TW201812033A - 無鉛或低鉛含量的黃銅坯料的製造方法及製得的坯料 - Google Patents

無鉛或低鉛含量的黃銅坯料的製造方法及製得的坯料 Download PDF

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TW201812033A
TW201812033A TW106116273A TW106116273A TW201812033A TW 201812033 A TW201812033 A TW 201812033A TW 106116273 A TW106116273 A TW 106116273A TW 106116273 A TW106116273 A TW 106116273A TW 201812033 A TW201812033 A TW 201812033A
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加百列 格那堤
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Abstract

一種無鉛或低鉛含量的黃銅坯料的獲得方法設想直接或反向擠壓無鉛或低鉛含量的黃銅切屑和石墨粉末的混合物，製得無鉛或低鉛含量的黃銅坯料。

Description

無鉛或低鉛含量的黃銅坯料的製造方法及製得的坯料
本發明關於一種無鉛或低鉛含量的黃銅坯料的製造方法及製得的坯料。特別的，本發明係關於一種無鉛或低鉛含量的黃銅坯料
特別地，當鉛含量低於0.1重量%，黃銅通常被定義為“無鉛”；當鉛含量在0.1重量%至0.2重量%之間，則定義為“低鉛含量”。
眾所周知，黃銅，即銅(Cu)和鋅(Zn)的合金，是廣泛用於製造業的材料，憑藉著其優異的可鑄造性，其可藉由套管加工(casing processes)而獲得半成品鑄件，而憑藉著其優異的機械加工性，其可藉由切削加工(chipping machine)而適當地完成半成品。
黃銅的機械加工性與其所含之鉛(Pb)量非常有關。
然而，採用無鉛合金製造與水接觸，特別是飲用水，之如水龍頭或其他部件之人工加工品的需求於近年來已提升。上述需求源自於避免鉛在水中溶解而具有被認為是健康的負面影響的需求。
因此，眾多製造商的研發努力發表了具有相似於傳統黃銅的機械和機械加工性質的無鉛黃銅。
於這方面，最有希望的發表之一是用石墨替代鉛。在這方面，申請人係為發明案號為10 2013 9021 8136 5之意大利專利申請案的擁有者。
本發明是下文的一部分，且特別地關於一種用於製造無鉛或低鉛含量的黃銅坯料以及製得的坯料的創新方法。
依據本發明的方法的特徵和優點可藉由以下描述而理解。
圖1和圖2示出了根據本發明的無鉛黃銅棒的兩個不同大情形中的微結構，其特徵在於頭部和中央部的橫截面。
圖3是得自於國際標準ISO3685的表單，繪示了不同的切屑的形態。
依據一製程，坯料係通過直接或反向擠壓包括黃銅粉末和石墨粉末之粉末而獲得。
上述擠壓係於以達成粉末的燒結之數個溫度條件下以及於如120毫米/秒之沖壓(punch)的特定推進速度下施行。
舉例來說，早於施行擠壓之前，上述混合粉末係預熱至較佳地低於熔融溫度之一預熱溫度下一預定時間。例如，將混合粉末預熱至720℃下1小時。
上述黃銅粉末大體上為無鉛的或低含鉛量的；在者，上述石墨粉末以相對於黃銅粉末為0.5重量%~2重量%且較佳地為約1重量%之的計量下而加入。
根據一變化實施例，上述黃銅粉末係藉由液滴冷卻(splat cooling)、熔融紡絲(melt-spinning)、霧化製程(atomization process)、藉由如沉澱之化學反應、或藉由如研磨之機械製程而獲得。
特別地，上述霧化製程可藉由超快速凝固、超音波霧化而施行、藉由氣體霧化、真空或惰性氣體之氣體霧化，水霧化，離心霧化，旋轉盤霧化。
較佳地，上述黃銅粉末具有廣的晶粒尺寸範圍，例如介於在500微米(μm)和50微米(μm)之間；如此廣的範圍和可能的不規則形狀的晶粒尺寸促進了上述粉末的壓實。
再者，根據一變化實施例，係藉由研磨以獲得上述石墨粉末。
上述黃銅粉末和上述石墨粉末係於如一混合器/分批器中混合一預定的時間。
根據一變化實施例，將經混合之混合粉末係為例如由銅製成之稱為罐之圓筒形容器中收集，上述圓筒形容器於之後經過填充並注入惰性氣體之後係藉由如焊接而氣密地封閉。
舉例來說，上述惰性氣體是氬(Ar)。
上述容器係裝載至擠壓機內並於預熱之後或於加熱期間，進行直接或反向的擠壓，從而獲得包含如在表面上之 容器材料的複合坯料。
接著，施行自複合坯料處消除容器的材料的剝離操作，從而獲得所需的坯料。
根據另一變化實施例，擠出機直接裝載混合粉末，直接獲得所需的坯料；這避免了剝離過程。
根據又一變化實施例，在燒結之前，如在容器中或直接在擠壓機中將混合粉末壓制。
實驗測試
舉例來說，於一實驗測試中： 製備預壓實至120噸之包含經混合之無鉛黃銅和石墨粉末之直徑約70毫米的一第一罐C1；以及 包含未壓實之經混合之無鉛黃銅和石墨粉末之直徑約70毫米的一第二罐C2。
於此兩罐C1、C2上施行預熱至720℃至1小時；然後將此兩罐C1，C2採用擠壓比8：1進行直接擠壓，沖壓速度為12毫米/秒而坯料的最終直徑為30毫米。
獲得兩個棒：來自罐C1的棒B1及來自罐C2之棒C2。
對於此兩棒而言，最終密度為約8克/立方公分，硬度HV5Kg為約85。
圖1和圖2示出了在此些棒B1和B2於頭部和中央部之兩個不同放大處情形的橫截面之微結構。
牽引試驗中顯示了此兩棒的Rp0.2%為約170MPa、Rm為約370MPa、及A%為23%。
如此測試顯示了因而獲得了其機械與微結構特質與藉由傳統循環所得到的棒互相相似與實質上相同的棒。
本發明的實施例
依據本發明，坯料係藉由直接或反向擠壓無鉛或低鉛含量黃銅切屑(chip)和石墨粉末的混合物而獲得。
此混合物經預熱，或於一變化實施例中，在擠壓期間被加熱。
“切屑(chip)”這個描述可以標識或多或少的材料之一些薄的條狀物，通常是捲曲的(snarled)。舉例來說，上述切屑具有為國際標準ISO3685(圖3)之表G.1所示的眾多型態。
黃銅切屑來自於對由無鉛或低鉛含量黃銅製成的半成品進行切屑去除的機械加工。
根據一變化實施例，藉由研磨將黃銅切屑片段化，藉由直接或反向的擠壓經片段化之無鉛或低鉛含量黃銅屑和石墨粉末的混合物而獲得胚料。
此些切屑藉由研磨，例如於球磨中而片段化，具有包括顆粒尺寸小於一特定晶粒尺寸的級分的分離，例如<0.5mm(黃銅片段)，並再利用剩餘之部分。
接著將例如為1%重量/重量之黃銅片段與石墨粉(例如平均晶粒尺寸為20μm)及於如旋轉混合器中混合，獲得均勻的混合物。
創新地，從工業觀點來看依據本發明的方法是非常有利的，因為它設想了粉末和切屑的相對簡單的管理以及使用了現有的擠壓機。
特別地，切削的使用有利地允許通過在遠端工廠中藉由切屑來執行機械製造，並且在主工廠中分離片段和擠壓。上述切屑從遠端工廠運輸到主工廠，而不會造成粉末運輸的問題。

