RU2586182C1 - Method of forest strip development - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: forestry; agroforestry.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to forestry, particularly to agroforestry, and can be used for development of forest strips. Method includes preparation of soil, planting seedlings in rows and care. On 2-3 year after planting edge rows of seedlings are cut for height 5-8 cm followed with further forest development.

EFFECT: method ensures reduction of labour cost for taking care of forest edge zones, reduced number of seedlings and costs for its planting, as well as increased area of trees nutrition.

1 cl, 1 tbl

Description

The invention relates to forestry, in particular to agroforestry, and can be used to create forest belts with low labor costs for the maintenance of forest edges while reducing the cost of planting material for their planting.

The well-known "Method of creating openwork forest belts" (AS USSR No. 1519589), which consists in planting a forest belt in alternating blocks of tree and shrub species.

The disadvantage of this method is the high cost of labor to care for the edges and the high cost of planting material for planting the edges of the rows.

In this case, the edge rows are the extreme rows of tree and shrub species, and they are located along the plantation (forest belt or forest belt). The edges in this plantation are also located near the extreme edge of the rows of tree and shrub species (along the plantation). The edge in agroforestry is the border between the afforestation (forest belt) and the adjacent open area (Encyclopedia of Agroforestry. Volgograd, VNIALMI, 2004. P. 392.). That is, this is the distance from the trunks of the extreme edge of the row to the open space. As a rule, the fringe in the first 10-15 years of the life of the forest strip is occupied by the crowns of growing trees and shrubs of the extreme fringe rows and weedy grass plants, and in subsequent years also by weedy woody plants, for example, in the Voronezh region, ash maple.

In this case, the care of the edges, as well as the spacing of the entire planting, consists in cultivating the soil, in which weed grassy and tree-shrub plants are destroyed. Soil care is carried out for 5-6 years from planting to closing crowns between rows. After that, it becomes impossible to carry out soil cultivation at the edges and you have to remove weeds, usually trees and shrubs, manually using axes and chainsaws. Weed tree-shrub vegetation (especially where the fringe rows consist of shrubs) grows well and develops due to the sufficient illumination of the soil in the fringes (fringe rows).

About 50-100 pieces of seedlings or seedlings of tree and shrub species (that is, in 1-2) are planted in a forest belt (forest strip) created (planted) according to a known technical solution for planting 100 meters of a forest row of poplar and birch (according to norms) meters), which is not enough to create dense edges with good soil shading, where weedy grassy and weedy woody and shrubby vegetation would grow poorly and even be oppressed. With a decrease in the amount of planting material, the fringe rows will be thinned out, additional light will begin to penetrate the fringes (under the crowns), which contributes to the good growth of weed grassy and tree-shrub plants. Such edges will require additional labor costs for care. Care in this case will be to remove weeds from grassy and tree-shrub vegetation from the edges.

Sealing the edges of the edges of the forest with an increase in planting material (trees and shrubs) will lead to a reduction in the nutritional area of planted plants, and with it to poor survival, growth, development and durability, which will lead to a greater loss of them, and with this to even greater penetration of light under the canopy of the edges of the pubic rows and to their even greater settlement by weed grassy and tree-shrub plants. Along with this, labor costs for the maintenance of the forest edges will increase, which in this case will consist in the removal of weed grassy and woody-shrub plants from them.

There is a method of creating field-protective forest strips (P.G. Petrov, V.V. Tishchenko and others. Technological instructions for creating forest stripes of field-protective use in the Voronezh region (recommendations), Stone steppe, 1990, pp. 6-15) - prototype . The method consists in an ordinary planting (planting in rows or an ordinary method of creating forest strips) of seedlings or seedlings of woody plants and caring for the planting, which includes caring for the edges of the forest stand (forest strip). Care for the edges, as well as for the entire planting, consists in tillage, in which weed herbaceous plants and seedlings of weed tree-shrub plants are destroyed. Soil care is carried out until the crowns close in the plantation (forest strip), that is, up to 5-6 years of age of the forest strip.

The disadvantage of this method, as well as the previous analogue, is the high labor costs for caring for the edges and the high cost of planting material for planting the edges of the rows.

Care of the edges in this case must be carried out constantly, since weed tree-shrub vegetation (especially its seeds) falls under the edges of the edges (under the crowns of trees) and next to them. Illumination of these places allows weeds to develop well (Table 1). If you do not take care of the edges after the end of mechanized cares (cultivations), which are carried out in the first 5-6 years of life of the forest strip, then they overgrow and begin to grow towards open spaces near the forest belt. Such a forest strip loses its flowability over time and its composition (planted tree species) begins to fall out, being replaced by weed tree and shrub plants, which eventually completely replace the species planted in a forest strip (forest strip), making it completely unsuitable for use for the planned purposes.

