TW201319006A - 半導體陶瓷及使用其之ptc熱阻器 - Google Patents

半導體陶瓷及使用其之ptc熱阻器 Download PDF

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TW201319006A
TW201319006A TW101132070A TW101132070A TW201319006A TW 201319006 A TW201319006 A TW 201319006A TW 101132070 A TW101132070 A TW 101132070A TW 101132070 A TW101132070 A TW 101132070A TW 201319006 A TW201319006 A TW 201319006A
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particle diameter
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semiconductor ceramic
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Atsushi Kishimoto
Yumin Saigo
Wataru Aoto
Yoshinobu Saki
Kengo Mito
Yoshitaka Nagao
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Murata Manufacturing Co
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Abstract

本發明提供一種室溫比電阻較低且耐電壓性能較高之半導體陶瓷及使用其之PTC熱阻器。包含金屬部分之含有鎳之導電性粒子分散於鈦酸鋇系半導體陶瓷中,且構成鈦酸鋇系半導體陶瓷之陶瓷結晶粒子之平均粒徑A、與導電性粒子之平均粒徑B滿足A≧B之關係。又,將陶瓷結晶粒子之平均粒徑A設為0.5~10μm、導電性粒子之平均粒徑B設為0.3~5μm之範圍。又,將導電性粒子之含有比率設為0.1~5重量%之範圍。

Description

半導體陶瓷及使用其之PTC熱阻器
本發明係關於一種具有正電阻溫度特性(PTC(Positive Temperature Coefficient,正溫度係數)特性)之半導體陶瓷,詳細而言,係關於一種鈦酸鋇系之半導體陶瓷及使用其之PTC熱阻器。
自先前起,於過流保護零件或彩色電視之消磁用零件中,廣泛使用有具有於電阻變化溫度(以下稱為居里點)以上則急遽高電阻化之PTC特性的鈦酸鋇系之半導體陶瓷。
於用於上述用途之半導體陶瓷中,所要求之課題之一係降低室溫比電阻並進一步增大可通電之電流量。而且,為了解決該課題而廣泛進行有各種嘗試。
作為上述半導體陶瓷,而提出有使包含金屬部分之含有鎳之導電性粒子(於表面具有經氧化之薄層,其內部為金屬鎳且具有導電性)分散於以鈦酸鋇為主成分之半導體材料中而成者(參照專利文獻1)。
而且認為,該專利文獻1之半導體陶瓷係於以鈦酸鋇為主成分之半導體陶瓷中含有鎳粒子作為導電性粒子者,可一面維持鈦酸鋇系之半導體陶瓷所具有之PTC特性一面進一步降低室溫比電阻。
