TW201907953A - 包含ActRIIa-Fc融合蛋白的醫藥組合物;ActRIIa-Fc融合蛋白於治療或預防與癌症相關的骨質流失之用途;ActRIIa-Fc融合蛋白於治療或預防多發性骨髓瘤之用途 - Google Patents
包含ActRIIa-Fc融合蛋白的醫藥組合物;ActRIIa-Fc融合蛋白於治療或預防與癌症相關的骨質流失之用途;ActRIIa-Fc融合蛋白於治療或預防多發性骨髓瘤之用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
在某些方面中,本發明提供用於促進骨生長及增加骨密度以及用於治療多發性骨髓瘤之組合物及方法。
Description
本發明係關於用於促進骨生長及增加骨密度以及用於治療多發性骨髓瘤之組合物及方法。
處於骨質疏鬆症至骨折範圍內之骨病症表示一組存在極少有效醫藥劑之病理狀況。治療替代地集中於肢體干預及行為干預,包括固定、鍛煉及膳食變化。出於治療多種骨病症之目的,具有促進骨生長且增加骨密度之治療劑將為有益的。
骨生長及礦化視兩種細胞類型破骨細胞與造骨細胞之活性而定,儘管軟骨細胞及維管結構細胞亦參與此等過程之關鍵方面。在發育方面,骨形成經兩種機制軟骨內骨化與膜內骨化而發生,前者負責縱向骨形成而後者負責拓撲扁骨(諸如頭骨)形成。軟骨內骨化需要軟骨結構在充當造骨細胞、破骨細胞、維管結構形成及後續礦化之模板的生長板中依序形成並退化。在膜 內骨化期間,骨直接形成於結締組織中。兩種過程均需要造骨細胞滲入及後續基質沈積。
骨折及骨骼之其他結構破裂係經至少表面上類似於骨生成之發育事件(包括軟骨組織形成及後續礦化)之次序的過程而復原。骨折復原之過程可以兩種方式發生。直接或初級骨復原在無骨痂形成之情況下發生。間接或二級骨復原在具有骨痂前驅階段之情況下發生。骨折之初級復原涉及跨過高密破裂再形成機械連續性。在合適之條件下,破裂周圍之骨再吸收細胞顯示穿隧再吸收反應且確立血管穿透及後續復原之路徑。骨骼之二級復原遵循發炎、軟骨痂形成、骨痂礦化及骨痂重塑之過程。在發炎階段中,血腫及出血形成由受傷處骨膜及骨內膜血管的破裂而引起。發炎性細胞侵入該區域。在軟骨痂形成階段中,細胞產生新血管、纖維母細胞、細胞內物質及支持細胞,從而在骨折片段之間的空間中形成肉芽組織。跨過破裂之臨床癒合係由纖維或軟骨組織(軟骨痂)建立。造骨細胞得以形成且介導軟骨痂礦化,該軟骨痂接著經板層骨置換且進行正常重塑過程。
除骨折及骨結構之其他實體破裂以外,骨礦物含量及骨質量之流失可由多種病狀引起且可導致顯著醫學問題。在個體一生中,骨質量的變化以相對可預測之方式發生。直到約30歲,男性與女性之骨骼經軟骨內生長板線性生長及徑向生長而生長至最大質量。約30歲(對於小梁骨(trabecular bone),例如扁骨,諸如椎骨及骨盆)及40歲(對於皮質骨,例如見於四肢中之長骨)後,男性與女性均出現緩慢骨質流失。在女性中,亦出現實質性骨質流失之最終階段,其可能係歸因於停經後雌激素的缺乏。在此階段中,女性可能自皮質骨損失另外10%骨質量且自小梁區損失另外25%骨質量。進行性骨質流失是否導致諸如骨質疏鬆症之病理病狀很大程度上視個體之初始骨質量及是否存在惡化病狀而定。
骨質流失有時特徵在於正常骨重塑過程之失調。健康骨經常進行重塑。重塑以由破骨細胞對骨再吸收起始。再吸收之骨接著經新骨組織置換,其特徵在於由造骨細胞形成膠原蛋白且隨後鈣化。在健康個體中,再吸收速率與形成速率平衡。骨質疏鬆症為以向再吸收轉移為標誌之慢性、進行性病狀,其導致骨質量及骨礦化總體降低。人類之骨質疏鬆症之前為臨床骨質減少(低於年輕成人骨之平均值一個標準差以上但在2.5個標準差以下之骨礦物密度)。在世界範圍內,約75,000,000人處於骨質疏鬆症之危險中。
因此,控制破骨細胞活性與造骨細胞活性之間的平衡之方法可適用於促進骨折及骨骼之其他損傷的復原以及與骨質量及骨礦化損失相關之病症(諸如骨質疏鬆症)的治療。
關於骨質疏鬆症,雌激素、降血鈣素、骨鈣化素與維生素K,或高劑量之膳食鈣皆用作治療性干預。針對骨質疏鬆症之其他治療方法包括雙膦酸鹽、副甲狀腺激素、擬鈣劑(calcimimetic)、司他汀(statin)、同化類固醇、鑭鹽及鍶鹽,及氟化鈉。然而,該等治療劑通常與不合需要之副作用相關。
因此,本發明揭示案之一目的在於提供促進骨生長及礦化之組合物及方法。
發明概要
部分地,本案之揭示證實具有活化素或ActRIIa拮抗劑活性之分子(「活化素拮抗劑」及「ActRIIa拮抗劑」,統稱為「活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑」)可用於增加骨密度,促進骨生長及/或增加骨強度。詳言之,本案之揭示證實可溶形式之ActRIIa充當活化素-ActRIIa信號轉導之抑制劑且促進活體內骨密度、骨生長及骨強度增加。儘管促進骨生長或抑制骨質流失之多數醫藥劑充當抗異化 劑(anti-catabolic agent,通常亦稱作「異化劑(catabolic agent)」)(例如雙膦酸鹽)或同化劑(anabolic agent,例如副甲狀腺激素PTH,當適當給藥時),但可溶性ActRIIa蛋白顯示雙重活性,其具有抗異化作用與同化作用。因此,本案之揭示確立活化素-ActRIIa信號轉導路徑之拮抗劑可用於增加骨密度且促進骨生長。儘管可溶性ActRIIa可能經不同於活化素拮抗之機制影響骨骼,但本案之揭示仍證實所需治療劑可基於活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑活性來選擇。因此,在某些具體實例中,本案之揭示提供使用包括(例如)活化素結合性ActRIIa多肽、抗活化素抗體、抗ActRIIa抗體、靶向活化素或靶向ActRIIa之小分子及適體(aptamer)的活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑,及減少活化素及ActRIIa表現之核酸,治療與低骨密度或低骨強度相關之病症(諸如骨質疏鬆症)或促進有需要之患者(諸如患有骨折之患者)之骨生長的方法。本案之揭示進一步證實活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑有效預防及/或修復由多發性骨髓瘤及乳房腫瘤所引起之骨損傷且另外證實活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑減少多發性骨髓瘤中之腫瘤負荷。可溶性ActRIIa多肽在不引起肌肉質量一致可量測增加之情況下促進骨生長。
在某些方面中,本案之揭示提供包含與活化素結合之可溶性活化素結合性ActRIIa多肽。可將ActRIIa多肽調配成包含活化素結合性ActRIIa多肽及醫藥學上可接受之載劑的醫藥製劑。較佳地,活化素結合性ActRIIa多肽以小於1微莫耳或小於100、10或1奈莫耳之KD與活化素結合。視情況,活化素結合性ActRIIa多肽相對於GDF11及/或GDF8選擇性結合活化素,且較佳以比對於GDF11及/或GDF8之KD低至少10倍、20倍或50倍之KD與活化素結合。儘管不希望受特定作用機制束縛,但仍預期此對於活化素抑制優於GDF11/GDF8抑制之選擇性程度為對骨骼有選擇性影響而對肌肉無一致可量測影響的原因。在許多具體實例中,將選擇ActRIIa多肽以在達成對骨骼之所需影響的劑量下引起肌肉增加小於15%、小於10%或小於5%。較佳地,如由尺寸排阻層析法所評估,組合 物相對於其他多肽組份之純度至少為95%,且更佳地,組合物之純度至少為98%。在該製劑中使用之活化素結合性ActRIIa多肽可為本文所揭示之彼等多肽中之任一者,諸如具有選自SEQ ID NO:2、3、7或12之胺基酸序列的多肽,或具有與選自SEQ ID NO:2、3、7、12或13之胺基酸序列至少80%、85%、90%、95%、97%或99%一致之胺基酸序列的多肽。活化素結合性ActRIIa多肽可包括天然ActRIIa多肽之功能片段,諸如包含選自SEQ ID NO:1-3之序列或缺乏C末端10至15個胺基酸(「尾巴」)之SEQ ID NO:2之序列的至少10個、20個或30個胺基酸之功能片段。
可溶性活化素結合性ActRIIa多肽相對於天然產生之ActRIIa多肽在胺基酸序列中(例如配位體結合域中)可包括一或多處變異。變異ActRIIa多肽之實例提供於以引用的方式併入本文中之WO 2006/012627,第59-60頁中。胺基酸序列的變異可(例如)改變當於哺乳動物、昆蟲或其他真核細胞中產生時多肽之糖基化或相對於天然產生之ActRIIa多肽改變多肽之蛋白質裂解。
活化素結合性ActRIIa多肽可為具有ActRIIa多肽(例如ActRIIa之配位體結合部分)作為一個域及一或多個提供所需特性之其他域的融合蛋白,該特性諸如改良之藥物動力學、較容易之純化、對特定組織之靶向等。舉例而言,融合蛋白之域可增強活體內穩定性、活體內半生期、吸收/投藥、組織定位或分布、蛋白質複合物形成、融合蛋白多聚化、及/或純化中之一或多者。二聚或多聚化可提供增加之配位體結合親和力。活化素結合ActRIIa融合蛋白可包括免疫球蛋白Fc域(野生型或突變體)或血清白蛋白或提供諸如改良之藥物動力學、改良之溶解性或改良之穩定性之所需特定的其他多肽部分。典型地,ActRIIa-Fc融合蛋白將以同源二聚複合物之形式產生。視情況,ActRIIa-Fc融合體包含位於Fc域與細胞外ActRIIa域之間的相對未結構化連接子。此未結構化連接子可對應於在ActRIIa之胞外域之C末端處的約15個胺基酸未結構化區(「尾 巴」),或其可為1個、2個、3個、4個或5個胺基酸之人工序列或長度介於5個與15個、20個、30個、50個或更多個胺基酸之間,相對無二級結構的人工序列,或二者之混合物。連接子可富含甘胺酸及脯胺酸殘基且可(例如)含有蘇胺酸/絲胺酸及甘胺酸之單一序列或蘇胺酸/絲胺酸及甘胺酸之重複序列(例如,TG4或SG4單一體或重複體)。融合蛋白可包括純化序列,諸如抗原決定基標籤、FLAG標籤、多組胺酸序列、及GST融合體。視情況,可溶性ActRIIa多肽包括一或多個選自以下各者之經修飾胺基酸殘基:糖基化胺基酸、PEG化胺基酸、法呢基化胺基酸、乙醯化胺基酸、經結合生物素之胺基酸、與脂質部分結合之胺基酸、及與有機衍生劑結合之胺基酸。醫藥製劑亦可包括一或多種其他化合物,諸如用於治療骨病症之化合物。較佳地,醫藥製劑實質上無熱原質。一般而言,ActRIIa蛋白較佳於合適地介導ActRIIa蛋白之天然糖基化之哺乳動物細胞系中表現以減小患者之不利免疫反應的可能性。已成功使用人類細胞系及CHO細胞系,且預期其他常用哺乳動物表現系統將適用。
如本文所述,ActRIIa蛋白(命名為ActRIIa-Fc)具有所需特性,包括相對於GDF8及/或GDF11與活化素之選擇性結合、高親和力配位體結合及在動物模型中長於兩週之血清半生期。在某些具體實例中,本發明提供ActRIIa-Fc多肽及包含該等多肽及醫藥學上可接受之賦形劑的醫藥製劑。
在某些方面中,本案之揭示提供編碼可溶性活化素結合性ActRIIa多肽之核酸。經分離聚核苷酸可包含可溶性活化素結合性ActRIIa多肽(諸如上述)之編碼序列。舉例而言,經分離核酸可包括編碼ActRIIa之胞外域(例如配位體結合域)之序列及將編碼ActRIIa之部分或全部跨膜域及/或細胞質域,但編碼位於跨膜域或細胞質域內或位於胞外域與跨膜域或細胞質域之間的終止密碼子之序列。舉例而言,經分離聚核苷酸可包含全長ActRIIa聚核苷酸序列(諸如SEQ ID NO:4或5)或部分截斷型式,該經分離聚核苷酸進一步包含轉 錄終止密碼子,其處於3'末端之前至少六百個核苷酸處或以其他方式定位使得聚核苷酸之轉譯產生視情況與全長ActRIIa之截斷部分融合之胞外域。較佳之核酸序列為SEQ ID NO:14。本文所揭示之核酸可與表現啟動子以可操作方式連接,且本案之揭示提供經該等重組性聚核苷酸轉型之細胞。較佳地,細胞為哺乳動物細胞,諸如CHO細胞。
在某些方面中,本案之揭示提供製造可溶性活化素結合性ActRIIa多肽之方法。該方法可包括在諸如中國倉鼠卵巢(CHO)細胞之合適細胞中表現本文所揭示之核酸中之任一者(例如SEQ ID NO:4、5或14)。該方法可包含:a)在適合於表現可溶性ActRIIa多肽之條件下培養細胞,其中該細胞經可溶性ActRIIa表現構築體轉型;及b)回收如此表現之可溶性ActRIIa多肽。可溶性ActRIIa多肽可以粗製、經部分純化或經高度純化之部分的形式回收。純化可由一系列純化步驟達成,該等純化步驟包括(例如)以任何次序進行之以下各者中之一者、兩者或三者或三者以上:蛋白質A層析、陰離子交換層析(例如Q瓊脂糖)、疏水性相互作用層析(例如苯基瓊脂糖)、尺寸排阻層析及陽離子交換層析。
在某些方面中,本文所揭示之活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑,諸如可溶性活化素結合性ActRIIa多肽,可在促進個體之骨生長或增加個體之骨密度的方法中使用。在某些具體實例中,本案之揭示提供治療有需要之患者與低骨密度相關之病症或促進有需要之患者骨生長的方法。方法可包含將有效量之活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑投予有需要之個體。在某些方面中,本案之揭示提供活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑製造用於治療如本文所述之病症或病狀之醫藥品的用途。
在某些方面中,本案之揭示提供鑑別刺激骨生長或刺激骨礦化增加之藥劑的方法。該方法包含:a)鑑別與活化素或ActRIIa多肽之配位體結合域結合之測試藥劑;及b)評估該藥劑對骨生長或骨礦化之影響。
圖1展示於CHO細胞中表現之ActRIIa-hFc之純化。蛋白質純化成單一、充分界定之峰。
圖2展示如由BiaCoreTM檢定所量測,ActRIIa-hFc與活化素及GDF-11之結合。
圖3展示A-204報導體基因檢定之圖解。該圖展示報導體載體:pGL3(CAGA)12(描述於Dennler等人,1998,EMBO 17:3091-3100中)。CAGA12基元存在於TGF-β反應基因(PAI-1基因)中,故此載體一般用於經Smad 2及3進行因子信號轉導。
圖4展示在A-204報導體基因檢定中ActRIIa-hFc(菱形)及ActRIIa-mFc(正方形)對GDF-8信號轉導的影響。兩種蛋白質均顯示在皮莫耳濃度下對GDF-8介導之信號轉導的實質性抑制。
圖5展示在A-204報導體基因檢定中三種不同ActRIIa-hFc製劑對GDF-11信號轉導的影響。
圖6展示12週治療時段之前(上部畫面)及12週治療時段之後(下部畫面)經對照治療及經ActRIIa-mFc治療之BALB/c小鼠之DEXA影像的實例。較淡色相表示骨密度增加。
圖7展示經12週時段ActRIIa-mFc對BALB/c小鼠之骨礦物密度之影響的量化。治療為對照(菱形)、2mg/kg劑量之ActRIIa-mFc(正方形)、6mg/kg劑量之ActRIIa-mFc(三角形)及10mg/kg劑量之ActRIIa-mFc(圓形)。
圖8展示經12週時段ActRIIa-mFc對BALB/c小鼠之骨礦物含量之影響的量化。治療為對照(菱形)、2mg/kg劑量之ActRIIa-mFc(正方形)、6mg/kg劑量之ActRIIa-mFc(三角形)及10mg/kg劑量之ActRIIa-mFc(圓形)。
