RU2520683C2 - Method of increasing efficiency of spring one- and multicomponent phytocenoses - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular irrigated agriculture. The method comprises ploughing soil, levelling its surface and watering. Ploughing is carried out in spring upon the occurrence of physical maturity of soil, the soil levelling is carried out, followed by grooving of the irrigation network and pre-sowing water-charging irrigation. Then two post-irrigation cultivations and levelling soil with low leveller is carried out. After sowing, pre-sprouting and post-sprouting harrowing is carried out with toothed harrows, the furrows are cut for irrigation with simultaneous top dressing. The terms of carrying out of methods of the main soil tillage and water-charging irrigation are transferred from autumn to spring at the time of onset of physical maturity of soil for reduction of weed infestation and increase in crop yield.

EFFECT: method enables to avoid soil deflation, to reduce weed infestation of crops and to increase yield of phytomass.

2 cl, 2 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to irrigated agriculture.

A known method of increasing the productivity of spring single and multicomponent agrocenoses during irrigation by optimizing the timing of the main tillage (Lysogorov S.D., Ushkarenko V.D., 1995; Zherukov B.Kh., Kegaduev V.Sh., Khachetlov PM, Unezhev Kh .M., 2006 .-- 246). The essence of the method is that after harvesting the precursor in September-October, stubble cultivation is carried out, autumn plowing to a depth of 30-32 cm, 2 disks for breaking blocks, leveling the soil surface before irrigation, water-charging irrigation in October-November, early spring harrowing and longitudinal - transverse cultivation (disking) before sowing. After sowing, pre- and post-sowing harrows are carried out, two row-spacing cultivations and two tillage treatments of the soil before sowing and in the recommended phases of plant development during the growing season.

The disadvantage of this method is the large number of techniques for machining the soil before and after sowing (a total of 14), leading to the destruction of its structure and composition, a long period (7 months) of finding the soil after plowing without vegetation and an increase in losses of its most fertile part as a result of deflation and erosion, high weediness of the soil and crops, decreased yield of phytomass of crops grown.

The aim of the present invention is to develop a method of increasing the productivity of spring unicomponent (corn, sorghum) and multicomponent (corn, sorghum, soy) agrocenoses during irrigation by optimizing the timing of the main tillage, which allows to exclude soil deflation in the autumn-winter and early spring periods while reducing the number of mechanical soil cultivation 1.3-1.5 times; to achieve a reduction in weediness of crops to an ecological threshold of harmfulness, allowing the cultivation of late spring crops without the use of inter-row cultivations and herbicides, as well as an increase in the yield of phytomass by 1.4-1.5 times.

The goal is achieved by the complete exclusion of autumn cultivations and early spring harrowing of the soil. The main tillage consists of only two operations: spring plowing, which, in order to avoid the formation of lumps, is carried out upon the onset of physical ripeness of the soil, and its leveling, followed by cutting the irrigation network and pre-sowing watering. At the same time, its upper layer with weed seeds, the bulk of which reached physiological maturity in the period after harvesting the predecessor (7 months), ready to germinate when the required temperature regime sets in, is smelled to the bottom of the furrow. A layer is turned out onto the soil surface, in which there are weed seeds lying at a depth of 10-30 cm for 15-18 months (from September-October the year before last). For the onset of physiological maturity, the bulk of these seeds require at least 2-4 months of being in the surface layer (0-2 cm, maximum 0-5 cm) of soil, since the presence of daylight is a prerequisite for removing them from a state of natural or forced rest Tulikov AM, 2000; Mamin V.F., 2001).

Pre-sowing treatment consists of two post-irrigation cultivations and leveling the soil with a small-leveler (Uzbek mala).

Post-sowing tillage consists in pre-emergence and emergence harrowing with dental harrows. The need for cultivating row-spacings and herbicidal treatments that are characteristic of the prototype completely disappears.

Thus, with our proposed method of increasing the productivity of spring single- and multicomponent agrocenoses, the number of mechanical tillages is reduced by 39% (11 vs. 18), the timing of the main tillage is postponed to spring.

The results of our studies showed the high efficiency of the proposed method for increasing the productivity of fodder mixtures and other late spring crops by optimizing the time of the main tillage under irrigation conditions on the loamy meadow-chestnut soil of the Tersko-Sulak plain of Dagestan. When harvesting, the weediness of the crops of this crop with our method compared to the prototype decreased by 6 times, including the number of perennial weeds - 2.5, their weight - 5 times (Table 1).

Table 1 The number of weeds in the crops of multicomponent agrocenosis (pcs / m ² ) and their wet weight (g / m ² ), depending on the method of reducing weed in 2008-2010. Options Before pre-sowing tillage In the phase of 3-5 leaves of the bluegrass component of the feed mixture When harvesting quantity weight Prototype 83 / 1.4 63 / 0.6 42 / 1,0 125.3 Proposed invention 33/0 21/0 7 / 0.4 25.7 * In the numerator - the total, in the denominator - perennial.

The yield of multicomponent agrocenosis with the proposed technology in comparison with the prototype increases by 1.45 times due to the effective protection of crops from weeds (table 2).

table 2 Productivity of mixed crops of corn, sugar sorghum and soybeans with various methods of reducing weediness of crops for 2008-2010, t / ha of green mass Options 2008 year 2009 year 2010 year Average % To control Prototype 35.7 34.5 35.8 35.3 100.0 The present invention NSRo5 52.5 5.8 51.0 6.6 50.5 8.6 51.3 145.4

Using the method allowed to obtain an additional 51 thousand rubles from 1 ha. net income, increase production profitability by 96.5%, reduce energy intensity of products by 1.6 times, increase energy efficiency by 1.9 times.

References

1. Zherukov B.Kh., Kegaduev V.Sh., Khachetlov P.M., Unezhev Kh.M. Intensive cultivation technology of crops on irrigated lands: textbook. allowance. - Nalchik, 2006 .-- 246 p.

2. Lysogorov S. D., Ushkarenko V. D. Irrigated agriculture. - M .: Kolos, 1995 .-- 447 p.

3. Mother's V.F. On the issue of phytomelioration of the lands of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain. Problems, solutions. // Problems of socio-economic development of arid territories of Russia: Sat. tr. Casp. Research Institute of Arid Agriculture. T.1.- PACXH, 2001 .-- S.204-210.

4. Tulikov A.M. Weeds and the fight against them. - Agriculture: a textbook for universities. - M .: Kolos, 2000 .-- S.85-112.

Claims (2)

1. A method of increasing the productivity of late spring crops under irrigation on heavy loamy meadow-chestnut soil, including plowing the soil, leveling its surface, watering, characterized in that the plowing is carried out in the spring when physical ripeness of the soil occurs, the soil is leveled, followed by cutting the irrigation network and pre-sowing water-recharge irrigation, then two post-irrigation cultivations and soil leveling with a small-leveler are carried out, after sowing, pre-emergence and post-emergence harrows are carried out Ia spike-tooth harrow, cut furrow irrigation with simultaneous fertilizing. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the timing of the main tillage and water recharge irrigation methods is transferred from autumn to spring to the moment of physical ripeness of soils, which can significantly reduce weediness of crops and increase crop yields.