然而,於專利文獻1之半導體陶瓷中,由於未控制鈦酸鋇系之半導體陶瓷粒子之粒徑及鎳粒子之粒徑,故而例如,如圖3所示般於鎳粒子(導電性粒子)51之粒徑大於鈦酸 鋇系之半導體陶瓷結晶粒子52(52a、52b)之粒徑的情形時,鎳粒子51跨越半導體陶瓷結晶粒子52a、52b之晶界而存在,電流不通過半導體陶瓷結晶粒子52a與52b之晶界,而是自一半導體陶瓷結晶粒子52a起經由鎳粒子51向另一半導體陶瓷結晶粒子52b流動。電流以此種路徑流動之原因在於:與通過半導體陶瓷結晶粒子52a與52b之晶界相比,通過半導體陶瓷結晶粒子52與鎳粒子51之間時電阻較低。
其結果為,不僅含有與半導體陶瓷結晶粒子相比粒徑較大者亦以相當之比率包含較小者作為鎳粒子之情形時,作為整體來看,亦存在如下問題:電流通過半導體陶瓷結晶粒子彼此之晶界之比率減少,實質上之電極間之晶界數減少而耐電壓降低。
[先前技術文獻] [專利文獻]
[專利文獻1]日本專利特開平11-157925號公報
本發明係解決上述課題者,其目的在於提供一種PTC特性優異、於室溫下之電阻較低且耐電壓性能較高的鈦酸鋇系之半導體陶瓷及使用其之PTC熱阻器。
為了解決上述課題,本發明之半導體陶瓷之特徵在於:於鈦酸鋇系半導體陶瓷中分散有包含金屬部分之含有鎳 之導電性粒子,且構成上述鈦酸鋇系半導體陶瓷之陶瓷結晶粒子之平均粒徑A、與上述導電性粒子之平均粒徑B滿足下述式(1)之關係,A≧B………(1)。
又,於本發明之半導體陶瓷中,較佳為上述陶瓷結晶粒子之平均粒徑A處於0.5~10 μm之範圍,上述導電性粒子之平均粒徑B處於0.3~5 μm之範圍。
其原因在於:若陶瓷結晶粒子之平均粒徑A低於0.5 μm,則有室溫電阻上升之傾向,又,若超過10 μm,則有耐電壓降低之傾向;以及,若導電性粒子之平均粒徑B低於0.3 μm,則有使室溫電阻降低之效果減少之傾向,又,若超過5 μm,則有耐電壓降低之傾向。
又,於本發明之半導體陶瓷中,進而較佳為上述陶瓷結晶粒子之平均粒徑A處於0.5~1.5 μm之範圍,上述導電性粒子之平均粒徑B處於0.5~1.5 μm之範圍。
藉由滿足上述要件,而可更切實地獲得PTC特性優異、於室溫下之電阻較低且耐電壓性能較高之半導體陶瓷。
又,於本發明之半導體陶瓷中,較佳為上述導電性粒子之含有比率處於0.1~5重量%之範圍。
藉由將導電性粒子之含有比率設為0.1~5重量%之範圍,而可更切實地獲得比電阻較低且耐電壓性能較高之半導體陶瓷。
再者,若導電性粒子之含有比率低於0.1重量%,則有使所獲得之半導體陶瓷之比電阻降低之效果不足之傾向,又,若超過5重量%,則有使耐電壓性能提高之效果受阻之傾向。
又,本發明之PTC熱阻器之特徵在於:其將上述本發明之半導體陶瓷用作具有正電阻溫度特性之熱阻器坯體。
本發明之半導體陶瓷係於鈦酸鋇系半導體陶瓷中分散有包含金屬部分之含有鎳之導電性粒子,且構成鈦酸鋇系半導體陶瓷之陶瓷結晶粒子之平均粒徑A與導電性粒子之平均粒徑B滿足A≧B之關係,因此,可提供PTC特性優異、於室溫下之電阻較低且耐電壓性能較高之半導體陶瓷。
即,若使用模式性地、概念性地表示本發明之半導體陶瓷之構成的圖1進行說明,則於構成鈦酸鋇系陶瓷半導體之陶瓷結晶粒子2(2a、2b)之粒徑(平均粒徑)與導電性粒子1之粒徑(平均粒徑)相等或者大於導電性粒子1之粒徑(平均粒徑)的情形時,粒徑較小之導電性粒子1跨越兩個陶瓷結晶粒子2(2a、2b)而存在之概率變低,電流通過陶瓷結晶粒子2a、2b之晶界之概率變高。
即,於陶瓷結晶粒子2(2a、2b)之粒徑與導電性粒子1之粒徑相等或者大於導電性粒子1之粒徑的情形時,例如,即便電流自陶瓷粒子2a向導電性粒子1流動,導電性粒子1亦未跨越兩個陶瓷結晶粒子2(2a、2b),因此電流再次返回至陶瓷結晶粒子2a,通過晶界而向鄰接之陶瓷結晶粒子2b 流動,而經由導電性粒子1(即未通過晶界)自一陶瓷結晶粒子2a向另一陶瓷結晶粒子2b流動之概率變低。
