RU2183395C1 - Potato cultivation method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: method involves preparing soil; performing planting on smooth surface with 90 cm row spacings; applying mineral fertilizers; hilling so as to form ridge; harvesting potato. Basic dose of mineral fertilizers is applied by scattering thereof over field surface immediately before hilling procedure, with following mixing with soil and moving it into full-profiled ridge, where hilling is provided by slitting ridge bottom under mother tuber and by cutting V-shaped furrow centrally of ridge under tubers. Potato is dug from depth not below rotavation depth, with rotavation procedure being performed during preplant soil preparation. EFFECT: increased potato yield despite weather conditions, reduced power and labor consumption per unit of obtained product. 2 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to the production of one of the main row crops - potatoes.

 A known method of cultivating potatoes, which consists in planting tubers on a flat surface and subsequent repeated hilling of plants during their growth [1].

 A known method of cultivating potatoes, which is carried out pre-planting tillage, cutting ridges, planting tubers with aisles of 70 or 75 cm and a one-time full-profile hilling with subsequent harvesting [2].

 A known method of cultivating potatoes, in which in the process of forming the ridge, the tubers are planted at its base [3].

 Common disadvantages of the known methods of potato cultivation include: insufficient soil (with narrow aisles) for high-quality cultivation of plantings; Artificially reducing the development zone of the tuber nest; a high percentage of planted tubers; yield reduction relative to potential varieties; increased energy and labor costs.

 A known method of cultivating potatoes [4], including the application of mineral fertilizers, soil preparation, planting on a flat surface to a depth of 6-10 cm with row spacing of 90 cm, full-profile one-time hilling with the formation of a trapezoidal ridge 28-30 cm high and apex width 20-22 cm (prototype).

 The disadvantages of this method include: the possible jamming of the zone of the tuberous nest with significant rainfall; irrational use of moisture in dry years. These shortcomings in adverse weather conditions lead to a decrease in yield and quality of the products.

 The objective of the invention is to increase productivity regardless of weather conditions, reduce energy and labor costs per unit of output.

 The essence of the invention lies in the fact that in the method of cultivating potatoes, including preparing the soil, planting on a flat surface to a depth of 6-10 cm with row spacing of 90 cm, applying fertilizers, full-time one-time hilling with the formation of a trapezoidal crest 28-30 cm high and wide the top of 20-22 cm, as well as the subsequent harvesting of potato tubers, according to the invention, the main dose of mineral fertilizers is applied by scattering on the surface of the field immediately before hilling, followed by thorough mixing vaniem with the ground and moving it into the comb, and ridging is performed to form the slits in the base under the ridge and the mother tuber cutting V-shaped grooves Central ridge over tubers, and digging is carried out with a depth of not less than depth milling at preplant soil preparation.

 Comparison of the proposed method with the prototype shows that it is new to introduce the main dose of mineral fertilizers by scattering along the surface of the field immediately before hilling, followed by the formation of a ridge with a gap in its base under the uterine tuber and cutting a V-shaped groove in the center of the ridge above the tuber, digging with depths not lower than the milling depth for preplant soil preparation.

 Note that the slot cut in the base of the ridge under the uterine tuber, and the V-shaped groove in the center of the ridge above the tubers respectively contribute to the removal and accumulation of moisture, depending on weather conditions, in relation to the depth of digging potatoes (12-16 cm), then it contributes to good soil separation during harvesting of potatoes. As for the application of mineral fertilizers, its surface application immediately before the earthing up of potato crops excludes local top dressing of plants, since the mineral fertilizers are thoroughly mixed with the soil during earthing up and moved to the comb. This technological operation further reduces labor costs and material and technical means when performing technology.

 Thus, the claimed invention meets the criteria of the invention of "novelty."

 The claimed invention meets the criterion of "inventive step", as it is not obvious to a specialist and provides an increase in potato productivity of at least 5 tons per hectare of area and reduces labor costs by 16-20%.

 The invention meets the criterion of "industrial applicability", since it can be used in agricultural production, namely in machine technology for cultivating potatoes with 90 cm spacing without any equipment with additional means of mechanization, as it is based on production and modernized agricultural machines and implements.

 Figure 1 presents a schematic section of the soil after planting potatoes; figure 2 is the same after hilling landings.

 The method of cultivating potatoes includes the following technological operations: subsurface loosening of chaff 1, continuous milling without mixing the soil layers 2, planting potato tubers on a flat surface 3, applying mineral fertilizers, full-profile cultivation of plantings with a loose soil layer 4 with the formation of ridges, cutting a moisture-removing gap 5 and forming moisture trap 6.