圖9展示經6週時段後ActRIIa-mFc對卵巢切除(OVX)或假手術(SHAM)C57BL6小鼠之小梁骨之骨礦物密度之影響的量化。治療為對照(PBS)或10mg/kg劑量之ActRIIa-mFc(ActRIIa)。
圖10展示經12週時段ActRIIa-mFc對卵巢切除(OVX)C57BL6小鼠之小梁骨之影響的量化。治療為對照(PBS;淺色條)或10mg/kg劑量之ActRIIa-mFc(ActRIIa;暗色條)。
圖11展示在6週或12週之治療時段後ActRIIa-mFc對假手術C57BL6小鼠之小梁骨之影響的量化。治療為對照(PBS;淺色條)或10mg/kg劑量之ActRIIa-mFc(ActRIIa;暗色條)。
圖12展示經12週治療卵巢切除小鼠之骨密度之pQCT分析的結果。治療為對照(PBS;淺色條)或ActRIIa-mFc(暗色條)。y軸:mg/ccm。
圖13描繪經12週治療假手術小鼠之骨密度之pQCT分析的結果。治療為對照(PBS;淺色條)或ActRIIa-mFc(暗色條)。y軸:mg/ccm。
圖14A及圖14B展示12週治療後全身DEXA分析(A)及股骨之活體外分析(B)。發光區域描繪高骨密度之區域。
圖15展示12週治療後股骨中段之活體外pQCT分析。治療為媒劑對照(PBS,暗色條)及ActRIIa-mFc(淺色條)。左邊四個條展示總骨密度,而右邊四個條展示皮質骨密度。每組四個條中之第一對條表示來自卵巢切除小鼠之數據,而第二對條表示來自假手術小鼠之數據。
圖16展示12週治療後股骨中段之活體外pQCT分析及骨幹骨含量。治療為媒劑對照(PBS,暗色條)或ActRIIa-mFc(淺色條)。左邊四個條展示總骨含量,而右邊四個條展示皮質骨含量。每組四個條中之第一對條表示來自卵巢切除小鼠之數據,而第二對條表示來自假手術小鼠之數據。
圖17展示股骨中段及股骨皮質厚度之活體外pQCT分析。治療為對照(PBS, 暗色條)及ActRIIa-mFc(淺色條)。左邊四個條展示骨內膜周長,而右邊四個條展示骨膜周長。每組四個條中之第一對條表示來自卵巢切除小鼠之數據,而第二對條表示來自假手術小鼠之數據。
圖18描繪12週治療後股骨之機械測試之結果。治療為對照(PBS,暗色條)及ActRIIa-mFc(淺色條)。左邊兩個條表示來自卵巢切除小鼠之數據,而最後兩個條表示來自假手術小鼠之數據。
圖19展示ActrIIa-mFc對小梁骨體積的影響。
圖20展示ActrIIa-mFc對遠端股骨中之小梁架構的影響。
圖21展示ActrIIa-mFc對皮質骨的影響。
圖22展示ActrIIa-mFc對骨骼之機械強度的影響。
圖23展示在三種不同劑量下不同劑量之ActRIIa-mFc對骨特徵的影響。
圖24展示指示ActRIIa-mFc具有同化與抗再吸收雙重活性之骨組織形態測定。
圖25展示其他組織形態測定數據。
圖26展示來自原生小鼠及負載腫瘤小鼠之小鼠股骨的影像,及ActRIIa-mFc治療對多發性骨髓瘤模型之骨形態的影響。負載多發性骨髓瘤(5T2)之小鼠相對於正常小鼠(原生)顯示骨骼之明顯坑洞及退化。用ActRIIa-mFc治療消除此效果。
圖27展示來自實施例6中所述之人類臨床試驗之結果,其中無論ActRIIa-hFc係經靜脈內(IV)抑或係經皮下(SC)投予,曲線下面積(AUC)與之所投予ActRIIa-hFc劑量具有線性相關性。
圖28展示經靜脈內或經皮下投予之患者之ActRIIa-hFc血清含量的比較。
圖29展示回應不同ActRIIa-hFc劑量水平的骨骼鹼性磷酸酶(BAP)含量。BAP為同化骨生長之標記。
圖30展示小鼠中ActRIIa-mFc(RAP-011)與雙膦酸鹽藥劑(唑來膦酸鹽,zoledronate)之協同效應。
發明詳述
1.綜述
轉型生長因子-β(TGF-β)超家族含有多種共用共同序列元素及結構基元之生長因子。已知此等蛋白質對脊椎動物與無脊椎動物中之多種細胞類型產生生物作用。超家族之成員在胚胎發育期間在圖案形成及組織特化方面執行重要功能且可影響多種分化過程,包括脂肪生成、肌肉生成、軟骨生成、心臟生成、血細胞生成、神經生成及上皮細胞分化。該家族分成兩個一般分支:BMP/GDF與TGF-β/活化素/BMP10分支,其成員具有不同的、通常互補之作用。藉由操縱TGF-β家族之成員的活性,通常有可能引起有機體之顯著生理變化。舉例而言,皮埃蒙特牛(Piedmontese cattle)及比利時藍牛(Belgian Blue cattle)品種帶有在GDF8(亦稱為肌肉抑素)基因中之功能喪失突變,該突變引起肌肉質量明顯增加。Grobet等人,Nat Genet.1997,17(1):71-4。此外,在人類中,GDF8之非活性等位基因與肌肉質量增加相關,且據報導與異常強度相關。Schuelke等人,N Engl J Med 2004,350:2682-8。
活化素為屬於TGF-β超家族之二聚多肽生長因子。存在三種主要活化素形式(A、B及AB),其為兩種密切相關之β子單元之同源二聚體/異源二聚體(βAβA、βBβB及βAβB)。人類基因組亦編碼主要於肝中表現之活化素C及活化素E。在TGF-β超家族中,活化素為可刺激卵巢細胞及胎盤細胞中激素產生,支持神經元細胞存活,根據細胞類型而正面或負面影響細胞週期進程,且至少在兩棲動物胚胎中誘導中胚層分化之獨特及多功能因子(DePaolo等人,1991,Proc Soc Ep Biol Med.198:500-512;Dyson等人,1997,Curr Biol.7:81-84;Woodruff,1998,Biochem Pharmacol.55:953-963)。此外,發現自受激人類單核白血病細胞分離之紅血球分化因子(EDF)與活化素A相同(Murata等人,1988,PNAS,85:2434)。已表明活化素A充當骨髓中紅血球生成之天然正性調節劑。在若干組織中,活化素信號轉導受其相關異源二聚體抑制素(inhibin)拮抗。舉例而言,在卵泡刺激激素(FSH)自垂體釋放期間,活化素促進FSH分泌及合成,而抑制素阻止FSH分泌及合成。可調節活化素生物活性及/或與活化素結合之其他蛋白質包括卵泡抑素(FS)、卵泡抑素相關蛋白(FSRP)及α2-巨球蛋白。
TGF-β信號係由I型與II型絲胺酸/蘇胺酸激酶受體之異聚複合物介導,該等異聚複合物在配位體刺激後即使下游Smad蛋白磷酸化並活化(Massagué,2000,Nat.Rev.Mol.Cell Biol.1:169-178)。此等I型及II型受體為包含具有富含半胱胺酸區域之配位體結合胞外域、跨膜域及具有預測絲胺酸/蘇胺酸特異性之細胞質域的跨膜蛋白。I型受體為信號轉導所必需;且II型受體為結合配位體及表現I型受體所需。I型及II型活化素受體在配位體結合後形成穩定複合物,使得I型受體由II型受體磷酸化。
兩種相關II型受體ActRIIa與ActRIIb已被鑑別為活化素之II型受體(Mathews及Vale,1991,Cell 65:973-982;Attisano等人,1992,Cell 68:97-108)。除活化素以外,ActRIIa及ActRIIb可與若干其他TGF-β家族蛋白質(包括BMP7、Nodal、GDF8及GDF11)以生物化學方式相互作用(Yamashita等人,1995,J.Cell Biol.130:217-226;Lee及McPherron,2001,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.98:9306-9311;Yeo及Whitman,2001,Mol.Cell 7:949-957;Oh等人,2002,Genes Dev.16:2749-54)。ALK4為活化素、尤其活化素A之主要I型受體,且ALK-7亦可充當活化素、尤其活化素B之受體。
如本文所證實,顯示與其他TGF-β家族成員(諸如GDF8或 GDF11)對比在與活化素A結合方面顯示實質性優先性的可溶性ActRIIa多肽(sActRIIa)有效促進活體內骨生長且增加活體內骨密度。儘管不希望受任何特定機制束縛,但仍預期sActRIIa之作用主要由活化素拮抗劑作用所引起,假定此等研究中所使用之特定sActRIIa構築體顯示極強活化素結合(皮莫耳解離常數)。無論機制如何,自本文所呈現之資料顯而易見,ActRIIa-活化素拮抗劑的確增加正常小鼠、骨質疏鬆症之小鼠模型及多發性骨髓瘤之小鼠模型的骨密度。應注意,骨為動態組織,其生長或收縮及密度增加或減小視產生骨並刺激礦化之因子(主要為造骨細胞)與破壞骨並使之脫礦質之因子(主要為破骨細胞)的平衡而定。骨生長及礦化可藉由增加產生因子、藉由減少破壞因子,或藉由二者同時來增加。術語「促進骨生長」及「增加骨礦化」係指可觀測之骨骼實體變化且關於骨骼變化發生的機制意欲為中性的。
本文所述之研究中所使用之骨質疏鬆症及骨生長/密度的小鼠模型被視為對人類中之功效具有高度預測性,且由此,本案之揭示提供使用ActRIIa多肽及其他活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑促進人類骨生長且增加人類骨密度的方法。活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑包括(例如)活化素結合可溶性ActRIIa多肽、與活化素(尤其活化素A或B子單元,亦稱作βA或βB)結合且破壞ActRIIa結合之抗體、與ActRIIa結合且破壞活化素結合之抗體、選擇用於活化素或ActRIIa結合之非抗體蛋白(對於該等蛋白質的實例及設計並選擇該等非抗體親和力結合試劑之方法,參見,例如WO/2002/088171、WO/2006/055689及WO/2002/032925),及選擇用於活化素或ActRIIa結合(通常附著於Fc域)之隨機化肽。兩種具有活化素或ActRIIa結合活性之不同蛋白質(或其他部分),尤其分別阻斷I型(例如可溶性I型活化素受體)及II型(例如可溶性II型活化素受體)結合位點之活化素結合劑,可連接在一起以產生雙功能結合分子。亦可使用抑制活化素-ActRIIa信號轉導軸之核酸適體、小分子及其他藥劑。多種蛋白質具有活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑活 性,包括抑制素(亦即,抑制素α子單元)(儘管抑制素並不普遍地在所有組織中拮抗活化素)、卵泡抑素(例如,卵泡抑素-288及卵泡抑素-315)、FSRP、活化素C、α(2)-巨球蛋白,及M108A(在位置108處甲硫胺酸變成丙胺酸)突變活化素A。一般而言,活化素之替代形式,尤其在I型受體結合域中具有變異之彼等活化素,可與II型受體結合且未能形成活性三元複合物,由此充當拮抗劑。另外,抑制活化素A、B、C或E或尤其抑制ActRIIa表現之核酸(諸如反義分子、siRNA或核糖核酸酶)可用作活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑。較佳地,待使用之活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑將顯示對比TGF-β家族之其他成員,且尤其相對於GDF8及GDF11抑制活化素介導之信號轉導的選擇性。可溶性ActRIIb蛋白的確與活化素結合,然而,野生型蛋白質並不顯示對比GDF8/11與活化素結合之顯著選擇性,且初步實驗表明此蛋白質並不提供對骨骼之所要影響,同時亦引起實質性肌肉生長。然而,已鑑別具有不同結合特性之ActRIIb變異形式(參見,例如WO 2006/012627,第55-59頁,其以引用的方式併入本文中),且此等蛋白質可達成對骨骼之所要影響。可藉由與第二活化素選擇性結合劑偶合而給予原生或變異ActRIIb以增加之對活化素之特異性。
在本發明之情形內且在使用各術語之特定情形中,本說明書中所使用之術語一般具有其在此項技術中之普通含義。某些術語於下文或本說明書中之其他地方加以討論,以在描述本發明之組合物及方法以及如何製造及使用其方面向從業者提供額外導則。術語之任何使用之範疇或含義將自使用該術語之特定情形顯而易見。
「約」一般應意謂在給定量測之性質或精度下所量測之量的可接受誤差程度。典型地,例示性誤差程度處於給定值或值範圍之20%內、較佳10%內,且更佳5%內。
其他且尤其在生物系統中,術語「約」可意謂處於給定值之一個 數量級內、較佳5倍以內且更佳2倍以內之值。除非另有規定,否則本文所給出之數量為近似值,其意謂當未明確規定時可推斷出術語「約」。
本發明之方法可包括將序列彼此比較之步驟,包括將野生型序列與一或多個突變體(序列變體)比較。該等比較典型地包含(例如)使用序列對準程式及/或此項技術中所熟知之演算法(僅舉幾個例子,例如BLAST、FASTA及MEGALIGN)將聚合物序列對準。熟習此項技術者可易於瞭解,在該等對準中,當突變含有殘基插入或缺失時,序列對準將在不含有所插入或所缺失之殘基的聚合物序列中引入「空位」(典型地由破折號或「A」表示)。
「同源」(所有其語法形式及拼法變化)係指具有「共同演化起源」之兩種蛋白質之間的關係,該等蛋白質包括來自相同有機體物種中之超家族之蛋白質以及來自不同有機體物種之同源蛋白質。該等蛋白質(及其編碼核酸)具有如由其序列相似性,根據一致性百分比抑或由特定殘基或基元及保守位置的存在所反映之序列同源性。
術語「序列相似性」(所有其語法形式)係指在可能共用或可能不共用共同演化起源之核酸序列或胺基酸序列之間的一致性或對應性之程度。
然而,在常見用法中及本發明應用中,術語「同源」當經諸如「高度」之副詞修飾時可指代序列相似性且可能或可能不涉及共同演化起源。
2.ActRIIa多肽
在某些方面中,本發明係關於ActRIIa多肽。如本文所用之術語「ActRIIa」係指來自任何物種之IIa型活化素受體(ActRIIa)蛋白質家族及藉由突變或其他修飾而衍生自該等ActRIIa蛋白之變體。在本文中提及ActRIIa應理解為提及目前所鑑別之形式中之任一者。ActRIIa家族之成員一般為包含具有富含半胱胺酸區域之配位體結合胞外域、跨膜域及具有預測絲胺酸/蘇胺酸激酶活性之細胞質域的跨膜蛋白。
術語「ActRIIa多肽」包括包含ActRIIa家族成員之任何天然產生多肽以及其保留有用活性之任何變體(包括突變體、片段、融合體及肽模擬物形式)之多肽。舉例而言,ActRIIa多肽包括衍生自序列與ActRIIa多肽之序列至少約80%一致且較佳至少85%、90%、95%、97%、99%或更高一致性的任何已知ActRIIa之序列的多肽。舉例而言,本發明之ActRIIa多肽可與ActRIIa蛋白及/或活化素結合且抑制其功能。較佳地,ActRIIa多肽促進骨生長及骨礦化。ActRIIa多肽之實例包括人類ActRIIa前驅多肽(SEQ ID NO:1)及可溶性人類ActRIIa多肽(例如,SEQ ID NO:2、3、7及12)。
人類ActRIIa前驅蛋白序列如下: (SEQ ID NO:1)
信號肽加單下劃線;胞外域為粗體且潛在N-連接糖基化位點加雙下劃線。
人類ActRIIa可溶性(細胞外)經加工之多肽序列如下:ILGRSETQECLFFNANWEKDRTNQTGVEPCYGDKDKRRHCFATWKNISG SIEIVKQGCWLDDINCYDRTDCVEKKDSPEVYFCCCEGNMCNEKFSYFPEMEVTQPTSNPVTPKPP(SEQ ID NO:2)
