RU2487518C2 - Method of subsurface tillage of sloping lands - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular, to soil erosion. In the process the beardless vertical para-ploughing is carried out to a depth of 0.3 m and a surface mulching of top soil to a depth of seeding. At that the soil preparation is carried out in two phases, in the first phase in the autumn in the soil the vertical slits are made with shovel-shaped working elements with a size of k×b×h₁ - respectively 0.05×0.3×0.3 m with a variable pitch S, which varies ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 m, with the placement of the slits in staggered order. Then, in spring the second phase is carried out by a solid surface loosening and mulching the soil with the tools with rotary working bodies to a depth of sowing seeds.

EFFECT: method enables to prevent water erosion, to accumulate a supply of water and to ensure optimal conditions for humus formation.

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Description

The invention relates to agricultural machinery, in particular to methods of processing and tillage implements for subsurface tillage.

There is a method of subsurface tillage (RU No. 2158068 C1, 10.27.2000), including the destruction and crumbling of the soil formation along the lines of least connections by automatically deflecting the crumbling elements to the side of least resistance due to giving them an additional three degrees of mobility when moving them in the soil [1 ].

There is also a known method of strip zero-blank subsurface tillage on chernozem soils in areas with insufficient moisture (RU No. 2284092 C2, 09/27/2006), including strip processing with alternating treated and untreated strip with a width of not more than 40-50 cm, a depth along the edges of not more than 14–16 cm and 4–6 cm in the center, forming a gable subsoil sole with an inclination angle of not more than 20–22 ° [2].

A known machine for the primary tillage by digging (RU No. 2269880 C1, 02.20.2006), containing propulsors with articulated working bodies that provide mainly less energy-intensive tensile and tensile deformations in the soil during operation [3].

A known method of tillage (SU No. 1395163 A1, 05/15/1988), including loosening the upper layer 3-16 cm thick over the entire cross-sectional area and the formation of periodic trapezoidal indentations in the subsoil layer, crossing the compacted sole to a depth of 5-15 cm [4 ].

The closest prototype of the proposed method is a tillage implement for non-moldboard tillage (RU 2321195 C2, 04/10/2008), containing executive interchangeable working bodies (shovel-shaped, field hooks, handle knives, fork-shaped, etc.) and their drive in the form of a crank the rocker mechanism connected to the tractor power take-off shaft [5]. In the process, the executive working bodies of the implement make complex oscillatory movements in the vertical direction, cutting off the formation, the cross-sectional area of which is approximately equal to the product of the depth of tillage and feed rate, which maintains the structure of the soil layers.

The disadvantage of the above prototype is that it does not provide the final preparation of the soil for sowing crops, as well as the specified agrophysical and agrochemical parameters of the soil when applying resource-saving agricultural technologies of the main field crops.

A common drawback of these methods of subsurface tillage is that they use tractor traction, are energy-intensive and do not provide optimal conditions for the growth and development of plants (water, air and food regimes of the soil).

Analysis of existing methods for treating sloping, erosion-hazardous soils showed that their use also has a number of technological disadvantages. In case of subsurface treatment, the stubble is preserved to a significant degree, however, a pronounced differentiation of the arable layer occurs, both in terms of agrophysical parameters (density, porosity, hardness, etc.) and agrochemical properties (content of macro- and micronutrients, soil acidity, etc.) .d.). Due to the predominance of anaerobic microbiological processes, the nitrogen nutrition of plants is particularly deteriorating. With plane-cutting loosening, the infectious beginning of pests and diseases accumulates in the upper layer, and weediness increases. The expressed heterogeneity of the arable layer is also manifested.

A common property of all methods of processing sloping lands is that mechanical action is carried out mainly by horizontally installed working bodies parallel to the soil surface, which also increases the risk of runoff of soil and surface moisture.

The aim of the invention is to improve the quality of processing slope and water erosion-prone soils, including their final (finish) preparation for sowing crops with the least energy.