If in such a forest belt to reduce the illumination of the edges of the trees under the crowns by densifying the edges of the trees when creating (planting), that is, to plant more planting material, this will lead not only to an increase in the consumption of planting material, but also to the fact that for each planted seedling ( seedling) will have a smaller area of nutrition (the area occupied by it). As a result, each seedling planted will not receive moisture and food (nutrition) for normal development. Mass mortality (death) of planted seedlings and thinning of the fringe rows will begin. As a result, weeds will receive even more light, nutrition and moisture. They will begin to develop well, displace the tree species that were introduced into the plantation during planting, changing the composition of the forest strip and making it unusable. Therefore, the forest strip (forest belt) requires constant care for the edges, which are associated with the destruction of weed herbaceous and tree-shrub plants, which requires a lot of labor.

Thus, the technical result of the presented solution to the problem is to reduce labor costs for caring for the edges by densifying the edges of the rows while reducing the cost of planting material for planting them and increasing the nutritional area of woody plants.

The technical result is achieved in that the method of creating forest strips, including preparing the soil, planting seedlings in rows and leaving, is characterized in that for 2-3 years after planting, they cut the fringes in the stump with a height of 5-8 centimeters and carry out further maintenance of the forest strip.

The principle of operation of the proposed method is as follows. After cutting down the trees of the pubic rows on a stump of sleeping buds located on each stump, shoots (future trunks) are formed and developed. Therefore, after felling on a stump, the factor of multilateralism appears immediately in the trees of the pubescent rows. As a rule, from 3 to 5 pieces are formed of shoots or future trunks at each tree. The multi-stemmedness of trees condenses the fringes and edges (increases the area of the crowns of each tree, since each trunk forms its own crown). This reduces the penetration of light into the edges (under the canopy of the edges of the edges of the rows), greatly increasing the shading of the soil and hindering (suppressing) the development of weed grassy and tree-shrub plants. Therefore, labor costs for caring for the edges are reduced, consisting in the destruction of weeds, which in this case, under conditions of lack of light, grow worse and in smaller quantities. Multi-stemming also reduces the cost of planting material, since for planting the fringe rows when creating good shading, fewer seedlings or seedlings of woody plants will be required. At the same time, reducing the cost of planting material for planting the fringe rows, the nutritional area of each tree plant in the fringe rows increases. Thus, the multi-stemming factor reduces labor costs for caring for forest edges by densifying them while reducing the cost of planting material for planting of forest edges and increases the feeding area of woody plants in the forest rows.

The signs “for 2-3 years after planting cut the edge of the rows on a stump with a height of 5-8 centimeters and carry out further maintenance of the forest strip” are significant, as they contribute to the achievement of the technical result by the proposed solution to the problem. Until the end of the first year after planting, the root systems of planted woody plants have not yet taken root, they only take root at this time. In this state, they still poorly supply woody plants with nutrition and moisture. During this period, the trees are on the verge of death and survival. By cutting down their aerial part at that time and thereby depriving the assimilation apparatus of the weak root system that has not yet taken root, you can increase the percentage of their death (mortality), which will contribute to thinning of the edges of the edges and good penetration of light into the edges (under the crowns of the edges of the rows). Because of this, the growth and development of weedy herbaceous and woody-shrubby plants on the edges (under the crowns of the edges of the rows) will improve, and with it the labor costs for their destruction, that is, on the maintenance of the edges, which will negatively affect the achievement of the technical result by the proposed solution to the problem. Therefore, felling of the fringe rows on a stump must be carried out after the root systems of planted woody plants take root (which occurs in the first year after planting), namely in the second or third year after planting trees (seedlings).

If cutting on the stump of the trees of the forest rows is carried out later than the third year after planting, this will greatly increase the time of formation of crowns in the forest rows and their closure with the crowns of the central rows, which will also increase the time of closing the crowns in the plantation and the time of mechanized cultivation and manual weeding ( by 1-2 years), increasing labor costs for the maintenance of the edges, negatively affecting the achievement of the technical result by the solution presented to the problem. Therefore, the signs "for 2-3 years after planting cut the edge of the rows on the stump" positively affect the achievement of the technical result, being significant.

