佈之方式塗佈於玻璃上形成薄膜,隨後進行固態薄膜之吸收光譜量測。各樣品之吸收光譜如第2A圖至第2B圖,量測結果如表二。
材料
Figure 02_image191
soln max(nm)
Figure 02_image191
film max(nm)
Figure 02_image191
film onset(nm)
Figure 02_image193
(10 5cm -1M -1)
E g opt(eV) HOMO (eV) LUMO (eV) 溶解度
DP2 1108 1128 1358 0.243 0.91 -5.05 -4.14 O
DP5 1054 1118 1619 0.268 0.77 -4.68 -3.91 O
PCBOTQ 532 564 816 - 1.52 -5.16 -3.64 X
PTTQ(BO) - 1145 1426 - 0.87 -4.87 -4.00 X
表二   樣品之吸收光譜測量和電化學性質測試之結果
比較例一的PCBOTQ出自於J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 8379-8386,比較例二的PTTQ(BO)出自於J. Mater. Chem. C, 2020, 8, 10098-10103。於本實施例中,DP2與DP5溶解於對環境友善之鄰-二甲苯(o-xylene)並可進行加工操作,而比較例一PCBOTQ與比較例二PTTQ(BO)需用含鹵素溶劑進行加工操作,與先前技術使用含鹵素之溶劑相比,本案發明的有機半導體材料在加工操作上對環境影響更小。測試材料於薄膜態的吸收範圍,本案設計的聚合物有效將最大吸收峰紅移至1100 nm以上,另外薄膜吸收起始值超過1350 nm,而比較例PCBOTQ的起始吸收僅達816 nm遠小於本案發明的吸收範圍。根據第2A圖和第2B圖,本案設計的聚合物可以預期於有機光感測器中,其外部量子效應(External Quantum Efficiency, EQE)可響應至1350 nm或更長的波段。 材料電化學性質測試
本發明之化合物其氧化與還原電位係使用電化學分析儀來記錄,其中以 0.1 M之四正丁基六氟磷酸銨(Bu 4NPF 6,tetra-1-butylammonium hexafluorophosphate)之乙腈溶液作為電解液,以0.01 M 硝酸銀 (AgNO 3)與 0.1 M TBAP (tetrabutylammonium perchlorate) 乙腈溶液加入 Ag/AgCl電極作為參考電極 (reference electrode),鉑 (Pt) 為輔助電極 (counter electrode),碳玻璃電極 (glass carbon electrode) 為工作電極 (work electrode)。將樣品以鄰-二甲苯溶解並滴至工作電極上形成薄膜後進行量測。以50 mV/sec 之速率掃描該薄膜後得到氧化還原曲線。同時,以 ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc/Fc +) 當作內參考電位校正後可得受測樣品之 HOMO 及 LUMO 值,其計算公式如下: HOMO = -|4.71+E ox-E ferroncene| LUMO = HOMO + E g opt各樣品之測試結果如表二。
實施例中,DP2與DP5利用循環伏安法測量氧化性質,經計算(HOMO =-|4.71+E ox-E ferroncene|)得知最高占據分子軌域 (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital, HOMO),再經由材料薄膜態UV-Vis-NIR吸收光譜的吸收起始位置(λ onset),可得知材料的光學能隙 (E g= 1241/λ onset)以及最低未占分子軌域(Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital, LUMO, LUMO = HOMO+ E g opt)。 OPD效能測試
使用具有薄層電阻、以預圖案化之ITO塗覆之玻璃作為基板。依序在中性清潔劑、去離子水、丙酮及異丙醇中超音波震盪處理,在每個步驟中清洗15分鐘。用UV-O 3清潔器進一步處理洗滌過之基材15分鐘。將AZO(Aluminum doped zinc oxide nanoparticle,摻鋁之氧化鋅奈米粒子)之頂塗層,以2000 rpm之旋轉速率40秒旋轉塗佈在ITO基板上,然後在空氣中在120 oC下烘烤5分鐘。在鄰-二甲苯中製備主動層溶液(供體聚合物:受體小分子重量比為1:1)。總濃度為20 mg/ml。為了完全溶解聚合物,主動層溶液應在加熱板上在100 oC下攪拌至少3小時,以PTFE濾膜過濾(孔徑0.45~1.0
Figure 02_image195
m),再將主動層溶液加熱1小時。隨後將溶液置於室溫冷卻後進行塗佈,以塗佈轉速控制膜厚範圍於100 nm上下。之後混合膜在100 oC下退火5分鐘,然後傳送至蒸鍍機中。在3x10 -6Torr之真空鍍下,沉積三氧化鉬之薄層(8 nm)作為電洞傳輸層以及銀薄層(100 nm)作為外電極。使用Keithley™ 2400 source meter儀器紀錄無光下之暗電流密度( J d ,偏壓為-8 V),接著使用太陽光模擬器(具有AM1.5G濾光器之氙燈,100 mW cm -2)在空氣中及室溫下量測元件光電流密度( J ph )特性。此處使用具有KG5濾光片之標準矽二極體做為參考電池來校準光強度,以使光譜不匹配之部分達到一致。外部量子效率(EQE)則使用外部量子效率量測器,量測範圍為300~1800 nm(偏壓為0~-10 V),光源校正使用矽(300~1100 nm)及鍺(1100~1800 nm)。