胞外域之C末端「尾巴」加下劃線。「尾巴」缺失之序列(△15序列)如下:ILGRSETQECLFFNANWEKDRTNQTGVEPCYGDKDKRRHCFATWKNISGSIEIVKQGCWLDDINCYDRTDCVEKKDSPEVYFCCCEGNMCNEKFSYFPEM(SEQ ID NO:3)
編碼人類ActRIIa前驅蛋白之核酸序列如下(Genbank條目NM_001616之核苷酸164-1705): (SEQ ID NO:4)
編碼人類ActRIIa可溶性(細胞外)多肽之核酸序列如下: (SEQ ID NO:5)
在一特定具體實例中,本發明係關於可溶性ActRIIa多肽。如本文所述之術語「可溶性ActRIIa多肽」一般係指包含ActRIIa蛋白之胞外域之多肽。如本文所用之術語「可溶性ActRIIa多肽」包括ActRIIa蛋白之任何天然產生胞外域以及其任何變體(包括突變體、片段及肽模擬物形式)。活化素結合性ActRIIa多肽為保留與活化素,尤其與活化素AA、AB或BB結合之能力的ActRIIa多肽。較佳地,活化素結合性ActRIIa多肽將以1nM或更小之解離常數與活化素AA結合。人類ActRIIa前驅蛋白之胺基酸序列提供於下文中。ActRIIa蛋白之胞外域與活化素結合且一般為可溶的,且由此可稱為可溶性活化素結合性ActRIIa多肽。可溶性活化素結合性ActRIIa多肽之實例包括SEQ ID NO:2、3、7、12及13所說明之可溶性多肽。SEQ ID NO:7係稱為ActRIIa-hFc,且在實施例中進一步描述。可溶性活化素結合性ActRIIa多肽之其他實例包含除ActRIIa蛋白之胞外域以外之信號序列,例如蜜蜂蜂毒肽(mellitin)前導序列(SEQ ID NO:8)、組織纖維蛋白溶酶原活化劑(TPA)前導子(SEQ ID NO:9)或原生ActRIIa前導子(SEQ ID NO:10)。SEQ ID NO:13所說明之ActRIIa-hFc多肽使用TPA前導子。
ActRIIa多肽之功能活性片段可藉由篩選自編碼ActRIIa多肽之核酸的相應片段重組產生之多肽而獲得。另外,片段可使用此項技術中已知之技術(諸如習知Merrifield固相f-Moc或t-Boc化學)來化學合成。可(以重組方式或藉由化學合成)產生片段且對其測試以鑑別可充當ActRIIa蛋白或由活化素介導之信號轉導之拮抗劑(抑制劑)的彼等肽基片段。
ActRIIa多肽之功能活性變體可藉由篩選自編碼ActRIIa多肽之相應突變核酸重組產生之經修飾多肽的文庫而獲得。可產生變體且對其測試以鑑別可充當ActRIIa蛋白或由活化素介導之信號轉導之拮抗劑(抑制劑)的彼等變體。在某些具體實例中,ActRIIa多肽之功能變體包含與選自SEQ ID NO:2或3之胺基酸序列至少75%一致的胺基酸序列。在某些狀況下,功能變體具有與選自 SEQ ID NO:2或3之胺基酸序列至少80%、85%、90%、95%、97%、98%、99%或100%一致的胺基酸序列。
功能變體可藉由出於增強治療功效或穩定性(例如活體外存放期及對活體內蛋白水解降解之抗性)之目的來修飾ActRIIa多肽之結構而產生。該等經修飾之ActRIIa多肽當經選擇以保留活化素結合性時被視為天然產生之ActRIIa多肽之功能等效物。經修飾之ActRIIa多肽亦可(例如)藉由胺基酸取代、缺失或添加而產生。舉例而言,合理地預期白胺酸經異白胺酸或纈胺酸、天冬胺酸酯經麩胺酸酯、蘇胺酸經絲胺酸的經分離置換或胺基酸經結構相關胺基酸的類似置換(例如保守突變)不會對所得分子之生物活性產生主要影響。保守置換為在胺基酸家族內發生之與其側鏈相關之彼等置換。ActRIIa多肽之胺基酸序列的變化是否產生功能同源物可易於藉由評估變體ActRIIa多肽以類似於野生型ActRIIa多肽之方式在細胞中產生反應的能力來確定。
在某些具體實例中,本發明涵蓋ActRIIa多肽之特定突變以改變多肽之糖基化。該等突變可經選擇以引入或消除一或多個糖基化位點,諸如O-連接或N-連接糖基化位點。天冬醯胺酸連接糖基化識別位點一般包含由適當細胞糖基化酶特異性識別之三肽序列天冬醯胺酸-X-蘇胺酸(或天冬醯胺酸-X-絲胺酸)(其中「X」為任何胺基酸)。變異亦可藉由將一或多個絲胺酸或蘇胺酸殘基添加至野生型ActRIIa多肽之序列中或使野生型ActRIIa多肽之序列經一或多個絲胺酸或蘇胺酸殘基取代而得(對於O-連接糖基化位點而言)。在糖基化識別位點之第一或第三胺基酸位置中之一或兩者處的多種胺基酸取代或缺失(及/或在第二位置處之胺基酸缺失)在經修飾之三肽序列處產生非糖基化。增加ActRIIa多肽上之碳水化合物部分之數目的另一方式為藉由使醣苷與ActRIIa多肽化學或酶促偶合。視所使用之偶合模式而定,可使糖與以下各者連接:(a)精胺酸及組胺酸;(b)游離羧基;(c)游離硫氫基,諸如半胱胺酸之彼等游離硫氫基;(d) 游離羥基,諸如絲胺酸、蘇胺酸或羥基脯胺酸之彼等游離羥基;(e)芳族殘基,諸如苯丙胺酸、酪胺酸或色胺酸之彼等芳族殘基;或(f)麩醯胺酸之醯胺基。此等方法描述於1987年9月11日公開之WO 87/05330中及Aplin及Wriston(1981)CRC Crit.Rev.Biochem.,第259-306頁中,該等文獻以引用的方式併入本文中。移除存在於ActRIIa多肽上之一或多個碳水化合物部分可以化學方式及/或以酶促方式實現。化學脫糖基化可涉及(例如)將ActRIIa多肽暴露於化合物三氟甲烷磺酸或等效化合物。此處理使得除連接糖(N-乙醯基葡糖胺或N-乙醯基半乳糖胺)以外之多數或所有糖裂解,同時留下完整胺基酸序列。化學脫糖基化由Hakimuddin等人(1987)Arch.Biochem.Biophys.259:52及由Edge等人(1981)Anal.Biochem.118:131進一步描述。如由Thotakura等人(1987)Meth.Enzymol.138:350所述,ActRIIa多肽上之碳水化合物部分的酶促裂解可藉由使用多種內切醣苷酶及外切醣苷酶來達成。當哺乳動物、酵母、昆蟲及植物細胞皆可引入可受ActRIIa多肽之胺基酸序列影響之不同糖基化模式時,該肽之序列適當時可視所使用之表現系統之類型而加以調整。儘管預期其他哺乳動物表現細胞系、具有工程化糖基化酶之酵母細胞系及昆蟲細胞同樣適用,但一般而言,於人類中使用之ActRIIa蛋白將在提供適當糖基化之哺乳動物細胞系(諸如HEK293或CHO細胞系)中表現。
本案之揭示進一步涵蓋產生ActRIIa多肽之突變體、尤其組合突變體組以及截斷突變體之方法;組合突變體組尤其適用於鑑別功能變體序列。篩選該等組合文庫之目的可在於產生(例如)可充當促效劑或拮抗劑或者共同具有新穎活性之ActRIIa多肽變體。多種篩選檢定提供於下文中,且該等檢定可用於評估變體。舉例而言,ActRIIa多肽變體可針對與ActRIIa配位體結合、防止ActRIIa配位體與ActRIIa多肽結合或干擾由ActRIIa配位體引起之信號轉導的能力來篩選。
ActRIIa多肽或其變體之活性亦可在基於細胞之檢定或活體內檢定中測試。舉例而言,可評估ActRIIa多肽變體對骨產生或骨破壞中所涉及之基因之表現的影響。必要時,其可在一或多種重組性ActRIIa配位體蛋白(例如活化素)存在下進行,且可轉染細胞以產生ActRIIa多肽及/或其變體,及視情況之ActRIIa配位體。同樣地,可將ActRIIa多肽投予小鼠或其他動物,且可評估一或多種骨特性,諸如密度或體積。亦可評估骨折之復原速率。雙能量x射線吸收測定法(DEXA)為評估動物骨密度之經充分確立之非侵襲性定量技術。在人類中,中央DEXA系統可用於評估脊骨及骨盆中之骨密度。該等密度為總體骨密度之最佳預測因子。外周DEXA系統可用於評估包括(例如)手骨、腕骨、踝骨及足骨的外周骨中之骨密度。包括CAT掃描之傳統x射線成像系統可用於評估骨生長及骨折復原。亦可評估骨骼之機械強度。
可產生相對於天然產生之ActRIIa多肽具有選擇性或一般增加之效能的組合衍生變體。同樣地,突變可產生具有顯著不同於相應野生型ActRIIa多肽之細胞內半生期的變體。舉例而言,可使變異蛋白質對蛋白水解降解或引起原生ActRIIa多肽破壞或以其他方式失活之其他細胞過程更加穩定或較不穩定。該等變體及其編碼基因可用於藉由調節ActRIIa多肽之半生期而改變ActRIIa多肽含量。舉例而言,短半生期可引起更短暫之生物作用且可允許更嚴格控制患者體內重組性ActRIIa多肽含量。在Fc融合蛋白中,可在連接子(若有)及/或Fc部分中進行突變以改變蛋白質之半生期。
組合文庫可經由編碼各自包括至少一部分潛在ActRIIa多肽序列之多肽文庫的基因簡并文庫來產生。舉例而言,可使合成寡核苷酸之混合物酶促接合至基因序列中使得潛在ActRIIa多肽核苷酸序列之簡并組可表現為個別多肽或者可表現為一組較大融合蛋白(例如,對於噬菌體呈現)。
存在許多可用於自簡并寡核苷酸序列產生潛在同源物之文庫的 方式。簡并基因序列的化學合成可在自動DNA合成器中進行,且接著使合成基因接合至適當表現載體中。簡并寡核苷酸的合成在此項技術中已為熟知(參見,例如Narang,SA(1983)Tetrahedron 39:3;Itakura等人,(1981)Recombinant DNA,Proc.3rd Cleveland Sympos.Macromolecules,AG Walton編,Amsterdam:Elsevier第273-289頁;Itakura等人,(1984)Annu.Rev.Biochem.53:323;Itakura等人,(1984)Science 198:1056;Ike等人,(1983)Nucleic Acid Res.11:477)。該等技術已在其他蛋白質之定向演化中使用(參見,例如Scott等人,(1990)Science 249:386-390;Roberts等人,(1992)PNAS USA 89:2429-2433;Devlin等人,(1990)Science 249:404-406;Cwirla等人,(1990)PNAS USA 87:6378-6382;以及美國專利第5,223,409號、第5,198,346號及第5,096,815號)。
或者,其他形式之突變可用於產生組合文庫。舉例而言,可藉由使用以下方式進行篩選而自文庫產生並分離ActRIIa多肽變體:例如,丙胺酸掃描突變及類似方式(Ruf等人,(1994)Biochemistry 33:1565-1572;Wang等人,(1994)J.Biol.Chem.269:3095-3099;Balint等人,(1993)Gene 137:109-118;Grodberg等人,(1993)Eur.J.Biochem.218:597-601;Nagashima等人,(1993)J.Biol.Chem.268:2888-2892;Lowman等人,(1991)Biochemistry 30:10832-10838;及Cunningham等人,(1989)Science 244:1081-1085);連接子掃描突變(Gustin等人,(1993)Virology 193:653-660;Brown等人,(1992)Mol.Cell Biol.12:2644-2652;McKnight等人,(1982)Science 232:316);飽和突變(Meyers等人,(1986)Science 232:613);PCR突變(Leung等人,(1989)Method Cell Mol Biol 1:11-19);或隨機突變(包括化學突變等)(Miller等人,(1992)A Short Course in Bacterial Genetics,CSHL Press,Cold Spring Harbor,NY;及Greener等人,(1994)Strategies in Mol Biol 7:32-34)。連接子掃描突變,尤其在組合設定中,為鑑別截斷(生物活性)形式之ActRIIa多肽的具吸引力之方法。
廣泛技術在此項技術中已知用於篩選藉由點突變及截斷所得之組合文庫之基因產物且就此而言用於篩選cDNA文庫中具有某種特性之基因產物。該等技術一般將適於快速篩選由ActRIIa多肽之組合突變所產生之基因文庫。最廣泛使用之篩選大基因文庫之技術典型地包含將基因文庫選殖至可複製表現載體中,用所得載體文庫轉型適當細胞,且在所要活性之偵測有利於編碼基因(偵測其產物)之載體相對容易地分離之條件下表現組合基因。較佳之檢定包括活化素結合檢定及活化素介導之細胞信號轉導檢定。
在某些具體實例中,本發明之ActRIIa多肽除天然存在於ActRIIa多肽中之任何者以外可進一步包含轉譯後修飾。該等修飾包括(但不限於):乙醯化、羧化、糖基化、磷酸化、脂化及醯化。由此,經修飾之ActRIIa多肽可含有非胺基酸元素,諸如聚乙二醇、脂質、多醣或單醣,及磷酸酯。該等非胺基酸元素對ActRIIa多肽之功能性的影響可如本文對於其他ActRIIa多肽變體所述來測試。當藉由使初生形式之ActRIIa多肽裂解而在細胞中產生ActRIIa多肽時,轉譯後加工對於蛋白質之正確摺疊及/或功能而言亦為重要的。不同細胞(諸如CHO、HeLa、MDCK、293、WI38、NIH-3T3或HEK293)具有該等轉譯後活性之特定細胞機構及特徵機制且可經選擇以確保ActRIIa多肽之正確修飾及加工。
在某些方面中,ActRIIa多肽之功能變體或經修飾形式包括具有至少一部分ActRIIa多肽及一或多個融合域之融合蛋白。該等融合域之熟知實例包括(但不限於):多組胺酸、Glu-Glu、麩胱甘肽S轉移酶(GST)、硫氧還蛋白(thioredoxin)、蛋白質A、蛋白質G、免疫球蛋白重鏈恆定區(Fc)、麥芽糖結合蛋白(MBP)或人血清白蛋白。融合域可經選擇以賦予所要特性。舉例而言,一些融合域尤其適用於藉由親和層析分離融合蛋白。出於親和純化之目的,使用親和層析之相關基質,諸如麩胱甘肽結合樹脂、澱粉酶結合樹脂及鎳結合樹脂或鈷結合樹脂。該等基質中有許多可以「套組」形式獲得,諸如適用於(HIS6) 融合搭配物之Pharmacia GST純化系統及QIAexpressTM系統(Qiagen)。作為另一實例,融合域可經選擇以有利於偵測ActRIIa多肽。該等偵測域之實例包括各種螢光蛋白(例如GFP)以及「抗原決定基標籤」,其通常為特定抗體可用之短肽序列。特定單株抗體可易於使用之熟知抗原決定基標籤包括FLAG、流感病毒紅血球凝集素(HA)及c-myc標籤。在一些狀況下,融合域具有蛋白酶裂解位點,諸如因子Xa或凝血酶之蛋白酶裂解位點,其允許相關蛋白酶部分消化融合蛋白且從而自其釋放重組蛋白。可接著由後續層析分離使所釋放之蛋白質自融合域分離。在某些較佳具體實例中,ActRIIa多肽與活體內穩定ActRIIa多肽之域(「穩定子」域)融合。「穩定」意謂增加血清半生期之任何者,無論其係由於破壞減小、腎清除減小抑或其他藥物動力學效應而達成。已知與免疫球蛋白之Fc部分的融合賦予大範圍之蛋白質以所需藥物動力學特性。同樣地,與人血清白蛋白之融合可賦予所需特性。可選擇之其他類型融合域包括多聚(例如二聚、四聚)域及功能域(賦予其他生物功能,諸如必要時進一步刺激骨生長或肌肉生長)。
作為一特定實例,本發明提供包含與Fc域融合之ActRIIa之可溶性胞外域的融合蛋白(例如SEQ ID NO:6)。
