RU2172577C2 - Method and apparatus for accumulating moisture in soil during winter wheat cultivation under irrigation conditions - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: method involves mulching soil with preceding plant remains and by applying organic fertilizers; plowing with full turning of soil layer; mellowing plow and subsurface layers; performing preceding plant stubble hulling and carrying out strip mellowing of subsurface layer to 0.3-0.4 m depth; forming inclined water-absorbing slits simultaneously with plowing procedure; filling slits with plant and root remains, as well as with organic fertilizer; arranging upper ridge of filler at the level 3-5 cm below winter wheat seeding depth. Apparatus has frame on which are mounted carrier wheel with screw mechanism, plow bodies and guides arranged at an angle to advancement direction. Shares are fixed to guides lower edges. Guides are positioned behind each plow body. Each guide has round tine and is arranged so as to be repositioned, with position of guide in vertical plane as well as in advancement direction being regulated. Guide is formed stepped at side faced to landward edge. Guide furrow edge has skew cut. Smaller part of lower step has width 1/4-1/3 time less than width of plow body. EFFECT: increased efficiency by reduced irrigation norm during plant vegetative period, and provision for keeping soil fertility. 3 cl, 10 dwg _

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to technologies for the cultivation of winter wheat, mainly under irrigation conditions.

 A known method of combating soil erosion on slopes, including loosening the soil across the slope with the formation of cracks and piedmont ridges, in which, in order to reduce the possibility of soil erosion by increasing the water absorption capacity of the slit, part of the piedmont ridge is moved up the slope with formation in places of soil excavation from ridge of drainage tubules.

Also known is a device for combating soil erosion on slopes, including a frame and loosening teeth, in which, in order to reduce the possibility of soil erosion by increasing the water absorption capacity of the slot, the device is equipped with scrapers mounted behind and between the loosening teeth, the upper ends contacting with the drive helical surface, in which on the end portion thereof is formed a radial recess (SU, Inventor's certificate N 1147256, IPC a 01 ⁴ B 13/16. a method for controlling soil erosion on sloping and CSS roystvo //L.G for its implementation. Prpryan. Stated 10.07.1981, published 03.30.1985).

 A disadvantage of the known method and device is the increased soil erosion due to the fact that the flowing water, having met with the upland ridge, is partially absorbed into it, and the remaining part flows down along the ridge to low places where the ridge accumulates and erupts. This leads to avalanche processes and the formation of new ditches along the slopes.

There is also known a method of making vertical water-absorbing slots with the simultaneous introduction of organic aggregate and a device for its implementation, in which, in order to increase the water-absorbing capacity of the gap and increase its service life, the device is equipped with a mechanism for intermittent movement of an infinite element, the guide bar is made of two interconnected its vertical parts by means of a horizontally transverse direction of movement of the hinge of parts and provided with a stop for interaction I established with emphasis on the endless element (SU, Inventor's Certificate N 1134123, IPC A 01 ⁴ B 13/16. Apparatus for cutting slots with the water-absorbing organic filler simultaneous application // BG Gordienko AA Kozhuhov. Stated 24.06 .1983, published January 15, 1985).

 The disadvantages of the known device are that the bundles of straw formed by forked fingers differ in size, density, weight of the material and the orientation of the individual components (stems) in it, which leads to a decrease in the absorption capacity of the gap and its rapid siltation.

In addition to the named object, a device is known for cutting water-absorbing slots with the simultaneous introduction of straw into them, including a frame with a slit mounted on it, a longitudinal and two transverse conveyors with sidewalls and their drive, in order to improve the quality of filling the gap with straw, additional conveyors are placed between the sidewalls, each of which kinematically connected with transverse conveyors, and the length of one additional conveyor is greater than the length of the other, and the transverse conveyors updated at an angle to the direction of movement of the device (SU, copyright certificate N 1143320, IPC ⁴ A 01 B 13/16. Device for cutting water-absorbing slots with the simultaneous introduction of straw into them // Zagryadsky RG Declared 12/14/1983, published 07.03. 1985).

 The described device does not provide a complete and uniform filling of water-absorbing slots with straw, because when it is fed unevenly into the space between the sidewalls, the straw remaining there, possessing elastic properties, expands and wedges this space, and large friction forces arise that prevent high-quality filling of the gap with straw.