其中,DP2元件的主動層配方是以DP2:N1 = 1:1,總濃度為20 mg/mL在鄰-二甲苯( o-xylene)中進行製備;DP5元件的主動層配方是以DP5:N1 = 1:1,總濃度為20 mg/mL在鄰-二甲苯( o-xylene)中進行製備。 上述之有機光電元件的結構為glass/ITO/AZO/ATL/MoO 3/Ag。
本發明各樣品之電流密度如第3A圖、第3B圖、第4A圖和第4B圖,測試結果如表三和表四。 表三   包含本發明之有機半導體化合物之有機光電元件之電性測試
Wavelength (nm) 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100
主動層 PCBOTQ :PC 71BM PTTQ(BO) :PC 71BM PTZBTTT-BDT :PC 61BM P4:PC 61BM DP2:N1 DP5:N1
Thickness (nm) 80-90 300 ~70 385 100 100
Band gap(eV) 1.52 0.86 1.10 0.85 0.91 0.77
Structure Conventional Inverted Conventional Inverted Inverted Inverted
ETL LiF ZnO PFN PEIE AZO AZO
HTL PEDOT MoO 3 PEDOT:PSS MoO 3 MoO 3 MoO 3
製程溶劑 CB CB o-DCB CB, CF, DIO o-xylene o-xylene
J d  (A/cm 2) - 10 -4@ -2 V 10 -6@ -2 V 10 -5@ -1.5 V 10 -6 @ -2 V 10 -6 @ -2 V
EQE No response ~17% @ -2 V No response ~7% @ 0 V 20.0% @ -10 V 21.5% @ -10 V
Ref. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 8379-8386. J. Mater. Chem. C, 2020, 8, 10098-10103 J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 6537−6543 Polym. Chem., 2017,8, 2922-2930 This work This work
實施例聚合物搭配非富勒烯小分子作為主動層與先前文獻之測試結果如表三所示,於1100 nm下,主動層為DP2:N1所製備之有機光電元件EQE響應可達20.0%,暗電流為10 -6A/cm 2等級;主動層為DP5:N1所製備之有機光電元件EQE響應達21.5%,暗電流為10 -6A/cm 2等級。有此可見,相對於現有技術,本發明之有機光電元件之具體實施例DP2:N1及DP5:N1在EQE與暗電流密度具有優異的表現。此外,相較於現有技術,本發明所開發隨機共聚物材料於非鹵素溶劑下有好的溶解度,可以使用非鹵素溶劑(環境友善溶劑)進行塗佈製程且無須使用添加劑,因此對於元件穩定度也預期會有所助益。 表四   包含本發明之有機半導體化合物之有機光電元件之電性測試
Wavelength (nm) 700 700 700 700 700 700
主動層 PCBOTQ :PC 71BM PTTQ(BO) :PC 71BM PTZBTTT-BDT :PC 61BM P4 :PC 61BM DP2:N1 DP5:N1
Thickness (nm) 80-90 300 ~70 385 100 100
Band gap(eV) 1.52 0.86 1.10 0.85 0.91 0.77
Structure Conventional Inverted Conventional Inverted Inverted Inverted
ETL LiF ZnO PFN PEIE AZO AZO
HTL PEDOT MoO 3 PEDOT:PSS MoO 3 MoO 3 MoO 3
製程溶劑 CB CB o-DCB CB, CF, DIO o-xylene o-xylene
J d  (A/cm 2) - 10 -4@ -2 V 10 -6@ -2 V 10 -5@ -1.5 V 10 -6 @ -2 V 10 -6 @ -2 V
EQE ~16% @ 0 V ~7% @ -2 V ~17% @ 0 V ~9% @ 0 V 39.5% @ -10 V 33.6% @ -10 V
Ref. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 8379-8386. J. Mater. Chem. C, 2020, 8, 10098-10103 J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 6537−6543 Polym. Chem., 2017,8, 2922-2930 This work This work
