TW201029196A - Thin absorber layer of a photovoltaic device - Google Patents

Thin absorber layer of a photovoltaic device Download PDF

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TW201029196A
TW201029196A TW098136006A TW98136006A TW201029196A TW 201029196 A TW201029196 A TW 201029196A TW 098136006 A TW098136006 A TW 098136006A TW 98136006 A TW98136006 A TW 98136006A TW 201029196 A TW201029196 A TW 201029196A
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layer
doped
doped layer
junction
gaas
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TW098136006A
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Isik C Kizilyalli
Melissa Archer
Harry Atwater
Thomas J Gmitter
Gang He
Andreas Hegedus
Gregg Higashi
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Alta Devices Inc
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/06Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/06Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier
    • H01L31/072Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type
    • H01L31/0735Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type comprising only AIIIBV compound semiconductors, e.g. GaAs/AlGaAs or InP/GaInAs solar cells
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/544Solar cells from Group III-V materials

Description

201029196 六、發明說明: 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本發明之實施例係大致上關於具有高效率和更大彈性 的光伏(PV)元件’諸如太陽能電池,以及其製造方法。 【先前技術】 ❹
隨著化石燃料快速地耗盡,替代能源的需求變得越加 明顯。從風、從太陽、及從流動水所衍生的能量可對於 化石燃料(例如煤、油、及天然氣)提供再生、環保的替 代物。因可從地球上各處輕易取得,太陽能未來可能是 一可行的替代物。 為了運用來自太陽的能量,太陽能電池的接面可吸收 光子以形成多個電子-電洞對’其是由接面的内部電場來 分隔以產生電壓,藉此將光能轉換成電能。可以藉由以 串聯方式將多個太陽能電池連接來增加所產生的電壓, 並且可以藉由以並聯方式將多個太陽能電池連接來增加 電流。太陽能電池可以在太陽能面板上群聚在一起。可 以將一變流器耦接到一些太陽能面板,以將Dc功率轉 換成AC功率。 