The closest analogue in terms of the method for cultivating winter wheat in irrigated agriculture is a method of accumulating moisture in occupied vapors, including mulching the soil with straw of cereal crops, in which the overgrown overgrown sideral crop is mowed 5-7 days after the start of the budding phase at an altitude of 18-22-22 cm, the crushed biomass is left on the surface of the soil, and when the average daily temperature drops to 4-5 ^o C, the newly regrowth of the lateral crop is crushed and scented, moreover, when the soil is frozen to a depth of 8-10 cm, soil is snapped to a depth of 40-45 cm (RU, patent N 2132602, IPC ⁶ A 01 B 79/02. C1. The method of moisture accumulation in occupied pairs // Berezin AM, Bryukhanov V. V., Shpedt A.A., Chernykh A.A. Declared May 21, 1998, published July 10, 1999).

 Sowing the green manure to a depth of 25-27 cm leads to the fact that the mulch layer is laid on the bottom of the plow sole. Straw at the bottom of the plow sole, which is a waterproof screen, contributes to the drainage of accumulated moisture into local, local, and relief depressions. Carrying out an agrotechnical method - soil slitting to a depth of 40-45 cm - when freezing the top layer to a depth of 8-10 cm, becomes problematic for the following reasons. The soil relief after plowing has ridges with a pitch of 35 cm. The height of the ridges is 10-15 cm. Moving a tractor with a mounted SchN-2-140 slotter is possible only across the plow. The operating speed of the unit does not exceed 1.8-2.0 km / h. Due to irregularities in the surface of the field and freezing of the upper soil layer, slots of different depths are cut with slit. Slits cut in this way work only for a short period: moisture accumulation during the winter-spring period.

The closest device for implementing the method described below is a tool for anti-erosion tillage on slopes, including a frame on which plow bodies are fixed, and a milling cutter with a protective cover installed in front of it, in which a protective cover is used to improve soil protection against water erosion on the slopes equipped with guides installed at an angle relative to one another, on the lower edges of which are mounted plowshares, and their rear ends have a gap between them, with the apex of the angle between the guide placed between the plow; one of the guides has a hinged wing with a mechanism for adjusting the angle of rotation (SU, copyright certificate N 1066472 A, IPC ³ A 01 B 49/02. A tool for anti-erosion tillage on slopes // A.D. Kormezhnikov. Declared 08.24.1982, published on January 15, 1984).

 The disadvantages of the declared tools include high energy consumption and local plowing of plant and crop residues at the bottom of the plow ditch. The step between the ridges of crop residues at the bottom of the ditch is equal to the width of the described plow. The presence of milling cutters on the plow frame requires strengthening the frame design, complicating the design of the gun and significantly increasing its mass.

 The invention consists in the following.

 The problem to which the invention is directed, is to increase the yield and quality of grain of winter wheat.

 The effect and technical result that can be obtained by carrying out the invention are expressed in a decrease in irrigation rates during the growing season of plants, surface runoff and flushing of the fertile layer, a decrease in rutting under the supports of multi-bearing sprinkling machines and loss of grain yield, preservation of soil fertility and increased plant life support winter wheat in the autumn and winter.

 The specified effect and technical result during the implementation of the invention are achieved by the fact that in the known method of moisture accumulation in the soil when cultivating winter wheat under irrigation conditions, including mulching the soil with the plant residues of the predecessor and the applied organic fertilizers, plowing with a complete turnover of the reservoir and loosening of the arable and subfloor layers, in the proposed technology, after peeling of the plant remains of stubble and aerial parts of the precursor, the loosening of the subsurface horizon below the plow soles of 0.10 ... 0.18 m with a step between loosening zones of 0.3 ... 0.4 m, at the same time as plowing form inclined water-absorbing slots with the filling of the latter with plant and root residues and introduced organic fertilizers, while the upper the filler comb is placed 3 ... 5 cm below the sowing depth of winter wheat seeds.

 To implement this method, a tool for processing the soil is provided, including a frame on which plow bodies are fixed and a guide with a share on the lower edge at an angle to the direction of movement, in which, in contrast to the known device, the number of guides is equal to the number of cases, the guides are placed behind each case, each guide has a round stand and is placed on the plow frame with the ability to reinstall and change the position both in height and in the direction of movement, while the guide you olnena speed at the field crop, while Borozdna edge has a bevel cut, the smaller part of the lower stage is provided with a width 1/4 ... 1/3 times smaller than the width of the plow body.

 An analysis of the level of technologies (methods) and technology by the applicants, including a search by patent and scientific and technical sources of information and identification of sources containing information about analogues of the claimed invention, made it possible to establish that the applicants did not find an analogue (both in part of the method and in part devices for implementing the method), characterized by features identical to all the essential features of the claimed invention. The proposed closest analogues for the method and for the device made it possible to identify a set of essential distinguishing features in relation to the technical result perceived by the applicants in the claimed method and device for implementing the method set forth in the claims.

 Therefore, the claimed invention meets the requirement of "novelty" under applicable law.

