TW201639463A - 提高含多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸之組成物的安定性的方法 - Google Patents
提高含多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸之組成物的安定性的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201639463A TW201639463A TW104142797A TW104142797A TW201639463A TW 201639463 A TW201639463 A TW 201639463A TW 104142797 A TW104142797 A TW 104142797A TW 104142797 A TW104142797 A TW 104142797A TW 201639463 A TW201639463 A TW 201639463A
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- polyunsaturated omega
- fatty acid
- fatty acids
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Abstract
本發明係關於提高包含多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸之組成物之對抗氧化的安定性之方法。該方法包括下列步驟:(i)提供包含至少一種多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸組分之起始組成物;(ii)提供離胺酸組成物;(iii)摻混起始組成物及離胺酸組成物之水溶液、水-醇溶液或醇溶液,且隨後使所得摻混物接受噴霧乾燥條件,以形成包含離胺酸所衍生之陽離子與多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸所衍生之陰離子的至少一種鹽之固體產物組成物;該產物組成物展現選自下列之溶劑含量SC:SC<5wt%、SC<3wt%、SC<1wt%、SC<0.5wt%。
本發明進一步包括可藉由此等噴霧乾燥方法獲得之組成物以及此等組成物用於製造食品、營養及醫藥產品的用途。
Description
本發明關於提高含多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸之組成物的安定性的方法。
在過去數十年間收集的大量證據顯示許多健康益處與補充攝取多不飽和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid)(PUFA)相關聯。預防心血管疾病及減少發炎狀況之症狀是其中最顯著的實例,然此外,亦有報告提出預防某些類型癌症的促進及進展期,降低血壓及血膽固醇以及在治療憂鬱和精神分裂症、阿滋海默症、閱讀障礙、及注意力缺失或過動症時的正面效果。另外,由於某些PUFA被認為對腦部、神經系統及眼睛的發育是必要的,現今通常於嬰幼兒營養中補充特定PUFA。
然而,含有PUFA之食品、營養及醫藥產品的製造受其高度易於氧化變質(oxidative deterioration)阻礙。氧化對於營養及感官兩方面皆致負面結果;即,營養價值改變
例如必需脂肪酸的破壞、產生變味和明顯臭味之酸敗(rancidity)、顏色變化例如脂肪及油變深色、以及風味喪失。PUFA之氧化產生揮發性二次氧化(secondary oxidation)產物的複雜混合物,其造成特別令人反感的變味。
習知技術已描述三種不同對策且應用於業界以使PUFA安定而對抗氧化變質(Arab-Tehrany E.et al.,Trends in Food Science & Technology 25(2012)24-33):-添加抗氧化劑(antioxidant),-微膠囊化(microencapsulation),及-調氣包裝(modified atmosphere packaging)。
雖然該等對策的確提供若干氧化相關問題的解決方案,但仍需要能應付現下及潛在未來環境於特別技術及經濟限制條件要求上之其他挑戰的新方法。
現已發現包含多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸之組成物可藉由包括下列步驟的方法而安定以對抗氧化:(i)提供包含至少一種多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸組分之起始組成物(starting composition);(ii)提供離胺酸(lysine)組成物;(iii)摻混起始組成物及離胺酸組成物之水溶液、水-醇溶液(aqueous-alcoholic solution)或醇溶液(alcoholic
solution),且隨後使所得摻混物接受噴霧乾燥條件(spray drying condition),以形成包含離胺酸所衍生之陽離子與多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸所衍生之陰離子的至少一種鹽之固體產物組成物;該產物組成物展現選自下列之溶劑含量SC:SC<5wt%、SC<3wt%、SC<1wt%、SC<0.5wt%。
本發明內容中之用語PUFA係可和用語多不飽和脂肪酸替換使用且定義如下:脂肪酸係根據碳鏈之長度及飽和特徵分類。短鏈脂肪酸具有2至約6個碳且通常為飽和的。中鏈脂肪酸具有約6至約14個碳且亦通常為飽和的。長鏈脂肪酸具有16至24或更多個碳,且可為飽和或不飽和的。在較長鏈脂肪酸中,可有一或多個不飽和點,分別引致用語「單不飽和(monounsaturated)」與「多不飽和(polyunsaturated)」。本發明內容中,具有20或更多個碳原子之長鏈多不飽和脂肪酸稱為多不飽和脂肪酸或PUFA。
PUFA係根據已確立之命名法而依據脂肪酸中之雙鍵的數目及位置分類。取決於最接近脂肪酸之甲基末端的雙鍵之位置,LC-PUFA有兩主要系列或家族:ω-3系列含有在第三個碳之雙鍵,而ω-6系列直到第六個碳才有雙鍵。因此,二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid)("DHA")之鏈長為22個碳,具有從甲基末端起第三個碳開始的6個雙鍵,且稱為「22:6 n-3」(全-順式-4,7,10,13,16,19-二十二碳六烯酸(all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic
acid))。另一重要的ω-3 PUFA為二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid)("EPA"),其係稱為「20:5 n-3」(全-順式-5,8,11,14,17-二十碳五烯酸(all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid))。一重要的ω-6 PUFA為花生油酸(arachidonic acid)("ARA"),其係稱為「20:4 n-6」(全-順式-5,8,11,14-二十碳四烯酸(all-cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid))。