This goal is achieved by the fact that soil preparation is carried out in two phases. The first moisture-accumulating phase is carried out in autumn, where vertical slots with the dimensions k × b × h ₁ (respectively 0.05 × 0.3 × 0.3 m) are made with shovel-like working bodies with an adjustable step S, which varies from 0, 1 to 0.3 m, and with their placement in a checkerboard pattern. Then, in the spring, a second, moisture-saving phase is performed by continuous surface loosening and mulching of the soil with implements with rotary working bodies to the depth of seed sowing.

Figure 1 shows the longitudinal section of the formation after the first phase of deep subsurface tillage: 1 - arable horizon, 2 - subsoil horizon, 3 - stubble, 4 - vertical slots.

Figure 2 shows a top view of the surface of the field after the first phase of tillage.

Figure 3 shows the longitudinal section of the formation after the second phase of the surface mulching tillage: 1 - the arable horizon, 2 - the arable horizon, 5 - the mulched surface layer, 4 - vertical slots.

The proposed method for processing sloping soils is characterized in that the mechanical effect on the soil is carried out in the direction almost perpendicular to the soil surface. This is the first phase, which is called moisture storage (Fig.1, 2). The impact is carried out by vertical or inclined incision of the arable 1 and sub-arable 2 layers by the cutting part of the shovel-shaped working bodies to a depth of h ₁ = 0.3 m. The number of vertical slots 4 varies from 10 ⁵ to 30 ⁵ per hectare. In this case, the vertical slots are staggered, which eliminates the appearance of a solid line along which the surface runoff could go, and there would be a danger of the development of erosion processes.

After an incision is made, the cut-off layer moves upward, with a slight loosening of the lower layer of the arable horizon, which significantly increases its ability to absorb subsoil moisture and its further movement into the subsoil horizons (improves drainage). Subsequently, the cut off formation without a return returns to its place.

Vertical slots 4 with dimensions k = 0.05 m, b = 0.3 m, h ₁ = 0.3 m and with a step S = 0.1 ... 0.3 m contribute to the retention and accumulation of moisture from 40 to 120 m ³ / hectares, which increases the content of productive moisture in a 100 cm soil layer by 20-50 mm compared to dump processing.

The second moisture-saving phase of the proposed method (figure 3) is performed in the spring when preparing the soil for sowing by mulching and loosening the surface layer 3 by rotary working bodies to the seed sowing depth h ₂ = 0.05 ... 0.07 m, which helps to maintain productive moisture in the soil . The table shows the main indicators of the agrotechnical assessment of the new method in comparison with plane cutting and control (without treatment), from which it is clear that the supply of productive moisture in the soil when cutting gaps is 20 ... 40% higher than plane cutting.

Table Agrotechnical indicators in assessing various methods of subsurface tillage (gray forest, medium loam) Indicators Experience Options In% of control * Tillage by rotary-oscillating working bodies Tillage with a flat paw Control (no processing - zero processing) 1. The soil moisture in layers,% 0-10 cm 28 24 eighteen 56/34 10-20 cm 32 28 twenty 20-30 cm 34 thirty 22 2. The total supply of water, m ³ / ha including by layers 1370 1190 965 0-10 cm 380 336 270 42/24 10-20 cm 465 374 320 20-30 525 480 375 3. The density of the soil, g / cm ³ (average in the layer 0-20 cm) 1.35 1,50 1,60 - 4. Water permeability, mm / min 1.15 1,0 0.9 28/12 m ³ / ha, h 690 600 540 5. Operating mode: Speed, km / h four 4.1 - Feed per one working body, cm twenty - Depth of processing, cm twenty 19.5 6. The conservation of stubble,% 90 85 one hundred - 7. The degree of aeration of the soil,% 90 70 - - 8. Soil crumbling,% 85 70 - - 9. Swollenness,% 25 fifteen - - 10. The hardness of the soil, MPa 0.25 0.25 0.30 - * in the numerator - for the experimental machine, in the denominator - for the plane cutter