 To verify the conformity of the claimed invention with the requirements of the inventive step, the applicants conducted an additional search for known methods and technical solutions in order to identify signs that match the distinctive features of the claimed invention from the closest analogue. The results of the verification show that the claimed invention does not follow for the specialist explicitly from the known level of technology and technology, since the prior art, in particular, the claimed invention does not provide for known transformations. Therefore, the claimed invention meets the requirement of "inventive step" under applicable law.

 The invention is illustrated by drawings.

 In FIG. 1 shows a cross-section of the arable layer and the subsurface horizon after harvesting the predecessor or grinding its straw mass.

 In FIG. 2 - the same, after peeling stubble, aerial parts and plant debris.

 In FIG. 3 - profile of the arable layer and the arable horizon after strip loosening to a total depth of 0.4 - 0.45 m with a step between non-loosened zones of 0.3 - 0.4 m.

 In FIG. 4 - profile of the last furrow during the main tillage - the formation of an inclined water-absorbing gap and its filling with plant mass and organic fertilizers.

 In FIG. 5 is a profile of the surface of the field, arable layer with inclined water-absorbing slots and a subsurface horizon with loosened stripes.

 In FIG. 6 is a cross section of the track under one of the supports of the sprinkler machine during vegetation irrigation.

 In Fig.7 - irrigated field and track from the support trolleys of a multi-support sprinkler of a circular action.

 In FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of a mounted plow for basic tillage with devices for making inclined water-absorbing cracks, plan view.

 In FIG. 9 - same, left view.

 In FIG. 10 is a view A of FIG. 8 is a view of a rack and a guide when performing a process.

 The proposed method is implemented as follows.

 As a precursor, a perennial alfalfa (clover) deposit or an annual fodder crop can be used, which was removed as green fodder in late May - in the first ten days of June. After harvesting the precursor, to obtain the desired productivity, double superphosphate and potassium fertilizers are introduced after refinement on the basis of chemical analysis of the soil. Granular superphosphate and potassium salt are applied superficially with fertilizer applicators (1RMG-4, STN-4.2, etc.). Further (see Figs. 1 and 2), the stubble 1 of the precursor is peeled and the plant residues are sealed with wide-angle disk cultivators. The depth of surface treatment of the upper layer 2 (Fig. 2) is 8 ... 10 cm. After that, previously unused straw of grain crops is introduced. To do this, use organic fertilizer spreaders ROU-6. After that, 40 ... 60 tons of organic fertilizers are applied per hectare. Then proceed to the implementation of the second technological operation for tillage. After peeling the plant residues of stubble, aerial parts of the precursor, straw and organic fertilizers, the subsoil horizon is loosened below the plow sole by 0.10 ... 0.18 m in increments between loosening zones of 0.3 ... 0.4 m. use mounted plows. From the frame of the mounted plow (for example PLN-5-35) dismantle the circular knife, skimmers and cases. In place of the buildings set flat racks with chisels in the lower sections. The thickness of the racks is 14 mm. The depth of the stroke of the bits is 0.4 ... 0.45 m. The spacing of the racks is 0.35 m. When moving the converted arable unit, the described pillars of the arable layer 3 and the subsoil horizon 4 are loosened. The position of the flat racks of the cultivator determines step t (Fig. .3) between loosening zones (0.3; 0.35; 0.4 m). This leads to the fact that the plow sole 5 at a depth of 0.25 ... 0.27 m loosens with a narrow strip 6 a width greater than the width of the flat rack of the cultivator (see Fig. 2 and 3).

Simultaneously with plowing, inclined water-absorbing slots 7 are formed, filling the latter with plant and root residues and introduced organic fertilizers as filler 8. This is achieved by the fact that after each dumped formation (see Figs. 4 and 5), a crop layer is laid on its inclined surface and plant residues, last year's straw and organic fertilizers. Fillers 8 in cross section have the form of an oblique triangle with a vertex oriented upwards. The base of the oblique triangle is placed either above the plow sole (Fig. 5), or above the loosening zone 6 or in other combinations. Two to three weeks after plowing, water-charging (provocative) irrigation is carried out with a norm of 100 ... 150 m ³ / ha. Due to water-charging irrigation, the upper layer 9 (see Fig. 5) increases its relative humidity to 20. ..24%. The presence of a large amount of positive temperature and optimal humidity leads to the fact that after 3 ... 4 days heat-loving and other weeds sprout intensively. Cross-plowing is first carried out by harrowing with middle tooth harrows 3 BZSS-1,0, in two tracks. After that, in the same direction, cultivation with lancet paws of steam cultivators KPS-4.0 (KSO-4) and BZSS-1.0 harrows in one track is carried out. The cultivation depth should not exceed 6-8 cm. Almost before sowing, the field surface is ready for this agricultural technique. However, in the summer season, although rare but heavy rains fall in the conditions of the Lower Volga. To destroy the formed soil crust, an additional cultivation is carried out, thanks to which perennial root shoot weeds are destroyed. Due to the fact that the upper crest of the filler 8 in the inclined water-absorbing slit 7 is placed 3 ... 5 cm below the cultivation depth (bed for sowing winter wheat seeds), excess moisture is sent to the cavity of the cracks 7 and through the loosening zone 6 to the tillage horizon 4. Thus, the surface runoff of excess moisture on the surface of the vapor field is eliminated and soil moisture reserves increase. The filler 8 in each inclined slit 7 distributes natural and artificial sediments not only in the arable layer 3, but also in the lower layers and in the subsurface horizon 4.