其結果為,電流通過陶瓷結晶粒子彼此之晶界之比率增大,實質上之電極間之晶界數增加而耐電壓提高。其結果為,可獲得具有低比電阻且較高之耐電壓性能之半導體陶瓷。
再者,於本發明中,所謂包含金屬部分之含有鎳之導電性粒子,係指於表面具有經氧化之薄層而內部為金屬鎳且具有導電性之粒子。
又,本發明之PTC熱阻器中,被用作具有正電阻溫度特性之熱阻器坯體的半導體陶瓷PTC特性良好且電阻較低並具有較高之耐電壓性能,因此,可提供一種高特性且可靠性較高之PTC熱阻器。
以下,例示本發明之實施形態而進一步詳細說明本發明之特徵部分。
[實施形態1]
圖2係表示使用本發明之半導體陶瓷製作之積層型之PTC熱阻器(正特性熱阻器)的剖面圖。
該積層型之PTC熱阻器10具有如下構造:於燒結完成之積層陶瓷坯體11之內部,隔著陶瓷層(半導體陶瓷層)12積層有複數之內部電極層13(13a、13b),交替地向積層陶瓷坯體11之互為對向之端面11a、11b引出,並且於積層陶瓷坯體11之端面11a、11b以與內部電極層13a或13b導通之方 式配設有外部電極14a、14b。
再者,構成該積層型之PTC熱阻器10之積層陶瓷坯體11之陶瓷係鈦酸鋇系之半導體陶瓷。
又,內部電極層13係藉由燒接鎳膏而形成之電極(鎳內部電極)。
又,外部電極14a、14b係藉由於積層陶瓷坯體11之端面11a、11b上以Cr、NiCu、Ag之順序進行濺鍍而形成之複數層構造之電極,於其表面形成有Sn電解鍍敷膜。
繼而,對該PTC熱阻器之製造方法進行說明。
首先,作為半導體陶瓷之起始原料,準備BaCO3、TiO2、Nd2O3、MnCO3,以成為下述式(2)之組成之方式進行稱量。
(Ba0.998Nd0.002)(Ti0.9995Mn0.0005)O3………(2)
Nd係作為半導體化劑而添加者,亦可使用選自由Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu所組成之群中之至少一種稀土元素代替Nd。
又,MnCO3係被用作電阻-溫度係數改良劑。
調合稱量之上述各原料,於聚乙烯製鍋內與純水及氧化鋯球一起濕式粉碎混合16小時,製作混合物漿料。
繼而,於對該混合物漿料進行脫水、乾燥後,以1100℃預燒2小時,獲得預燒粉。
其次,藉由對該預燒粉添加鎳金屬粉末、有機黏合劑、分散劑及水並與氧化鋯球一起混合數小時,製備陶瓷漿料。
此處,鎳金屬粉末係以相對於上述預燒粉100重量份為1重量份之比率添加。再者,該情形之鎳金屬粉末之添加量係使所獲得之半導體陶瓷中之導電性粒子之比率為約1重量%之量。
然後,藉由刮刀法使該陶瓷漿料成形為片狀並進行乾燥而製作陶瓷生片。再者,此時之陶瓷生片之厚度為25 μm。
繼而,藉由使鎳金屬粉末與有機黏合劑分散於有機溶劑中,而製作鎳內部電極形成用之導電膏。
然後,藉由將該鎳內部電極形成用之導電膏於陶瓷生片之主面上進行絲網印刷,而製作於表面具備內部電極圖案之內部電極印刷陶瓷生片。
再者,作為內部電極圖案之厚度,係設為使燒結後之厚度、即製品之階段中內部電極之厚度為0.5~2 μm之厚度。
繼而,以鎳內部電極為5片、內部電極間距離為100 μm之方式積層以上述方式準備之內部電極印刷陶瓷生片與未印刷內部電極之陶瓷生片。
然後,於該積層體之上下進而各配置12片未印刷內部電極之陶瓷生片並進行壓接。
然後,以於煅燒後成為長度(L尺寸):2.0 mm、寬度(W尺寸):1.2 mm之尺寸之方式切割該壓接體,而獲得未煅燒晶片。
於將該未煅燒晶片於大氣中以300℃且12小時之條件進行脫脂後,於H2/N2之還原環境下以1180℃~1240℃煅燒2 小時。