本發明之聚合物搭配非富勒烯小分子作為主動層與先前文獻之測試結果如表四所示,於700 nm下, 主動層為DP2:N1所製備之有機光電元件EQE響應可達39.9%,暗電流密度為10 -6A/cm 2等級;主動層為DP5:N1所製備之有機光電元件EQE響應達35.0%,暗電流密度為10 -6A/cm 2等級。由測試結果可知,相對於現有技術,本發明之有機光電元件之具體實施例在EQE與暗電流密度具有好的表現,特別是在可見光區與近紅外光區,皆有良好的響應,可滿足可見光與近紅外光偵測器的需求,同時也解決如前案J. Mater. Chem. C, 2020, 8, 10098-10103技術中,在700 nm會有明顯缺口導致無法偵測該波段的情況,因此,本發明之有機半導體材料及使用該有機半導體材料製成的有機光電元件較諸先前技術具有更佳之功效。
惟以上所述者,僅為本發明之較佳實施例而已,並非用來限定本發明實施之範圍,舉凡依本發明申請專利範圍所述之形狀、構造、特徵及精神所為之均等變化與修飾,均應包括於本發明之申請專利範圍內。
故本發明實為一具有新穎性、進步性及可供產業上利用者,應符合我國專利法專利申請要件無疑,爰依法提出發明專利申請,祈  鈞局早日賜准專利,至感為禱。
10:有機光電元件 100:基板 110:電極模組 112:第一電極 114:第二電極 120:主動層 130:第一載子傳遞層 140:第二載子傳遞層
第1A-1F圖:其為本發明之有機光電元件之結構示意圖;
第2A-2B圖:其為本發明之有機半導體化合物之溶液態和薄膜態的吸收光譜;
第3A-3B圖:其為本發明之有機光電元件之實驗結果圖表;以及
第4A-4B圖:其為本發明之有機光電元件之實驗結果圖表。
Figure 111133944-A0101-11-0001-1
10:有機光電元件
100:基板
110:電極模組
112:第一電極
114:第二電極
120:主動層

Claims (14)

  1. 一種有機化合物,以下式表示:
    Figure 03_image001
    其中, A 0為一拉電子基團; A 1、A 2為不同於A 0之相同或不同之拉電子基團; Ar 0、Ar 1、Ar 2、π0、π1、π2各自獨立為相同或不同之推電子基團; d、e、f為各自獨立之選自0到5的整數;以及 a, b, c為實數且a+b+c=1,其中0 < a ≤ 1,0 < b ≤ 1,0 < c ≤ 1。
  2. 如請求項1之有機化合物,其中Ar 0、Ar 1、Ar 2、π0、π1、π2係分別選自由以下基團組成之群組:
    Figure 03_image003
    Figure 03_image005
    Figure 03_image007
    Figure 03_image009
    Figure 03_image011
    Figure 03_image013
    Figure 03_image015
    其中 R 0-R 3係選自由以下基團組成之群組:氫原子、鹵素、氰基、C1~C30之直鏈烷基、C3~C30之支鏈烷基、C1~C30之矽烷基、C2~C30之酯基、C1~C30之烷氧基、C1~C30之烷硫基、C1~C30之鹵代烷基、C2~C30之烯烴、C2~C30之炔烴、C2~C30之經氰基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經硝基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經羥基取代之烷基、和C3~C30之經酮基取代之烷基、未經取代之芳香環、未經取代之雜環、未經取代之稠環、未經取代之稠雜環、經一個或多個R a取代之芳香環、經一個或多個R a取代之雜環、經一個或多個R a取代之稠環、和經一個或多個R a取代之稠雜環;以及 R a為選自以下基團組成之群組:氫原子、鹵素、氰基、C1~C30的直鏈烷基、C3~C30的支鏈烷基、C1~C30的矽烷基、C2~C30之酯基、C1~C30之烷氧基、C1~C30之烷硫基、C1~C30之鹵代烷基、C2~C30之烯烴、C2~C30之炔烴、C2~C30之經氰基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經硝基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經羥基取代之烷基、和C3~C30之經酮基取代之烷基。
  3. 如請求項1之有機化合物,其中A 0係選自由以下基團組成之群組:
    Figure 03_image017
    Figure 03_image019