As a rule, in the conditions of the Lower Volga in July and August the amount of precipitation is minimal and it is not enough for growing winter wheat seeds. For this reason, pre-sowing moisture recharge irrigation with a norm of 200. ..250 m ³ / ha is carried out on the field. When watering with multi-support sprinklers of frontal or circular action (see Figs. 6 and 7), gauge 10 of depth 2 remains. .3 cm, which does not interfere with sowing. During this period and thanks to irrigation, the soil in the arable layer 3 acquires the required density.

 Sowing is carried out at the end of August and in the first ten days of September with SZ-3.6 grain seeders in an aggregate with caterpillar tractors of draft class 3 only. Seeding rate is 3.5 ... 4.0 million units. on ha. After sowing, post-sowing rolling is carried out with ring-spur rollers 3 KKSh-6A.

A sufficient amount of soil moisture reserves, mineral nutrition and positive temperatures leads to the fact that on 5 ... 6 days shoots appear above the ground. Intensive growth of the aerial parts of the plant and the root mass begins. With a powerful root system, plants go away in the winter. Even in snowless winters, plants tolerate low negative temperatures. This is facilitated by inclined slots 7 filled with filler 8. In the early spring, the first vegetative irrigation is carried out with a norm of 200 ... 300 m ³ / ha and nitrogen fertilizers are fractionally applied. During the heading period, foliar top dressing is carried out together with irrigation water with microelements and nitrogen fertilizers (urea or ZhKU). After flowering, the last vegetation irrigation is carried out with a norm of 400 ... 440 m ³ / ha. The inclined slots 7 with the fillers 8 contained in them provide access of irrigation water to the arable layer 3 and the arable horizon 4. In the direction of the flow of water due to natural gravity, the main root mass develops along with skeletal and sucking roots. The roots of winter wheat extend not only in the upper layer. They reach the plow sole 5 and through the loosening zone 6 penetrate into the subsoil horizon 4, providing each plant with elements of mineral nutrition. During irrigation irrigation, excess unabsorbed moisture due to inclined slots 7 and a small pitch of 0.3 ... 0.4 m between them is absorbed by the soil, filling the cavity of the slots 7 and penetrating into the loosening zones 6.

 Thus, the described method of moisture accumulation in the soil during the cultivation of winter wheat during the main soil preparation (strip loosening and plowing with a full turn of the formation and making inclined slots) due to provocative and pre-sowing (moisture recharge) irrigation, interception of rainfall and their uniform distribution in the arable layer, moisture accumulation during the autumn-summer period and vegetative irrigation with reduced rates ensures intensive plant development even in extremely arid years with high soil temperatures s and air as well as dry winds.

 The presence of inclined slots 7 eliminates the avalanche-like nature of the formation of channels under the supports of sprinkler machines. An insignificant gauge below them does not prevent the mowing of winter wheat stalks into rolls by mounted ZhNS-6 mounted roller headers in an aggregate with combines, as well as the selection and threshing of grain mass by combine harvesters of the Don, Yenisei, Kedr families, etc.

 To craft inclined slots and fill them with vegetable filler 8, a tool for cultivating the soil is provided (see Figs. 8 and 9). The tool includes a frame 11 on which plow bodies 2 are fixed and a guide 13 with a share 14 on the lower edge 15 at an angle to the direction of movement 15. A support wheel 16 with a screw mechanism 17 and a suspension bracket 18 are mounted on the frame 11. The suspension 18 contains brackets with fingers for connection with rods of the hinged system of tractors of draft class 3 and 4.