藉此,獲得燒結完成之積層陶瓷坯體。
然後,藉由對所獲得之燒結完成之積層陶瓷坯體施加玻璃塗層並於大氣環境中以700℃進行熱處理,而形成用以提高耐環境性或耐候性之玻璃保護層,並且進行構成積層陶瓷坯體之鈦酸鋇系陶瓷之再氧化。
然後,進行滾筒研磨而使內部電極13(13a、13b)於積層陶瓷坯體11之互為對向之端面11a、11b露出後,藉由以Cr、NiCu、Ag之順序進行濺鍍而於端面11a、11b形成外部電極14a、14b(參照圖2)。
然後,於該外部電極14a、14b之表面藉由電解鍍敷而使鍍Sn成膜。
藉此,獲得具有如圖2所示之構造的積層型之PTC熱阻器10。
再者,於該實施形態中,利用煅燒溫度控制鈦酸鋇系之半導體陶瓷之結晶粒徑(陶瓷結晶粒子之粒徑)A,並利用作為原料而使用之鎳金屬粉末之粒徑控制鎳粒子(導電性粒子)之粒徑B,藉此而使陶瓷結晶粒子之粒徑A及導電性粒子之粒徑B於如表1所示之範圍內發生變化。
再者,表1中之陶瓷結晶粒子之粒徑A及鎳粒子(導電性粒子)之粒徑B均為平均粒徑。再者,陶瓷結晶粒子之粒徑(平均粒徑)係藉由對元件之剖面進行SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope,掃描式電子顯微鏡)觀察之方法而求出之值。
又,鎳粒子(導電性粒子)之粒徑(平均粒徑)係根據元件剖面之SEM照片對100個粒子藉由圖像處理求出各自之面積,並以具有與該面積相同之面積之圓的直徑為值。
[特性之評價]
以上述方式,對改變陶瓷結晶粒子之粒徑A及鎳粒子(導電性粒子)之粒徑B而製作之積層型之PTC熱阻器(試樣)測定室溫比電阻及耐電壓。將其結果示於表1。
試樣編號7、8、9之試樣係未滿足本發明之要件之比較例之試樣,試樣編號1~6之試樣係滿足本發明之要件的本發明之實施例之試樣。
如表1所示,於試樣編號1、2、3之陶瓷結晶粒子之粒徑A為1.5 μm且陶瓷結晶粒子之粒徑A與導電性粒子(鎳粒子)之粒徑B滿足A≧B之關係的試樣中,確認導電性粒子之粒徑B越小之試樣耐電壓越高。
又,試樣編號4、5、7之陶瓷結晶粒子之粒徑A為1.0 μm之試樣中,於陶瓷結晶粒子之粒徑A與導電性粒子(鎳粒子)之粒徑B滿足A≧B之關係之試樣編號4及5之試樣中, 確認導電性粒子之粒徑B較小之試樣耐電壓變高。
然而,於導電性粒子(鎳粒子)之粒徑B大於陶瓷結晶粒子之粒徑A的試樣編號7之比較例之試樣之情形時,確認耐電壓性能極度降低而欠佳。
又,試樣編號6、8、9之陶瓷結晶粒子之粒徑A為0.5 μm之試樣中,於陶瓷結晶粒子之粒徑A與導電性粒子(鎳粒子)之粒徑B相同(A=B)之試樣編號6之試樣中,確認耐電壓變高,但於導電性粒子(鎳粒子)之粒徑B大於陶瓷結晶粒子之粒徑A之試樣(試樣編號8、9之比較例之試樣)之情形時,確認耐電壓性能極度降低而欠佳。
又,確認,如表1所示,若導電性粒子(鎳粒子)之粒徑B變小則有室溫比電阻變高之傾向,試樣編號1~6之各試樣之情形均為實用上無問題之範圍之室溫比電阻。
再者,於上述實施形態中,已對陶瓷半導體中之導電性粒子(鎳粒子)之含有比率為約1重量%之情形進行說明,但確認,至少於導電性粒子(鎳粒子)之含有比率為0.1~5重量%之範圍,可獲得參照上述實施形態之情形之效果,即,一面將室溫比電阻保持為可實用之範圍一面使耐電壓性能提高之效果。
又,於上述實施形態中,已研究使導電性粒子(鎳粒子)及陶瓷結晶粒子之粒徑於0.5 μm至1.5 μm之範圍內變化之情形時的特性,但確認,至少於陶瓷結晶粒子之粒徑處於0.5~10 μm、導電性粒子之粒徑處於0.3~5 μm之範圍之情形時,可獲得參照上述實施形態之情形之效果,即,一面 將室溫比電阻保持為可實用之範圍一面使耐電壓性能提高之效果。
