RU2632335C1 - Method of self-watering subsurface irrigation with atmospheric vapour-like moisture while growing grain crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: presented method of self-watering subsurface irrigation with atmospheric vapour-like moisture while growing grain crops includes sowing grain crops along wings of perennial leguminous grasses. Simultaneously, horizontal subsoil air ducts are laid in parallel. Vertical convection channels are provided. The channels connect a subsoil air duct with the atmosphere. The walls of the subsoil air ducts and the vertical convection channels are compacted during their laying. Moisture-removing openings are provided on the air duct bottom. A mulched layer is created on the soil surface. The mulched layer complements the thermal insulating buffer of the shading leguminous grasses.

EFFECT: increasing the yield of grain crops in arid regions, preventing soil overheating and moisture evaporation, preventing water erosion and soil cover deflation.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used for subsoil moistening in growing crops with moisture condensed from atmospheric air.

A known method of condensation of vaporous moisture in the soil, including laying on the lower boundary of the fertile soil layer of the mole drains system, dumping successive layers of pebble and sand onto the soil surface and planting tree and shrub plantings (AS USSR No. 1732829, A01B 79/02, 1992).

The disadvantages of the described technology include the short-term functioning of the system of mole drains, which will be destroyed by the roots of tree-shrub plantings, and the impossibility of re-laying (updating) it due to the sprinkled layer of coarse gravel and tree trunks. For the same reason, this technique is categorically not applicable to growing crops.

Also known is a method of creating a prolonged rocker pair, including sowing plants in stripes perpendicular to the drain vector, in which perennial leguminous grasses sown under spring barley cover are used as plants to create the wings, and grain crops are sown on the rocker pair at a 90 ° angle, or 75 °, or 45 °, or 35 ° to the backstage from legumes (RU, patent No. 2260929 C2, IPC AB 79/02 (2000/01). Method for creating a prolonged rocker pair / N. A. Zelensky (RU), E .P. Lugantsev (RU), M.V. Oreshkin (RU) .- application No. 2003131217/12; claimed 23.10.2003; publ .. 27.09.2005, Bulletin №27 // Inventions, Utility Models -.. 2005. - №27).

The disadvantage of the described method is that the sowing of crops at any angle to the wings of the legumes is not applicable to the proposed method of irrigation, in which the subsoil ducts must be strictly parallel to both the wings and the rows of crops, which helps prevent their untimely destruction by the roots plants.

The closest in technical essence (prototype) is a method of irrigation with atmospheric vaporous moisture, including planting trees and laying subsoil air ducts periodically connected by ascending channels to the atmosphere, in which subsoil air ducts are made in the form of soil slots filled with stone, covered with a film and covered with soil, ascending canals, also filled with stone to the surface of the soil, alternate with the sunny and shadow sides of the trees, determined by the largest daily time interval nor (RU, patent No. 2337525 C1, IPC A01G 25/00 (2006/01). A method of irrigation with vaporous atmospheric moisture (options) / V.A. Demin (RU), V.I. Ovtsinov (RU) .- Application No. 2007103442/12; claimed January 29, 2007; published on November 10, 2008, Bull. No. 31 // Inventions. Utility models. - 2008. - No. 31).

The disadvantage of this method is that the creation of air ducts by laying trenches will lead to the destruction of natural soil horizons and a change in the structural characteristics of soils. Clogging of cracks and spaces between stones due to siltation is inevitable, which will lead to a decrease in the intensity of air exchange between the atmosphere and soil, as a result, the method will become ineffective. Moreover, the duct system is difficult to renew, its re-laying is impossible without significant destruction of soil horizons and increased labor costs. In addition, the described method contributes to intensive soil contamination directly in the areas of trenching with large stony material and film, which will affect the water regime of soils, humification processes, and vital activity of aerobic microorganisms. This method requires high labor and material resources, and therefore, will lead to significant production costs. In addition, the described method is of little use for growing crops, because their roots are not large enough to reach moisture near the duct, and sowing directly above the duct is unacceptable due to the fact that the film above the layer of stone will block the roots' access to moisture.

The proposed method of self-irrigation subsoil irrigation with atmospheric vaporous moisture of grain crops is based on the minimum mechanical impact relative to soil horizons, which helps to preserve the natural physical processes that occur in them. Moreover, there is no any clogging of soils, as there is no need to introduce any foreign materials into the ducts or to the soil surface. This has a positive effect on production costs. The system of subsoil air ducts is quite simple and therefore easily updated, which makes it possible to use this method every year with high efficiency.

The technical result obtained from the use of the invention is to increase the yield of grain crops in arid natural areas by moistening the root layer of the soil with moisture condensed from atmospheric air, protecting the soil from overheating and moisture evaporation in the summer, preventing water erosion and deflation of the soil cover.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of self-irrigation subsoil irrigation with atmospheric vaporous moisture when growing crops, the crops are sown in rows between rows of shading legumes with simultaneous laying along the seeding vector of individual hollow cylindrical subsoil air ducts with compacted walls with a diameter of 5 cm, perforated vertical hollow convection channels with a diameter of 3 cm connecting the subsoil air duct with the atmosphere create lagging holes at the bottom of the duct, form rolled elongated grooves above the duct and cover the soil surface with a mulched layer of crop residues from the previous culture.