其他ω-3 PUFA包括:二十碳三烯酸(Eicosatrienoic acid)(ETE)20:3(n-3)(全-順式-11,14,17-二十碳三烯酸(all-cis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid))、二十碳四烯酸(Eicosatetraenoic acid)(ETA)20:4(n-3)(全-順式-8,11,14,17-二十碳四烯酸(all-cis-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid))、二十一碳五烯酸(Heneicosapentaenoic acid)(HPA)21:5(n-3)(全-順式-6,9,12,15,18-二十一碳五烯酸(all-cis-6,9,12,15,18-heneicosapentaenoic acid))、二十二碳五烯酸(Docosapentaenoic acid)(鰶油酸(Clupanodonic acid))(DPA)22:5(n-3)(全-順式-7,10,13,16,19-二十二碳五烯酸(all-cis-7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic acid))、二十四碳五烯酸(Tetracosapentaenoic acid)24:5(n-3)(全-順式-9,12,15,18,21-二十四碳五烯酸(all-cis-9,12,15,18,21-tetracosapentaenoic acid))、二十四碳六烯酸(Tetracosahexaenoic acid)(鯡酸(Nisinic acid))24:6(n-3)(全-順式-6,9,12,15,18,21-二十四碳六烯酸(all-cis-
6,9,12,15,18,21-tetracosahexaenoic acid))。
其他ω-6 PUFA包括:二十碳二烯酸(Eicosadienoic acid)20:2(n-6)(全-順式-11,14-二十碳二烯酸(all-cis-11,14-eicosadienoic acid))、雙同-γ-次亞麻油酸(Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid)(DGLA)20:3(n-6)(全-順式-8,11,14-二十碳三烯酸(all-cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid))、二十二碳二烯酸(Docosadienoic acid)22:2(n-6)(全-順式-13,16-二十二碳二烯酸(all-cis-13,16-docosadienoic acid))、腎上腺酸(Adrenic acid)22:4(n-6)(全-順式-7,10,13,16-二十二碳四烯酸(all-cis-7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic acid))、二十二碳五烯酸(Docosapentaenoic acid)(Osbond酸(Osbond acid))22:5(n-6)(全-順式-4,7,10,13,16-二十二碳五烯酸(all-cis-4,7,10,13,16-docosapentaenoic acid))、二十四碳四烯酸(Tetracosatetraenoic acid)24:4(n-6)(全-順式-9,12,15,18-二十四碳四烯酸(all-cis-9,12,15,18-tetracosatetraenoic acid))、二十四碳五烯酸(Tetracosapentaenoic acid)24:5(n-6)(全-順式-6,9,12,15,18-二十四碳五烯酸(all-cis-6,9,12,15,18-tetracosapentaenoic acid))。
用於本發明之實施態樣的較佳ω-6 PUFA為花生油酸(arachidonic acid)("ARA")及γ-次亞麻油酸(gamma-linolenic acid)("GLA")。
不欲受理論束縛,看來藉由本發明方法所獲致的提高
之對氧化的安定性係離胺酸與PUFA之間形成鹽的結果。仍為游離酸(free acid)、或者形成酯的部分或與例如Na+、K+、Ca2+、或Mg2+形成無機鹽的PUFA則未觀察到相應之安定性提升。
可藉由本發明之方法而安定以對抗氧化的包含多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸之組成物可為含有大量游離多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸之任何組成物。此等組成物可另包含呈游離形式之其他天然脂肪酸(naturally occurring fatty acid)。此外,此等組成物可另包含其本身在室溫及標準大氣壓下為固態、液態或氣態的成分。對應之液態成分包括可易於藉由蒸發移除且可因而被視為揮發性成分的成分以及難以藉由蒸發移除且可因而被視為非揮發性成分的成分。本發明內容中,氣態成分被視為揮發性成分。典型的揮發性成分為水、醇及超臨界二氧化碳(supercritical carbon dioxide)。
可藉由本發明之方法而安定以對抗氧化的包含多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸之組成物可由任何合適來源材料獲得,另外,該等來源材料可已用適合處理此等來源材料的任何方法處理。典型來源材料包括來自動物的產物例如蛋,惟尤其是來自微生物、特別是真菌(fungal)及/或藻類(algal)發酵的材料。通常此等材料另含有大量其他天然脂肪酸。處理此等來源材料之典型方法可包括用以獲得粗製油(crude oil)的步驟諸如來源材料之萃取和分離,以及用以精製(refining)粗製油之步驟諸如沉降(settling)及脫膠(degumming)、脫酸(de-acidification)、漂白(bleaching)、
及脫臭(deodorization),以及用以從精製油(refined oil)製造ω-6 PUFA-濃縮物之其他步驟諸如脫酸、轉酯化(trans-esterification)、濃縮(concentration)、及脫臭(參考例如EFSA Scientific Opinion on Fish oil for Human Consumption)。來源材料之任何處理可進一步包括用以將ω-6 PUFA-酯至少部分地轉變成對應游離ω-6 PUFA或其無機鹽的步驟。
可藉由本發明之方法安定以對抗氧化的包含多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸之較佳組成物可從主要由ω-6 PUFA及其他天然脂肪酸之酯所組成的組成物、藉由使酯鍵斷裂且隨後移除先前結合為酯的醇而獲得。較佳地,酯斷裂(ester cleavage)係在鹼性條件下進行。用於酯斷裂之方法係本領域所熟知。