再者,於上述實施形態中,作為使用本發明之半導體陶瓷形成之PTC熱阻器,已以積層型之PTC熱阻器為例進行說明,但亦可製成於平板狀之半導體陶瓷之兩主面形成外部電極而成的所謂單板型之PTC熱阻器。
又,於本發明之半導體陶瓷中,可於通常之範圍內變更施體或者添加物之種類或量,於此種情形時亦可獲得同樣之效果。
又,於上述實施形態中,已以構成PTC熱阻器之內部電極為鎳電極之情形為例進行說明,但作為電極材料,亦可使用包含鎳-銀等其他材料者。
又,關於外部電極,亦不限於如上所述之使用有Cr、NiCu、Ag之構成者,可使用各種構成之電極。
又,本發明之半導體陶瓷及PTC熱阻器於其他方面亦不限定於上述實施形態,可於本發明之範圍內施加各種應用、變形。
1‧‧‧導電性粒子
2(2a、2b)‧‧‧陶瓷結晶粒子
10‧‧‧PTC熱阻器
11‧‧‧積層陶瓷坯體
11a、11b‧‧‧積層陶瓷坯體之互為對向之端面
12‧‧‧半導體陶瓷層
13(13a、13b)‧‧‧內部電極層
14a、14b‧‧‧外部電極
圖1係用以說明本發明之半導體陶瓷之構成的模式圖。
圖2係表示使用本發明之半導體陶瓷製作之積層型之PTC熱阻器的剖面圖。
圖3係用以說明先前之半導體陶瓷之構成的模式圖。
1‧‧‧導電性粒子
2(2a、2b)‧‧‧陶瓷結晶粒子

Claims (5)

  1. 一種半導體陶瓷,其特徵在於:於鈦酸鋇系半導體陶瓷中分散有包含金屬部分之含有鎳之導電性粒子,且構成上述鈦酸鋇系半導體陶瓷之陶瓷結晶粒子之平均粒徑A、與上述導電性粒子之平均粒徑B滿足下述式(1)之關係,A≧B………(1)。
  2. 如請求項1之半導體陶瓷,其中上述陶瓷結晶粒子之平均粒徑A處於0.5~10 μm之範圍,上述導電性粒子之平均粒徑B處於0.3~5 μm之範圍。
  3. 如請求項2之半導體陶瓷,其中上述陶瓷結晶粒子之平均粒徑A處於0.5~1.5 μm之範圍,上述導電性粒子之平均粒徑B處於0.5~1.5 μm之範圍。
  4. 如請求項1至3中任一項之半導體陶瓷,其中上述導電性粒子之含有比率處於0.1~5重量%之範圍。
  5. 一種PTC熱阻器,其特徵在於:其將如請求項1至4中任一項之半導體陶瓷用作具有正電阻溫度特性之熱阻器坯體。
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US10861624B2 (en) 2014-07-25 2020-12-08 Epcos Ag Sensor element, sensor arrangement, and method for manufacturing a sensor element
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US10861624B2 (en) 2014-07-25 2020-12-08 Epcos Ag Sensor element, sensor arrangement, and method for manufacturing a sensor element
US11346726B2 (en) 2014-07-25 2022-05-31 Epcos Ag Sensor element, sensor arrangement, and method for manufacturing a sensor element and a sensor arrangement

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