    其中 Ar 3與Ar 4分別選自以下基團組成之群組:未經取代之芳香環、未經取代之雜環、未經取代之稠環、未經取代之稠雜環、經一個或多個R a取代之芳香環、經一個或多個R a取代之雜環、經一個或多個R a取代之稠環、和經一個或多個R a取代之稠雜環; Ar 5為選自以下基團組成之群組:氫原子、鹵素、氰基、C1~C30之直鏈烷基、C3~C30之支鏈烷基、C1~C30之矽烷基、C2~C30之酯基、C1~C30之烷氧基、C1~C30之烷硫基、C1~C30之鹵代烷基、C2~C30之烯烴、C2~C30之炔烴、C2~C30之經氰基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經硝基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經羥基取代之烷基、和C3~C30之經酮基取代之烷基、未經取代之芳香環、未經取代之雜環、未經取代之稠環、未經取代之稠雜環、經一個或多個R b取代之芳香環、經一個或多個R b取代之雜環、經一個或多個R b取代之稠環、和經一個或多個R b取代之稠雜環; R a和R b各別選自以下基團組成之群組:氫原子、鹵素、氰基、C1~C30之直鏈烷基、C3~C30之支鏈烷基、C1~C30之矽烷基、C2~C30之酯基、C1~C30之烷氧基、C1~C30之烷硫基、C1~C30之鹵代烷基、C2~C30之烯烴、C2~C30之炔烴、C2~C30之經氰基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經硝基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經羥基取代之烷基、和C3~C30之經酮基取代之烷基;以及 g為選自1到8的正整數。
  4. 如請求項1之有機化合物,其中A 1係選自由以下基團組成之群組:
    Figure 03_image021
    Figure 03_image023
    Figure 03_image025
    Figure 03_image027
    Figure 03_image029
    Figure 03_image031
    Figure 03_image033
    其中 R 4-R 6係選自由以下基團組成之群組:氫原子、鹵素、氰基、C1~C30之直鏈烷基、C3~C30之支鏈烷基、C1~C30之矽烷基、C2~C30之酯基、C1~C30之烷氧基、C1~C30之烷硫基、C1~C30之鹵代烷基、C2~C30之烯烴、C2~C30之炔烴、C2~C30之經氰基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經硝基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經羥基取代之烷基、和C3~C30之經酮基取代之烷基、未經取代之芳香環、未經取代之雜環、未經取代之稠環、未經取代之稠雜環、經一個或多個R a取代之芳香環、經一個或多個R a取代之雜環、經一個或多個R a取代之稠環、和經一個或多個R a取代之稠雜環。 X係選自O、S、或Se; Ar 6與Ar 7分別選自以下基團組成之群組:未經取代之芳香環、未經取代之雜環、未經取代之稠環、未經取代之稠雜環、經一個或多個R a取代之芳香環、經一個或多個R a取代之雜環、經一個或多個R a取代之稠環、和經一個或多個R a取代之稠雜環; Ar 8為選自以下基團組成之群組:氫原子、鹵素、氰基、C1~C30之直鏈烷基、C3~C30之支鏈烷基、C1~C30之矽烷基、C2~C30之酯基、C1~C30之烷氧基、C1~C30之烷硫基、C1~C30之鹵代烷基、C2~C30之烯烴、C2~C30之炔烴、C2~C30之經氰基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經硝基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經羥基取代之烷基、和C3~C30之經酮基取代之烷基、未經取代之芳香環、未經取代之雜環、未經取代之稠環、未經取代之稠雜環、經一個或多個R b取代之芳香環、經一個或多個R b取代之雜環、經一個或多個R b取代之稠環、和經一個或多個R b取代之稠雜環; R a和R b各別選自以下基團組成之群組:氫原子、鹵素、氰基、C1~C30之直鏈烷基、C3~C30之支鏈烷基、C1~C30之矽烷基、C2~C30之酯基、C1~C30之烷氧基、C1~C30之烷硫基、C1~C30之鹵代烷基、C2~C30之烯烴、C2~C30之炔烴、C2~C30之經氰基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經硝基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經羥基取代之烷基、和C3~C30之經酮基取代之烷基;以及 h為選自1到8的正整數。
  5. 如請求項1之有機化合物,其中A 2係選自由以下基團組成之群組:
    Figure 03_image035
    Figure 03_image037
    Figure 03_image039
    Figure 03_image041
    Figure 03_image043
    Figure 03_image045
    Figure 03_image047
    Figure 03_image049
    Figure 03_image051
    Figure 03_image053