視情況,Fc域在諸如Asp-265、離胺酸322及Asn-434之殘基處具有一或多處突變。在某些狀況下,具有此等突變中之一或多者(例如Asp-265突變)之突變Fc域相對於野生型Fc域與Fcγ受體結合之能力減小。在其他狀況下,具有此等突變中之一或多者(例如Asn-434突變)之突變Fc域相對於野生型Fc域 與I類MHC相關Fc受體(FcRN)結合之能力增加。
應瞭解融合蛋白之不同元素可以與所要功能性相符之任何方式排列。舉例而言,可將ActRIIa多肽置放於異源域之C末端或者可將異源域置放於ActRIIa多肽之C末端。ActRIIa多肽域與異源域在融合蛋白中無須相鄰,且其他域或胺基酸序列可包括於任一域之C末端或N末端中或介於該等域之間。
在某些具體實例中,本發明之ActRIIa多肽含有一或多種能穩定ActRIIa多肽之修飾。舉例而言,該等修飾增強ActRIIa多肽之試管內半生期,增強ActRIIa多肽之循環半生期或減少ActRIIa多肽之蛋白水解降解。該等穩定化修飾包括(但不限於):融合蛋白(包括,例如包含ActRIIa多肽及穩定子域之融合蛋白)、糖基化位點之修飾(包括,例如將糖基化位點添加至ActRIIa多肽中),及碳水化合物部分之修飾(包括,例如自ActRIIa多肽移除碳水化合物部分)。在融合蛋白之狀況下,ActRIIa多肽與諸如IgG分子之穩定子域(例如Fc域)融合。如本文所用之術語「穩定子域」不僅係指如在融合蛋白之狀況下的融合域(例如Fc),而且包括諸如碳水化合物部分之非蛋白類修飾或諸如聚乙二醇之非蛋白類聚合物。
在某些具體實例中,本發明製造可用之經分離及/或經純化形式之ActRIIa多肽,其係與其他蛋白質分離或以其他方式實質上無其他蛋白質。ActRIIa多肽一般將自重組性核酸藉由表現而產生。
3.編碼ActRIIa多肽之核酸
在某些方面中,本發明提供編碼ActRIIa多肽(例如可溶性ActRIIa多肽)中之任一者(包括本文所揭示之片段、功能變體及融合蛋白)之經分離核酸及/或重組性核酸。舉例而言,SEQ ID NO:4編碼天然產生之人類ActRIIa前驅多肽,而SEQ ID NO:5編碼經加工之ActRIIa胞外域。主題核酸可為單股或雙股。該等核酸可為DNA或RNA分子。此等核酸可(例如)在製造ActRIIa多肽之 方法中使用或用作直接治療劑(例如在基因療法中)。
在某些方面中,編碼ActRIIa多肽之主題核酸應進一步理解為包括為SEQ ID NO:4或5之變體的核酸。變體核苷酸序列包括因一或多處核苷酸取代、添加或缺失而不同之序列,諸如等位基因變體。
在某些具體實例中,本發明提供與SEQ ID NO:4或5至少80%、85%、90%、95%、97%、98%、99%或100%一致之經分離核酸序列或重組性核酸序列。一般熟習此項技術者應瞭解,與SEQ ID NO:4或5及SEQ ID NO:4或5之變體互補之核酸序列亦處於本發明之範疇內。在其他具體實例中,本發明之核酸序列可為經分離的、重組性的及/或與異源核苷酸序列融合,或在DNA文庫中。
在其他具體實例中,本發明之核酸亦包括在高度嚴格條件下與SEQ ID NO:4或5所表示之核苷酸序列、SEQ ID NO:4或5之互補序列或其片段雜交之核苷酸序列。如上文所討論,一般熟習此項技術者應易於瞭解,可改變促進DNA雜交之適當嚴格度條件。一般熟習此項技術者應易於瞭解,可改變促進DNA雜交之適當嚴格度條件。舉例而言,吾人可在約45℃下於6.0×氯化鈉/檸檬酸鈉(SSC)中進行雜交,接著在50℃下用2.0×SSC洗滌。舉例而言,洗滌步驟中之鹽濃度可選自50℃下約2.0×SSC之低嚴格度至50℃下約0.2×SSC之高嚴格度。另外,洗滌步驟中之溫度可自室溫(約22℃)之低嚴格度條件增至約65℃之高嚴格度條件。溫度與鹽均可改變,或可將溫度或鹽濃度保持恆定同時改變另一變數。在一具體實例中,本發明提供在室溫下6×SSC之低嚴格度條件下雜交、接著在室溫下於2×SSC中洗滌之核酸。
因遺傳密碼之簡并而不同於如SEQ ID NO:4或5中所述之核酸的經分離核酸亦處於本發明之範疇內。舉例而言,許多胺基酸係由一個以上三聯體表示。指定同一胺基酸之密碼子或同義密碼子(例如CAU及CAC為組胺酸之 同義密碼子)可引起不影響蛋白質之胺基酸序列的「靜默」突變。然而,預期不引起主題蛋白質之胺基酸序列變化之DNA序列多態現象將存在於哺乳動物細胞當中。熟習此項技術者應瞭解,編碼特定蛋白質之核酸之一或多個核苷酸(至多約3-5%之核苷酸)的此等變化可因天然等位基因變化而存在於特定物種之個體當中。任何及所有該等核苷酸變化及所得胺基酸多態現象處於本發明之範疇內。
在某些具體實例中,本發明之重組性核酸可在表現構築體中與一或多個調節核苷酸序列以可操作方式連接。調節核苷酸序列一般將適於供表現用之宿主細胞。眾多類型之適當表現載體及合適之調節序列在此項技術中已知用於多種宿主細胞。典型地,該或該等調節核苷酸序列可包括(但不限於):啟動子序列、前導序列或信號序列、核糖體結合位點、轉錄起始及終止序列、轉譯起始及終止序列,及強化子序列或活化子序列。如此項技術中已知之組成性或誘導性啟動子為本發明所涵蓋。啟動子可為天然產生之啟動子或組合一個以上啟動子之元素的雜合啟動子。表現構築體可存在於細胞中離合染色小體(諸如質體)上,或可將表現構築體插入染色體中。在一較佳具體實例中,表現載體含有可選擇標記基因以允許選擇經轉型之宿主細胞。可選擇標記基因在此項技術中已為熟知且將隨所使用之宿主細胞而變。
在本發明之某些方面中,主題核酸係提供於包含編碼ActRIIa多肽之核苷酸序列的表現載體中且與至少一個調節序列以可操作方式連接。調節序列經技術認可且經選擇以引導ActRIIa多肽表現。因此,術語調節序列包括啟動子、強化子及其他表現控制元素。例示性調節序列描述於Goeddel;Gene Expression Technology:Methods in Enzymology,Academic Press,San Diego,CA(1990)中。舉例而言,當與DNA序列以操作方式連接時控制該DNA序列表現之多種表現控制序列中之任一者可在此等載體中使用以表現編碼ActRIIa多肽之 DNA序列。該等有用之表現控制序列包括(例如)SV40之早期及晚期啟動子、tet啟動子、腺病毒或細胞巨大病毒即刻早期啟動子、RSV啟動子、lac系統、trp系統、TAC或TRC系統、表現由T7 RNA聚合酶引導之T7啟動子、噬菌體λ之主要操縱子及啟動子區、fd鞘蛋白之控制區、3-磷酸甘油酸激酶或其他醣解酶之啟動子、酸性磷酸酶之啟動子(例如Pho5)、酵母α-交配型因子之啟動子、桿狀病毒系統之多面體啟動子及已知控制原核或真核細胞或其病毒之基因表現的其他序列,及其各種組合。應瞭解,表現載體之設計可視諸如待轉型之宿主細胞的選擇及/或欲待表現之蛋白質的類型而定。此外,亦應考慮載體之複本數、控制彼複本數之能力及由載體編碼之任何其他蛋白質(諸如抗生素標記)的表現。
本發明之重組性核酸可藉由將所選殖之基因或其部分接合至適合用於原核細胞、真核細胞(酵母、鳥類、昆蟲或哺乳動物)或二者中之表現的載體中來產生。產生重組性ActRIIa多肽之表現媒劑包括質體及其他載體。舉例而言,合適之載體包括以下類型之質體:供原核細胞(諸如大腸桿菌(E.coli))中之表現用的衍生自pBR322之質體、衍生自pEMBL之質體、衍生自pEX之質體、衍生自pBTac之質體及衍生自pUC之質體。
一些哺乳動物表現載體含有有利於載體於細菌中繁殖之原核序列與一或多個在真核細胞中表現之真核轉錄單元。衍生自pcDNAI/amp、pcDNAI/neo、pRc/CMV、pSV2gpt、pSV2neo、pSV2-dhfr、pTk2、pRSVneo、pMSG、pSVT7、pko-neo及pHyg之載體為適合於真核細胞之轉染的哺乳動物表現載體之實例。一些此等載體經來自細菌質體(諸如pBR322)之序列修飾以有利於原核細胞與真核細胞中之複製及耐藥性選擇。或者,病毒之衍生物,諸如牛乳頭狀瘤病毒(BPV-1)或愛-巴病毒(Epstein-Barr virus)(pHEBo、衍生自pREP,及p205),可用於在真核細胞中瞬間表現蛋白質。其他病毒(包括反轉錄病毒)表現系統之實例可見於下文基因療法傳遞系統之描述中。質體製備中及宿主有機 體轉型中所使用之各種方法在此項技術中已為熟知。對於原核細胞與真核細胞之其他合適之表現系統以及一般重組程序,參見Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual,第3版,Sambrook,Fritsch及Maniatis編(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,2001)。在一些情況下,可能需要藉由使用桿狀病毒表現系統來表現重組性多肽。該等桿狀病毒表現系統之實例包括衍生自pVL之載體(諸如pVL1392、pVL1393及pVL941)、衍生自pAcUW之載體(諸如pAcUW1),及衍生自pBlueBac之載體(諸如含有pBlueBac III之β-gal)。
在一較佳具體實例中,載體將經設計用於在CHO細胞中產生主題ActRIIa多肽,該載體諸如Pcmv-Script載體(Stratagene,La Jolla,Calif.)、pcDNA4載體(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,Calif.)及pCI-neo載體(Promega,Madison,Wisc.)。將顯而易見,主題基因構築體可用於促成主題ActRIIa多肽在於培養物中繁殖之細胞中表現,(例如)以產生包括融合蛋白或變體蛋白之蛋白質以供純化。
本案之揭示亦係關於經重組性基因轉染之宿主細胞,該重組性基因包括主題ActRIIa多肽中之一或多者的編碼序列(例如SEQ ID NO:4或5)。該宿主細胞可為任何原核細胞或真核細胞。舉例而言,本發明之ActRIIa多肽可在諸如大腸桿菌之細菌細胞、昆蟲細胞(例如,使用桿狀病毒表現系統)、酵母或哺乳動物細胞中表現。其他合適之宿主細胞為熟習此項技術者所知。
因此,本發明進一步係關於產生主題ActRIIa多肽之方法。舉例而言,可在適當條件下培養經編碼ActRIIa多肽之表現載體轉染之宿主細胞以允許ActRIIa多肽之表現發生。可使ActRIIa多肽自含有ActRIIa多肽之細胞與培養基之混合物分泌並分離。或者,可使ActRIIa多肽保持於細胞質中或膜部分中,且將細胞收集、溶解並分離蛋白質。細胞培養物包括宿主細胞、培養基及其他副產物。供細胞培養用之合適培養基在此項技術中已為熟知。可使用此項技術中 已知用於純化蛋白質之技術使主題ActRIIa多肽自細胞培養基、宿主細胞或二者分離,該等技術包括離子交換層析、凝膠過濾層析、超濾、電泳、使用對ActRIIa多肽之特定抗原決定基具特異性之抗體進行免疫親和純化及使用結合與ActRIIa多肽融合之域的試劑進行親和純化(例如,蛋白質A管柱可用於純化ActRIIa-Fc融合體)。在一較佳具體實例中,ActRIIa多肽為含有有利於其純化之域的融合蛋白。在一較佳具體實例中,純化係由一系列管柱層析步驟達成,該等管柱層析步驟包括(例如)以任何次序進行之以下各者中之三者或三者以上:蛋白質A層析、Q瓊脂糖層析、苯基瓊脂糖層析、尺寸排阻層析及陽離子交換層析。純化可以病毒過濾及緩衝液交換來完成。如本文所證實,ActRIIa-hFc蛋白經純化至如由尺寸排阻層析所測定>98%且如由SDS PAGE所測定>95%之純度。此純度足以對小鼠之骨達成所需影響且在小鼠、大鼠及非人類靈長類動物中達成可接受之安全特徵。
在另一具體實例中,編碼純化前導序列,諸如處於重組性ActRIIa多肽之所要部分之N末端的多聚(His)/腸激酶裂解位點序列的融合基因可允許由親和層析使用Ni2+金屬樹脂純化所表現之融合蛋白。可接著藉由用腸激酶處理來隨後移除純化前導序列以提供經純化之ActRIIa多肽(例如,參見Hochuli等人,(1987)J.Chromatography 411:177;及Janknecht等人,PNAS USA 88:8972)。
製造融合基因之技術已為熟知。基本上,編碼不同多肽序列之各種DNA片段的接合係根據習知技術,使用供接合用之鈍端或交錯端末端、提供適當末端之限制酶消化、適當時黏性末端之填入、避免不合需要之接合的鹼性磷酸酶處理及酶促接合來進行。在另一具體實例中,融合基因可由包括自動化DNA合成器之習知技術來合成。或者,基因片段之PCR擴增可使用錨定引子來進行,該等錨定引子在兩個連續基因片段之間產生互補懸垂體,隨後可使該兩個連續基因片段黏接以產生嵌合基因序列(參見,例如Current Protocols in Molecular Biology,Ausubel等人編,John Wiley & Sons:1992)。
4.替代活化素及ActRIIa拮抗劑
本文所呈現之資料證實活化素-ActRIIa信號轉導之拮抗劑可用於促進骨生長及骨礦化。儘管可溶性ActRIIa多肽且尤其ActrIIa-Fc為較佳拮抗劑且儘管該等拮抗劑可經不同於活化素拮抗(例如,活化素抑制可為藥劑抑制可能包括TGF-β超家族之其他成員的分子譜之活性之趨勢的指標,且該集合抑制可對骨產生所要影響)之機制影響骨骼,但預期其他類型之活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑為適用的,包括抗活化素(例如A、B、C或E)抗體、抗ActRIIa抗體、抑制ActRIIa產生之反義RNAi或核糖核酸酶核酸,及活化素或ActRIIa之其他抑制劑,尤其破壞活化素-ActRIIa結合之彼等抑制劑。
與ActRIIa多肽(例如可溶性ActRIIa多肽)特異性反應且與ActRIIa多肽競爭性地結合配位體或以其他方式抑制ActRIIa介導之信號轉導的抗體可用作ActRIIa多肽活性之拮抗劑。同樣地,與活化素A多肽特異性反應且破壞ActRIIa結合之抗體可用作拮抗劑。
藉由使用衍生自ActRIIa多肽或活化素多肽之免疫原,抗蛋白/抗肽抗血清或單株抗體可由標準方案製成(參見,例如Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual由Harlow及Lane編(Cold Spring Harbor Press:1988))。諸如小鼠、倉鼠或兔之哺乳動物可用免疫原性形式之ActRIIa多肽、能引出抗體反應之抗原片段,或融合蛋白免疫。賦予蛋白質或肽以免疫原性之技術包括與載劑結合或此項技術中所熟知之其他技術。可在佐劑存在下投予ActRIIa或活化素多肽之免疫原性部分。免疫之進程可藉由偵測血漿或血清中之抗體效價來監測。標準ELISA或其他免疫檢定可與作為抗原之免疫原一起使用以評估抗體含量。
用ActRIIa多肽之抗原製劑使動物免疫後,可獲得抗血清且必要時可自血清分離多株抗體。為產生單株抗體,可自經免疫之動物收集抗體產生 細胞(淋巴細胞)且由標準體細胞融合程序使其與永生化細胞(諸如骨髓瘤細胞)融合以得到融合瘤細胞。該等技術在此項技術中已為熟知,且包括(例如)融合瘤技術(最初由Kohler及Milstein,(1975)Nature,256:495-497開發)、人類B細胞融合瘤技術(Kozbar等人,(1983)Immunology Today,4:72)及產生人類單株抗體之EBV-融合瘤技術(Cole等人,(1985)Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy,Alan R.Liss,Inc.第77-96頁)。可以免疫化學方式篩選融合瘤細胞以產生與ActRIIa多肽特異性反應之抗體及自包含該等融合瘤細胞之培養物分離之單株抗體。