The invention is illustrated by drawings, where in FIG. 1 shows the proposed method for self-irrigating subsurface irrigation with vaporous moisture of grain crops in cross section, FIG. 2 is a longitudinal section, in FIG. Figure 3 shows the sequence of effects of a special unit on the soil when sowing crops and laying ducts.

The system has subsoil air ducts 1 communicating with the atmosphere through vertical convection channels 2, moisture drainage holes 3 (level B), a heat-insulating buffer (level A), consisting of wings of perennial legumes 4, crops 5 and a layer of mulch 6.

The method is as follows. Warm air 7 is pumped into the subsoil air ducts 1 through vertical convection channels 2 under the influence of atmospheric pressure, bringing vaporous moisture in its composition. Moreover, it will be subjected to constant circulation in the air ducts due to fluctuations in atmospheric pressure due to movement of air masses, daily fluctuations in their temperatures and periodic changes in temperature extremes. The process of interaction of warm air with the compacted walls of the subsoil air duct, which have a lower temperature due to the heat-insulating buffer (level A), will contribute to the condensation of moisture particles on them 8. The formed water droplets will roll down to the bottom of the air duct and soak the soil 9 directly near the root systems of the grain culture . Desiccant holes 3 are designed to intensify the discharge of excess moisture from the duct 1, which will prevent premature destruction of its walls. Mulch 6 in the grooves 10 plays the role of an air filter and protects the vertical convection channels 2 from mechanical clogging, which will extend the functioning of the system.

Sowing of grain crops and laying of subsoil air ducts and vertical convection channels is carried out by a special unit that works with the following sequence:

a. Laying subsoil air ducts 1 with a diameter of 5 cm in the root layer of the soil at a depth of 40-50 cm in the aisle of perennial leguminous grasses 4 with a width of 70-80 cm with simultaneous direct sowing of grain seeds 11 with a row spacing of 10-11 cm to a depth of 6-8 cm with starting dose of mineral fertilizers.

b. The compaction of the loose soil with a 13-14 cm wide rolling wheel with a convex tire, after which elongated rolled grooves 10 of 2-3 cm deep are formed.

c. Creation of vertical convection channels 2 with a diameter of 3 cm and moisture-removing openings 3 with a rotating drill through each meter in the direction of the unit's movement

d. Even distribution of mulch 6 between the wings of legumes 4.

In order for the walls of duct 1 to be the most durable and heat-conducting, its creation is carried out by a mole working body working according to the plunger hydraulic principle, which punches the soil and compacts the duct walls with small horizontal shock impacts of its conical tip.

In order for the slot 12 left by the mole’s knife to condense and disappear, while the subsoil duct 1 is not destroyed, the press wheel should be structurally located above the back of the mole’s working body.

When creating the mulch layer 6, the crop residues of the plants are not strongly crushed and should be large enough so as not to completely block the entrance to the convection channel 2 and not to prevent the penetration of air into the ducts 1.

In spring and summer, the field is treated with herbicides to slow down the growth of legumes, which should occupy the lower tier and completely cover the soil cover, protecting it from overheating, evaporation of moisture, water erosion and deflation and enriching it with nitrogen.

The main task of the subsoil air ducts 1 is to provide moisture to the grain crop during the period from spring regrowth to heading (50-60 days), when it consumes up to 70% of all moisture. The created density of the walls of the ducts should ensure their safety during this period of time, after which there is no need for them. In order to exclude external mechanical impact on the air ducts, the entire necessary procedure for applying mineral fertilizers and herbicides to the field after laying them should be carried out by air or in advance, through passages should be provided for the sprayers to travel with wide coverage.

After harvesting the grain under the influence of heavy harvesting equipment, the subsoil air ducts 1 and convection channels 2 will be completely destroyed. The cycle will close. The next sowing and laying of subsoil air ducts can be carried out for 2-3 years before cutting the wings from perennial leguminous herbs by 45-55%, when their shading ability is significantly reduced, after which the field is diverted to steam.

The technical result of the method of self-irrigated subsoil irrigation with atmospheric vaporous moisture of grain crops is to increase the yield of grain crops in areas with arid natural conditions by moistening the root layer of soil with moisture condensed from atmospheric air. In addition, the proposed method allows you to:

- stabilize water and temperature conditions of soils;

- reduce the risk of soil drought;

- moisten the soil directly near the root system of crops and use moisture without loss;

- prevent flushing and deflation of the soil cover;

- eliminate the need for nitrogen fertilizers;

- increase the volume of soil where aerobic microorganisms live, leading to the active decomposition of organics and humification;

- Mainly preserve the natural structure of soil horizons;

- use direct sowing technology.

Claims (1)

A method of self-irrigating subsurface irrigation with atmospheric vaporous moisture when growing crops, including planting the wings from perennial leguminous plants, sowing crops between crops, laying subsoil air ducts periodically connected by ascending channels to the atmosphere, characterized in that the subsoil air ducts are made in the form of separate hollow cylindrical to draene with compacted walls with a diameter of 5 cm, laid parallel to the crops of crops and backstage from legumes, and the sunrise yaschie Channels operate in a hollow vertical holes with a diameter of 3 cm, on the bottom of the duct create a wicking holes on the surface directly above the duct formed firmed elongated groove, the soil between the scenes from legumes together with the grooves are covered with mulch of previous crop residue.

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