    其中 R 7-R 14係選自由以下基團組成之群組:氫原子、鹵素、氰基、C1~C30之直鏈烷基、C3~C30之支鏈烷基、C1~C30之矽烷基、C2~C30之酯基、C1~C30之烷氧基、C1~C30之烷硫基、C1~C30之鹵代烷基、C2~C30之烯烴、C2~C30之炔烴、C2~C30之經氰基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經硝基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經羥基取代之烷基、和C3~C30之經酮基取代之烷基、未經取代之芳香環、未經取代之雜環、未經取代之稠環、未經取代之稠雜環、經一個或多個R b取代之芳香環、經一個或多個R b取代之雜環、經一個或多個R b取代之稠環、和經一個或多個R b取代之稠雜環; R b為選自以下基團組成之群組:氫原子、鹵素、氰基、C1~C30之直鏈烷基、C3~C30之支鏈烷基、C1~C30之矽烷基、C2~C30之酯基、C1~C30之烷氧基、C1~C30之烷硫基、C1~C30之鹵代烷基、C2~C30之烯烴、C2~C30之炔烴、C2~C30之經氰基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經硝基取代之烷基、C1~C30之經羥基取代之烷基、和C3~C30之經酮基取代之烷基;以及 X係選自O、S、或Se。
  6. 一種有機光電元件,其係包含: 一基板; 一電極模組,其係設置於基板之上,該電極模組包含一第一電極和一第二電極;以及 一主動層,設置於該第一電極和該第二電極之間,該主動層之材料係包含至少一種如請求項1所述之有機化合物; 其中該第一電極和該第二電極之至少一者為透明或半透明。
  7. 一種如請求項6所述之有機光電元件,其中該第一電極、該主動層以及該第二電極係由下而上依序設置於該基板上。
  8. 一種如請求項6所述之有機光電元件,其中該第二電極、該主動層以及該第一電極係由下而上依序設置於該基板上。
  9. 如請求項6所述之有機光電元件,其中該主動層之材料更包含至少一種n型有機半導體化合物,且該n型有機半導體化合物之能隙小於2 eV。
  10. 如請求項9所述之有機光電元件,其中該至少一種n型有機半導體化合物係選自如下之化學式組成之群組:
    Figure 03_image119
    N1
    Figure 03_image121
    N2
    Figure 03_image123
    N3
    Figure 03_image125
    N4
    Figure 03_image127
    N5
    Figure 03_image129
    N6
    Figure 03_image131
    N7
    Figure 03_image133
    N8
    Figure 03_image135
    N9
    Figure 03_image137
    N10
    Figure 03_image139
    N11
    Figure 03_image141
    N12
    Figure 03_image143
    N13
    Figure 03_image145
    N14
    Figure 03_image147
    N15
    Figure 03_image149
    N16
    Figure 03_image151
    N17
    Figure 03_image153
    N18
    Figure 03_image155
    N19
    Figure 03_image157
    N20
    Figure 03_image159
    N21
    Figure 03_image161
    N22
    Figure 03_image163
    N23
    Figure 03_image165
    N24
    Figure 03_image167
    N25
    Figure 03_image169
    N26
    Figure 03_image171
    N27
    Figure 03_image173
    N28
    Figure 03_image175
    N29
    Figure 03_image177
    N30
    Figure 03_image179
    N31
    Figure 03_image181
    N32
    Figure 03_image183
    N33
    Figure 03_image185
    N34
    Figure 03_image187
    N35
    Figure 03_image189
    N36
  11. 如請求項6所述之有機光電元件,其係進一步包含: 一第一載子傳遞層,設置於該第一電極和該主動層之間;以及 一第二載子傳遞層,設置於該第二電極和該主動層之間。
  12. 如請求項6所述之有機光電元件,其係進一步包含: 一第一載子傳遞層,設置於該第二電極和該主動層之間;以及 一第二載子傳遞層,設置於該第一電極和該主動層之間。
  13. 一種配方,包含 一種如請求項1所述之有機半導體化合物; 一種n型有機半導體化合物,該n型有機半導體化合物之能隙小於2 eV;以及 至少一種有機溶劑, 其中該至少一種有機溶劑係選自非鹵素溶劑。
  14. 一種如請求項13所述之配方,其中該至少一種有機溶劑係選自甲苯、鄰-二甲苯、間-二甲苯、對-二甲苯、1,3,5-三甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯、四氫呋喃或2-甲基四氫呋喃。
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