儘管如此’相對於當代元件的低效率程度,目前製造 太陽能電池的高成本係使太陽能電池難以成為主流能源 且限制了太陽能電池適合的應用。因此,需要一種更有 效率且適用於大量應用的光伏元件。 201029196 【發明内容】 本發明之實施例係大致上關於用以將電磁輻射(諸如 太陽能)轉換成電能的方法與設備’其相較於傳統的太陽 能電池具有提升的效率。 本發明的一實施例係提供一種光伏(PV)元件。該PV 元件大致上包括一 η-摻雜層及一 P+-摻雜層,該p+_摻雜 層鄰近該η-捧雜層以形成一 p_n接面,從而使得當電磁 輻射被該p-n接面吸收時能產生電能。 本發明之另一實施例係為一種製造一 PV元件之方 法。該方法大致上包括:形成一 n-摻雜層於一基材上方; 以及形成一 p+-摻雜層於該η-摻雜層上方,以在該n-摻 雜層與該ρ+-摻雜層之間形成一 ρ_η接面,從而使得當電 磁輻射被該p-n接面吸收時能產生電能。 ❿ 【實施方式】 本發明之實施例係提供用於將電磁輻射(諸如太陽能) 轉換成電能的技術與設備,其相較於傳統太陽能電池具 有尚效率。 示範性薄吸收層 第1圖係繪示在製造期間光伏(PV)單元100之各個蠢 晶層的戴面圖。該些磊晶層可以使用任何適於半導體生 長的方法(諸如分子束磊晶(MBE)或有機金屬化學氣相沉 5 201029196 積(MOCVD))來形成在基材(未示出)上。 為了形成PV單元1GG,-或多個緩衝層可以形成在基 材上。緩衝層❺目的在於提供最終ρν I元之基材與半 導體層間的中間層’該緩衝層可容納#形成該些蟲晶層 時其不同的晶體結構《例如對於具有例如約2〇〇nm的厚 度的緩衝層,缓衝層1〇2可以包含出^族化合物半導體 (諸如砷化鎵(GaAs)) ’取決於所期望的最終pv單元的組 • 成。例如對於一些實施例,當產生一 _緩衝層時, 基材可以包含GaAs。 對於一些實施例,一釋放層104可以形成在緩衝層1〇2 上方。釋放層1〇4可以包含例如砷化鋁(A1As),並且具 有約5〜10 nm的厚度.薄釋放層1〇4的目的係在下文中 更詳細地敛述。 在釋放層104上方’可以形成—視窗$ 1〇6。視窗層 106可以包含砷化鋁鎵(A1GaAs),例如A1〇3Ga〇7As。視 〇 窗層106可以具有約20 nm的厚度且可以未受摻雜。視 窗層106可以是可穿透的,以允許光子通過在pv單元 前侧上之視窗層到其他下方層。 一基底層108可以形成在視窗層1〇6上方。基底層ι〇8 可以包含任何適當的ΙΠ_ν族化合物半導體例如
GaAs。基底層1〇8可以是單晶的。基底層1〇8可以是受 η-摻雜,並且對於一些實施例,n_摻雜基底層1〇8的摻 雜濃度可以是2xl〇17 cm·3。基底層1〇8的厚度可以為約 500〜3500 nm 〇 6 201029196 如第!圖所示,-放射層U0可以形成在基底層ι〇8 上方。放射層11〇可以包含任何適當之用於與基底層ι〇8 形成一異質接面的III-V族化合物半導體。例如,若基底 層1〇8包含GaAs’放射層110可以包含不同的半導體材 料(例如AlGaAs)。若放射層11〇與視窗層1〇6皆包含 AlGaAs’放射層11〇的AlxGai-xAs組成可以與視窗層1〇6 的AlyGa^yAs組成相同或不同。放射層11〇可以是單晶 Φ 的。放射層110可以受重P-摻雜(即受P+-摻雜),並且對 於一些實施例’ P+-摻雜放射層的摻雜濃度可以是1χ1〇19 cm_3。放射層iio的厚度可以為例如約3〇〇 nm。基底層 108與放射層11〇的組合可以形成用來吸收光子的吸收 層。對於一些實施例,吸收層可以具有小於8〇〇nm的厚 度,或甚至小於500 nm。 η-摻雜基底層和p+-摻雜放射層的接觸係建立一 p_n接 面112。當光在靠近p-n接面112附近處被吸收而產生電 • 子-電洞對時’内建的電場可迫使該些電洞移動到P + -掺 雜側及迫使該些電子移動到n_掺雜側。該些自由電荷的 位移造成了該兩層108、110間的電壓差,從而使得當一 負載係連接橫跨轉接到這些層的端子時,電流可以流動。 