TW201031046A - Producing coated graphitic anode powders by extracting pitch from high volatile matter coke and coating the same in-situ - Google Patents
Producing coated graphitic anode powders by extracting pitch from high volatile matter coke and coating the same in-situ Download PDFInfo
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Description
201031046 六、發明說明: 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本發明係關於一種用於鋰離子電池組之負極中之物質及 一種製備此等物質之方法。 【先前技術】 由於其輕重量、高電壓、高電化學當量及良好傳導性, 可充電鋰離子電池組技術係一項於移動式動力系統中較廣 泛採用之具吸引性技術。因在汽車推進系統(不論雜合 式、插入式或其他技術)中廣泛地使用電池組動力之前 景,已進行許多改良鋰離子電池組的嘗試,以滿足預期之 市場需求及贏取將可能來自其廣泛應用之盡可能多的實質 報酬及價值。在市售鐘離子電池組中可能採用之一項發明 係用於链離子電池組之陽極或負極之經碳塗覆之石墨粉 末。石墨提供充足的鐘離子插入或脫離同時碳塗覆可提高 導電性且保護底層石墨隔離電池組中之電解質。藉由陽極 中之此等物質可更佳地獲得高第—傭環效率及長循環壽 命。 然而,如其他所有事物,始終期望改良性能或改良特 性’如使重量更輕,始終驅向在較低成本下提供高性能。 藉由製造經碳塗覆之石墨顆粒之最新方法,可自石油焦炭 中獲得起始物質。該焦炭可在塗覆前煅燒或可在塗覆後炮 燒。藉由選擇性沉殿方法實施該塗覆,其中將形成殘碳物 質’較佳高分子量石油瀝青溶解於溶劑中。將焦炭顆粒添 加至瀝青溶液中並藉由添加更多溶劑或其他液體改變溶劑 144953.doc 201031046 強度,以使遞青中之較高分子量物質沉殿於顆粒上。經塗 覆之焦炭顆粒隨後自塗覆製程移除並在氧存在下於高1 加以穩定化,及在高於穩定化溫度之溫度下於惰性::: ♦ 力口以石墨化。此製程大體上描述於之㈧⑷月巧日頒證之 共同擁有美國專利第7,323,120號中。 極期望製造實際上小粒徑之石墨物質及能定製粒徑分 佈,以使可根據製造商規格將具有預定平均值或中數之預 ❺範圍粒徑告知製造商。能以快速且廉價製程使用低 前驅物製備此等物質更為理想。 — 【發明内容】 因為有關電池組之各種參數及品質,故闡明數個定義對 於本發明之描述、論述及理解有所助益。本文所使用之術 語係意指具有技藝界之通用定義,但為了簡單明瞭,提供 具體定義以避免混淆且幫助清晰理解。 「單電池」係用於儲存及釋放電能之基本電化學單元。 φ 「電池組」係以合適的串聯/並聯排列電學互連以提供 所需操作電壓及電流水平之兩個或更多個電化學單電、、也。 在一般用法下,術語「電池組」亦適用於單一個單電池裝 置。 . 「陽極」係單電池之負極。 「陰極」係早電池之正極。 「比容量」係每單位重量之已充滿單電池中可獲得之電 能且係以單位mAh/g或mAh/cc表示。 「庫倫效率(%)」係自電極物質釋放之電荷量對用於將 144953.doc 201031046 電極充電至放電前狀態之電荷量之比。 電極電位」係標的電極與另一電極(參考電極)間之電 功率」係指每單位時間釋放之能量。 