如本文所用之術語「抗體」意欲包括其亦與主題多肽特異性反應之片段。可使用習知技術使抗體片段化且以與上文對於整個抗體所述相同之方式針對效用來篩選片段。舉例而言,F(ab)2片段可藉由用胃蛋白酶處理抗體而產生。可處理所得F(ab)2片段以還原雙硫橋來產生Fab片段。本發明之抗體進一步意欲包括具有由該抗體之至少一個CDR區所賦予之對ActRIIa或活化素多肽之親和力的雙特異性、單鏈、嵌合、人類化及完全人類分子。抗體可進一步包含與其連接且能被偵測之標記(例如,標記可為放射性同位素、螢光化合物、酶或酶輔因子)。
在某些具體實例中,抗體為重組性抗體,該術語涵蓋部分由分子生物學之技術產生之任何抗體,其包括CDR-移植或嵌合抗體、自經文庫選擇之抗體域裝配之人類抗體或其他抗體、單鏈抗體及單域抗體(例如人類VH蛋白或駱駝VHH蛋白)。在某些具體實例中,本發明之抗體為單株抗體,且在某些具體實例中,本發明獲得產生新穎抗體之可用方法。舉例而言,產生與ActRIIa多肽或活化素多肽特異性結合之單株抗體之方法可包含將一定量之包含有效刺激可偵測免疫反應之抗原多肽的免疫原性組合物投予小鼠,自該小鼠獲得抗體產生細胞(例如,來自脾之細胞)且使該等抗體產生細胞與骨髓瘤細胞融合以獲得 抗體產生融合瘤,且測試該等抗體產生融合瘤以鑑別產生與抗原特異性結合之單株抗體的融合瘤。一旦獲得,即可在細胞培養物中、視情況在衍生自融合瘤之細胞產生與抗原特異性結合之單株抗體的培養條件下使融合瘤繁殖。可自細胞培養物純化單株抗體。
如關於抗體所用之形容詞「與...特異性反應之」意欲意謂,如此項技術中一般瞭解,抗體在受關注抗原(例如ActRIIa多肽)與其他非受關注抗原之間具足夠選擇性使得該抗體適用於在最小量下偵測特定類型之生物樣本中受關注抗原的存在。在使用抗體之某些方法(諸如治療性應用)中,較高結合特異性程度可為所需的。單株抗體一般具有有效區分所要抗原與交叉反應多肽的較大趨勢(與多株抗體相比)。一種影響抗體:抗原相互作用之特異性的特徵為抗體對抗原之親和力。儘管所要特異性可以一定範圍之不同親和力來達成,但一般較佳之抗體將具有約10-6、10-7、10-8、10-9或更小之親和力(解離常數)。假定活化素與ActRIIa之間的結合極其緊密,預期中和抗活化素或抗ActRIIa抗體一般將具有10-10或更小之解離常數。
另外,用於篩選抗體以鑑別所需抗體之技術可影響所獲得之抗體之特性。舉例而言,若抗體有待用於結合溶液中之抗原,則可能需要測試溶液結合性。多種不同技術可用於測試抗體與抗原之間的相互作用以鑑別尤其所需之抗體。該等技術包括ELISA、表面電漿共振結合檢定(例如BiacoreTM結合檢定,Biacore AB,Uppsala,Sweden)、夾心檢定(例如IGEN International,Inc.,Gaithersburg,Maryland之順磁性珠粒系統)、西方墨點法、免疫沈澱檢定及免疫組織化學法。
作為活化素或ActRIIa拮抗劑之核酸化合物之類別的實例包括反義核酸、RNAi構築體及催化核酸構築體。核酸化合物可為單股或雙股。雙股化合物亦可包括懸垂或非互補之區域,其中該等股中之一者或另一者為單股。單 股化合物可包括自我互補之區域,其意謂該化合物形成具有雙螺旋結構區之所謂「髮夾」或「莖環」結構。核酸化合物可包含與由全長ActRIIa核酸序列或活化素βA或活化素βB核酸序列之不超過1000個、不超過500個、不超過250個、不超過100個或不超過50個、35個、30個、25個、22個、20個或18個核苷酸組成之區域互補的核苷酸序列。互補區較佳將為至少8個核苷酸,且視情況為至少10個或至少15個核苷酸,且視情況介於15個核苷酸與25個核苷酸之間。互補區可屬於靶轉錄物之內含子、編碼序列或非編碼序列,諸如編碼序列部分。一般而言,核酸化合物將具有長度為約8個至約500個核苷酸或鹼基對之長度,且視情況該長度將為約14個至約50個核苷酸。核酸可為DNA(尤其用作反義DNA)、RNA或RNA:DNA雜合體。任一股可包括DNA與RNA之混合物,以及不能容易地歸類為DNA或RNA之經修飾形式。同樣地,雙股化合物可為DNA:DNA、DNA:RNA或RNA:RNA,且任一股亦可包括DNA與RNA之混合物以及不能容易地歸類為DNA或RNA之經修飾形式。核酸化合物可包括多種修飾中之任一者,其包括對骨架(天然核酸中之糖-磷酸酯部分,包括核苷酸間鍵)或鹼基部分(天然核酸之嘌呤或嘧啶部分)之一或多種修飾。反義核酸化合物較佳將具有約15個至約30個核苷酸之長度且通常將含有一或多種修飾以改良以下特徵:諸如在血清中、細胞中或化合物可能被傳遞到之處(諸如在經口傳遞之化合物的狀況下於胃中及對於吸入型化合物而言於肺中)的穩定性。在RNAi構築體之狀況下,與靶轉錄物互補之股一般將為RNA或其修飾形式。另一股可為RNA、DNA或任何其他變化形式。雙股或單股「髮夾」RNAi構築體之雙鏈體部分較佳將具有長度為18個至40個核苷酸之長度且視情況長度為約21個至23個核苷酸,只要其充當Dicer受質即可。催化或酶促核酸可為核糖核酸酶或DNA酶且亦可含有經修飾之形式。核酸化合物當在生理條件下及以無義或有義對照具有極少或無作用之濃度與細胞接觸時可將靶之表現抑制約50%、75%、90%或更多。測試核酸化合物 之作用的較佳濃度為1、5及10微莫耳。亦可針對對(例如)骨生長及礦化的影響來測試核酸化合物。
5.篩選檢定
在某些方面中,本發明係關於ActRIIa多肽(例如可溶性ActRIIa多肽)及活化素多肽鑑別作為活化素-ActRIIa信號轉導路徑之促效劑或拮抗劑之化合物(藥劑)的用途。可測試經此篩選所鑑別之化合物以評估其調節試管內骨生長或礦化之能力。視情況,可在動物模型中進一步測試此等化合物以評估其調節活體內組織生長之能力。
存在眾多方法以篩選藉由靶向活化素及ActRIIa多肽而調節組織生長之治療劑。在某些具體實例中,可進行化合物之高產量篩選以鑑別擾動活化素或ActRIIa介導之對骨骼之影響的藥劑。在某些具體實例中,進行檢定以篩選並鑑別特異性抑制或減少ActRIIa多肽與活化素結合之化合物。或者,可使用檢定以鑑別增強ActRIIa多肽與活化素結合之化合物。在又一具體實例中,可由化合物與活化素或ActRIIa多肽相互作用之能力來鑑別該等化合物。
多種檢定格局將足夠,且根據本案之揭示,本文中未明確描述之彼等檢定格局仍為一般熟習此項技術者所瞭解。如本文所述,本發明之測試化合物(藥劑)可由任何組合化學方法產生。或者,主題化合物可為活體內或試管內合成之天然產生生物分子。有待於針對充當組織生長之調節劑的能力進行測試之化合物(藥劑)可(例如)由細菌、酵母、植物或其他有機體產生(例如天然產物),以化學方式產生(例如小分子,包括肽模擬物),或以重組方式產生。為本發明所涵蓋之測試化合物包括非肽基有機分子、肽、多肽、肽模擬物、糖、激素及核酸分子。在一特定具體實例中,測試藥劑為具有小於約2,000道爾頓之分子量的小有機分子。
本發明之測試化合物可以單一離散實體形式提供,或提供於具有 較高複雜性之文庫(諸如由組合化學所製成之文庫)中。此等文庫可包含(例如)醇、烷基鹵化物、胺、醯胺、酯、醛、醚及其他種類之有機化合物。測試化合物至測試系統之呈現可呈經分離之形式或呈化合物之混合物形式(尤其在初始篩選步驟中)。視需要,化合物可視情況經其他化合物衍生化且具有有利於化合物分離之衍生基團。衍生基團之非限制性實例包括生物素、螢光素、地高辛(digoxygenin)、綠色螢光蛋白、同位素、多組胺酸、磁性珠粒、麩胱甘肽S轉移酶(GST)、光可活化交聯劑或其任何組合。
在測試化合物及天然提取物之文庫的許多藥物篩選程式中,需要高產量檢定以使給定時段中調查之化合物的數目最大。在諸如可以經純化或經半純化之蛋白質得出之無細胞系統中所進行之檢定通常較佳作為「初級」篩選,因為可產生該等檢定以允許快速顯影且相對容易地偵測由測試化合物介導之分子靶的變異。此外,在試管內系統中一般可忽略測試化合物之細胞毒性或生物可用性的作用,檢定替代地主要集中於藥物對分子靶的影響,該影響可在ActRIIa多肽與活化素之間的結合親和力之變異中顯現。
僅為說明起見,在本發明之一例示性篩選檢定中,使受關注化合物與通常能與活化素結合之經分離及經純化ActRIIa多肽接觸。接著將含有ActRIIa配位體之組合物添加至化合物與ActRIIa多肽之混合物中。ActRIIa/活化素複合物的偵測及量化提供測定化合物抑制(或加強)ActRIIa多肽與活化素之間的複合物形成之功效的方式。化合物之功效可藉由自使用多個濃度之測試化合物獲得之數據產生劑量反應曲線來評估。此外,亦可進行對照檢定以提供供比較用之基線。舉例而言,在對照檢定中,將經分離及經純化之活化素添加至含有ActRIIa多肽之組合物中,且在不存在測試化合物下對ActRIIa/活化素複合物的形成進行定量。應瞭解,一般而言,混合反應物之次序可改變,且可同時混合。此外,替代經純化之蛋白質,可使用細胞提取物及溶解產物以促成合適之 無細胞檢定系統。
ActRIIa多肽與活化素之間的複合物形成可由多種技術來偵測。舉例而言,複合物形成之調節可使用(例如)諸如經放射性標記(例如32P、35S、14C或3H)、經螢光標記(例如FITC)或經酶促標記之ActRIIa多肽或活化素之經可偵測標記蛋白質,由免疫檢定或由層析偵測進行定量。
在某些具體實例中,本發明涵蓋螢光偏振檢定及螢光共振能量轉移(FRET)檢定直接或間接量測ActRIIa多肽與其結合蛋白之間的相互作用程度之用途。另外,其他偵測模式,諸如基於光波導(PCT公開案WO 96/26432及美國專利第5,677,196號)、表面電漿共振(SPR)、表面電荷感測器及表面力感測器之彼等偵測模式,與本發明之許多具體實例相容。
此外,本發明涵蓋相互作用陷阱檢定(亦稱為「雙雜交檢定」)之用途,其係用於鑑別破壞或加強ActRIIa多肽與其結合蛋白之間的相互作用之藥劑。參見,例如美國專利第5,283,317號;Zervos等人(1993)Cell 72:223-232;Madura等人(1993)J Biol Chem 268:12046-12054;Bartel等人(1993)Biotechniques 14:920-924;及Iwabuchi等人(1993)Oncogene 8:1693-1696。在一特定具體實例中,本發明涵蓋反向雙雜交系統鑑別使ActRIIa多肽與其結合蛋白之間的相互作用解離之化合物(例如小分子或肽)的用途。參見,例如Vidal及Legrain,(1999)Nucleic Acids Res 27:919-29;Vidal及Legrain,(1999)Trends Biotechnol 17:374-81;及美國專利第5,525,490號、第5,955,280號及第5,965,368號。
在某些具體實例中,由主題化合物與本發明之ActRIIa或活化素多肽相互作用之能力來鑑別該等主題化合物。化合物與ActRIIa或活化素多肽之間的相互作用可為共價或非共價的。舉例而言,該相互作用可在蛋白質水平上使用包括光交聯、經放射性標記之配位體結合及親和層析之試管內生物化學方法來鑑別(Jakoby WB等人,1974,Methods in Enzymology 46:1)。在某些狀況下, 化合物可在基於機制之檢定中篩選,該檢定諸如偵測與活化素或ActRIIa多肽結合之化合物的檢定。其可包括固相或液相結合事件。或者,可將編碼活化素或ActRIIa多肽之基因經報導體系統(例如β-半乳糖苷酶、螢光素酶或綠色螢光蛋白)轉染至細胞中且較佳由高產量篩選針對文庫或以該文庫之個別成員進行篩選。可使用其他基於機制之結合檢定,例如偵測自由能變化之結合檢定。可用固定於孔、珠粒或晶片或由經固定抗體捕捉或由毛細電泳法解析之靶來進行結合檢定。通常可使用比色法或螢光法或表面電漿共振來偵測所結合之化合物。
在某些方面中,本發明提供調節(刺激或抑制)骨形成且增加骨質量之方法及藥劑。因此,可於整個細胞或組織中在試管內或活體內測試所鑑別之任何化合物以確認其調節骨生長或礦化之能力。此項技術中已知之多種方法可用於此目的。
舉例而言,可藉由在基於細胞之檢定中量測Msx2誘導或骨祖細胞至造骨細胞之分化來測定ActRIIa或活化素多肽或測試化合物對骨或軟骨生長的影響(參見,例如Daluiski等人,Nat Genet.2001,27(1):84-8;Hino等人,Front Biosci.2004,9:1520-9)。基於細胞之檢定的另一實例包括分析間質祖細胞及造骨細胞中主題ActRIIa或活化素多肽及測試化合物之成骨活性。為說明起見,可構築表現活化素或ActRIIa多肽之重組性腺病毒以感染分化多能間質祖細胞C3H10T1/2細胞、前造骨細胞C2C12細胞及造骨細胞TE-85細胞。接著藉由量測鹼性磷酸酶、骨鈣化素及基質礦化的誘導來測定成骨活性(參見,例如Cheng等人,J bone Joint Surg Am.2003,85-A(8):1544-52)。
本發明亦涵蓋量測骨或軟骨生長之活體內檢定。舉例而言,Namkung-Matthai等人,Bone,28:80-86(2001)揭示研究骨折後早期骨修復之大鼠骨質疏鬆模型。Kubo等人,Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology,68:197-202(1999)亦揭示研究骨折後晚期骨修復之大鼠骨質疏鬆模型。Andersson等人,J. Endocrinol.170:529-537描述小鼠經卵巢切除之小鼠骨質疏鬆症模型,卵巢切除使得該等小鼠損失實質性骨礦含量及骨礦密度,其中小梁骨損失約50%之骨礦密度。可藉由投予諸如副甲狀腺激素之因子使卵巢切除之小鼠的骨密度增加。在某些方面中,本發明使用此項技術中已知之骨折復原檢定。此等檢定包括骨折技術、組織學分析及生物力學分析,其描述於(例如)美國專利第6,521,750號中,該專利對於其引起以及量測骨折程度及修復過程之實驗程序之揭示內容全部以引用的方式併入。
6.例示性治療用途
在某些具體實例中,本發明之活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑(例如ActRIIa多肽)可用於治療或預防與(例如)經破裂、流失或脫礦質而引起之骨損傷相關之疾病或病狀。如本文所證實,活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑且尤其ActRIIa-Fc構築體有效治療或預防癌症相關骨質流失。在某些具體實例中,本發明提供經由將治療有效量之活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑,尤其ActRIIa多肽投予有需要之個體來治療或預防該個體之骨損傷的方法。在某些具體實例中,本發明提供經由將治療有效量之活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑,尤其ActRIIa多肽投予有需要之個體來促進該個體之骨生長或礦化的方法。此等方法較佳針對動物且更佳人類之治療性及預防性治療。在某些具體實例中,本案之揭示提供活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑(尤其可溶性ActRIIa多肽及靶向活化素或ActRIIa之中和抗體)用於治療與低骨密度或降低之骨強度相關之病症的用途。