在本發明內容中,安定(stabilizing)組成物以對抗氧化意指提高此等組成物對氧化的安定性。用於量化組成物對氧化之安定性(stability)的一種度量(measure)為在Rancimat測試(Rancimat test)中之誘導時間(induction time)。進行Rancimat測試的程序為本領域所熟知及/或係由用於進行Rancimat測試之儀器的製造商提供。關於組成物對氧化之安定性的其他度量可如下獲得:任何組成物或化合物之二或更多樣本對氧化的安定性可藉由下列者比較(1)初始測量該等樣本的氧化程度,然後(2)使該等樣本接受相當(氧化)條件,及(3)之後測量該等樣本的氧化程度。氧化程度增加最少的樣本展現出在給定條件下對氧
化之最高安定性,而其氧化程度增加最多的樣本展現出在給定條件下對氧化之最低安定性。樣本之氧化程度增加可以絕對用語(absolute term)表示,即,在接受氧化條件之前和之後所得的值之差異,或者,該增加可以相對用語(relative term)表示,即,在接受氧化條件之前和之後所得的值之比。顯然,降低曝於氧化條件所致之氧化的程度表示對氧化之極高水平的安定性,其應解讀為甚至高於曝於相當之氧化條件所致之氧化的程度未有改變之樣本的安定性水平。
本領域已知數種用於定量樣本之氧化程度的度量。在最廣義之本發明中,可使用該等度量之任一者。於本發明之較佳實施態樣中,可使用下列度量之一或多者來量化氧化程度:過氧化物值(Peroxide Value)(PV)、甲氧苯胺值(Anisidine Value)(AV)、總氧化值(Totox Value)。PV為用於一次氧化(primary oxidation)產物(於雙鍵處形成氫過氧化物)之度量,AV為用於二次降解(secondary degradation)產物(羰基化合物(carbonyl compound))之度量。總氧化值(Totox Value)係計算為Totox=2*PV+AV(其中PV係指定為毫當量O2/kg樣本)。用於測定過氧化物值(PV)及甲氧苯胺值(AV)之程序已述於文獻(參考例如Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the AOCS,6th Edition 2013,Edited by David Firestone,ISBN 978-1-893997-74-5;或者例如PV之測定可根據Ph.Eur.2.5.5(01/2008:20505)、AV之測定可根據Ph.Eur.2.5.36
(01/2008:20536))。
用於測定樣本之過氧化物值(PV)之例示程序係進行如下:
試劑及溶液:
1. 乙酸-氯仿溶液(7.2ml乙酸及4.8ml氯仿)。
2. 飽和碘化鉀溶液。貯存於暗處。
3. 硫代硫酸鈉(Sodium thiosulfate)溶液,0.1N。市售。
4. 1%澱粉溶液。市售。
5. 蒸餾或去離子水。
程序:
進行試劑之空白試樣測定(blank determination)。
1. 將2.00(±0.02)g之樣本秤入100ml玻璃拴塞錐形瓶(glass stoppered Erlenmeyer flask)。重量記錄至最接近0.01g。
2. 藉由量筒(graduated cylinder)添加12ml的乙酸-氯仿溶液。
3. 旋轉該瓶直到樣本完全溶解(可能需要在熱板(hot plate)上小心加溫)。
4. 使用1ml Mohr吸量管(Mohr pipette)添加0.2ml之飽和碘化鉀溶液。
5. 塞住該瓶並旋轉該瓶之內容物正好一分鐘。
6. 立即藉由量筒添加12ml之蒸餾或去離子水、塞
住並用力搖晃以使碘從氯仿層釋出。
7. 以0.1N硫代硫酸鈉填充滴定管(burette)。
8. 若溶液之起始顏色為深橘紅色,則緩慢滴定並伴隨混合直到顏色變淡。若該溶液起初為淺琥珀色,則前往步驟9。
9. 使用分配裝置(dispensing device)添加1ml之澱粉溶液作為指示劑(indicator)。
10. 滴定(Titrate)直到水性(上層)中之藍灰色消失。
11. 精確記錄所使用之滴定劑(titrant)的毫升(ml)數至小數點後兩位(two decimal places)。
計算:
S=樣本之滴定(titration of sample)
B=空白試樣之滴定(titration of blank)
過氧化物值(Peroxide value)=(S-B)* N硫代硫酸鹽* 1000/樣本重量
用於測定樣本之甲氧苯胺值(AV)的例示程序係進行如下:甲氧苯胺值係界定為根據以下方法在1cm單元(cell)之含有1g待檢測物質(在100ml之溶劑與試劑之混合物中)的溶液中所測量的光密度(optical density)之100倍。儘可能快速地進行操作,避免曝於光化光(actinic light)。
測試溶液(a):將0.500g之待檢測物質溶於三甲基戊
烷(trimethylpentane)並以相同溶劑稀釋至25.0ml。
測試溶液(b):於5.0ml之測試溶液(a)中添加1.0ml之對甲氧苯胺(p-anisidine)於冰醋酸中的2.5g/l溶液,搖晃並避光貯存。
參考溶液(Reference solution):於5.0ml之三甲基戊烷中添加1.0ml之對甲氧苯胺於冰醋酸中的2.5g/l溶液,搖晃並避光貯存。使用三甲基戊烷作為補償液(compensation liquid),在350nm測量測試溶液(a)的吸光度(absorbance)之最大值。使用參考溶液作為補償液,在測試溶液(b)製備之後正好10分鐘於350nm測量其吸光度。由以下算式計算甲氧苯胺值(AV):AV=(25*(1.2*A1-A2))/m
A1=測試溶液(b)於350nm之吸光度,A2=測試溶液(a)於350nm之吸光度,m=測試溶液(a)中之待檢測物質的質量,以克計。
當藉由(1)測量氧化程度、(2)接受氧化條件、及(3)再次測量氧化程度來比較樣本對氧化之安定性時,在本發明之內容中,較佳地,步驟(1)及(3)中之氧化程度(degree of oxidation)係藉由測定過氧化物值(PV)及/或甲氧苯胺值(AV)來評估;另外,較佳地,於步驟(2)中之氧化條件(oxidizing condition)係選自下列之一:在室溫下貯存於曝於空氣之開放容器中至少十天之界定期間;在50℃下貯存於曝於空氣之開放容器中至少三天之界定期間。
在本發明之內容中,藉由方法提高組成物對氧化之安定性意指至少一描述組成物對氧化之安定性的度量(例如,至少一如上述之度量),係在組成物接受該方法之後提高。
在本發明之內容中,包含至少一種多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸組分之起始組成物可為含有大量的至少一種多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸組分之任何組成物,其中,各類(即,分子種類(molecular species))之游離ω-6 PUFA(「游離」表示存在游離羧酸官能(free carboxylic acid function))構成不同的多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸組分。此等組成物可另包含呈游離形式之其他天然脂肪酸。此外,此等組成物可另包含其本身在室溫及標準大氣壓下為固態、液態或氣態的成分。對應之液態成分包括可易於藉由蒸發移除且可因而被視為揮發性成分的成分以及難以藉由蒸發移除且可因而被視為非揮發性成分的成分。本內容中,氣態成分被視為揮發性成分。典型的揮發性成分為水、醇及超臨界二氧化碳(supercritical carbon dioxide)。