「穩定化」係使形成殘碳之物質(CRFM)之顆粒具不熔 性,以致在隨後加熱處理期間只要隨後加熱處理之溫度未 超過經穩定化CRFM之瞬時熔點,則CRFM顆粒之表面不 會軟化或熔融並熔接至毗鄰的CRFM顆粒之製程。 碳化」係使含碳化合物轉化為特徵在於「實質上係 碳」之物質的熱製程。如本文所使用,「實質上係碳」表 示該物質之至少95重量%係碳。 石墨化」係使含碳化合物轉化為特徵在於至少99重量 %係碳之物質,並包括形成石墨烯薄片及使該等薄片有序 化或使其堆疊於彼此頂部上之熱製程。 「形成殘碳之物質」(CRFM)係當在惰性氛圍中至6〇〇t: =碳化溫度或高達約⑽代之甚至更高溫度中熱分解時,
之殘餘物之任何物質。瀝青係一種形
144953.doc 藉由上述理解,本發明係關於一種製造用於電池組之陽 極中及尤其可充電鐘離子電池組之陽極中之經碳塗覆之石 末之方法》該方法特別包括一種用於在原位塗覆其中 七貝 < 生焦炭之方法。將介於約1〇0/〇與3〇% 發性物質含量視為高者。該揮發性物質可媲美瀝 種形成殘碳之物質。萃取生焦炭中之至少一部份 201031046 揮發性物質並將其詩塗覆料齡。本發明之—部份係 自该生焦炭(而非剩餘物)中回收揮發性物質作為其他顆粒 之塗層’以使其可用於製造於電池組中及於其他技術中使 用之其他物質。
如圖1所示,該方法基本上開始係以05:1至5:1之溶劑對 焦炭比’ s高於5代且較佳高於·。c之溫度下並於大 氣壓或更高Μ力下,將具有1G至3G%之揮發性物f含量之 經礦磨生焦炭與芳族溶劑如苯、甲苯或二甲苯混合。以溶 劑自該生焦炭中萃取至少—部份揮發性物質後,將反溶劑 添加至該懸洋液以使揮發性物質沉殿。將焦炭顆粒用作對 於沉澱該揮發性物質之成核位置及進而將該揮發性物質分 佈於表面上以塗覆該等顆粒。 一般而言,溶劑處理/萃取係在密封容器或熱壓爐中進 行。/谷劑懸浮液在南溫下可自發地在密封容器中產生高達 2〇〇 psi之壓力,該壓力係視溶劑及溫度而定。生產焦炭的 煉油廠中之生焦炭之處理溫度決定可溶瀝青及油類之可獲 得分子量範圍。用於萃取該揮發性物質之溶劑之量及類型 係經選擇以調節萃取之油類之分子量範圍。用於使該揮發 性物質沉澱於顆粒上之反溶劑之量及溫度決定塗層之厚度 及軟化點。 該方法之下一步驟係將現有的經溶劑處理且經塗覆之生 焦炭自溶劑移除。其較佳係藉由過濾實施,但用於將顆粒 固體自液體移除之任何其他適用方法亦係令人滿意。其他 具潛力的技術可能包括離心分離、傾析及蒸發式分離。經 144953.doc 201031046 洛劑處理之生焦厌較佳係藉由低溶劑強度溶劑,如含有反 溶劑之溶劑混合物清洗以除去可能殘留之非所需可溶油 類。隨後在空氣中或於其他適度條件下乾燥經溶劑處理之 生焦炭顆粒以將溶劑自塗層中除去。較高碳數烴一般係最 先脫離揮發性組份而沉澱,且於無溶劑之大氣條件下實質 上不溶。 該塗層較佳係在氧存在下於高溫下藉由穩定化進行進一 步處理。隨著穩定化處理之溫度升高,一般以每分鐘約 rc地自約室溫開始升高至約35(rc並維持該溫度約兩小 時,瀝青塗層在溫度升高下氧化且變為不熔性。若溫度勻 變升同過快或氧化並非連同溫度升高地充分進行,則瀝青 塗層將變為黏性且顆粒有可能熔接在一起。不期望顆粒熔 接係因以下數個理由:丨)其會產生具有非受控顆粒分佈之 產物及】、°卩伤較所需者大之顆粒;2)較所需者大之顆粒 會使顆粒進入電池組之製程變得困難;及3)碾磨熔接顆粒 以分離出單獨顆粒有可能形成使表面積增大及可催化用於 電池、’且之電解質的分解之錯齒狀表面。更重要的是,電解 質分解會使電池組之性能變差。因極不期望電解質分解, 需求具有光滑表面、圓狀及低表面積之石墨陽極物質。因 此較佳者係控制溫度之勻變以適當地進行氧化穩定化。 一旦顆粒在約325。(:至35(TC之溫度下經穩定化,則使該 等顆粒在600。(:至1600。