Claims (13)

  1. 一種無鉛或低鉛含量的黃銅坯料的獲得方法，包括下述步驟：在由無鉛或低鉛含量的黃銅製成的半成品上藉由切屑移除而施行機械加工，以獲得一預定量的切屑；準備具有特定平均晶粒尺寸之一預定量的石墨粉末；分離該量的切屑內具有小於特定晶粒尺寸的晶粒尺寸的黃銅片段；混合黃銅片段與石墨粉，獲得一黃銅-石墨混合物；加熱該黃銅-石墨混合物，獲得加熱之一混合物；擠壓經加熱的該混合物，獲得該無鉛或低鉛含量的黃銅坯料。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之方法，其中例如於球磨中研磨該預定量的切屑，以及分離具有小於如0.5毫米之特定晶粒尺寸的晶粒尺寸的黃銅片段。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第1或2項所述之方法，其中該混合物包括介於0.5重量%至1重量%的石墨粉末。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第2或3項所述之方法，其中該混合物係加熱至600-780℃之間的一溫度。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第1至4項中任一項所述之方法，其中於該擠壓時發生了燒結製程。
  6. 如申請專利範圍第1至5項中任一項所述之方法，其中該擠壓為直接的。
  7. 如申請專利範圍第1至5項中任一項所述之方法，其中該擠 壓為反向的。
  8. 如申請專利範圍第1至7項中任一項所述之方法，其中該切屑為材料之膨脹或捲曲之一薄帶。
  9. 如申請專利範圍第1至8項中任一項所述之方法，其中藉由切屑移除之機械加工之該步驟係於一遠端工廠中施行；運送該預定量的切屑至一主工廠；分離該黃銅片段及擠壓經加熱的該混合物之步驟係於該主工廠內施行。
  10. 如申請專利範圍第1至9項中任一項所述之無鉛或低鉛含量的黃銅坯料。
  11. 一種無鉛或低鉛含量黃銅坯料的獲得方法，包括下述步驟：提供藉由於無鉛或低鉛含量的黃銅製成的半成品上由切屑移除而施行機械加工而獲得之一預定量的切屑；提供具有特定平均晶粒尺寸之一預定量的石墨粉末；分離該量的切屑內具有小於預定晶粒尺寸的晶粒尺寸的黃銅片段；混合黃銅碎片與石墨粉，獲得一黃銅-石墨混合物；加熱該黃銅-石墨混合物，獲得加熱之一混合物；擠壓經加熱的該混合物，獲得該無鉛或低鉛含量的黃銅坯料。
  12. 如申請專利範圍第11、2至8項中任一項所述之方法。
  13. 如申請專利範圍第11至12項中任一項所述之無鉛或低鉛含量的黃銅坯料。
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