不同於前述的η-摻雜基底層1〇8和P + ·摻雜放射層 110,傳統的光伏半導體元件典型地具有一 ρ_摻雜基底層 和一 η+-摻雜放射層。在傳統的元件中,基底層通常是受 ρ_摻雜’這是由於載子的擴散長度。根據本發明的實施 例製造一更薄的基底層係允許變化成一 η_摻雜基底層。 7 201029196 相較於P-摻雜層中的電洞移動率, 子務動產T Afc 接雜層中更高的電 移動率了致使本發明實施例之 電 低的摻雜密度。 雜基底層108中更 -旦形成了放射層11〇,可 參 方基底層⑽的多個腔部或凹部^射層中形成深達下 微影技術而附加一罩幕到放射層且了以藉由例如光 (例如濕式或乾式蝕刻)而移除放::何適當技術 蓋的半導想材料,以形成這樣的:二中未受單幕覆 =⑽可以經由PV單元U〇之背側來接取(― :於-些實施例,一介面層116可以形成在放射層110 方。”面層116可以包含任何適當㈣Iv族化合物半 導體,例如GaAs。介面層116可以受p+換雜並且對 於-些實施例,p'摻雜介面層116的.雜濃度可以是ι χΐ〇Ά介面層116的厚度可以為例如約3〇〇nm。 一旦在釋放層104上方形成了其餘的蟲晶層,薄釋放 層1〇4可以經由例如利用HF水溶液而㈣來犧牲。依 此方式’PV單元⑽的功能層(諸如視窗層1〇6、基底層 108、及放射層no)可以在磊晶剝離&⑽ EL0)製程期間和緩衝層ι〇2與基材分開, 相較於傳統的太陽能單元(其厚度可能為數微米),由 此方式建立的PV單元具有一明顯薄的吸收層(例如< 500 nm)。於PV單元中’吸收層的厚度係正比於暗電流 (darkcurrent)位準(即吸收層越薄,則暗電流則越低)。暗 電流是流動通過PV單元或其他類似光敏感性元件(諸如 8 201029196 光二極體)的小電流,即使在沒有光子進入元件時。此背 景電流可以是因_子放射或其他效應*存在的結果。 由於在-光敏感性半導體元件中隨著暗電流增加而開放 電路電壓增力,對於—給定的光強度,-較薄的吸 收層很可能導致更大# v〇c與因而增加的效率。只要吸 收層可以捕獲光,效率會隨著吸收層的厚度減小而增加。 吸收層的薄特性可以不僅受薄膜技術與EL〇的能力所 Φ 限制。舉例而言,效率隨著吸收層厚度而增加,但吸收 層應該要厚到足以載送電流。然而,更高的摻雜程度可 以允許電流流動,甚至在非常薄的吸收層中。所以,可 以利用高摻雜來製造非常薄的吸收層而具有甚至更大的 效率。傳統的pv元件可能遭受容積再組合效應(v〇lume recombination effect),並且因此傳統元件不會使用高摻 雜於吸收層中^當決定適當的厚度時,也可以考量吸收 層的片電阻。 © 不僅薄吸收層導致增加的效率,並且具有這樣薄吸收 層的PV單元可以比傳統之具有數微米厚度的太陽能電 池更有彈性。所以,根據本發明之實施例的PV單元比 傳統太陽能電池適用於更大量的應用。 第2A-2D圖係缯示根據本發明實施例之PV單元的基 底和放射層108、110的各種層堆疊輪廓200a_d。第2A 圖中的層堆疊輪廓200a繪示如同第1圖的基底和放射層 108、110。對於一些實施例,可以在基底層上方形 成一中間層202’並且放射層110可以形成在中間層上 9 201029196 方。中間層202可以在基底和放射層i〇8、11〇間提供一 更漸進過渡。 中間層202可以受η·摻雜、重n_摻雜(即n+_摻雜)或 P+-摻雜。例如,第2B圖係繪示一包含n_A1GaAs的中間 層202b。又例如’第2C圖係繪不'一包含n+-AlGaAs的 中間層202c。又例如,第2D圖係繪示一包含p+_GaAs 的中間層202d。
在第1圖中’介於基底層108與放射層u〇之間的p_n 接面112是平坦的,並且沒有暴露於凹部114中。換言 之’第1圖的p-n接面112可被視為一僅具有二維幾何 形態的平面。對於一些實施例’如第3A和3B圖,PV 單元的半導體層可以被形成以建立一介於基底層1〇8與 放射層110之間的偏移p_n接面312。換言之,一偏移 p-n接面3 12可被視為具有三維的幾何形態。一偏移p n 接面312可以暴露於凹部114中。