因此,在不考慮揮發性成分情況下,典型起始組成物具有PUFA含量PC(即,一或多種游離多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸之總含量)為至少15wt%、至高達85wt%之呈游離形式的其他天然脂肪酸、以及至高達5wt%之其本身在室溫及標準大氣壓下為固態或液態的其他成分。然而,較高等級之多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸可藉由純化個別起始材料而獲得。在本發明一較佳實施態樣中,在不考慮揮發性成分情
況下,起始組成物具有PUFA含量PC(即,一或多種游離多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸之總含量)為至少30wt%、至高達70wt%之呈游離形式的其他天然脂肪酸、以及至高達5wt%之其本身在室溫及標準大氣壓下為固態或液態的其他成分。在本發明另一較佳實施態樣中,在不考慮揮發性成分情況下,起始組成物具有PUFA含量PC(即,一或多種游離多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸之總含量)為至少50wt%、至高達50wt%之呈游離形式的其他天然脂肪酸、以及至高達5wt%之其本身在室溫及標準大氣壓下為固態或液態的其他成分。在本發明另一較佳實施態樣中,在不考慮揮發性成分情況下,起始組成物具有PUFA含量PC(即,一或多種游離多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸之總含量)為至少75wt%、至高達25wt%之呈游離形式的其他天然脂肪酸、以及至高達5wt%之其本身在室溫及標準大氣壓下為固態或液態的其他成分。在本發明另一較佳實施態樣中,在不考慮揮發性成分情況下,起始組成物具有PUFA含量PC(即,一或多種游離多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸之總含量)為至少75wt%、至高達25wt%之呈游離形式的其他天然脂肪酸、以及至高達1wt%之其本身在室溫及標準大氣壓下為固態或液態的其他成分。
於本發明之方法的步驟(ii)中所提供的離胺酸組成物為包含大量游離離胺酸(Lys)之組成物。該離胺酸組成物可另包含其本身在室溫及標準大氣壓下為固態、液態或氣態的成分。對應之液態成分包括可易於藉由蒸發移除且可
因而被視為揮發性成分的成分以及難以藉由蒸發移除且可因而被視為非揮發性成分的成分。本內容中,氣態成分被視為揮發性成分。典型的揮發性成分為水、醇及超臨界二氧化碳(supercritical carbon dioxide)。在不考慮揮發性成分情況下,典型離胺酸組成物包含至少95wt%、97wt%、98wt%、或99wt%之游離離胺酸。在不考慮揮發性成分情況下,較佳的離胺酸組成物含有至少98wt%之游離離胺酸(free lysine)。
本發明之較佳實施態樣中,在不考慮揮發性成分情況下,起始組成物主要含有游離PUFA及呈游離形式的其他天然脂肪酸(naturally occurring fatty acid),而離胺酸組成物主要含有游離離胺酸,因此產生主要由離胺酸與PUFA及其他天然脂肪酸之鹽組成的產物組成物。
因此,在本發明之較佳實施態樣中,在步驟(i)中之起始組成物及在步驟(ii)中之離胺酸組成物係以使至少sp wt%之產物組成物為由離胺酸所衍生之陽離子與一或多種多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸及其他天然脂肪酸所衍生之陰離子的一或多種鹽所組成的方式提供,其中sp係選自90、95、97、98、99、100。
在本發明之方法的步驟(iii)中,將起始組成物與離胺酸組成物組合。組合係可藉由容許形成包含離胺酸所衍生之陽離子與多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸所衍生之陰離子的至少一種鹽之產物組成物的任何方法來達成。因此,組合起始組成物及離胺酸組成物的典型方式可為摻混各者之水溶液、
水-醇溶液(aqueous-alcoholic solution)或醇溶液(alcoholic solution)且隨後移除溶劑。或者,視起始組成物及離胺酸組成物的其餘成分而定,可能不必添加溶劑便足以直接組合起始組成物及離胺酸組成物。在本發明之內容中,組合起始組成物及離胺酸組成物之一較佳方式為摻混各者之水溶液、水-醇溶液或醇溶液且隨後移除溶劑。
在本發明之內容中,離胺酸所衍生之陽離子係藉由離胺酸之質子化(protonation)所獲得之陽離子。
在本發明之內容中,多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸所衍生之陰離子係藉由多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸的去質子化(deprotonation)所獲得之陰離子。
應注意離胺酸與多不飽和脂肪酸之鹽本身為本領域所已知的(參考EP 0734373 B1),然而,此等鹽比起游離PUFA或PUFA酯展現了更高的對氧化降解(oxidative degradation)之安定性則非已知的。
有鑒於離胺酸與ω-6 PUFA之鹽的固有安定性(intrinsic stability),不需添加大量抗氧化劑(antioxidant)至該等鹽。因此,在本發明之較佳實施態樣中,於步驟(iii)中所獲得之產物組成物不含大量抗氧化劑,其中不含大量係意指該組成物含有少於5wt%、3wt%、1wt%、或0.1wt%之抗氧化劑。在其他較佳實施態樣中,產物組成物完全不含抗氧化劑。在本發明之較佳實施態樣中,產物組成物不含大量抗氧化劑,其中,不含大量係意指該產物組成物含有少於5wt%、3wt%、1wt%、或0.1wt%之抗
氧化劑,以及其中,抗氧化劑係選自維生素C及其酯、異抗壞血酸(erythorbic acid)及其酯、維生素E及其酯、多酚(polyphenol)及其酯、類胡蘿蔔素(carotinoid)、五倍子酸及其酯、丁基羥基甲氧苯(butylated hydroxyanisole)及其酯、二丁基羥基甲苯(butylated hydroxytoluene)及其酯、迷迭香油(rosemary oil)、己間苯二酚(hexylresorcinol)及其酯。在其他較佳實施態樣中,產物組成物完全不含抗氧化劑,其中,抗氧化劑係選自維生素C及其酯、異抗壞血酸及其酯、維生素E及其酯、多酚及其酯、類胡蘿蔔素、五倍子酸及其酯、丁基羥基甲氧苯及其酯、二丁基羥基甲苯及其酯、迷迭香油、己間苯二酚及其酯。
根據本發明,與起始組成物相比,產物組成物展現更高之對氧化的安定性(stability towards oxidation)。此意指至少一個描述組成物對氧化之安定性的度量(measure)(例如,至少一個如上述之度量),顯示該產物組成物比起始組成物展現更高之對氧化的安定性。
在本發明之較佳實施態樣中,提供大致上等莫耳(equimolar)量之游離羧酸官能(free carboxylic acid function)及離胺酸以促進定量鹽形成(quantitative salt formation)。因此,在本發明方法之一較佳實施態樣中,步驟(ii)中之離胺酸組成物係以使得在步驟(i)中所提供之起始組成物中的羧酸官能之量n(ca)與在步驟(ii)中所提供之離胺酸組成物中的游離離胺酸之總量n(lys)的比R=n(ca)/n(lys)係於選自0.9<R<1.1、0.95<R<1.05、0.98