 The technology of cultivation of potatoes by the proposed method is as follows.

 In the spring, in agronomic terms, pre-planting tillage is carried out. It includes chisel plowing to a depth of 25-27 cm, then continuous milling to a depth of 12-16 cm by a milling cultivator with vertical working bodies without carrying out the lower soil layers to the surface. Such tillage provides a finely crumbly structure of the surface layer with a particle content of up to 25 mm in size of about 70-75% and eliminates the presence of lumps over 50 mm.

 After milling, on the same or the next day, potatoes are planted with row spacing of 90 cm to a depth of 6-8 cm on loamy and 8-10 cm on sandy soils.

 Mineral fertilizers are applied by scattering over the surface of the field immediately before the hilling of potatoes, which later, when hilling, thoroughly mixing with the soil, are transferred to the formed ridge.

 Inter-row processing - hilling - is carried out on 12-15 days after planting potatoes with a milling cultivator hiller. The formation of a high-volume, full-profile ridge from loose soil earlier than 10 days after planting potatoes is undesirable, especially in years with a cold spring and when using low reproductive planting material. This leads to thinning of seedlings, a decrease in the number of stems in the bush and affects the yield.

 Full-profile high-volume ridges formed before emergence or in the initial period of their appearance provide additional tuberization due to the formation of the maximum number of stolons.

 Disposable care - hilling of potatoes - is carried out with the simultaneous cutting of a slot 5 under the uterine tuber, which is designed to remove excess moisture during excessive rainfall, and the formation of a groove 6 on the surface of the ridge, which traps moisture if it is deficient in dry years.

 For harvesting potatoes, harvesters are used, converted to 90 cm spacing. Digging of potatoes is carried out with the installation of an appropriate depth of 12-16 cm by track rollers of the combine.

As for the method itself - milling pre-planting soil cultivation, planting potatoes on a flat surface and a one-time full-volume earthing up, performed together with cutting a moisture-removing slit under the uterine tuber and forming a moisture-accumulating groove on the surface of the ridge, with this combination of technological operations it is ensured: powdering the vegetative mass with loose soil containing additional nutrients; optimal soil density for a potato plant in the zone of tuber nest formation (1.0-1.2 g / cm ³ for loamy soils in terms of mechanical composition); optimal water-air and temperature conditions, good ventilation of the leaf-stem mass of plants, significantly reducing the incidence of late blight; reduction (from five to one) of the number of MTA passes; good soil separation when harvesting potatoes. As a result of all this, the yield and quality of products are increased while reducing labor and energy costs.

 The proposed method of cultivating potatoes has undergone extensive production testing in 1989-2000. in a number of farms in the Domodedovo and Stupinsky districts of the Moscow Region (Ilyinskoye Holding, JSC Blebino Plemzavod, and the Lenin Way collective farm).

 The proposed method in comparison with the analogue provides an increase in productivity by 5 t / ha or more, a reduction in labor costs by 16-20%, a reduction in fuel consumption by 13-15%, a reduction in total energy costs by 10-12% and saving potato seeds when planting in the range of 18-20%.

 The application of the proposed method of cultivation of potatoes can be widely used in agriculture, both when using modernized and new agricultural machines.

Sources of information
1. Directory of potato experts. - M .: Rosselkhozizdat, 1987

 2. Guidelines for the development of machine technology for cultivation and harvesting potatoes. - M .: Informationgrotech, 1999

 3. Auth. St. USSR 1658867, class A 01 C 9/00, 1991

 4. Machine technology for the cultivation and harvesting of potatoes with row spacing of 90 cm. - M.: VIM, 1993.

Claims (1)

 A method of cultivating potatoes, including preparing the soil, planting on a flat surface to a depth of 6-10 cm with row spacing of 90 cm, applying mineral fertilizers, full-profile one-time hilling with the formation of a trapezoidal ridge 28-30 cm high and 20-22 cm wide at the apex, and subsequent potato harvesting, characterized in that the main dose of mineral fertilizers is applied by dispersion over the surface of the field immediately before hilling, followed by thorough mixing with the soil and moving it to the comb, and This is carried out with the formation of a gap in the base of the ridge under the uterine tuber and cutting of a V-shaped groove in the center of the ridge above the tubers, and excavation is carried out from a depth not lower than the milling depth during preplant planting of the soil.

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