Analysis of the nature of the influence of various methods of primary tillage on the agrophysical parameters of the soil showed that the application of the developed method provides the best parameters than zero and non-land tillage. An integral indicator of agrophysics is soil density. Numerous studies have found that for loamy gray forest soils (soil experiment), the optimal soil density for crops is in the range of 1.1-1.4 g / cm ³ . For the proposed method, this indicator lies within the normal range, while in other methods the soil density is much higher than the optimal values. The decrease in density is associated with the loosening effect of ice formed by the chemical in the cracks when applying the proposed method, when the moisture freezes, and also with its subsequent thawing in the spring. Thanks to the system of vertical incisions, when using the proposed method, the degree of soil aeration has also increased significantly, which leads to a more balanced course of aerobic and anaerobic microbiological processes in the soil and better provision of plants with various available forms of nitrogen. Optimum conditions are created for humification and increasing the level of natural fertility. The use of soil cultivation by rotary-vibrational working bodies, by 10% (in comparison with subsurface cultivation) increased the conservation of stubble, and therefore reduced the risk of water and wind erosion.

When considering the water regime of the soil using various tillage methods, it can be seen that when applying planar soil tillage, atmospheric moisture is absorbed by the mulching topsoil (0 ... 7 cm), due to capillary moisture, the water moves vertically. However, with this method, there is a sharp differentiation of the arable horizon according to the conditions of moisture and aeration between the upper (0-10 cm) and lower (10-20 cm) layers, which can have a negative effect on the growth and development of plants. When using the proposed method, the formation does not rotate, only the loosening of the arable horizon is noted in connection with which both the distribution of atmospheric moisture and the capillary movement of water are improved.

Data on soil moisture by layers, as well as observations of agrophysical parameters in different layers, allow us to conclude that the level of differentiation of the arable horizon is minimal, in contrast to the indices of subsurface and zero tillage.

In addition, our proposed method has several advantages from a technical point of view. So, for example, in the process of entering the working bodies into the soil, the horizontal force coincides with the direction of movement of the tractor and creates a pushing force to the unit, that is, they turn into working bodies-propulsors. The novelty of the proposed method of subsurface cultivation of the soil also lies in the fact that the compression deformation (squeezing), which is known to be the most energy-intensive and takes place during the operation of known machines (plane cutters, chisels, etc.) is replaced by less energy-intensive soil deformations - stretching and breaking .

Thus, the use of the invention allows to achieve the following agro-technical advantages in comparison with other methods:

- maintaining the stubble at the level of 85 ... 90% of the original, which is important in preventing the development of water erosion;

- creates the possibility of subsoil fertilizer and pesticides, which significantly reduces their loss as a result of flushing and decomposition;

- access of oxygen to the soil layers, which, in the absence of intensive loosening between the incisions, creates optimal conditions for the development of anaerobic bacteria involved in the formation of humic substances, and therefore improves the conditions of humification;

- since the horizontal force when cutting off the formation coincides with the direction of movement of the tractor, a pushing force is generated to the unit, reducing the slipping of its propulsors by 75 ... 80%;

- partial loosening of the lower layer of the arable horizon creates better conditions for moisture accumulation, increases soil suppression, promotes better development of the plant root system;

- partial loosening and cutting of the arable layer leads to a decrease in weediness of crops due to both their mechanical destruction and provocation of their germination, which significantly increases the efficiency of the subsequent application of herbicides;

- when processing the proposed method, a stepped surface of the bottom of the furrow is formed, precipitation is better delayed, soil erosion slows down.

List of references

1. RF patent No. 2158068. Method of subsurface tillage, 2000;

2. RF patent No. 2284092. The method of strip subsurface-zero chamfering processing on chernozem soils in areas with insufficient moisture, 2006;

3. RF patent No. 2269880. Machine for basic tillage by digging, 2006;

4. A.S. No. 1395163. The method of tillage, 1988;

5. RF patent No. 2321195. Tillage tool for subsurface tillage, 2008.

Claims (1)

A method of subsurface cultivation of sloping lands, comprising vertical irregular cleavage to a depth of 0.3 m and surface mulching of the upper soil layer to the sowing depth, characterized in that the soil preparation is carried out in two phases, and in the first phase in the autumn, vertical shovels are made in the soil in the soil slots with dimensions k × b × h ₁ - respectively 0.05 × 0.3 × 0.3 m with an adjustable step S, which varies from 0.1 to 0.3 m, and with their placement in a checkerboard pattern, and then, in the spring, the second phase is performed by continuous th surface loosening and mulching tools with rotating working bodies in the seed sowing depth.

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