(:之溫度下於惰性環境中碳化。於 此製程期間,塗層中之非碳組份及下層焦炭顆粒將降低至 碳佔顆粒重量之至少約95%之點。 144953.doc 201031046 最後’藉由在惰性環境下加熱至高達至少22〇(rc且較佳 高達至少250(TC,及更佳高達至少28〇代使顆粒石墨化。 一般而言’石墨化溫度不高於32啊。石墨化會產生⑼ • 可容納鋰離子的碳晶體之密集片體或平面。顆粒塗層中之 $墨會形成使該等片冑或平面之末端封端的片冑並實質上 防止電解質參與與下層顆粒之長片體或平面之破壞性副反 應。據信此種作用係由氧化穩定化期間之碳固定所致,使 在石墨化期間’塗層被固定而無法跟隨或與平面或片狀 形式之下層顆粒-起傳播。此外,該石墨塗層提供電子自 鋰離子移動至陽極猪並通過電池組外部之回路的導電性, 而無需其他用以增強導電性之添加劑。 如本發明之一視情況選用之態樣,可對該生焦炭提供用 於電池組陽極之其他適用物質如天然石墨、矽、錫、或鋰 榍石。可將該生焦炭中之揮發性物質用於塗覆焦炭顆粒及 >谷劑懸浮液中之所有辅助基材。若使用輔助基材如矽或 灸錫,則剔除石墨化,因其可熔接及分解矽、錫或鋰榍石顆 粒。 於第二實施例中,不添加反溶劑,而將額外量之溶劑添 加至懸浮液中以提高溶劑對焦炭之比以使該比係介於至少 2:1與咼達約20:1之間。圖2顯示突顯溶劑比增高之第二實 施例。由常識可知將更多溶劑添加至溶劑懸浮液可自焦炭 顆粒中萃取更多揮發性物質,同時較高濃度實際上會降低 溶劑之溶劑強度而使揮發性物質沉澱,因而以相似於藉由 第一方法塗覆之方式塗覆該等顆粒。 144953.doc 201031046 於兩實施例中,使不論其中溶有何等物質之液體溶劑材 料均自固體分離,以使可回收瀝青材料並於其他製程中用 以塗覆其他顆粒。用於電池組之塗覆粉末的瀝青顆粒之來 源有限且無種類繁多的供應商。因此,低成本瀝青之供應 係使用瀝青以塗覆其顆粒的使用者之一問題。在同時生產 可用陽極電池組粉末之製程中自生焦炭萃取瀝青提供對於 瀝月之替代來源且係一種其中在回收用於其他產物之前驅 體之製程中製造有價值產物之雙贏情況。 可藉由已知方法如蒸餾、刮板薄膜蒸鍍、或其他技術, 使瀝青自溶劑流體或溶劑/反溶劑混合流體分離。此外, 可回收的揮發性物質可經受改變等向性瀝青的處理或加熱 處理以提高液晶原含量。 【實施方式】 提供用於揭示本發明之實例。第一實例係最終產物焦炭 顆粒未經塗覆之對照組。第二實例之最終產物係經瀝青塗 覆之焦炭顆粒。 實例1 將20 g來自Rodeo煉油廠且具有16 6 4瓜平均直徑的經微 粉化陽極級高揮發性物質生焦炭與2〇毫升曱苯(1:1溶劑對 瀝青比)於不鏽鋼Parr熱壓爐中組合。以氮氣淨化焦炭-甲 苯漿液1 5分鐘,將其作為封閉系統於自發壓力下在攪拌下 加熱至280°C,且在280。(:在壓力下攪拌15分鐘。 在反應器冷卻至140°C後,將12〇毫升甲苯「反溶劑」添 加至容器内及在125°C下另攪拌混合物15分鐘。使容器冷 144953.doc -10- 201031046 卻至24°C並釋放容器内之氣壓。 ^ ^ 5 μιη燒結過濾器 過濾焦炭-甲苯漿液。然後以〜1〇〇毫升二 „ /± ^ 1 Τ术凊洗焦炭濾
餅並使其於6(TC真空下乾燥。回收185 §乾燥焦炭。該乾 燥焦炭之掃描式電子顯微圖像(SEM)提供於圖3中。顯微圖6 像中清楚顯示顆粒表面上不存在瀝青塗層。此等顆粒具有 鋒利、界限清晰之邊緣,其係典型的未經塗覆、經碾磨的 顆粒。然後使未經塗覆顆粒於1〇〇(rc下碳化工小時並於 3〇〇0°C下石墨化45分鐘。濾液經由旋轉蒸發以除去甲苯及 回收甲苯可溶瀝青油。獲得2 g量之甲苯可溶瀝青。校正 瀝青油中之甲苯量後,甲苯可溶瀝青之產率為〜9 95%。