The signs "chop the edge of the rows on a stump 5-8 centimeters high and carry out further maintenance of the forest strip" are also significant, as they contribute to the achievement of the technical result by the proposed solution to the problem. They cut the edge of the rows on a stump so that the factor of multilateralism begins to appear in each felled tree of the edge rows. Multi-stemming compacts the edge of the rows due to the crowns of the resulting trunks and makes their canopy poorly permeable to light without increasing the cost of planting material. That is, after felling (removal) in each tree of the stem from the sleeping buds of the remaining stump, shoots or future trunks immediately begin to grow, the multi-stemming factor appears, which helps to achieve a technical result by the proposed solution to the problem.

Stumps leave a height of 5-8 centimeters. With such sizes (heights) of stumps, usually from 3 to 5 shoots (trunks) appear on them. If you leave stumps less than 5 centimeters high, then on each stump less than three shoots (trunks) will appear, which is not enough to seal the edges of the rows until the crowns are made opaque. A lot of sunlight will begin to penetrate the edges, the development of weed grassy and woody-shrub plants will improve. This will cause additional labor costs for their removal from the edges (edge care), which will negatively affect the achievement of the technical result by the solution presented to the problem. If you leave stumps with a height of more than eight centimeters, then more than 5 shoots (trunks) are formed on them, which in the process of their growth will lead to restarted edges and to strong decay of trees in the edges of the edges. After the trees fall off, intensified penetration of light into the edges will begin (under the crown of the trees of the pubescent rows), which will lead to the growth of weedy herbaceous and tree-shrub plants in the edges. Additional labor costs will be required to care for the edges, which consists in removing weed from grassy and woody-shrub plants from them. This will adversely affect the achievement of the technical result by the proposed solution to the problem. Therefore, they cut the edge of the rows on a stump with a height of 5-8 centimeters and conduct further maintenance of the forest strip.

Thus, each essential feature is necessary, and their combination is sufficient to achieve a technical result by the presented solution to the problem.

The invention is as follows. Within the forest-cultivated area (the area occupied by the forest strip), the soil is prepared for planting a forest strip, according to the black steam system (planting, cultivation (3-4 times), pre-planting harrowing). Planting is carried out mechanically using a machine of the type SLN-2 in an aggregate with an MT3-80 tractor, and seedlings are planted in rows (row planting). Edge rows planted with less consumption of seedlings (planting material). If according to the norms in the fringe rows of forest strips, by similar technical solutions, seedlings are planted after 1.5-2.0 meters in a row, then in the claimed method through 2.5-3.0 meters, which reduces the consumption of planting material for planting fringes rows about 1.5-2.0 times. In the first year after planting a forest strip, the root systems of seedlings take root, and in the second, third year they begin to fully supply plants with nutrition and moisture. At the same time, the area of nutrition of each tree of the fringe rows increases by 1.5-2.0 times, which provides them with better nutrition and large reserves of moisture.

For 2-3 years after planting, they cut the edge of the rows on a stump. Felling is carried out in the spring, in the month of May, so that the newly formed shoots mature better and go into the winter in a lignified state.

This is carried out using a rotary mower or motocustorez "Secor-3". Stumps leave a height of 5-8 centimeters. After that, the felled parts of the trees are removed from the forest strip. Immediately after cutting down the trees of the pubescent rows, shoots appear on the stump of the sleeping buds of the stumps. As a rule, from stumps of 5-8 cm height, 3 to 5 shoots are formed (multi-stemming factor). Such a number of shoots (future trunks) densifies well the fringes and makes their crowns poorly permeable to sunlight (table 1) for 5-6 years after planting a forest strip. This well stops growth at the edges of weedy herbaceous and woody-shrub plants (Table 1), which reduces the labor cost of maintaining the edges of the forest (Table 1). At the same time, the trees of the fringe rows grow well and develop. They do not fall out of the forest stand, have great longevity and stability, because they have a larger feeding area (than by similar technical solutions), and therefore are better supplied with nutrition and moisture.

Thus, in the proposed method of creating forest belts, the labor costs of maintaining the edges of the forest are reduced by densifying the edges of the forest rows while reducing the cost of planting material for their planting and the feeding area of the woody plants of the forest rows is increased.

Claims (1)

A method of creating forest strips, including preparing the soil, planting seedlings in rows and leaving, characterized in that for 2-3 years after planting, they cut the fringes into a stump 5-8 centimeters high and carry out further maintenance of the forest strip.