<R<1.02之範圍的方式提供。在一特佳實施態樣中,R係於0.98<R<1.02之範圍。在步驟(i)中所提供之起始組成物中的羧酸官能之量n(ca)可藉由本領域所熟知的標準分析程序(例如,酸鹼滴定(acid base titration))測定。
在本發明之較佳實施態樣中,於步驟(i)中提供之起始組成物不含大量脂肪酸酯(fatty acid ester),因而產生亦無大量脂肪酸酯之產物組成物。因此,在本發明之較佳實施態樣中,於步驟(i)中提供之起始組成物不含超過x(fe)wt%之脂肪酸酯,因而產生包含最大值為x(fe)wt%之脂肪酸酯的產物組成物,其中x(fe)係選自5、3、1、0.3、0。在特佳實施態樣中,x(fe)為1。
如前文所提,離胺酸與多不飽和脂肪酸之鹽本身為本領域所已知的(參考EP 0734373 B1),然而,此等鹽比起游離PUFA或PUFA酯展現了更高的對氧化降解(oxidative degradation)之安定性則非已知的。另外,重要的是,離胺酸-PUFA鹽係描述為「非常濃稠之透明油,其在低溫下轉變成具有蠟狀(waxy)外觀與稠度(consistency)的固體」(參考EP 0734373 B1,第1頁,第47至48行)。因此,習此技藝之人士無法預期可藉由噴霧乾燥程序(spray drying procedure)獲得離胺酸與ω-6 PUFA之鹽。反之,習此技藝之人士會預期此等鹽會(a)在噴霧乾燥條件下因為在高溫下於缺乏大量溶劑、抗氧化劑及保護塗層(protective coating)之下所致之氧化性損傷(oxidative damage)而變質(deteriorate),及(b)黏聚(agglomerate)成物
理上無法進行噴霧乾燥方法之團塊(clump)(由於此等鹽之推測外觀為蠟狀固體)。因此,值得注意的是,現發現離胺酸與ω-6 PUFA之鹽確實可藉由噴霧乾燥以容易的方式獲得。用於噴霧乾燥之條件總須依所使用的特定噴霧乾燥設備調適。而,進行在本例中之此等調適(adaption)實係於習此技藝之人士的例行實驗室操作範疇內。
為了進行根據本發明之方法的噴霧乾燥步驟,使用水溶液、水-醇溶液(aqueous-alcoholic solution)或醇溶液(alcoholic solution)。發現PUFA之Lys鹽在純醇溶劑(neat alcoholic solvent)中溶解性差。另外發現當以高濃度溶於純水中時,此等鹽展現膠狀外觀。因而可使用水-醇溶劑(aqueous-alcoholic solvent)系統以避免此等問題。因此,在本發明之較佳實施態樣中,接受噴霧乾燥條件之摻混物的溶劑為含有20wt%至90wt%之水及80wt%至10wt%之醇溶劑的水-醇溶劑系統。
固體產物組成物之溶劑含量會相當地取決於所使用之噴霧乾燥條件及受質(substrate),然而,現發現即使在固體產物組成物中的溶劑含量非常低,也不會發生氧化性損傷(oxidative damage)。如更前面所概述,此為無法預期的。因而較佳地,根據本發明,獲得具有低溶劑含量之固體產物組成物。因此,根據本發明,在步驟(iii)中先摻混起始組成物與離胺酸組成物之水溶液、水-醇溶液或醇溶液,隨後接受噴霧乾燥條件,因而產生包含離胺酸所衍生之陽離子與多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸所衍生之陰離子的至少一
種鹽之固體產物組成物,其溶劑含量SC係選自下列:SC<5wt%、SC<3wt%、SC<1wt%、SC<0.5wt%。本發明之一特佳實施態樣中,SC係選擇為SC<1wt%。
本發明進一步包括可藉由本發明之任一方法獲得的組成物。
本發明進一步包括可藉由本發明之任一方法獲得的組成物用於製造包含多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸之食品產品的用途。
在本發明內容中,食品產品包括但不限於烘焙產品(baked good),維生素補充品(vitamin supplement),膳食補充品(diet supplement),粉末飲品(powdered drink),麵糰(dough),麵糊(batter),烘焙食品項目(baked food item)包含例如蛋糕(cake)、乳酪蛋糕(cheesecake)、派(pie)、杯子蛋糕(cupcake)、餅(cookies)、點心棒(bar)、麵包(bread)、蛋糕捲(roll)、比司吉(biscuit)、鬆糕(muffin)、糕點(pastry)、司康(scone)、及脆麵包丁(crouton);液體食品產品(liquid food product)例如飲料(beverage)、能量飲料(energy drink)、嬰兒配方(infant formula)、液態餐(liquid meal)、果汁、綜合維生素糖漿(multivitamin syrup)、代餐(meal replacer)、醫療食品(medicinal food)、及糖漿(syrup);半固體食品產品(semi-solid food product)諸如嬰幼兒食品(baby food)、優格(yogurt)、乳酪(cheese)、穀類食品(cereal)、薄煎餅混料粉(pancake mix);食品棒(food bar)包含能量棒(energy bar);加工肉
品(processed meat);冰淇淋;冷凍甜點(frozen dessert);冷凍優格(frozen yogurt);脆餅混料粉(waffle mix);沙拉醬(salad dressing);及替代蛋混料粉(replacement egg mix);以及其他的餅(cookies)、蘇打餅乾(cracker)、甜食(sweet good)、零食(snack)、派、早餐穀麥(granola)/零食棒(snack bar)、及烤麵包機甜點(toaster pastry);鹹零食(salted snack)諸如洋芋片(potato chip)、玉米脆片(corn chip)、玉米薄餅片(tortilla chip)、擠製零食(extruded snack)、爆米花(popcorn)、鈕結餅(pretzel)、馬鈴薯片(potato crisp)、及堅果(nut);特製點心(specialty snack)諸如調味汁(dip)、果乾零食(dried fruit snack)、肉類零食(meat snack)、豬皮(pork rind)、健康食品棒(health food bar)及米/玉米糕;糖果零食(confectionary snack)諸如糖果;速食產品(instant food product),諸如速食麵(instant noodle)、速食湯塊或粉。
本發明進一步包括可藉由本發明之任一方法獲得的組成物用於製造包含多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸之營養產品(nutritional product)的用途。
在本發明之內容中,營養產品包括任何類型之營養製劑(nutraceutical)、營養素(nutrient)或膳食補充品(dietary supplement),例如用於補充維生素、礦物質、纖維、脂肪酸或胺基酸。
本發明進一步包括可藉由本發明之任一方法獲得的組成物用於製造包含多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸之醫藥產品