藉 由模擬蒸德測得瀝青之沸點範圍大於389〇F,且有18%的 組份沸點高於1328°F。 實例2 將30克來自Rodeo煉油廠且具有6 13 μιη平均直徑之經微 粉化陽極級高揮發性物質生焦炭與9〇毫升甲苯(3:丨溶劑對 遽青比)於不鑛鋼parr熱壓爐中組合。以氮氣淨化焦炭-甲 苯衆液15分鐘,將其作為密閉系統於自發壓力下於攪拌下 加熱至280°C且使其於260eC在壓力下攪拌15分鐘。反應物 冷卻至100°C後’將1〇〇毫升50/50庚烷/曱苯添加至容器中 並在160°C下另攪拌混合物丨5分鐘。在此製程中庚烷係為 曱笨之反溶劑。使容器冷卻至3〇。〇,釋放容器内之壓力, 及通過0·45 μιη燒結過濾器過濾焦炭-曱苯漿液。然後以 〜100毫升50/50庚烷/甲苯混合溶劑清洗焦炭濾餅及於60°C 真空下使其乾燥。回收26.7 g乾燥焦炭。乾燥焦炭之掃描 144953.doc -11 - 201031046 式電子顯微圖像(SEM)顯示於如下圖2中。顯微圖像中清楚 顯示顆粒表面上之瀝青塗層。與圖3中之顆粒不同,圖4中 之顆粒具有更圓、界限不清晰之邊緣’其係因平板狀顆粒 之塗覆。隨後於lOOOt下使經塗覆之顆粒碳化丨小時及於 3000t下石墨化45分鐘。發現溶劑具有可回收的等向性遞 青。將經石墨化之顆粒塗覆於銅片基材上並將經石墨塗覆 之銅用作鋰離子硬瞥型單電池(2〇2s)中之陽極,因此將鋰 箔用作陰極物質。測試硬幣型單電池之第一傭環放電容量 及第一循環庫倫效率。發現其第一傭環放電容量為304 mAh/g ;及第一傭環庫倫效率為9〇%。 最後,本發明所保護之範圍不受以上論述所限制而僅 受以下專利中請範圍所約束。本發明之範圍趨於包括專利 申請範圍之主要内容的所有等價内容。將任—及每一專利 申凊作為本發明之實施例併入本發明中。因此,專利申請 範圍係本發明之一部份且係進一步論述及又為本發明之較 佳實施例。任何參考文獻之論述並非被承認為對本發明之 先有技術,尤其係具有後於本發明之優先權曰期之公開曰 期的任何參考文獻。 【圖式簡單說明】 本發明,連同其進一步優勢,可藉由參考結合附圖之如 下論述得以最佳理解。 圖1係闡明本發明之基本步驟之製程流程圖; 圖2係闡明本發明之選擇性實施例之製程流程圖; 圖3係揮發性物質已經由溶劑萃取之高揮發性物質焦炭 144953.doc 201031046 顆粒之掃描式電子顯微圖像;及 圖4係藉由本發明製造之顆粒之掃描式電子顯微圖像, 其具體地顯示經揮發性物質塗覆之高揮發性物質焦炭顆 粒’其中該揮發性物質係原地自焦炭顆粒萃取並隨後選擇 性地將其塗覆於焦炭顆粒上。 144953.doc
Claims (1)
- 201031046 七、申請專利範圍: 1. 一種用於製造於電池組中使用之經碳塗覆石墨陽極粉末 之方法’其中該方法包含: a) &供具有至少約1 〇重量%揮發性物質之高揮發性物質 之生焦炭; b) 以經選擇之溶劑對碳比將該高揮發性物質生焦炭與液 體溶劑混合,以形成溶劑懸浮液,及亦自該生焦炭萃 取揮發性物質; c) 改變該溶劑懸浮液之溶劑強度並使自該生焦炭萃取之 揮發性物質沉澱於該等焦炭顆粒上,並於該等顆粒上 形成塗層; d) 將具有殘留經溶解揮發性物質的該溶劑與該經塗覆之 生焦炭顆粒分離; e) 於含氧環境中藉由氧化穩定化使該等經塗覆之生焦炭 ,顆粒穩定化,同時加熱至最少2〇〇<>(:之溫度; 0於惰性環境下將該等經穩定化、經塗覆之生焦炭顆粒 碳化至最少600。(:之溫度;及 g)將該等經塗覆、經碳化之焦炭顆粒石墨化至最少 220〇°c之溫度。 如叫求項1之用於製造經碳塗覆之石墨陽極粉末之方 法’其進-步包括步驟:自來自步驟d)之該經分離之溶 劑液體回收經溶解之揮發性物質。 如"奢求項1之用於製造經碳塗覆之石墨陽極粉末之方 法其中該改變溶劑強度之步驟包含將反溶劑添加至該 144953.doc 201031046 溶劑懸浮液中。 