如第3A圖所示 一偏移p-n接面312a可以藉由如前 述在形成凹部114時移除半導體材料一路經過放射層 no且部分地進入基底層108來產生。另一種如第36圖 所示之形成偏移p-n接面312b的方法可以包含在形成放 射層110之前附加一罩幕到基底層108。半導體材料可 以經由任何適當的技術(諸如蝕刻)從欲保留放射層處(即 除了凹部U4之期望位置以外的㈣處)之一部分基底層 108來移除。一旦形成了放射層11〇與凹们4,所產生 的偏移p-n接面312b具有比平坦 P-n接面112更大的表 10 201029196 面積。 對於一些實施例,在製造期間,pv單元的一層中的摻 雜程度可以經微調。例如’第4圖係繪示一具有放射層 110的PV單元400’該放射層110具有一經微調的摻雜 輪廓而使得摻雜濃度於Z方向從p-n接面112増加到放 射層110的頂部。 對於一些實施例,放射層110可以包含多個層,並且 該多個層可以包含不同的組成。例如,第5圖係綠示根 據本發明一實施例之PV單元500的半導體層,其中多 個p+-AlGaAs放射層具有分級的鋁(A1)程度(即百分 比)。在此示範性實施例中’ 一包含p+_GaAs而不含任何 銘的第一放射層51(^可以形成在基底層1〇8上方。一包 含P^AluGaojAs的第二放射層51〇2可以形成在第一放 射層510丨上方。然後,一包含p+_A1〇 2Ga〇 8As的第三放 射層5103與一包含p+_Al03Ga0 7As的第四放射層5104 可以接著形成在第二放射層51 〇2上方。具有這樣分級的 銘程度可以避免接面阻障。 儘管上述說明是導向本發明的實施例,可以設想出本 發明之其他與進一步實施例而不悖離本發明的基本範 固’並且本發明的範圍是由隨附申請專利範圍所決定。 【圖式簡單說明】 因此可以詳細暸解上述本發明之特徵的方式,即對本 201029196 發明更明確的描述,簡短地在前面概述過,可藉由參考 實施例來得到,其中某些在附圖中示出。但是應注意的 是,附圖僅示出本發明之一般實施例,因此不應視為係 對其範圍之限制’因為本發明可允許其他等效實施例。 第1圖係繪示根據本發明一實施例之一光伏(pV)單元 的多個蠢晶層的截面圖,其顯示出半導體層的示範性厚 度、組成與摻雜。 第2A-2D圖係繪示根據本發明實施例之Pv單元的基 底和放射層的各種層堆叠輪廓。 第3A和3B圖係繪示根據本發明實施例之Pv單元的 多個半導體層’其在基底與放射層之間具有偏移p_n接 面。 第4圖係繪示根據本發明一實施例之p V單元的多個 半導體層’該PV單元具有放射層,該放射層具有一經 微調的摻雜輪廓而使得摻雜程度從p_n接面增加到放射 層的頂部。 第5圖係繪示根據本發明一實施例之pV單元的多個 半導體層,該PV單元具有多個AlGaAs放射層,該些 AlGaAs放射層具有分及的鋁(A1)程度。 【主要元件符號說明】 100 光伏(PV)單元 102 緩衝層 12 201029196
104 釋放層 106 •視窗層 108 基底層 110 放射層 112 p-n接面 114 凹部 116 介面層 200a-c 1 層堆疊輪廓 202 中間層 202b 中間層 202c 中間層 202d 中間層 312 偏移p-n接面 312a 偏移p-n接面 312b 偏移p-n接面 400 PV單元 500 PV單元 51〇! 第一放射層 5102 第二放射層 51〇3 第三放射層 51〇4 第四放射層 13

Claims (1)

  1. 201029196 七、申請專利範圍·· 1_ 一種光伏(PV)元件,其包含: 一 η-摻雜層;以及 一 Ρ+-摻雜層’其鄰近該η_摻雜層以形成一 ρ_η 接面’從而使得當電磁輻射被該ρ_η接面吸收時能產 生電能。 ❿ 2·如申請專利範圍第1項所述之PV元件,其中該η-摻 雜層與該ρ+-摻雜層構成一吸收層,並且該吸收層的 厚度小於800 nm。 3·如申請專利範圍第丨項所述之pv元件,其中該p n 接面包含一異質接面。 4. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之pv元件,其中該卜摻 〇 雜層包含n-GaAs,並且該p+_摻雜層包含p+_A1GaAs。 5. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之PV元件,其中該η-摻 雜層的厚度介於約500 nm至約3500 nm之間,並且 該n-摻雜層的摻雜程度為2x1017 cm·3。 6. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之PV元件,其中該p+-摻雜層的厚度為約300 nm,並且該p+-摻雜層的摻雜 201029196 程度為 lxio19 cm·3。 7.如申請專利範圍第1項所述之PV元件,更包含一中 間層,該中間層係插置在該η-摻雜層與該p+-摻雜層 之間。 8. 如申請專利範圍第7項所述之PV元件,其中該η-摻 雜層包含n-GaAs,該ρ+-掺雜層包含p + -AlGaAs,並 且該中間層包含n-AlGaAs。 9. 如申請專利範圍第7項所述之PV元件,其中該η-摻 雜層包含n-GaAs,該ρ+-掺雜層包含p+-AlGaAs,並 且該中間層包含n+-AlGaAs。 10. 如申請專利範圍第7項所述之PV元件,其中該η-摻 ^ 雜層包含n-GaAs,該ρ+-摻雜層包含p+-AlGaAs,並 且該中間層包含p+-GaAs。 11. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之PV元件,更包含一視 窗層,該視窗層鄰近該η-摻雜層。 12.如申請專利範圍第11項所述之PV元件,其中該視窗 層包含AlGaAs,並且該視窗層的厚度為約20 nm。 15 201029196 13. 如申請專利範圍第11項所述之Pv元件,更包含一广 放射塗層’該抗放射塗層鄰近該視窗層。 14. 如申請專利範圍第13項所述之pv元件,其中該抗放 射塗層包含MgF^ZnS或SiN之至少一者。 15. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之pv元件,更包含一介 面層,該介面層鄰近該? + _摻雜層。 16·如申請專利範圍第15項所述之pv元件,其中該介面 層包含p+-GaAs。 17. 如申請專利範圍第15項所述之pv元件’其中該介面 層的厚度為約300 nm,並且該介面層的摻雜程度為、 χ 1 〇19 cm-3。 18. 如申明專利範圍第i項所述之μ元件其中該Η 接面形成在該η·摻雜層與該p+_摻雜層之間,並且該 P_n接面為一偏移P-η接面。 申請專利範圍第1項所述之PV元件,其中該p' +雜層的摻雜輪廊係經微調從而使得掺雜程度從該 卜摻雜層的一側增加到另一侧。 16 201029196 20·如申請專利範圍第1項所述之pv元件,其中該p+_ 摻雜層包含複數個p+_摻雜層。 21.如申請專利範圍第2〇項所述之pv元件,其中該複數 個P+-摻雜層包含A1GaAs,並且該複數個p+摻雜層 之各P+-摻雜層包含不同百分比的鋁。
    22_ —種製造一光伏(pv)元件之方法,其包含·· 形成一 η-摻雜層於一基材上方;以及 形成一 Ρ+-摻雜層於該η_摻雜層上方,以在該卜 摻雜層與該ρ'摻雜層之間形成一 ρ_η接面,從而使 得當電磁輻射被該ρ_η接面吸收時能產生電能。 23.如申請專利範圍第22項所述之方法,更包含使用蟲 曰曰亲]離(ELO)來從該基材移除該η摻雜層與該ρ+·摻 參 雜層。 24.如申請專利範圍第22項所述之方法,更包含形成一 釋放層於該基材上方,其中形成該視窗層包含形成該 視窗層於該釋放層上方。 25·如申請專利範圍第24項所述之方法,其中該釋放層 包含AlAs’並且該釋放層的厚度為約5nm。 17
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US8912432B2 (en) 2014-12-16

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