(pharmaceutical product)的用途。
本發明之較佳方法的特徵為以下選擇之一:
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=5;PC=15;SC<1wt%
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=3;PC=15;SC<1wt%
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=2;PC=15:SC<1wt%
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=1;PC=15;SC<1wt%
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=5;PC=15;SC<1wt%
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=3;PC=15;SC<1wt%
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=2;PC=15;SC<1wt%
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=1;PC=15;SC<1wt%
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=5;PC=15;SC<1wt%
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=3;PC=15;SC<1wt%
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=2;PC=15;SC<1wt%
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=1;PC=15;SC<1wt%
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=5;PC=30;SC<1wt%
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=3;PC=30;SC<1wt%
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=2;PC=30:SC<1wt%
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=1;PC=30;SC<1wt%
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=5;PC=30;SC<1wt%
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=3;PC=30;SC<1wt%
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=2;PC=30;SC<1wt%
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=1;PC=30;SC<1wt%
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=5;PC=30;SC<1wt%
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=3;PC=30;SC<1wt%
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=2;PC=30;SC<1wt%
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=1;PC=30;SC<1wt%
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=5;PC=50;SC<1wt%
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=3;PC=50;SC<1wt%
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=2;PC=50:SC<1wt%
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=1;PC=50;SC<1wt%
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=5;PC=50;SC<1wt%
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=3;PC=50;SC<1wt%
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=2;PC=50;SC<1wt%
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=1;PC=50;SC<1wt%
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=5;PC=50;SC<1wt%
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=3;PC=50;SC<1wt%
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=2;PC=50;SC<1wt%
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=1:PC=50;SC<1wt%
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=5;PC=75;SC<1wt%
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=3;PC=75;SC<1wt%
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=2;PC=75:SC<1wt%
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=1;PC=75;SC<1wt%
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=5;PC=75;SC<1wt%
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=3;PC=75;SC<1wt%
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=2;PC=75;SC<1wt%
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=1;PC=75;SC<1wt%