如本文所用之「預防」病症或病狀之治療劑係指在統計樣本中,相對於未經治療之對照樣本減少經治療樣本之病症或病狀的發生或相對於未經治療之對照樣本延緩病症或病狀之一或多種症狀之發作或降低病症或病狀之一或多種症狀之嚴重性的化合物。如本文所用之術語「治療」包括預防指定病狀或一旦病狀已確立即改善或消除該病狀。在任一狀況下,預防或治療可在醫師 所提供之診斷及投予治療劑所欲之結果中辨別。
本案之揭示提供誘導骨及/或軟骨形成、預防骨質流失、增加骨礦化或預防骨脫礦質之方法。舉例而言,主題活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑具有治療人類及其他動物之骨質疏鬆症且使人類及其他動物之骨折及軟骨缺陷復原之應用。ActRIIa或活化素多肽可在經診斷具有亞臨床低骨密度之患者中適用作針對骨質疏鬆症發展之保護性量測。
在一特定具體實例中,本發明之方法及組合物可在使人類及其他動物之骨折及軟骨缺陷復原方面具有醫學效用。主題方法及組合物亦可在閉合性以及開放性骨折復位方面以及人工關節之改良固定方面具有預防性用途。由成骨劑誘導之重新骨形成促成先天性、外傷誘發或腫瘤切除誘發之顱面缺陷的修復,且亦適用於整形美容外科。在某些狀況下,主題活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑可提供吸引骨形成細胞、刺激骨形成細胞生長或誘導骨形成細胞之祖細胞分化的環境。本發明之活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑亦可適用於治療骨質疏鬆症。
本發明之方法及組合物可應用於特徵在於骨質流失或引起骨質流失之病狀,該等病狀諸如骨質疏鬆症(包括繼發性骨質疏鬆症)、副甲狀腺高能症、庫欣氏病(Cushing's disease)、佩吉特氏病(Paget's disease)、甲狀腺毒症、慢性腹瀉病況或吸收障礙、腎小管性酸中毒或神經性厭食。
骨質疏鬆症可由多種因素引起或與多種因素相關。作為女性,尤其停經後女性,體重輕及經歷久坐生活方式皆為骨質疏鬆症之危險因素(骨礦物密度流失,導致骨折危險)。具有以下特徵中之任一者之人可為用ActRIIa拮抗劑治療之候選者:停經後女性且未採取雌激素或其他激素替代療法;具有髖部骨折或吸煙之個人或母體歷史之人;個高(超過5呎7吋)或體瘦(小於125磅)之停經後女性;具有與骨質流失相關之臨床病狀之男性;使用已知引起骨質流失之藥物(包括皮質類固醇,諸如PrednisoneTM)、各種抗猝發藥物(諸如 DilantinTM)及某些巴比妥酸鹽(barbiturate)或高劑量甲狀腺替代藥物之人;患有1型糖尿病、肝病、腎病或具有骨質疏鬆症家族病史之人;具有高骨轉換(例如尿樣中膠原蛋白過量)之人;具有甲狀腺病狀(諸如甲狀腺高能症)之人;僅輕微外傷後即遭受骨折之人;具有椎骨骨折之x射線跡象或骨質疏鬆症之其他徵象之人。
如上所述,骨質疏鬆症亦可作為與另一病症相關之病狀產生或由使用某些藥物引起。由藥物或另一醫學病況引起之骨質疏鬆症稱為繼發性骨質疏鬆症。在稱為庫欣氏病之病狀中,由身體產生之過量皮質醇導致骨質疏鬆症及骨折。與繼發性骨質疏鬆症相關之最常見藥物為皮質類固醇,其為一類作用類似於皮質醇(一種由腎上腺天然產生之激素)之藥物。儘管足夠量之甲狀腺激素(其由甲狀腺產生)為骨骼發育所需,但過量甲狀腺激素可使骨質量隨時間減少。含有鋁之抗酸劑當以高劑量由具有腎問題之人,尤其彼等經歷透析之人服用時可導致骨質流失。可引起繼發性骨質疏鬆症之其他藥物包括:苯妥英(phenytoin)(Dilantin)及巴比妥酸鹽,其用於預防猝發;甲胺喋呤(methotrexate)(Rheumatrex,Immunex,Folex PFS),一種用於一些形式之關節炎、癌症及免疫病症之藥物;環孢黴素(cyclosporine)(Sandimmune,Neoral),一種用於治療一些自體免疫疾病及抑制器官移植患者之免疫系統的藥物;促黃體激素釋放之激素促效劑(Lupron,Zoladex),其用於治療前列腺癌及子宮內膜異位;肝素(Calciparine,Liquaemin),一種抗凝藥物;及消膽胺(cholestyramine)(Questran)及考來替潑(colestipol)(Colestid),其用於治療高膽固醇。由癌症療法引起之骨質流失為人所普遍瞭解且稱為癌症療法誘導之骨質流失(CTIBL)。骨轉移可在骨中產生空腔,該等空腔可藉由用活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑治療來校正。
在一較佳具體實例中,本文所揭示之活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑,尤其可溶性ActRIIa可用於癌症患者。患有某些腫瘤(例如前列腺腫瘤、乳房腫瘤、 多發性骨髓瘤或引起副甲狀腺高能症之任何腫瘤)之患者處於腫瘤誘導之骨質流失以及骨轉移及治療劑所引起之骨質流失的高危險下。該等患者即使在不存在骨質流失或骨轉移之跡象下亦可用活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑治療。亦可監測患者骨質流失或骨轉移之跡象,且在指標表明危險增加之情況下可用活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑治療該等患者。一般而言,使用DEXA掃描以評估骨密度之變化,而骨重塑之指標可用於評估骨轉移之可能性。可監測血清標記。骨特異性鹼性磷酸酶(BSAP)為一種存在於造骨細胞中之酶。BSAP之血液含量在具有骨轉移及導致骨重塑增加之其他病狀的患者中增加。骨鈣化素及原膠原肽亦與骨形成及骨轉移相關。BSAP增加已於具有由前列腺癌引起之骨轉移的患者中偵測到,且在來自乳癌之骨轉移中達較小程度。骨形態發生蛋白-7(BMP-7)含量在已轉移至骨之前列腺癌中較高,但在膀胱癌、皮膚癌、肝癌或肺癌所引起之骨轉移中並非如此。I型羧基末端尾肽(ICTP)為在骨骼再吸收期間所形成之於膠原蛋白中發現之交聯物。由於骨骼經常破裂及再形成,因此ICTP被發現於整個身體中。然而,在骨轉移之部位處,含量將顯著高於正常骨之區域。已在前列腺癌、肺癌及乳癌所引起之骨轉移中發現高含量之ICTP。另一膠原蛋白交聯物I型N末端尾肽(NTx)係在骨轉換期間連同ICTP一起產生。NTx之量在由包括肺癌、前列腺癌及乳癌之許多不同類型癌症引起之骨轉移中增加。又,NTx之含量隨著骨轉移之進程而增加。因此,此標記可用於偵測轉移以及量測疾病程度。再吸收之其他標記包括比林二酚胺(pyridinoline)及脫氧比林二酚胺(deoxypyridinoline)。再吸收標記或骨轉移標記之任何增加指示患者對活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑療法之需要。
活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑可與其他醫藥劑結合投予。結合投藥可藉由投予單一共調配物、藉由同時投藥或藉由在獨立時間投藥來實現。活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑若與其他骨活性劑一起投予則尤其有利。患者可得益於結合接受 活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑並採用鈣補充劑、維生素D、適當鍛煉及/或在一些狀況下其他藥物。其他藥物之實例包括雙膦酸鹽(阿侖膦酸鹽(alendronate)、伊班膦酸鹽(ibandronate)及利塞膦酸鹽(risedronate))、降血鈣素、雌激素、副甲狀腺激素及雷諾昔酚(raloxifene)。雙膦酸鹽(阿侖膦酸鹽、伊班膦酸鹽及利塞膦酸鹽)、降血鈣素、雌激素及雷諾昔酚影響骨重塑週期且歸類為抗再吸收藥物。骨重塑由兩個不同階段組成:骨再吸收及骨形成。抗再吸收藥物減緩或停止骨重塑週期之骨再吸收部分,但並不減緩該週期之骨形成部分。因此,新的形成以比骨再吸收快之速率繼續,且骨密度可隨時間增加。副甲狀腺激素之一種形式特立帕肽(teriparatide)增加骨重塑週期中之骨形成速率。阿侖膦酸鹽經核準用於停經後骨質疏鬆症之預防(每天5毫克或每週一次35毫克)與治療(每天10毫克或每週一次70毫克)。阿侖膦酸鹽減少骨質流失,增加骨密度且降低脊骨、腕部及髖部骨折之危險。阿侖膦酸鹽亦經核準用於治療男性及女性由於長期使用糖皮質激素藥物(亦即,潑尼松(prednisone)及皮質酮(cortisone))而引起之糖皮質激素誘發之骨質疏鬆症且用於治療男性之骨質疏鬆症。阿侖膦酸鹽加上維生素D經核準用於停經後女性之骨質疏鬆症的治療(加上維生素D每週一次70毫克)且用於改良患有骨質疏鬆症之男性之骨質量的治療。伊班膦酸鹽經核準用於預防及治療停經後骨質疏鬆症。以每月一次丸劑(150mg)之形式服用,伊班膦酸鹽應在每月之同一天服用。伊班膦酸鹽減少骨質流失,增加骨密度且降低脊骨骨折之危險。利塞膦酸鹽經核準用於預防及治療停經後骨質疏鬆症。每天(5mg劑量)或每週(35mg劑量或與鈣一起35mg劑量)服用,利塞膦酸鹽減緩骨質流失,增加骨密度且降低脊骨骨折及非脊骨骨折之危險。利塞膦酸鹽亦經核準為男性及女性使用以預防及/或治療由長期使用糖皮質激素藥物(亦即,潑尼松或皮質酮)所引起之糖皮質激素誘發之骨質疏鬆症。降血鈣素為鈣調節及骨代謝中所涉及之天然產生激素。在停經期之後5年以上之女性中,降血 鈣素減緩骨質流失,增加脊骨密度,且可減輕與骨折相關之疼痛。降血鈣素降低脊骨骨折之危險。降血鈣素可以注射劑(每天50-100IU)或鼻噴霧(每天200IU)之形式使用。雌激素療法(ET)/激素療法(HT)經核準用於預防骨質疏鬆症。已顯示ET減少骨質流失,增加脊骨與髖部之骨密度且降低停經後女性髖部及脊骨骨折之危險。ET最常以傳遞每天約0.3毫克之低劑量或每天約0.625毫克之標準劑量之丸劑或皮膚貼片之形式投予且即使在70歲後起始時仍有效。當單獨服用雌激素時,其可增加女性發展子宮內膜之癌症(子宮內膜癌)之危險。為消除此危險,健康護理工作者為具有完整子宮之彼等女性開出與雌激素組合之激素黃體素(激素替代療法或HT)。ET/HT減輕停經期症狀且已顯示對骨健康具有有益影響。副作用可包括陰道出血、乳房脹痛、情緒紊亂及膽囊疾病。雷諾昔酚,每天60毫克,經核準用於預防及治療停經後骨質疏鬆症。其係來自稱為選擇性雌激素受體調節劑(SERM)之一類藥物,該類藥物已經開發以在無雌激素之潛在缺陷下提供雌激素之有益作用。雷諾昔酚增加骨質量且降低脊骨骨折之危險。尚無資料可用於證實雷諾昔酚可降低髖部骨折及其他非脊骨骨折之危險。副甲狀腺激素之一種形式特立帕肽經核準用於治療停經後女性及處於骨折之高危險下之男性的骨質疏鬆症。此藥物刺激新骨形成且顯著增加骨礦物密度。在停經後女性中,已記載脊骨、髖部、足部、肋骨及腕部中之骨折復位。在男性中,已記載脊骨中之骨折復位,但評估其他部位處之骨折復位的資料尚不充分。特立帕肽以日注射劑之形式自身投予至多24個月。
7.醫藥組合物
在某些具體實例中,將本發明之活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑(例如ActRIIa多肽)與醫藥學上可接受之載劑一起調配。舉例而言,可單獨或作為醫藥調配物(治療組合物)之組份投予ActRIIa多肽。主題化合物可經調配用於以任何便利方式投藥以在人類或獸醫醫學中使用。
在某些具體實例中,本發明之治療方法包括以植入物或裝置之形式全身或局部投予組合物。當投予時,用於本發明之治療組合物係呈無熱原質、生理學上可接受之形式。亦可視情況包括於如上所述之組合物中之不同於ActRIIa拮抗劑的治療學上適用之藥劑可在本發明之方法中與主題化合物(例如ActRIIa多肽)同時或相繼投予。
典型地,ActRIIa拮抗劑將非經腸且尤其經靜脈內或經皮下投予。適合於非經腸投藥之醫藥組合物可包含一或多種ActRIIa多肽與一或多種醫藥學上可接受之無菌等張水溶液或非水溶液、分散液、懸浮液或乳液,或可在臨用前復水成無菌可注射溶液或分散液之無菌粉末的組合,該等醫藥組合物可含有抗氧化劑、緩衝劑、抑菌劑、促使調配物與所欲接受者之血液等張的溶質,或懸浮劑或增稠劑。可在本發明之醫藥組合物中使用之合適水性載劑及非水載劑之實例包括水、乙醇、多元醇(諸如甘油、丙二醇、聚乙二醇及類似多元醇)及其合適之混合物、植物油(諸如橄欖油)及可注射之有機酯(諸如油酸乙酯)。可(例如)藉由使用塗層物質(諸如卵磷脂)、在分散液之狀況下藉由維持所需粒度及藉由使用界面活性劑來維持適當流動性。
另外,組合物可以供傳遞至目標組織部位(例如骨)之形式囊封或注射。在某些具體實例中,本發明之組合物可包括能將一或多種治療化合物(例如ActRIIa多肽)傳遞至目標組織部位(例如骨)、提供使組織發育之結構且最佳能被再吸收至體內之基質。舉例而言,該基質可提供ActRIIa多肽的緩慢釋放。該等基質可由目前用於其他植入式醫學應用之材料形成。
基質材料之選擇係基於生物相容性、生物降解性、機械特性、美容外觀及界面特性。主題組合物之特定應用將界定適當調配物。供組合物用之潛在基質可為生物可降解且經化學定義之硫酸鈣、磷酸三鈣、羥磷灰石、聚乳酸及聚酸酐。其他潛在材料為生物可降解的且經生物學上充分定義,諸如骨膠 原蛋白或真皮膠原蛋白。其他基質包含純蛋白質或細胞外基質組份。其他潛在基質為非生物可降解的且經化學定義,諸如燒結羥磷灰石、生物玻璃、鋁酸鹽或其他陶瓷。基質可包含任何上文所提及類型之材料的組合,諸如聚乳酸與羥磷灰石或膠原蛋白與磷酸三鈣。生物陶瓷在組成(諸如鈣-鋁酸鹽-磷酸鹽)及加工方面可改變以改變孔徑、粒度、粒子形狀及生物降解性。
在某些具體實例中,可施以本發明之方法以供口服,例如呈膠囊、扁膠劑、丸劑、錠劑、口含劑(使用調味基質,通常為蔗糖及阿拉伯膠(acacia)或黃耆膠)、散劑、顆粒之形式,或作為於水性或非水性液體中之溶液或懸浮液,或作為水包油或油包水液體乳液,或作為酏劑或糖漿,或作為片劑(使用惰性基質,諸如明膠及甘油,或蔗糖及阿拉伯膠)及/或作為漱口水及類似物,其各含有預定量之藥劑作為活性成份。藥劑亦可以大丸劑、舐劑或糊劑之形式投予。
在供經口投予之固體劑型(膠囊、錠劑、丸劑、糖衣藥丸、散劑、顆粒及類似物)中,可將本發明之一或多種治療化合物與一或多種醫藥學上可接受之載劑(諸如檸檬酸鈉或磷酸二鈣)及/或以下物質中之任一者混合:(1)填充劑或增補劑,諸如澱粉、乳糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖醇及/或矽酸;(2)黏合劑,諸如羧甲基纖維素、褐藻酸鹽、明膠、聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、蔗糖及/或阿拉伯膠;(3)保濕劑,諸如甘油;(4)崩解劑,諸如瓊脂、碳酸鈣、馬鈴薯或木薯澱粉、褐藻酸、某些矽酸鹽及碳酸鈉;(5)溶液阻滯劑,諸如石蠟;(6)吸收促進劑,諸如四級銨化合物;(7)濕潤劑,諸如十六烷醇及甘油單硬脂酸酯;(8)吸收劑,諸如高嶺土(kaolin)及膨潤土;(9)潤滑劑,諸如滑石、硬脂酸鈣、硬脂酸鎂、固體聚乙二醇、十二烷基硫酸鈉及其混合物;及(10)著色劑。在膠囊、錠劑及丸劑之狀況下,醫藥組合物亦可包含緩衝劑。類似類型之固體組合物亦可用作使用諸如乳糖以及高分子量聚乙二醇及類似物之賦形劑之軟性及硬性填充明膠膠囊中的填充劑。