4.如請求们之用於製造經碳塗覆之石墨陽極粉末之方 法,其中該改變溶劑強度之步驟包含將其他溶劑添加至 §亥溶劑懸浮液中。 5·如請求項!之用於製造經碳塗覆之石墨陽極粉末之方 法,其中該溶劑係選自包括甲笨、苯及二甲笨之群。 6.如請求項5之用於製造經碳塗覆之石墨陽極粉末之方 法’其中該改變溶劑強度之步驟包含將反溶劑添加至該 溶劑懸浮液中,及其中該反溶劑係選自包括戊貌、= 烧、庚烷、辛烷及壬烷之群。 7·如請求項5之用於製造經碳塗覆之石墨陽極粉末之方 法’其中該改變溶劑強度之步驟包含將其他溶劑添加至 該溶劑懸浮液中。 8·如請求項丨之用於製造經碳塗覆之石墨陽極粉末之方 法,其中該氧化穩定化步驟係以使溫度逐步升高之方式 進行,以致該塗層在穩定化製程期間仍維持不熔性直至 達到所需溫度歷經一段預定時間為止。 9·如請求項丨之用於製造經碳塗覆之石墨陽極粉末之方 法,其中該石墨化溫度係介於25〇〇°c與3200。(:之間。 10.如請求項上之用於製造經碳塗覆之石墨陽極粉末之方 法’其中該碳化溫度係介於6〇〇°c與1600°C之間。 11· 一種用於製造於電池組中使用之經碳塗覆之石墨陽極粉 末之方法,其中該方法包含: a)提供具有至少約10重量%揮發性物質之高揮發性物質 144953.doc 201031046 之生焦厌顆粒; b)以經選擇之溶劑對碳之比將該高揮發性物質生焦炭與 液體溶劑混合以形成溶劑懸浮液,及亦自該等生焦炭 , 顆粒萃取揮發性物質; . C)將選自包括天然石墨、矽、錫、及鋰榍石之群之顆粒 包括於該溶劑懸浮液中; d) 改變該溶劑懸浮液之溶劑強度,並使已自該等生焦炭 ❹ 顆粒萃取之揮發性物質沉澱於該等焦炭顆粒上並於該 等顆粒上形成塗層; e) 將具有殘留經溶解揮發性物質之該溶劑與該等經塗覆 之生焦炭顆粒分離; f) 於含氧環境中藉由氧化穩定化使該等經塗覆之生焦炭 顆粒穩定化’同時加熱至最少200°C之溫度;及 S)於惰性環境中將該等經穩定化、經塗覆之生焦炭顆粒 碳化至最少600。(:之溫度。 ❹I2· 一種用於製造於電池組中使用之經碳塗覆之石墨陽極粉 末之方法,其中該方法包含: a)提供具有至少約1〇重量%揮發性物質之高揮發性物質 • 之生焦炭顆粒; • )以、”呈選擇之溶劑對碳之比將該高揮發性物質生焦炭與 液體溶劑混合以形成溶劑懸浮液,並亦自該生焦炭萃 取揮發性物質; c)改變該溶劑懸浮液之溶劑強度,並使已自該等生焦炭 顆粒萃取之揮發性物質沉澱於該等焦炭顆粒上並於該 I44953.doc 201031046 等顆粒上形成塗層; d) 將具有殘留經溶解揮發性物質之該溶劑與該等經塗覆 之生焦炭顆粒分離; e) 以-溶液清洗該等經分離、經塗覆之生焦炭顆粒,以 自該等顆粒除去輕油; f) 於含氧環境中藉由氧化穩定化使該等經塗覆之生焦炭 顆粒穩定化,同時加熱至最少2〇〇π之溫度; g) 於惰性環境中將該等經穩定化、經塗覆之\焦炭顆粒 碳化至最少600。(:之溫度; h) 將該等經塗覆、經碳化之焦炭顆粒石墨化至最少 2200°C之溫度;及 i) 自來自步驟d)之該經分離之溶劑液體回收經溶解之揮 發性物質。 144953.doc
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TWI513497B (zh) * | 2012-08-20 | 2015-12-21 | Nat Inst Chung Shan Science & Technology | An apparatus for producing asphalt with high yield and its making method |