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=5;PC=75;SC<1wt%
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=3;PC=75;SC<1wt%
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=2;PC=75;SC<1wt%
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=1;PC=75;SC<1wt%
可藉由本發明之方法利用本說明書中所揭示之步驟(iii)中的噴霧乾燥獲得之較佳組成物的特徵為以下選擇之一:
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=1,SC<3wt%,sp=90
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=1,SC<3wt%,sp=95
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=3,SC<3wt%,sp=90
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=3,SC<3wt%,sp=95
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=1,SC<3wt%,sp=90
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=1,SC<3wt%,sp=95
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=3,SC<3wt%,sp=90
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=3,SC<3wt%,sp=95
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=1,SC<3wt%,sp=95
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=1,SC<3wt%,sp=97
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=3,SC<3wt%,sp=95
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=3,SC<3wt%,sp=97
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=1,SC<1wt%,sp=90
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=1,SC<1wt%,sp=95
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=3,SC<1wt%,sp=90
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=3,SC<1wt%,sp=95
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=1,SC<1wt%,sp=90
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=1,SC<1wt%,sp=95
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=3,SC<1wt%,sp=90
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=3,SC<1wt%,sp=95
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=1,SC<1wt%,sp=95
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=1,SC<1wt%,sp=97
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=3,SC<1wt%,sp=95
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=3,SC<1wt%,sp=97
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=1,SC<0.5wt%,sp=90
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=1,SC<0.5wt%,sp=95
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=3,SC<0.5wt%,sp=90
●0.90<R<1.10,x(fe)=3,SC<0.5wt%,sp=95
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=1,SC<0.5wt%,sp=90
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=1,SC<0.5wt%,sp=95
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=3,SC<0.5wt%,sp=90
●0.95<R<1.05,x(fe)=3,SC<0.5wt%,sp=95
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=1,SC<0.5wt%,sp=95
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=1,SC<0.5wt%,sp=97
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=3,SC<0.5wt%,sp=95
●0.98<R<1.02,x(fe)=3,SC<0.5wt%,sp=97
一次氧化產物(primary oxidation product)(於雙鍵處形成氫過氧化物(hydroperoxide))係藉由根據Ph.Eur.2.5.5(01/2008:20505)測定過氧化物值(Peroxide Value)(PV)而定量。二次降解產物(secondary oxidation product)(羰基化合物)係藉由根據Ph.Eur.2.5.36(01/2008:20536)測定甲氧苯胺值(Anisidine Value)(AV)而定量。
寡聚(oligomeric)PUFA成分以及其衍生物(通稱為寡聚物含量(oligomer content))係藉由凝膠層析方法(gel-chromatographic mean)(GPC,苯乙烯二乙烯苯相(styroldivinylbenzene-phase),以含有三氟乙酸(trifluoroacetic acid)的四氫呋喃作為洗提液)定量。使用