 The number of rails 13 is equal to the number of housings 12. The rails 13 are located behind each housing 12. Each rail 13 has a round strut 19 and is placed on the plow frame 11 with the ability to reinstall and change position both in height and in the direction of movement. The guide 13 is made stepped from the side of the field edge 20. The furrow edge 21 has an oblique cut. The smaller part 22 of the lower stage is made with a working width of 1/4. . .1 / 3 times less than the width of the plow body. The racks 19 of the guides 13 on the frame 11 are fixed by means of detachable brackets 23.

 The gun works as follows.

 The plow is properly prepared according to the operating instructions for use. From the frame 11 of the plow dismantle the disk knife and skimmers. On the frame 11, by means of brackets 23, round racks 19 of the guides 13 are mounted 13. The position of the racks 19 on the plow frame 11 is specified in the field, and depending on the amount of plant residues, the angle of the guides 13 is adjusted to the direction of movement. The support wheel 16 sets the depth of plowing, and by changing the height of the rack 19 - the shape of the inclined slit 7.

 When the arable unit moves at a given speed by the first building 12, the soil layer turns around and fits on the previous one. The guide 13 installed behind the housing 12 with its share 14 cuts off the loosened soil layer together with straw, organic matter and crop residues. All this mass of the guide is first shifted towards the field edge 20 and dumped to the bottom 24 (see Fig. 10) of the plow ditch. From the plow ditch 24, the mass of the plow-blade surface is lifted and laid with a furrow edge 21 on the surface of the previously dumped formation 25 (see Fig. 4). In this case, the right inclined wall of the slit 7 is deformed and filled with vegetable filler 8 without hindrance. With further movement, the second housing 12 cuts off “clean” along the plow, i.e. without crop and plant residues, the old plow layer and puts it on the filler 8, covering it and at the same time creating a second inclined wall. Thus, due to the fact that the smaller part 22 of the lower stage of the guide 13 has a width of 1/4 ... 1/3 times less than the width of the housing 12 (front or rear), the inclined slots of a given configuration with all steadily carried out agricultural operations. Plant residues, mineral fertilizers and organic matter along with the accumulated moisture contribute to the decomposition of organic substances. Since the latter were displaced together with the soil from the day surface of the field, the seeds of weeds are destroyed biologically, and soil-forming processes are under way in the cavities of the cracks aimed at restoring soil fertility. Inclined slots 7 together with fillers 8 are stores of nutrients and contribute to intensive root formation. The roots of plants - winter wheat - acquire not only a horizontal orientation (pecking), but also a vertical-rod shape.

 The claimed method of moisture accumulation in the soil during the cultivation of winter wheat under irrigation conditions using the example of Yubileynaya 50 variety guaranteed to provide a yield increase of 1.5 to 2 tons of grain per hectare.

 The described method is successfully applied in rain-fed agriculture.

 Thus, the above information indicates the fulfillment of the following conditions when using the claimed invention: the claimed method and device for its implementation are intended for use in agriculture during soil cultivation, while the implement can also be used for conventional plowing; the possibility of carrying out the invention is achieved using known methods and means; the proposed method of tillage (loosening and crafting of inclined water-absorbing slots) is highly effective at all stages of the life cycle of winter wheat, from seed growth, wintering to flowering and heading; the method of moisture accumulation favorably affects soil formation processes, the preservation of soil fertility, the exclusion of its erosion and runoff of irrigation water; the technical result of the proposed tool for implementing the method is achieved with the simplicity of design, the use of known elements and is characterized by wide capabilities.

 Therefore, the claimed invention meets the requirement of "industrial applicability" under applicable law.

Claims (2)

 1. The method of accumulation of moisture in the soil during the cultivation of winter wheat under irrigation conditions, including mulching the soil with plant residues of the precursor and the applied organic fertilizers, plowing with a complete turnover of the reservoir and loosening of the arable and subsurface layers, characterized in that after peeling the plant residues of stubble and aerial parts the predecessor carry out loosening of the subsurface horizon below the plow sole at 0.10 - 0.18 m with a step between loosening zones of 0.3 - 0.4 m, at the same time with the plowing form inclined waterways -absorbent filling the gap with the latter and root vegetable residues and organic fertilizers insertion, the upper comb is placed on the filler 3 - 5 cm below the depth of planting seeds of winter wheat.  2. A tool for tillage, including a frame on which plow bodies are fixed and a guide with a share on the lower edge at an angle to the direction of movement, characterized in that the number of guides is equal to the number of bodies, the guides are placed behind each body, with each guide having a round rack and placed on the plow frame with the ability to reinstall and change position both in height and in the direction of movement, while the guide is made stepped from the side of the field edge, and the furrow edge has a th section, the smaller part of the lower stage is provided with a width 1/4 - 1/3 times smaller than the width of the plow body.

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