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US11078409B2 (en) | 2013-05-17 | 2021-08-03 | Conocophillips Company | Electrically conductive proppant coating and related methods |
CN104425821A (zh) * | 2013-09-11 | 2015-03-18 | 宁波杉杉新材料科技有限公司 | 一种锂离子电池石墨负极材料及其制备方法 |
KR101903160B1 (ko) * | 2016-05-13 | 2018-10-02 | 파워카본테크놀로지(주) | 전기이중층 커패시터 전극용 활성탄의 제조방법 및 이로부터 제조된 전기이중층 커패시터 전극용 활성탄 |
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CN111180726B (zh) * | 2020-02-17 | 2024-02-06 | 中钢集团鞍山热能研究院有限公司 | 一种负极材料联产各项同性焦的生产工艺及装置 |
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US1822349A (en) | 1927-03-18 | 1931-09-08 | Ig Farbenindustrie Ag | Recovery of soluble products from solid carbonizable substances |
US2603592A (en) | 1948-06-15 | 1952-07-15 | Great Lakes Carbon Corp | Pitch-like compositions |
US3382084A (en) | 1964-12-11 | 1968-05-07 | Union Oil Co | Asphalt binder pitch |
US4369171A (en) * | 1981-03-06 | 1983-01-18 | Great Lakes Carbon Corporation | Production of pitch and coke from raw petroleum coke |
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US20030160215A1 (en) * | 2002-01-31 | 2003-08-28 | Zhenhua Mao | Coated carbonaceous particles particularly useful as electrode materials in electrical storage cells, and methods of making the same |
US7618678B2 (en) * | 2003-12-19 | 2009-11-17 | Conocophillips Company | Carbon-coated silicon particle powders as the anode material for lithium ion batteries and the method of making the same |
CN1772706A (zh) * | 2005-10-24 | 2006-05-17 | 天津大学 | 表面修饰银的纳米氧化锡材料制备方法 |
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