折射率(RI)偵測器偵測。因樣本之成分的特殊反應因子(specific response factor)未知之故,根據層析圖(chromatogram)之總面積的部分比例(fractional proportion)來計算比例。
水含量係藉由卡-費滴定法(Karl-Fischer titration)測定。
乙醇含量係藉由1-H-NMR光譜術測定。
酸值(acid value)係藉由使用氫氧化鉀之滴定測定。
500g之(市售,標準品質)花生油酸甘油酯(arachidonic acid glycerine ester),具有ARA-含量為44,8%%、甲氧苯胺值(Anisidine Value)為8.1A/g及過氧化物值(Peroxide Value)為4.0mmol/,係置於3L燒瓶(以氮氣使為惰性(inert))中且以500ml乙醇稀釋。添加175g之NaOH(50%)溶液及250ml水,所得溶液於30℃-50℃攪拌30分鐘。隨後,以1250ml的水稀釋反應混合物且之後添加175ml硫酸50wt-%。在隨後攪拌10分鐘之後將相分離,產物相係使用125ml水各清洗3次接著使用125ml硫酸鈉水溶液10-wt-%。獲得475g花生油酸(arachidonic acid)為油狀,具有甲氧苯胺值為4.2A/g及過氧化物值為7.2mmol/kg。未測得寡聚物含量。
500g之(市售,標準品質)γ-次亞麻油酸乙酯(gamma-linolenic acid ethyl ester),具GC-純度為99.2%、甲氧苯胺值為19.1A/g及過氧化物值為52.1mmol/,係置於3L燒瓶(以氮氣使為惰性(inert))中且以500ml乙醇稀釋。添加170g之NaOH(50%)溶液及250ml水,所得溶液於30℃-50℃攪拌30分鐘。隨後,以1250ml的水稀釋反應混合物且之後添加175ml硫酸50wt-%。在隨後攪拌10分鐘之後將相分離,產物相係各使用125ml水清洗3次接著使用125ml硫酸鈉水溶液10-wt-%。獲得500g的γ-次亞麻油酸為油狀,具有甲氧苯胺值為7.6A/g及過氧化物值為5.6mmol/kg。測得寡聚物含量為0.3面積%(area-%)(凝膠層析術,RI偵測器)。
70.0g之來自實驗1的花生油酸(arachidonic acid),滴定時展現之酸值(acid value)為187mg KOH/g,係溶於70.0g乙醇中且與34.2g之L-離胺酸水溶液(51.3%)組合。於加熱至40-50℃後所得之均勻溶液係以入口溫度(inlet temperature)為140℃且出口溫度(outlet temperature)為80℃的Büchi B190實驗室-噴霧乾燥器進行噴霧乾燥。獲得81.2g之米黃色粉末,具有水含量為
0.62%且乙醇含量為<0.1%。該鹽展現之甲氧苯胺值為1A/g及過氧化物值為<1mmol/kg。測得寡聚物含量為1.1面積%(area-%)(凝膠層析術,RI偵測器)。
70.0g之來自實驗2的γ-次亞麻油酸,滴定時展現之酸值為137,6mg KOH/g,係溶於70.0g乙醇中且與25.1g之L-離胺酸水溶液(51.3%)組合。於加熱至40-50℃後所得之均勻溶液係以入口溫度為140℃且出口溫度為80℃的Büchi B190實驗室-噴霧乾燥器進行噴霧乾燥。獲得47.9g之米黃色粉末,具有水含量為1.13%且乙醇含量為<0.1%。該鹽展現之甲氧苯胺值為5.4A/g及過氧化物值為1.0mmol/kg。測得寡聚物含量為0.6面積%(area-%)(凝膠層析術,RI偵測器)。
將各約30g之於實驗1和2中所使用的液態花生油酸甘油乙基酯(ethyl arachidonic acid glycerin ester)與γ-次亞麻油酸乙酯(gamma-linolenic acid ethyl ester)以及於實驗1及2中所獲得之花生油酸和γ-次亞麻油酸填入500ml之Schott Duran玻璃瓶。
將各約30g之於實驗3及4中獲得的固態離胺酸鹽
ARA-Lys與GLA-Lys填至Schott Duran玻璃瓶。
將所有該等瓶在瓶蓋開啟的狀態下一起放置於通風閥(ventilation valve)開啟且於50℃之乾燥烘箱中,並在該等條件下貯存於暗處81天。隨後進行之分析的結果係彙總於下表(表1)。
Claims (8)
- 一種用於提高包含多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸之組成物對氧化的安定性之方法,係包括下列步驟:(i)提供包含至少一種多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸組分之起始組成物(starting composition);(ii)提供離胺酸組成物;(iii)摻混起始組成物及離胺酸組成物之水溶液、水-醇溶液(aqueous-alcoholic solution)或醇溶液(alcoholic solution),且隨後使所得摻混物接受噴霧乾燥條件,以形成包含離胺酸所衍生之陽離子與多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸所衍生之陰離子的至少一種鹽之固體產物組成物;該產物組成物展現選自下列之溶劑含量SC:SC<5wt%、SC<3wt%、SC<1wt%、SC<0.5wt%。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中,步驟(ii)中之離胺酸組成物係以使得在步驟(i)中所提供之起始組成物中的羧酸官能(carboxylic acid function)之量n(ca)與在步驟(ii)中所提供之離胺酸組成物中的離胺酸之量n(lys)的比R=n(ca)/n(lys)係於選自0.9<R<1.1、0.95<R<1.05、0.98<R<1.02之範圍的方式提供。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之方法,其中,步驟(i)中所提供之起始組成物不含有超過x(fe)wt%的脂肪酸酯,其中,x(fe)係選自5、3、2、1、0.3、0。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之方法,其中,步驟(i)中之起始組成物及步驟(ii)中之離胺酸組成物係以使得 至少sp wt%之產物組成物為由離胺酸所衍生之陽離子與一或多種多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸及其他天然脂肪酸所衍生之陰離子的一或多種鹽所組成的方式提供,其中,sp係選自90、95、97、98、99、100。
- 一種組成物其可藉由如申請專利範圍第1至4項中任一項之方法而獲得。
- 一種如申請專利範圍第5項之組成物的用途,係用於製造包含多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸的食品產品。
- 一種如申請專利範圍第5項之組成物的用途,係用於製造包含多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸的營養產品(nutritional product)。
- 一種如申請專利範圍第5項之組成物的用途,係用於製造包含多不飽和ω-6脂肪酸的醫藥產品(pharmaceutical product)。
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