供經口投予之液體劑型包括醫藥學上可接受之乳液、微乳液、溶液、懸浮液、糖漿及酏劑。除活性成份以外,液體劑型可含有此項技術中常用之惰性稀釋劑,諸如水或其他溶劑;增溶劑及乳化劑,諸如乙醇、異丙醇、碳酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、苄醇、苯甲酸苄酯、丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇、油(尤其棉籽油、花生油、玉米油、胚芽油、橄欖油、蓖麻油及芝麻油)、甘油、四氫糠醇、聚乙二醇,及脫水山梨糖醇之脂肪酸酯;及其混合物。除惰性稀釋劑以外,口服組合物亦可包括佐劑,諸如濕潤劑、乳化劑及懸浮劑、甜味劑、調味劑、著色劑、芳香劑及防腐劑。
除活性化合物以外,懸浮液可含有懸浮劑(諸如乙氧基化異十八烷醇、聚氧化乙烯山梨糖醇及脫水山梨糖醇酯)、微晶纖維素、偏氫氧化鋁、膨潤土、瓊脂及黃耆膠及其混合物。
本發明之組合物亦可含有佐劑,諸如防腐劑、濕潤劑、乳化劑及分散劑。可藉由包括例如對羥基苯甲酸酯、氯丁醇、苯酚、山梨酸及類似物之各種抗細菌劑及抗真菌劑來確保防止微生物作用。亦可能需要將諸如糖、氯化鈉及類似物之等張劑包括於組合物中。另外,可藉由包括延緩吸收之試劑(諸如單硬脂酸鋁及明膠)來促成可注射醫藥形式之延長吸收。
應瞭解給藥方案將由主治醫師在考慮改變本發明之主題化合物(例如ActRIIa多肽)之作用的各種因素下確定。各種因素包括(但不限於):欲有待形成之骨重量之量,骨密度流失之程度,骨損傷之部位,受損骨之病狀,患者之年齡、性別及膳食,可促成骨質流失之任何疾病的嚴重性,投藥時間,及其他臨床因素。視情況,劑量可隨復水中所使用之基質類型及組合物中之化合物類型而變。將其他已知之生長因子添加至最終組合物中亦可影響劑量。可藉由對骨生長及/或修復作週期性評估(例如X射線(包括DEXA)、組織形態測定及四環素標記)來監測進程。
關於靈長類動物及人類之實驗已證實ActRIIa-Fc對骨的影響在化合物以足以達成約200ng/ml之血清濃度之時間間隔及量給藥時可偵測,其中對同化骨生物標記之半最大影響在0.3mg/kg之劑量或根據曲線下面積等效處出現。在人類中,200ng/ml之血清含量可以0.1mg/kg或更高之單次劑量達成且1000ng/ml之血清含量可以0.3mg/kg或更高之單次劑量達成。所觀測之分子的血清半生期係介於約25天與約35天之間,其實質上長於多數Fc融合蛋白,且由此可(例如)藉由以每週或每兩週計以約0.05至0.5mg/kg給藥來達成持續有效血清含量,或可以更長的給藥時間間隔使用更高劑量。舉例而言,可使用根據每月或每兩月一次0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7、1、2或3mg/kg,或介於之間的值之劑量,且對骨的影響可充分持久使得給藥僅需每3個月、4個月、5個月、6個月、9個月、12個月或更多個月一次。更長的給藥時間間隔係由藥效作用之持續時間進一步支持,該持續時間長於藥物在血清中之持續時間。在人類患者中觀測至少120天之PD作用。
在某些具體實例中,本發明亦提供活體內產生ActRIIa多肽之基因療法。該療法會藉由將ActRIIa聚核苷酸序列引入患有如上所列之病症的細胞或組織中來達成其治療作用。ActRIIa聚核苷酸序列的傳遞可使用重組性表現載體(諸如嵌合病毒)或膠狀分散系統來達成。對ActRIIa聚核苷酸序列之治療性傳遞而言較佳為使用所靶向之脂質體。
可用於如本文所教示之基因療法的各種病毒載體包括腺病毒、疱疹病毒、牛痘或較佳RNA病毒(諸如反轉錄病毒)。較佳地,反轉錄病毒載體為鼠類或鳥類反轉錄病毒之衍生物。可插有單一外來基因之反轉錄病毒載體之實例包括(但不限於):莫洛尼鼠類白血病病毒(Moloney murine leukemia virus,MoMuLV)、哈維鼠類肉瘤病毒(Harvey murine sarcoma virus,HaMuSV)、鼠類乳腺腫瘤病毒(MuMTV)及勞氏肉瘤病毒(Rous Sarcoma Virus,RSV)。許多 其他反轉錄病毒載體可合併多個基因。所有此等載體可轉移或合併可選擇標記之基因使得經轉導之細胞可得以鑑別及產生。反轉錄病毒載體可藉由附著(例如)糖、糖脂或蛋白質而製成對靶具特異性。較佳之靶向係藉由使用抗體來實現。熟習此項技術者應瞭解,可將特定聚核苷酸序列插入反轉錄病毒基因組中或與病毒包膜連接以允許靶特異性傳遞含有ActRIIa聚核苷酸之反轉錄病毒載體。在一較佳具體實例中,使載體靶向骨或軟骨。
或者,可由習知磷酸鈣轉染法將組織培養細胞直接用編碼反轉錄病毒結構基因gag、pol及env之質體轉染。接著將此等細胞用含有受關注基因之載體質體轉染。所得細胞將反轉錄病毒載體釋放至培養基中。
ActRIIa聚核苷酸之另一靶向傳遞系統為膠狀分散系統。膠狀分散系統包括巨分子複合物,奈米膠囊,微球體,珠粒,及包括水包油乳液、微胞、混合型微胞及脂質體之脂質基系統。本發明之較佳膠狀系統為脂質體。脂質體為適用作試管內及活體內傳遞媒劑之人工膜囊。可將RNA、DNA及完整病毒粒子囊封於水性內部中且以生物活性形式傳遞至細胞(參見,例如Fraley等人,Trends Biochem.Sci.,6:77,1981)。使用脂質體媒劑進行有效基因轉移之方法在此項技術中已知,參見,例如Mannino等人,Biotechniques,6:682,1988。脂質體之組成通常為常與類固醇、尤其膽固醇組合之磷脂的組合。亦可使用其他磷脂或其他脂質。脂質體之物理特徵視pH值、離子強度及二價陽離子的存在而定。
適用於產生脂質體之脂質的實例包括磷脂醯化合物,諸如磷脂醯甘油、磷脂醯膽鹼、磷脂醯絲胺酸、磷脂醯乙醇胺、鞘脂、腦甘脂及神經節苷脂。說明性磷脂包括卵磷脂醯膽鹼、二棕櫚醯磷脂醯膽鹼及二硬脂醯磷脂醯膽鹼。脂質體之靶向亦有可能基於(例如)器官特異性、細胞特異性及細胞器特異性且在此項技術中已知。
實施例
本發明現正加以一般性描述,藉由參考以下實施例將更易於理解本發明,該等實施例僅出於說明某些具體實例及本發明之具體實例之目的而包括在內且並不意欲限制本發明。
實施例1:ActRIIa-Fc融合蛋白
申請者構築具有以兩者之間的最小連接子與人類或小鼠Fc域融合之人類ActRIIa胞外域的可溶性ActRIIa融合蛋白。該等構築體分別稱作ActRIIa-hFc及ActRIIa-mFc。
ActRIIa-hFc係於下文展示為自CHO細胞系純化(SEQ ID NO:7):
ActRIIa-hFc蛋白及ActRIIa-mFc蛋白在CHO細胞系中表現。考慮三個不同前導序列:
(i)蜜蜂蜂毒肽(HBML):MKFLVNVALVFMVVYISYIYA(SEQ ID NO:8)
(ii)組織纖維蛋白溶酶原活化劑(TPA):MDAMKRGLCCVLLLCGAVFVSP(SEQ ID NO:9)
(iii)原生:MGAAAKLAFAVFLISCSSGA(SEQ ID NO:10)。
所選形式使用TPA前導子且具有以下未經加工之胺基酸序列: (SEQ ID NO:13)
此多肽係由以下核酸序列編碼: (SEQ ID NO:14)
ActRIIa-hFc與ActRIIa-mFc均顯著順應於重組性表現。如圖1所示,蛋白質係純化成單一、充分界定之蛋白質峰。N末端定序揭示單一序列ILGRSETQE(SEQ ID NO:11)。純化可由一系列管柱層析步驟達成,該等步驟包括(例如)以任何次序進行之以下各者中之三者或三者以上:蛋白質A層析、Q瓊脂糖層析、苯基瓊脂糖層析、尺寸排阻層析及陽離子交換層析。純化可以病毒過濾及緩衝液交換來完成。ActRIIa-hFc蛋白經純化至如由尺寸排阻層析所測定>98%且如由SDS PAGE所測定>95%之純度。
ActRIIa-hFc及ActRIIa-mFc對配位體,尤其活化素A顯示高親和力。使用標準胺偶合程序將GDF-11或活化素A(「ActA」)固定於Biacore CM5晶片上。將ActRIIa-hFc蛋白及ActRIIa-mFc蛋白負載於系統上,且量測結合性。ActRIIa-hFc以5×10-12之解離常數(KD)與活化素結合,且蛋白質以9.96×10-9之KD與GDF11結合。參見圖2。ActRIIa-mFc類似地表現。
A-204報導體基因檢定係用於評估ActRIIa-hFc蛋白對由GDF-11及活化素A信號轉導的影響。細胞系:人橫紋肌肉瘤(衍生自肌肉)。報導體載體:pGL3(CAGA)12(描述於Dennler等人,1998,EMBO 17:3091-3100中)。參見圖3。CAGA12基元係存在於TGF-β反應基因(PAI-1基因)中,故此載體一般用 於經Smad2及3進行因子信號轉導。
第1天:使A-204細胞分裂至48孔盤中。
第2天:將A-204細胞用10μg pGL3(CAGA)12或pGL3(CAGA)12(10μg)+pRLCMV(1μg)及Fugene轉染。
第3天:添加因子(稀釋至培養基+0.1% BSA中)。添加至細胞中前,抑制劑須與因子一起預培育1小時。6小時後,用PBS沖洗細胞,且將細胞溶解。
此後進行螢光素酶檢定。典型地,在此檢定中,在不存在任何抑制劑下,活化素A顯示約10倍刺激報導體基因表現且ED50約2ng/ml。GDF-11:16倍刺激,ED50:約1.5ng/ml。GDF-8顯示類似於GDF-11之作用。
如圖4所示,ActRIIa-hFc及ActRIIa-mFc在皮莫耳濃度下抑制GDF-8介導之信號轉導。如圖5所示,三種不同ActRIIa-hFc製劑以約200pM之IC50抑制GDF-11信號轉導。
ActRIIa-hFc在藥物動力學研究中極穩定。將大鼠以1mg/kg、3mg/kg或10mg/kg之ActRIIa-hFc蛋白給藥且在24、48、72、144及168小時量測蛋白質之血漿含量。在獨立研究中,將大鼠以1mg/kg、10mg/kg或30mg/kg給藥。在大鼠中,ActRIIa-hFc具有11-14天之血清半生期且兩週後藥物之循環含量相當高(對於1mg/kg、10mg/kg或30mg/kg之初始投藥分別為11μg/ml、110μg/ml或304μg/ml)。在獼猴中,血漿半生期實質上長於14天且藥物之循環含量對於1mg/kg、10mg/kg或30mg/kg之初始投藥分別為25μg/ml、304μg/ml或1440μg/ml。人類中之初步結果表明血清半生期係介於約20天與30天之間。
實施例2:ActRIIa-mFc促進活體內骨生長
將正常雌性小鼠(BALB/c)用ActRIIa-mFc以1毫克/公斤/劑、3毫克/公斤/劑或10毫克/公斤/劑之含量給藥,其中劑量每週兩次給予。由DEXA 測定骨礦物密度及骨礦物含量,參見圖6。
在BALB/c雌性小鼠中,DEXA掃描顯示由於ActRIIa-mFc治療而使骨礦物密度及含量顯著增加(>20%)。參見圖7及圖8。
因此,ActRIIa之拮抗作用使得正常雌性小鼠之骨密度及含量增加。作為下一步驟,測試ActRIIa-mFc對骨質疏鬆症之小鼠模型之骨的影響。
Andersson等人(2001)確立卵巢切除小鼠遭受實質性骨質流失(手術後6週小梁骨流失約50%),且此等小鼠之骨質流失可以候選治療劑(諸如副甲狀腺激素)糾正。
申請者使用4-5週齡之經卵巢切除(OVX)或經假手術之C57BL6雌性小鼠。手術後8週,開始用ActRIIa-mFc(10mg/kg,每週兩次)或對照(PBS)治療。由CT掃描儀量測骨密度。
如圖9所示,6週後,未經治療之卵巢切除小鼠相對於假對照顯示小梁骨密度之實質性流失。ActRIIa-mFc治療使骨密度恢復至假手術小鼠之水平。治療6週及12週時,ActRIIa-mFc引起OVX小鼠之小梁骨的實質性增加。參見圖10。治療6週後,骨密度相對於PBS對照增加24%。12週後,增加27%。
在假手術小鼠中,ActRIIa-mFc亦引起小梁骨的實質性增加。參見圖11。6週及12週後,治療相對於對照產生35%增加。
在另一組實驗中,將如上所述之卵巢切除(OVX)或假手術小鼠用ActRIIa-mFc(10mg/kg,每週兩次)或對照(PBS)經12週治療。類似於上文對於ActRIIa-mFc所述之結果,接受ActRIIa-mFc之OVX小鼠早在4週即顯示小梁骨密度增加15%且治療12週後增加25%(圖12)。接受ActRIIa-mFc之假手術小鼠類似地早在4週即顯示小梁骨密度增加22%且治療12週後增加32%(圖13)。
用ActRIIa-mFc治療12週後,全身及活體外股骨DEXA分析顯示治療誘導卵巢切除小鼠與假手術小鼠之骨密度增加(分別為圖14A及圖14B)。此 等結果亦由股骨中段之活體外pQCT分析支持,該分析證實用ActRIIa-mFc治療12週後總骨密度與皮質骨密度顯著增加。經媒劑治療之對照卵巢切除小鼠顯示與經媒劑治療之對照假手術小鼠相當之骨密度(圖15)。除骨密度以外,ActRIIa-mFC治療後骨含量增加。股骨中段之活體外pQCT分析證實用ActRIIa-mFc治療12週後總骨含量與皮質骨含量顯著增加,而卵巢切除與假手術經媒劑對照治療之小鼠顯示相當之骨含量(圖16)。股骨中段之活體外pQCT分析亦顯示經ActRIIa-mFc治療之小鼠不顯示骨膜周長的變化;然而,ActRIIa-mFc治療使得骨內膜周長減小,其指示因於股骨之內表面上生長而皮質厚度增加(圖17)。
股骨之機械測試確定ActRIIa-mFc能增加骨骼之外在特徵(最大負載、硬度及斷裂能),其促成骨骼之固有特性(極限強度)顯著增加。經ActRIIa-mFc治療之卵巢切除小鼠顯示骨強度增加至超過假手術經媒劑治療之對照的水平,其指示骨質疏鬆表型完全逆轉(圖18)。
此等數據證實活化素-ActRIIa拮抗劑可增加正常雌性小鼠之骨密度且此外糾正骨質疏鬆症小鼠模型之骨密度、骨含量及極限骨強度的缺陷。
在又一組實驗中,在第4週對小鼠進行卵巢切除或假手術,且第12週開始接受安慰劑或ActRIIa-mFc(2次/週,10mg/kg)(在圖19-24中亦稱作RAP-11)又歷時12週之時段。評估多個骨參數。如圖19所示,ActRIIa-mFc增加OVX小鼠與假手術小鼠之椎骨小梁骨體積與總體積比(BV/TV)。ActRIIa-mFc亦改良小梁架構(圖20),增加皮質厚度(圖21)且改良骨強度(圖22)。如圖23所示,ActRIIa-mFc在1mg/kg至10mg/kg之劑量範圍下產生所需效果。
在假手術小鼠中於2週時間點進行骨組織形態測定。圖24中所呈現之此等數據證實ActRIIa-mFc具有雙重作用:抑制骨再吸收與促進骨生長。因此,ActRIIa-mFc刺激骨生長(同化作用)且抑制骨再吸收(抗異化作用)。BV= 骨體積;TV=總組織體積。BV/TV為經礦化之骨體積之百分率的量測。ES=侵蝕表面;BS=骨表面。ES/BS為骨侵蝕之量測,且由RAP-011引起之減小證實抗再吸收或抗異化作用。Ms/Bs為礦化表面/骨表面比,其為骨生長或同化作用之指標。類似地,礦質接合速率(MAR)及骨形成速率/骨表面/天(BFR/BSd)指示骨生長。採用造骨細胞(Nob/BPm)及破骨細胞(Noc/BPm)之量測以探測作用機制。
以12週齡起始,在雌性C57BL/6小鼠中進行第二骨組織形態測定實驗。將小鼠用10mg/kg ActRIIa-mFc經腹膜內每週兩次給藥歷時2週、4週、8週或12週。最後次給藥後5天將各組小鼠處死且獲取骨骼以供分析。在施以無痛致死術之前9天及2天對小鼠進行鈣黃綠素標記。如圖25所示,計量顯示ActRIIa-mFc促進骨生長及礦化且具有同化作用與抗異化作用。參見,例如BV/TV比、ES/BS比及MS/BS比。同化作用似乎在整個給藥方案中持續,而抗再吸收作用似乎在小鼠中持續時間較短。
實施例4:ActRIIa-mFc改善或預防多發性骨髓瘤之鼠類模型的骨損傷
多發性骨髓瘤患者顯示特徵在於破骨細胞活性增加及由造骨細胞形成骨減少之骨質流失病症。小鼠之骨髓瘤的5T2MM模型係基於使用來自在老齡小鼠中形成且於小鼠中引起與人類多發性骨髓瘤患者中所見之作用類似之作用的自發性腫瘤類型之腫瘤細胞(5T2MM細胞)。參見,例如Vanderkerken等人,Methods Mol Med.2005;113:191-205。針對在此模型中之作用來測試ActRIIa-mFc。
注射至C57B1/KaLwRij小鼠中之5T2MM細胞促進破骨細胞表面增加、溶骨病變形成且使得骨面積減小。骨病與造骨細胞數、造骨細胞表面減小及礦化減少相關。
自5T2MM注射時間起,將負載5T2MM細胞之小鼠用 ActRIIa-mFc(RAP-011)(10mg/kg,經腹膜內,每週兩次)或媒劑治療,歷時總共12週。近端脛骨及腰椎之MicroCT分析證實與原生小鼠相比負載5T2MM小鼠之疏質骨體積減小39%及21%(p<0.001及p<0.01)且小梁數減少37%及15%(p<0.01及p<0.05)。當與經媒劑治療之小鼠相比時,RAP-011完全阻止5T2MM誘發的脛骨中之小梁體積及數目的減小(p<0.001及p<0.05)與椎骨中之小梁體積及數目的減小(p<0.01及p<0.05)。當與原生小鼠相比時,經RAP-011治療之小鼠之骨體積在脛骨中高19%(p=168)且在椎骨中高12%(p<0.05)。RAP-011阻止溶骨病變發展(p<0.05)。此作用說明於圖26中。儘管在此研究中數據之初步評估未能鑑別對血清副蛋白(多發性骨髓瘤細胞之生物標記)或骨髓瘤負荷的顯著影響,但進一步分析指示血清副蛋白在除一隻以外之所有經治療動物中實質上減少且進一步指示健康骨髓之體積實質上增加,其指示骨髓瘤細胞負荷減小。
因此,ActRIIa-mFc可用於減小由多發性骨髓瘤引起之骨病的影響且用於治療腫瘤細胞本身。
實施例5:ActRIIa-hFc蛋白之表徵
使用SEQ ID NO:9之組織纖維蛋白溶酶原前導序列,在自pAID4載體(SV40 ori/強化子,CMV啟動子)穩定轉染之CHO-DUKX B11細胞中表現ActRIIa-hFc融合蛋白。如上文實施例1中所述而純化之蛋白質具有SEQ ID NO:7之序列。Fc部分為如SEQ ID NO:7所示之人類IgG1 Fc序列。唾液酸分析顯示蛋白質含有平均介於約1.5莫耳與2.5莫耳之間的唾液酸/ActRIIa-hFc融合蛋白分子。
此經純化之蛋白質在所測試之所有動物中顯示顯著較長之血清半生期,包括在人類患者中25-32天之半生期(參見實施例6,下文)。另外,CHO細胞所表現之物質對活化素B配位體之親和力高於對在人類293細胞中表現之ActRIIa-hFc融合蛋白所報導之彼親和力(del Re等人,J Biol Chem.2004年12月17 日;279(51):53126-35)。另外,使用tPa前導序列提供比其他前導序列高之產量,且與以原生前導子所表現之ActRIIa-Fc不同,其提供高純度之N末端序列。使用原生前導序列產生兩個主要種類之ActRIIa-Fc,各者具有不同N末端序列。
實施例6:人類臨床試驗
在隨機化、雙盲、安慰劑對照之研究中將實施例5中所述之蛋白質投予人類患者,進行該研究以主要評估該蛋白質在健康停經後女性中之安全性。將48名個體隨機化成6組以接受單次劑量之ActRIIa-hFc或安慰劑(5組活性劑:1組安慰劑)。劑量水平處於經靜脈內(IV)0.01至3.0mg/kg及經皮下(SC)0.03至0.1mg/kg之範圍內。所有個體照此進行120天。若個體在研究入選之6個月內服用影響骨代謝之藥物,則將其排除在研究參與者之外。按各組進行安全性評估以確定劑量之按比例放大。除藥物動力學(PK)分析以外,亦藉由量測骨形成及再吸收之生化標記及FSH含量來評估ActRIIa-hFc之生物活性。
無嚴重不良事件報導於此研究中。不良事件(AE)一般為輕度及短暫的。AE之初步分析包括頭痛、實驗值升高、感冒症狀、嘔吐、靜脈內滲入及注射部位血腫。
ActRIIa-hFc之PK分析顯示隨劑量之線性特徵及約25-32天之平均半生期。ActRIIa-hFc之曲線下面積(AUC)與劑量線性相關,且經皮下給藥後吸收基本上完全(參見圖27及圖28)。此等數據指示經皮下為所需之給藥方法,此係由於其提供藥物之等效生物可用性及血清半生期,同時避免與經靜脈內給藥之頭幾天相關之藥物血清濃度的尖峰(參見圖28)。ActRIIa-hFc引起骨特異性鹼性磷酸酶(BAP)之血清含量快速、持續劑量依賴性增加(其為同化骨生長之標記),及C末端1型膠原蛋白尾肽及抗酒石酸鹽酸性磷酸酶5b含量劑量依賴性減小(其為骨再吸收之標記)。諸如P1NP之其他標記顯示非結論性結果。BAP含量在最高藥物劑量下顯示接近飽和效應,其指示對此同化骨生物標記之 半最大影響可在0.3mg/kg(增加範圍至3mg/kg)之劑量下達成。按藥物之藥效作用與AUC之關係計算,EC50為51,465(天數×ng/ml)。參見圖29。在所測試之最高劑量水平下此等骨生物標記變化持續約120天。與活化素抑制一致,血清FSH含量亦存在劑量依賴性減小。
給予健康停經後女性之單次劑量ActRIIa-hFc對於所測試之劑量水平範圍而言為安全的且具良好耐受性。PK及藥效作用延長表明間歇性給藥對於未來研究而言將為適當的。舉例而言,可根據每月一次或按照每兩週、三週、四週、五週或六週一次之規則進行基於血清半生期之給藥。另外,由於藥效作用延長至遠遠超過藥物之血清滯留期,因此可基於藥效作用進行給藥,其意謂每三個月或每兩個、三個、四個、五個、六個或甚至十二個月給藥可有效地在患者中產生所要作用。此臨床試驗證實,在人類中ActRIIa-hFc為具有骨形成增加與骨再吸收減少之生物跡象的骨同化劑。
實施例7:ActRIIa-mFc與雙膦酸鹽之共同投藥
雙膦酸鹽為廣泛用於治療與低骨礦物密度相關之病症(包括骨質疏鬆症及癌症相關骨質流失)之一類藥物。雙膦酸鹽具有有效抗再吸收活性,其抑制破骨細胞。可能由於破骨細胞為骨破裂與骨生長所需,因此雙膦酸鹽似乎減小副甲狀腺激素(PTH)(僅已知同化骨生長劑中之一者)之作用(Black等人,N Engl J Med.2003年9月25日;349(13):1207-15;Samadfam等人,Endocrinology.2007年6月;148(6):2778-87)。
為測試ActRIIa-Fc治療在先前已接受或正伴隨接受雙膦酸鹽或其他抗再吸收療法之患者中的效用,將小鼠用經組合之ActRIIa-mFc與唑來膦酸鹽(一種雙膦酸鹽化合物)進行測試。如下治療12週大C57BL/6N小鼠:
組1 PBS
組2 ActRIIa-mFc(RAP-011)(10mg/kg),每週兩次(與組3及組4一起)
組3 唑來膦酸(Zoledronic Acid)(ZOL),單次給藥(20mg/kg)
組4 ZOL(1次劑量),3天後每週兩次ActRIIa-mFc(RAP-011)(1mg/kg)
組5 ZOL(1次劑量),3天後每週兩次ActRIIa-mFc(RAP-011)(10mg/kg)
給藥前及治療第3週及第8週由DEXA掃描(PIXI)測定總BMD。
如圖30所示,總BMD在所有治療組中顯著增加,其中ZOL與ActRIIa-mFc之組合產生最大作用。此等結果指示ActRIIa-Fc蛋白即使已接受雙膦酸鹽療法之患者中仍可用於增加骨密度。
實施例8:ActRIIa-Fc改善或預防由乳癌轉移引起之骨質流失
據估計65%至75%之乳癌轉移至骨,其對骨結構產生實質性損傷,增加骨折危險且引起疼痛及其他副作用。吾人測試ActRIIa-Fc在已轉移至骨之乳癌之小鼠模型中的作用。
於試管內培養人類乳癌細胞系MDA-MB-231之亞系(純系2287)且以5×106個細胞/毫升之密度收集細胞。MDA-MB-231為在接種至骨中且引起與由骨轉移引起之骨損傷類似之骨損傷方面高度勝任之細胞系。研究第0天將10ml細胞注射至6週齡之雌性無胸腺裸鼠之脛骨中。研究第10天小鼠接受ActRIIa-mFc(10mg/kg/每週兩次/經皮下)(n=8)或PBS媒劑(n=7)。以每週時間間隔由雙能量x射線吸收測定法(PIXIMus)評估疾病進程。將小鼠用ActRIIa-mFc治療4週且接著將其處死,且自各動物收集脛骨(經腫瘤注射與無腫瘤)。接著對脛骨進行處理且準備用於microCT及組織學分析。
將MDA-MB-231細胞經脛骨內注射至無胸腺裸鼠中與對側腿相比促進經注射之脛骨中之溶骨病變發展。近端脛骨之MicroCT分析證實,與經PBS媒劑治療之小鼠的無腫瘤脛骨相比,負載MDA-MB-231脛骨之疏質骨體積減小62%。ActRIIa-mFc治療使得與媒劑相比,原生脛骨或負載腫瘤脛骨分別增加70%或147%(對二者而言,P<0.01)。經ActRIIa-mFc治療之小鼠的負載腫瘤脛骨 具有與經VEH治療之小鼠的原生脛骨類似之疏質骨密度(p=0.39)。
因此,ActRIIa-mFc能消除與骨中乳房腫瘤細胞的存在相關之骨損傷。
實施例9:替代ActRIIa-Fc蛋白
替代構築體可缺失ActRIIa之胞外域之C末端尾巴(最後15個胺基酸)。該構築體之序列呈現如下(Fc部分加下劃線)(SEQ ID NO:12):
以引用方式併入
本文所提及之所有公開案及專利藉此以引用的方式全部併入,如同每一個別公開案或專利特定及個別地表示以引用的方式併入一般。
儘管已討論標的物之特定具體實例,但上述說明為說明性的且並非限制性的。對本說明書及以下申請專利範圍的回顧之後,許多變化對於熟習此項技術者而言將變得顯而易見。本發明之完整範疇應藉由參考申請專利範圍連同其等效物之完整範疇一起及本說明書連同該等變化一起而確定。
<110> 約翰 納夫 瑞賓卓 庫瑪 傑斯伯 希勒
<120> 包含ActRIIa-Fc融合蛋白的醫藥組合物;ActRIIa-Fc融合蛋白於治療或預防與癌症相關的骨質流失之用途;ActRIIa-Fc融合蛋白於治療或預防多發性骨髓瘤之用途
<130> TW106129542
<140> 12/012,525
<141> 2008-02-01
<150> 60/900,580
<151> 2007-02-09
<150> 60/932,762
<151> 2007-05-31
<150> 60/937,365
<151> 2007-06-26
<150> 61/000,528
<151> 2007-10-25
<160> 18
<170> PatentIn Ver.3.3
<210> 1
<211> 513
<212> PRT
<213> 智慧人
<400> 1
<210> 2
<211> 115
<212> PRT
<213> 智慧人
<400> 2
<210> 3
<211> 100
<212> PRT
<213> 智慧人
<400> 3
<210> 4
<211> 1542
<212> DNA
<213> 智慧人
<400> 4
<210> 5
<211> 345
<212> DNA
<213> 智慧人
<400> 5
<210> 6
<211> 225
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 人工序列之敘述:合成構築體
<220>
<221> MOD_RES
<222> (43)
<223> Asp or Ala
<220>
<221> MOD_RES
<222> (100)
<223> Lys or Ala
<220>
<221> MOD_RES
<222> (212)
<223> Asn or Ala
<400> 6
<210> 7
<211> 344
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 人工序列之敘述:合成的構築體
<400> 7
<210> 8
<211> 21
<212> PRT
<213> 蜜蜂
<400> 8
<210> 9
<211> 22
<212> PRT
<213> 未知生物體
<220>
<223> 未知生物體之敘述:組織纖維蛋白溶酶原活化肽
<400> 9
<210> 10
<211> 20
<212> PRT
<213> 未知生物體
<220>
<223> 未知生物體之敘述:原生肽
<400> 10
<210> 11
<211> 8
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 人工序列之敘述:合成肽
<400> 11
<210> 12
<211> 329
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 人工序列之敘述:合成構築體
<400> 12
<210> 13
<211> 369
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 人工序列之敘述:合成構築體
<400> 13
<210> 14
<211> 1114
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 人工序列之敘述:合成構築體
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<210> 15
<211> 108
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 人工序列之敘述:合成寡核苷酸
<400> 15
<210> 16
<211> 5
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 人工序列之敘述:合成肽
<400> 16
<210> 17
<211> 5
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 人工序列之敘述:合成肽
<400> 17
<210> 18
<211> 6
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 人工序列之敘述:合成的6xHis標記
<400> 18
Claims (1)
- 一種包含自CHO細胞表現之ActRIIa-Fc融合蛋白之醫藥組合物,其中該ActRIIa-Fc融合蛋白為由藉由雙硫鍵鍵結而接合之兩個SEQ ID NO:7多肽所形成之二聚體,其限制條件為該等多肽中之一或兩者可在胺基末端或羧基末端具有比SEQ ID NO:7所示少一個之胺基酸,且其中該二聚體具有介於3個與5個之間的唾液酸部分。
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